Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dairy cattle Genetic engineering

Academic literature on the topic 'Dairy cattle Genetic engineering'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dairy cattle Genetic engineering"

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Wall, R. J., D. E. Kerr, and K. R. Bondioli. "Transgenic Dairy Cattle: Genetic Engineering on a Large Scale." Journal of Dairy Science 80, no. 9 (September 1997): 2213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76170-8.

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FEKATA, ABERA. "REVIEW ON OVARIAN CYSTS IN DAIRY CATTLE, ITS TREATMENT AND PREVENTION." International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Studies 05, no. 05 (August 26, 2022): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33826/ijmras/v05i05.3.

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The purpose of this paper was to examine ovarian cysts in dairy cattle, as well as their treatment and prevention options. Cysts are simply fluid-filled sacs surrounded by membranes, similar to grapes, and are most commonly seen in dairy cows in the first two months after calving. The development of large, persistent ovulatory follicles in the ovaries and the failure of a mature follicle to ovulate at the right period throughout the estrous cycle describe Ovarian Cysts (OC). The most common types of ovarian cysts in dairy cows are follicular cysts, luteinized cysts, and cystic corpora lutea. Ovarian cysts are usually connected with heredity, high milk production, age, lactation period, body condition score, seasonality, and phytoestrogens, yet the specific causes are unknown. Ovarian Cysts (OC) in dairy cows are diagnosed using a combination of history and clinical signs, transrectal palpation, ultrasonography, and plasma or milk progesterone assays. The main treatments for Cystic Ovarian Disease in dairy cows are Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG), and Prostaglandin F2 (PGF2). The economic losses of ovarian cysts are produced by an increase in the number of days open, an increase in the culling rate due to infertility, high treatment expenses, and a longer calving interval. Cystic ovarian disease is prevented through careful genetic selection, the elimination of bulls whose sire daughters have had the cystic ovarian disease, and an appropriate diet.
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Melkamu Mesfin, Zewde, and Mustefa Wazir Shafi. "Review on milk production performance, challenges, and opportunities of dairy cows production in oromia regional state, Ethiopia." International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000118.

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This review was conducted to review the information on milk production performance, challenges, and opportunities of dairy cattle production in Oromia. Supported management practices, marketing situations, feed sources, and feeding systems the foremost milk production systems are identified as rural milk production, peri-urban, and concrete milk production. Ethiopia holds large potential for dairy development mainly thanks to an acceptable environment and large cattle number that contains 65.35 million cattle populations. While there is a large milk cow population and favorable climatic conditions, self-sufficiency in milk production is low. The mean values of daily milk yield (DMY) range from 1 to2.8 liter/day with lactation length (LL) of 6.78 to 9.13 months for indigenous breeds, 6.5 to fifteen liters/day with lactation length of 7.52 to 11.67 months for crossbreed cows respectively. Both DMY and LL were significantly stricken by breed, parity, and year of calving. Challenges for dairying vary from one location to a distinct one. The foremost challenge that affects milk production performance of cattle in Oromia includes feed shortage, high feed cost, land shortage for farming of improved forage, insufficient veterinary services, no operational breeding strategy and policy, and low productivity of the indigenous cattle breeds are the foremost important factor limiting dairy products within the region. Therefore, to enhance these milk production performances of the dairy cow to determine genetic improvement policy, strategy, and breeding program and implement well management practices.
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Learmonth, J. J., G. Ionas, A. B. Pita, and R. S. Cowie. "Identification and genetic characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium strains in humans and dairy cattle in the Waikato Region of New Zealand." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0150.

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Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum are commonly acquired waterborne parasites but little is known about their transmission cycles with regard to humans and animals. Faecal samples were collected over two time periods within the Waikato region of New Zealand from dairy cattle and humans and all positive isolates were genotyped. Of the 724 faecal specimens examined (354 cows, 304 calves and 66 humans), 16 cows, 32 calves and 5 humans were positive for G. intestinalis. Phylogenetic group 1 was found in 26 G. intestinalis positive dairy cattle with 22 being group 2. One G. intestinalis positive human isolate was group 1 and four were group 2. Of the 724 faecal specimens examined two cows, 33 calves and 66 human specimens were positive for C. parvum. All 35 C. parvum positive dairy cattle exhibited the bovine genotype while the 66 positive humans showed a seasonal shift in the prevalent genotype with the bovine dominating the spring (100%) and the human dominating the late summer period (96%).
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Vtoryi, V. F., and S. V. Vtoryi. "Sources of carbon dioxide emissions on a cattle dairy farm." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 23, no. 4 (August 25, 2022): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2022.23.4.572-579.

