Academic literature on the topic 'Daily activity level'
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Journal articles on the topic "Daily activity level"
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Hodgson, J. A. "Does daily activity level determine muscle phenotype?" Journal of Experimental Biology 208, no. 19 (October 1, 2005): 3761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01825.
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Lightfoot, J. Timothy, Michael J. Turner, Meredith Daves, Anna Vordermark, and Steven R. Kleeberger. "Genetic influence on daily wheel running activity level." Physiological Genomics 19, no. 3 (November 17, 2004): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00125.2004.
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This project was designed to determine the genetic (between-strain) and environmental (within-strain) variance in daily running wheel activity level in inbred mice. Five male and five female mice, 9.7–15.3 wk old, from each of 13 strains (A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57Bl/6J, C57L/J, C3Heb/FeJ, CBA/J, DBA/2J, SWR/J, MRL/MpJ, SPRET/Ei, and CAST/Ei) as well as five female NZB/BinJ mice were housed individually. A running wheel in each cage was interfaced with a magnetic sensor to measure total daily distance and exercise time for each animal every 24 h for 21 consecutive days (3 wk). Average daily distance (km), duration (min), and velocity (m/min) for each strain was then calculated. Significant interstrain differences in average daily distance ( P < 0.001), average daily exercise duration ( P < 0.0001), and average daily exercise velocity ( P < 0.0001) were found, with C57L/J mice running farther and faster than the other strains. Sex was a significant factor in daily running wheel activity, with female mice running an average of 20% farther ( P = 0.01) and 38% faster ( P < 0.0001) than male mice. The male mice ran 15% longer duration on a daily basis ( P = 0.0091). Weight was only associated with exercise velocity in the female mice, but this relationship was not significant when subdivided by strain. Broad-sense heritability estimates on the physical activity differed by sex (for distance, male 31–48% and female 12–22%; for duration, male 44–61% and female 12–21%; for velocity, male 49–66% and female 44–61%). In conclusion, these data indicate that daily running wheel activity level in mice is significantly affected by genetic background and sex.
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SAWAI, SHIHO, HIROYUKI SANEMATSU, HIROAKI KANEHISA, NAOYA TSUNODA, and TETSUO FUKUNAGA. "EVALUATION OF MUSCULAR ACTIVITY LEVEL IN DAILY ACTIONS." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 53, no. 1 (2004): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.53.93.
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HIGUCHI, Toshikazu, Kazuoki MATSUMOTO, Seiki TANADA, Takeo NAKAMURA, Masahide IMAKI, and Tamotsu MIYOSHI. "Serum .GAMMA.-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Level and Daily Physical Activity." Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology 59, no. 4 (1993): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3861/jshhe.59.196.
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Daves, Meredith G., Michael J. Turner, Steven R. Kleeberger, and J. Timothy Lightfoot. "Daily Physical Activity Level in Male Inbred Mouse Strains." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01243.
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Grant, L. M. "Walking to School: Effect on Daily Physical Activity Level." AAP Grand Rounds 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.15-3-33.
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Daves, Meredith G., Michael J. Turner, Steven R. Kleeberger, and J. Timothy Lightfoot. "Daily Physical Activity Level in Male Inbred Mouse Strains." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01243.
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Casper, R. C., D. A. Schoeller, R. Kushner, J. Hnilicka, and S. T. Gold. "Total daily energy expenditure and activity level in anorexia nervosa." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 1143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1143.
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Siegel, Donald. "How Do Youth Sports Affect a Child's Daily Activity Level?" Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 79, no. 1 (January 2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2008.10598108.
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Wulandari, Ratna. "Description Of Independence Level Elders to Fulfill ADL(Activity Daily Living." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2014): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v1i2.art.p155-159.
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The influence of the aging process can a variety of problems both physically, mentally and economically so as to affect the fulfillment of the ADL (Activity Daily Living). The level of ability of the elderly in activity can be measured by the level of independence of elderly in performing 6 basic activities include bathing, dressing, toileting, moving, continence