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The great concern of scientists is the rise in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere associated with the greenhouse effect caused by higher concentration of some gases, carbon dioxide included. Animals and their wastes are one of the carbon dioxide sources. Annually there is the growing need in livestock products. This leads to a bigger number of farm animals and consequent higher carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. Theoretical and experimental studies of 2015-2021 at the premises of the Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production and agricultural enterprises in the Leningrad Region of the Russian Federation were aimed at identifying the main sources, intensity and patterns of carbon dioxide emissions in dairy cow barns with due account for the effect of animal housing conditions. The main carbon dioxide sources on a cattle dairy farm are the air exhaled by animals and manure. From the study results, a dairy cow exhales from 4.5 to 8.5 kg of carbon dioxide per day depending on its productivity and mass. The carbon dioxide emission from manure accumulated in a barn is below 1 % of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals. Modern innovative technologies allow for more efficient use of genetic potential of animals and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The revealed patterns and modelling of carbon dioxide emissions showed that with an increase in cow milk yield from 10 to 30 kg/day, the carbon dioxide emission per 1 kg of milk can decrease 2.3 to 2.5 times.
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BROZOS (Χ. Ν. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ), C. N., and Ph SARATSIS (Φ. ΣΑΡΑΤΣΗΣ). "The effectiveness and the consequences of the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 48, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15788.

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Growth hormone (also known as somatotropin) plays a dominant role on the development and metabolism of mammalians. Since the early 1950's it has been known that the administration of somatotropin in milk productive animals leads to an increase in milk yield. Nevertheless, its high cost of manufacture didn't allow the massive application, until recently. Genetic engineering achieved the production of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and therefore has permitted the commercial use. Numerous of publications confirm a 10-30% increase in dairy cattle milk yield after bST administration. The mechanism of action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used for milk synthesis. Long-term bST administration has no effects on animal welfare. The reproductive system od bST treated cows seems to be prone to disorders. These disorders have been found to be insignificant. Advanced quality of management is necessary to accomplish maximum bST response in dairy cattle. BST is homologous to that of sheep and therefore can be successfully used in ewes as well. Due to the large number of dairy ewes in Greece, this is of great importance to Greek animal industry.
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MUYSSON, DAVID J., and ANN M. VERRINDER GIBBINS. "THE ALTERATION OF MILK CONTENT BY GENETIC ENGINEERING AND RECOMBINANT DNA-MEDIATED SELECTION TECHNIQUES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-064.

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Since the advent of gene cloning technology, suggestions have been made of specific alterations that could be engineered into the genomes of cattle, sheep or goats to alter their milk composition. These alterations could affect milk protein characteristics or quantity in ways which might be of benefit to milk processing and dairy product manufacturing industries. Other changes could improve the suitability of bovine milk for human consumption. In addition, animals could be engineered to synthesize valuable foreign proteins, such as pharmaceuticals, to be secreted in milk. In this paper, we evaluate these suggestions critically, taking into account current understanding of milk composition and processing, as well as recent information concerning the structure and regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in determining milk content. All these suggested alterations depend on successful production of transgenic animals capable of efficiently expressing introduced genes. The view is examined that some improvements in type or amount of certain milk proteins might better be achieved by conventional breeding practices, or by breeding systems that would rely on recombinant DNA techniques for methods of selection. Key words: Casein, beta-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, plasmin, transgenic, bovine, ovine, lactose
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Small, B. H., T. G. Parminter, and M. W. Fisher. "Understanding public responses to genetic engineering through exploring intentions to purchase a hypothetical functional food derived from genetically modified dairy cattle." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2005.9513672.

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Singh, Parul, and Syed Azmal Ali. "Impact of CRISPR-Cas9-Based Genome Engineering in Farm Animals." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070122.

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Humans are sorely over-dependent on livestock for their daily basic need of food in the form of meat, milk, and eggs. Therefore, genetic engineering and transgenesis provide the opportunity for more significant gains and production in a short span of time. One of the best strategies is the genetic alteration of livestock to enhance the efficiency of food production (e.g., meat and milk), animal health, and welfare (animal population and disease). Moreover, genome engineering in the bovine is majorly focused on subjects such as disease resistance (e.g., tuberculosis), eradicate allergens (e.g., beta-lactoglobulin knock-out), products generation (e.g., meat from male and milk from female), male or female birth specifically (animal sexing), the introduction of valuable traits (e.g., stress tolerance and disease resistance) and their wellbeing (e.g., hornlessness). This review addressed the impressive genome engineering method CRISPR, its fundamental principle for generating highly efficient target-specific guide RNA, and the accompanying web-based tools. However, we have covered the remarkable roadmap of the CRISPR method from its conception to its use in cattle. Additionally, we have updated the comprehensive information on CRISPR-based gene editing in cattle.
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Nascimento Neto, José da Páscoa, André Luis Mendes Azevedo Carvalho, Clara Emmanuelly Mota Martins, Túlio Bastos Tomaz Carvalho, Luiz Felipe Rogana Müller, Hélio Rezende Lima Neto, and Luthesco Haddad Lima Chalfun. "Comparison of pulmonary ultrasound aspects of dairy calves born from a normal or dystocic parturition." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 15 (November 23, 2022): e455111537399. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.37399.

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Ultrasound has relatively low use in the veterinary practice of cattle, especially in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. There is little information on imaging patterns and occurrence of these diseases in calves from dystocic parturition, especially in the ability to diagnose the subclinical respiratory diseases. The correct clinical diagnosis aims to support efficient growth and expression of genetic potential for the replacer calves. Eighteen Holstein calves, five of which did not require assistance during birth and thirteen calves from dystocic parturition had the respiratory system evaluated by ultrasound. The objective was to describe and compare the pulmonary ultrasound aspects of calves from dystocic parturitions, compared to calves born without any aid. The degree of dystocia was classified on a scale from 1 to 5 points and the categorization of ultrasound images considered the presence or absence of pulmonary lesions. The ultrasound examination was able to diagnose animals affected with BRD in a subclinical manifestation, considering that none of the animals that presented pulmonary consolidation showed clinical signs of respiratory diseases. All cows with dystocia were classified as grade 2 dystocic parturition. There was no correlation between normal delivery (grade 1) and mild dystocia (grade 2) and occurrence of pulmonary consolidation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dairy cattle Genetic engineering"

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Roxström, Anki. "Genetic aspects of fertility and longevity in dairy cattle /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5812-9.pdf.

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NICOLAZZI, EZEQUIEL LUIS. "New trends in dairy cattle genetic evaluation." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/966.

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I sistemi di valutazione genetica nel mondo sono in rapido sviluppo. Attualmente, i programmi di selezione “tradizionale” basati su fenotipi e rapporti di parentela tra gli animali vengono integrati, e nel futuro potrebbero essere sostituiti, dalle informazioni molecolari. In questo periodo di transizione, questa tesi riguarda ricerche su entrambi i tipi di valutazioni: dall’accertamento sull’accuratezza degli indici genetici internazionali (tradizionali), allo studio di metodi statistici utilizzati per integrare informazioni genomiche nella selezione (selezione genomica). Tre capitoli valutano gli approcci per stimare i valori genetici dai dati genomici riducendo il numero di variabili indipendenti. In modo particolare, la correzione di Bonferroni e il test di permutazioni con regressione a marcatori singoli (Capitolo III), analisi delle componenti principali con BLUP (Capitolo IV) e indice Fst tra razze con BayesA (Capitolo VI). Inoltre, il Capitolo V analizza l’accuratezza dei valori genomici con BLUP, BayesA e Bayesian LASSO includendo tutte le variabili disponibili. I risultati di questa tesi indicano che il progresso genetico atteso dall’analisi dei dati simulati può effettivamente essere ottenuto, anche se ulteriori ricerche sono necessarie per ottimizzare l’utilizzo delle informazioni molecolari in modo da ottimizzare i risultati per tutti i caratteri sotto selezione.
Genetic evaluation systems are in rapid development worldwide. In most countries, “traditional” breeding programs based on phenotypes and relationships between animals are currently being integrated and in the future might be replaced by the introduction of molecular information. This thesis stands in this transition period, therefore it covers research on both types of genetic evaluations: from the assessment of the accuracy of (traditional) international genetic evaluations to the study of statistical methods used to integrate genomic information into breeding (genomic selection). Three chapters investigate and evaluate approaches for the estimation of genetic values from genomic data reducing the number of independent variables. In particular, Bonferroni correction and Permutation test combined with single marker regression (Chapter III), principal component analysis combined with BLUP (Chapter IV) and Fst across breeds combined with BayesA (Chapter VI). In addition, Chapter V analyzes the accuracy of direct genomic values with BLUP, BayesA and Bayesian LASSO including all available variables. The results of this thesis indicate that the genetic gains expected from the analysis of simulated data can be obtained on real data. Still, further research is needed to optimize the use of genome-wide information and obtain the best possible estimates for all traits under selection.
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Wang, Wei. "Plasminogen polymorphism in dairy cattle." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26174.

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A genetic approach to lowering protease (plasmin) levels in milk, requires the presence of polymorphism of bovine plasminogen. This study was conducted to determine to what extent genetic polymorphism exists in dairy cattle. Bovine plasminogen was first purified from Holstein cow plasma by affinity chromatography on Lysine-Sepharose and antibodies to bovine plasminogen were raised by monthly intramuscular injection of the isolated bovine plasminogen into rabbits. For plasminogen phenotyping, blood samples were collected at random from 50 Holstein and Ayrshire cattle, and plasminogen was isolated from the plasma using lysine-Sepharose and then treated with neuraminidase. After separation by isoelectric focusing (pH 3.5-9.5) in polyacrylamide gels, Plasminogen polymorphs were detected immunologically using rabbit anti-bovine plasminogen antibodies. Additionally, the plasminogen isoforms were evaluated with a functional assay (caseinolytic overlay technique) after activation of the plasminogen with urokinase. Six plasminogen phenotypes were identified which represent products of 5 variant alleles. The 5 plasminogen variants were characterized based on their isoelectric points and designated PLG A$ sb2$ (pI 6.5 and 7.0), B$ sb2$ (pI 7.6 and 7.8), C$ sb1$ (pI 6.8), D$ sb2$ (pI 7.8 and 8.0), and E$ sb2$ (pI 6.8 and 7.0). PLG A$ sb2$ and PLG B$ sb2$ were the most common variants in these cattle. The 6 phenotypes were $ rm A sb2A sb2, B sb2B sb2, A sb2B sb2, B sb2C sb1, A sb2D sb2 and D sb2E sb2$. The phenotypic frequencies in Holstein and Ayrshire were very different, $ rm A sb2A sb2 and B sb2B sb2$ being respectively the most frequent phenotype. In addition, DNA polymorphism at bovine plasminogen gene was detected when genomic DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme Msp I and hybridized with mouse plasminogen cDNA. This is the first description of plasminogen polymorphism reported in dairy cattle. If different variants have altered activity, the detrimental effect
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Holmberg, Mia. "Genetic dissection of functional traits in dairy cattle /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200792.pdf.

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Veerkamp, Roel Franciscus. "Genetic improvement of economic performance in dairy cattle." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11503.

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The aims in this thesis were to investigate more comprehensive breeding goals in dairy cattle, to investigate the possible importance of genotype by environment interaction and to identify possible sources of genetic variation in feed utilisation. On the basis of a literature review, longevity was examined as component of the breeding goal, and four linear type traits (foot angle, udder depth, teat length and angularity) with the closest genetic association with longevity were used as index measurements. Economic values were derived for protein, fat and milk yield and for longevity using dynamic programming. The derived values were in genetic standard deviations relative to protein yield 1.0, 0.2, -0.2 and 0.8, respectively. Three completely additive indices were derived, assuming that the breeding goal was for: (i) yield only (YIN), (ii) longevity only (LIN) or (iii) yield and longevity, hence profit (PIN). Selection on PIN was expected to give a 5% higher annual rate of genetic progress in economic merit compared with selection on YIN, and PIN was robust to most assumptions made in the calculation. Genotype by environment interaction was investigated for a range of traits. Selection (S) and Control line (C) cows, housed and managed at the Langhill Dairy Cattle Research Centre, have been offered ad libitum complete mixed diets, with proportions (in total DM) of concentrates, silage, brewers' gains of either 20:5:75 (LC; 1.0 ton concentrate per annum) or 45:5:50 (HC; 2.5 ton concentrate), over a full lactation. No diet x genetic line interactions were observed for a number of traits, describing milk production, feed intake, efficiency and body tissue mobilisation. However, regression coefficients of milk yield and condition score on pedigree index for fat plus protein yield were significantly different between LC and HC. Phenotypic and genetic variances were generally larger on HC than on LC, but difficulties in separating the permanent environmental variance from the additive genetic variance might have obscured some of the comparisons.
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Carlén, Emma. "Genetic evaluation of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200863.pdf.

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Yeboah, Charles Asomaning. "Genetic variability of growth curves in dairy heifers." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116065.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of growth curves of dairy heifers and estimate genetic parameters. 15066 records taken from birth until 26 months (808 days) on 2754 heifers of Quebec were considered. The pedigree file comprised 10123 animals. The Mixed procedure of SAS with ordinary polynomials was used for simple phenotypic analyses, fitting fixed linear, quadratic and cubic regressions of body weight (in kilograms) on age (in months) as well as random intercept, and random linear and quadratic regressions for each animal. The Wombat program (Meyer, 2007), with Legendre polynomials was used to estimate the genetic parameters by fitting fixed herd-year-season of birth and quartic regression of body weight on age in days, as well as random regressions for quadratic additive genetic and cubic permanent environmental effects. Heritability estimates of body weight ranged from 0.22 at around 70 days to 0.45 at around 210 days. Heritabilities of body weight at birth and 808 days were 0.35 and 0.32, respectively. The additive genetic correlations between body weights at different ages ranged from -0.37 to 1.00. In general, the genetic correlations were higher than the permanent environmental and phenotypic correlations.
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Fatehi, Jalal. "Genetic aspects of advanced reproductive biotechnologies in dairy cattle." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0022/MQ51061.pdf.

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Pander, Banwari Lal. "Genetic studies on test day yields in dairy cattle." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12748.

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The main aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of test day records of British Holstein-Friesian heifers and to determine how best to use these parameters for generic prediction of lactation performance from test day records. The possibility of reducing the frequency of recording to less often than monthly and procedures for the inclusion of part records in genetic evaluations were also investigated. Estimates of genetic parameters of test day and lactation records were obtained from data on 47736 heifers in 7973 herds, progeny of 40 proven and 707 young sires, using multivariate restricted maximum likelihood methods with a sire model. Average values of heritability estimates for test day records of milk, fat and protein yields and fat and protein contents were 0.36, 0.23, 0.29, 0.36 and 0.36, respectively. Generally, heritability estimates for test day records were lowest at the start and highest in mid and late lactation. Heritability estimates for lactation records of these traits wre 0.49, 0.39, 0.43, 0.63 and 0.47, respectively. Average values of genetic correlations between adjacent TD records of these traits were high (0.92 to 0.97), and the correlations decreased as the interval between tests increased. Genetic correlations of lactation milk yield with fat and protein yields and contents were 0.72, 0.94, -0.56 and -0.53, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlation of test day records with corresponding lactation traits were also high (0.76 to 0.99), being highest in mid lactation.
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Mark, Thomas. "International genetic evaluations for udder health traits in dairy cattle /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200593.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Dairy cattle Genetic engineering"

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Chacko, C. T. Breeding services for small dairy farmers: Sharing the Indian experience. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2005.

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Khan, U. N. Genetic improvement of native cattle through crossbreeding and introduction of exotic dairy cattle in Pakistan. Islamabad: Pakistan, 1994.

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Genetic improvement of cattle and sheep. Tombridge, U.K: Farming Press, 2000.

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Kellaway, Roy. Feeding concentrates: Supplements for dairy cows. Collingwood, Vic: Landlinks Press, 2004.

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Moran, John. Tropical dairy farming: Feeding management for small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: Land Links, 2005.

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100 razones para declarar al Ecuador libre de transgénicos. Quito: [Manthra Editores, 2009.

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Velásquez, E. Bravo, and Soledad Vogliano. 100 razones para declarar al Ecuador libre de transgénicos. Quito: [Manthra Editores, 2009.

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Larson, Jean A. Biotechnology: Methodologies involved in the production of transgenic animals. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1988.

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Larson, Jean A. Biotechnology: Bovine somatotropin / growth hormone, January 1979 - November 1989. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1989.

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Larson, Jean A. Biotechnology: Plant protection, 1986-1988 : 368 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dairy cattle Genetic engineering"

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Simm, Geoff, Geoff Pollott, Raphael Mrode, Ross Houston, and Karen Marshall. "Dairy cattle breeding." In Genetic improvement of farmed animals, 234–91. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241723.0234.

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Abstract This chapter discussed the effects of applying the different principles in animal breeding such genetic analysis, predicting breeding values, use of tools and breeding technology, selection response within breeds, and strategies for genetic improvements in dairy cattle.
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Daigle, Courtney, Andy D. Herring, and Fuller W. Bazer. "Breeding and Welfare: Genetic Manipulation of Beef and Dairy Cattle." In The Welfare of Cattle, 93–108. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21911-11.

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Graves, R. E. "Floor plans for cubicle housing of dairy cattle." In Agricultural Engineering, 1063–70. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211471-36.

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Basu, Pratyusha. "Engineering Cattle for Dairy Development in Rural India." In Engineering Earth, 189–215. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9920-4_13.

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Singh Kuntal, Ravinder, Radha Gupta, D. Rajendran, and Vishal Patil. "Binary Coded Genetic Algorithm to Solve Ration Formulation Problem." In Livestock Ration Formulation for Dairy Cattle and Buffalo, 27–43. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003231714-4.

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Leaver, J., and A. J. R. Law. "Genetic Engineering of Milk Proteins." In Advanced Dairy Chemistry—1 Proteins, 817–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8602-3_23.

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Singh Kuntal, Ravinder, Radha Gupta, D. Rajendran, and Vishal Patil. "Least Cost Feed Formulation for Dairy Cattle during Pregnancy by Using Real Coded Genetic Algorithm." In Livestock Ration Formulation for Dairy Cattle and Buffalo, 45–68. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003231714-5.

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Singh Kuntal, Ravinder, Radha Gupta, D. Rajendran, and Vishal Patil. "Study of Real Coded Hybrid Genetic Algorithm to Find Least Cost Ration for Non-Pregnant Dairy Buffaloes." In Livestock Ration Formulation for Dairy Cattle and Buffalo, 69–86. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003231714-6.

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Schutz, M. M., V. Maciuc, K. Gay, and T. Nennich. "18. Survey of genetic selection on pasture-based dairy farms in the USA and Romania." In Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China, 223–30. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-785-1_18.

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Zhou, HaoEn, Ling Yin, and CaiXing Liu. "Dairy Cattle Movement Detecting Technology Using Support Vector Machine." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 23–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29157-9_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dairy cattle Genetic engineering"

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Priekulis, Juris, Armins Laurs, and Ligita Melece. "Ammonia emission reduction measures in dairy cattle farming." In 18th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2019.18.n091.

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Widayanti, Septiana, Sigit Prastowo, Tristianto Nugroho, Nuzul Widyas, Ari Susilowati, and Sutarno. "Candidacy of microsatellite associated with body conformation for Indonesian Friesian Holstein dairy cattle genetic selection." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Ion Sources. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5054466.

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Buryakov, Nikolay, Maria Buryakova, Evgeniy Prokhorov, and Dmitriy Aleshin. "Efficiency of white lupin grain in composition of feed for dairy cattle." In 18th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2019.18.n237.

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Riistama, Jarno, and Timo Vuorela. "Implantable measurement device to assist in determining the psychophysiological well-being of dairy cattle." In Biomedical Engineering. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.723-118.

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Riistama, Jarno, and Timo Vuorela. "Implantable Measurement Device to Assist in Determining the Psychophysiological Well-Being of Dairy Cattle." In Biomedical Engineering. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2011.723-118.

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Batanov, S. D., I. A. Baranova, and O. S. Starostina. "Selection and genetic parameters of the exterior and a comprehensive assessment of the type physique dairy cattle." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-10-2018-127.

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TRUKHACHEV, Vladimir, Sergey OLEYNIK, and Nikolay ZLYDNEV. "FEATURES OF THE KARYOTYPE OF NORTH CAUCASUS AYRSHIRE DAIRY CATTLE POPULATION: DEFECTS IN REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.141.

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One of the ways of improving the genotypes of dairy cattle in Russia is to increase the proportion of the Ayrshire breed, which can be justly claimed to be one of the best dairy breeds in the world. However, due to the prevalence of large-scale breeding technologies, which involves the use of a limited contingent of dairy cattle bulls, including but not limited to the Ayrshire breed, the emergence of new-born calves with various anomalies, including chromosomal, which commonly have a hereditary basis attributable to gene mutations have been observed. Given that the bulk of these anomalies are acquired by recessive inheritance, they may not always manifest themselves in the phenotype and thus represent a hidden genetic load. In recent years, the significance of cytogenetic analysis and karyotyping is becoming increasingly important, not only when considering the theoretical assumptions, but also when solving applied problems aimed at preventing damage to agricultural production. This article presents the results of the cytogenetic analysis of Ayrshire cattle affected by reproductive problems. The following has been established: an absence of changes in the diploid set of the investigated dairy cattle (2n = 60); the presence of aberrant cells, whose frequency of occurrence amounted to 3.6% in the population of 440 head (number of aberrations per aberrant cell researched – 0.036 / 1.0); the absence of reciprocal translocations in the karyotype of the investigated population. It is suggested that the existing Ayrshire sires Hannulan Yaskiyri, Riihiviidan Urho Errant, O.R.Lihting and their descendants do not have a genetic load of chromosomal abnormalities.
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Chlebowski, Jaroslaw, Marek Gaworski, Tomasz Nowakowski, and Aleksandra Szczesniak. "Effect of liquid feed additive temperature on dosing accuracy in feeding station for dairy cattle." In 19th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2020.19.tf236.

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Gordillo, Gerardo, and Kalyan Annamalai. "Char and Tar Production From Dairy Biomass Gasification Using Air-Steam for Partial Oxidation." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44338.

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The increase in air pollution caused by combustion of fossil fuels demands the exploration of renewable energy sources in order to mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels. Research includes the efforts to partially replace fossil fuels with renewable energy-sources in thermal conversion processes in order to reduce the emission of CO2. The animal wastes can be considered as biomass fuels since their properties are almost similar to ration fed to animals. Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) such as cattle feedlots and dairies produce a large amount of feedlot manure or feedlot biomass (FB) and dairy manure or dairy biomass (DB), which may lead to land, water, and air pollution if waste handling systems and storage and treatment structures are not properly managed. Both FB and DB are grouped under cattle manure or cattle biomass (CB). The concentrated production of low quality CB at these feeding operations can serve as a good feedstock for locally based gasification for syngas (CO and H2) production and subsequent use in combined heat and power generation. If thermal gasification technology is developed for DB fuels, the environmental impact from both animal feeding operations and fossil-fuels could be mitigated. The current paper presents experimental results obtained from adiabatic fixed-bed gasification of DB using a 10 KW fixed bed counter-flow gasifier and air-steam for partial oxidation. A mass spectrometer (ProLab Thermo ONIX) was used to analyze the gas composition continuously and at real time. The effect of the operating parameters studied, which includes equivalence ratio (1.6 < Φ < 6.4) and steam to fuel (S:F) ratio (0.4 < S:F < 0.8, on the yields of gases, char, and tar are discussed. Also, results from gasification of dairy biomass–ash blend (DB-Ash) and dairy biomass Wyoming coal blend (DB-WYC) is presented for comparison effects. In general, for the set of experiments performed using DB, the gas yield was 1.54 to 5.30 dry tar-free kg of gases per each kg of DAF DB gasified while the char production ranged from 0 to 0.18 kg of char per DAF kg of DB gasified. The average of tar concentration in gases leaving the gasifier was about 80 g/ SATP m3.
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TRUKHACHEV, Vladimir, Sergey OLEYNIK, Nikolay ZLYDNEV, and Vitaliy MOROZOV. "SCREENING OF COMPLEX VERTEBRAL MALFORMATION (CVM) AND BOVINE LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY (BLAD) IN THE AYRSHIRE CATTLE BREED IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.142.

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The Ayrshire dairy breed is renowned for producing large quantities of high quality milk and, therefore, is frequently used for crossbreeding. However, various hereditary anomalies caused by gene mutations have been recently recorded in calves produced by some Ayrshire sires. Most of these anomalies were shown to have a recessive inheritance pattern, thus imposing a threat of unpredictable dramatic changes in cattle genotypes under such factors as genetic drift, selection and inbreeding. The purpose of this study was to examine the susceptibility of the Ayrshire cattle bred in the North Caucasus to such hereditary abnormalities as complex vertebral malformation (CVM) and bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). The investigation was carried out on 16 cows with various phenotype and reproduction disorders that were selected based on a three-year veterinary observation of 440 livestock animals. The target group cows were generally the descendants of Hannulan Yaskiyri, Riihiviidan Urho Errant and O.R. Lihting. The results demonstrated that no animals under study were the carriers of these genetic disorders, which proved the mutant alleles of BLAD and CVM to be absent from the Ayrshire cattle livestock bred in the North Caucasus. Therefore, the sires of these cattle can be successfully used for breeding.
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Reports on the topic "Dairy cattle Genetic engineering"

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Gutierrez, Gustavo A., P. Jeff Berger, and Mary H. Healey. Joint Genetic Analysis of Conception and Maintenance of Pregnancy in Dairy Cattle Using a Linear-Threshold Model. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-948.

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Weller, Joel, Harris Lewin, Micha Ron, George Wiggans, and Paul VanRaden. A Systematic Genome Search for Genes Affecting Economic Traits Dairy Cattle with the Aid of Genetic Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695836.bard.

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The objectives were to continue collection of semen for the US dairy bull DNA repository, to conduct a systematic search of the Holstein genome for economically significant economic trait loci (ETL), to develop and refine statistical techniques for the analysis of the data generated, and to confirm significant effects by genotyping daughters i Israel and additional US sons. One-thousand-seventy-six sons of eight US grandsires were genotyped for 174 microsatellites located on all 29 autosomes. ETL were detected for milk production traits on seven chromosomes. ETL for milk and fat yield and fat and protein percentage on BTA3 was mapped to between the markers BL41 and TGLA263. The 95% confidence interval for the ETL affecting fat percentage on BTA14 localized this ETL between the contromere and chromosome position 11 cM. This ETL was verified in the Israeli cattle population by genotyping an independent sample of cows from seven families. The radiation hybrid data for the centromeric region of BTA14 is defined by a single linkage group. Order of Type I genes within this region, CYC-FADK-TG-SQLE, is conserved between human and cattle. Thus, HSA8, the human homologue of BTA14, can be used to identify candidate genes for the ETL.
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Weller, Joel I., Derek M. Bickhart, Micha Ron, Eyal Seroussi, George Liu, and George R. Wiggans. Determination of actual polymorphisms responsible for economic trait variation in dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600017.bard.

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The project’s general objectives were to determine specific polymorphisms at the DNA level responsible for observed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to estimate their effects, frequencies, and selection potential in the Holstein dairy cattle breed. The specific objectives were to (1) localize the causative polymorphisms to small chromosomal segments based on analysis of 52 U.S. Holstein bulls each with at least 100 sons with high-reliability genetic evaluations using the a posteriori granddaughter design; (2) sequence the complete genomes of at least 40 of those bulls to 20 coverage; (3) determine causative polymorphisms based on concordance between the bulls’ genotypes for specific polymorphisms and their status for a QTL; (4) validate putative quantitative trait variants by genotyping a sample of Israeli Holstein cows; and (5) perform gene expression analysis using statistical methodologies, including determination of signatures of selection, based on somatic cells of cows that are homozygous for contrasting quantitative trait variants; and (6) analyze genes with putative quantitative trait variants using data mining techniques. Current methods for genomic evaluation are based on population-wide linkage disequilibrium between markers and actual alleles that affect traits of interest. Those methods have approximately doubled the rate of genetic gain for most traits in the U.S. Holstein population. With determination of causative polymorphisms, increasing the accuracy of genomic evaluations should be possible by including those genotypes as fixed effects in the analysis models. Determination of causative polymorphisms should also yield useful information on gene function and genetic architecture of complex traits. Concordance between QTL genotype as determined by the a posteriori granddaughter design and marker genotype was determined for 30 trait-by-chromosomal segment effects that are segregating in the U.S. Holstein population; a probability of <10²⁰ was used to accept the null hypothesis that no segregating gene within the chromosomal segment was affecting the trait. Genotypes for 83 grandsires and 17,217 sons were determined by either complete sequence or imputation for 3,148,506 polymorphisms across the entire genome. Variant sites were identified from previous studies (such as the 1000 Bull Genomes Project) and from DNA sequencing of bulls unique to this project, which is one of the largest marker variant surveys conducted for the Holstein breed of cattle. Effects for stature on chromosome 11, daughter pregnancy rate on chromosome 18, and protein percentage on chromosome 20 met 3 criteria: (1) complete or nearly complete concordance, (2) nominal significance of the polymorphism effect after correction for all other polymorphisms, and (3) marker coefficient of determination >40% of total multiple-regression coefficient of determination for the 30 polymorphisms with highest concordance. The missense polymorphism Phe279Tyr in GHR at 31,909,478 base pairs on chromosome 20 was confirmed as the causative mutation for fat and protein concentration. For effect on fat percentage, 12 additional missensepolymorphisms on chromosome 14 were found that had nearly complete concordance with the suggested causative polymorphism (missense mutation Ala232Glu in DGAT1). The markers used in routine U.S. genomic evaluations were increased from 60,000 to 80,000 by adding markers for known QTLs and markers detected in BARD and other research projects. Objectives 1 and 2 were completely accomplished, and objective 3 was partially accomplished. Because no new clear-cut causative polymorphisms were discovered, objectives 4 through 6 were not completed.
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Gianola, Daniel, Joel Weller, Rohan L. Fernando, C. R. Henderson, and R. Bar-Anan. Development of Methods for Genetic Analysis of Discrete Traits of Economic Importance in US and Israeli Dairy Cattle Population. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566580.bard.

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Weller, Joel, Harris Lewin, Micha Ron, and George Wiggans. Detection and Mapping of Genes Affecting Traits of Economic Importance in Dairy Cattle with the Aid of Molecular Genetic Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613024.bard.

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Forty-seven poly-TG microsatellites were developed at the U of IL, and 11 genetic markers were developed at ARO, nine of which were poly-AGC microsatellites. Markers were typed on the reference families of CSIRO, Australia; GRANADA, Texas; and IRRF, Illinois, for chromosome assignment and linkage mapping. Nine North American al organizations contributed semen to the Dairy Bull DNA Repository (DBDR), which currently has 65,743 units from 3366 bulls. Semen was obtained for 31 out of 35 grandsires. Semen of 28 and 23 sons of two Israeli bulls was also collected. Eighteen grandsires were genotyped for 75 microsatellites. One thousand, three hundred and sixty-two sons with evaluation from 17 families were genotyped for 24 markers. Eleven thousand, six hundred and twenty sons genotypes were determined, of which 8,802 were informative. The genotype data was matched to the bulls' daughter yield deviations (DYD) for seven traits; milk, fat, and protein production; fat and protein percent; somatic cell concentration (SCS); and productive herd life. Seven loci had significant effects at p<0.05, but only two loci, TGLA263 and MGTG7, had significant effects at p<0.01, and the effect of TGLA263 on fat percentage was significant at p<0.0001. There was at least one significant effect for each of the seven traits analyzed.
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Weller, Joel I., Ignacy Misztal, and Micha Ron. Optimization of methodology for genomic selection of moderate and large dairy cattle populations. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594404.bard.

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The main objectives of this research was to detect the specific polymorphisms responsible for observed quantitative trait loci and develop optimal strategies for genomic evaluations and selection for moderate (Israel) and large (US) dairy cattle populations. A joint evaluation using all phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic data is the optimal strategy. The specific objectives were: 1) to apply strategies for determination of the causative polymorphisms based on the “a posteriori granddaughter design” (APGD), 2) to develop methods to derive unbiased estimates of gene effects derived from SNP chips analyses, 3) to derive optimal single-stage methods to estimate breeding values of animals based on marker, phenotypic and pedigree data, 4) to extend these methods to multi-trait genetic evaluations and 5) to evaluate the results of long-term genomic selection, as compared to traditional selection. Nearly all of these objectives were met. The major achievements were: The APGD and the modified granddaughter designs were applied to the US Holstein population, and regions harboring segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for all economic traits of interest. The APGD was able to find segregating QTL for all the economic traits analyzed, and confidence intervals for QTL location ranged from ~5 to 35 million base pairs. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for milk production traits in the Israeli Holstein population were computed by the single-step method and compared to results for the two-step method. The single-step method was extended to derive GEBV for multi-parity evaluation. Long-term analysis of genomic selection demonstrated that inclusion of pedigree data from previous generations may result in less accurate GEBV. Major conclusions are: Predictions using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were the least biased, and that method appears to be the best tool for genomic evaluation of a small population, as it automatically accounts for parental index and allows for inclusion of female genomic information without additional steps. None of the methods applied to the Israeli Holstein population were able to derive GEBV for young bulls that were significantly better than parent averages. Thus we confirm previous studies that the main limiting factor for the accuracy of GEBV is the number of bulls with genotypes and progeny tests. Although 36 of the grandsires included in the APGD were genotyped for the BovineHDBeadChip, which includes 777,000 SNPs, we were not able to determine the causative polymorphism for any of the detected QTL. The number of valid unique markers on the BovineHDBeadChip is not sufficient for a reasonable probability to find the causative polymorphisms. Complete resequencing of the genome of approximately 50 bulls will be required, but this could not be accomplished within the framework of the current project due to funding constraints. Inclusion of pedigree data from older generations in the derivation of GEBV may result is less accurate evaluations.
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.

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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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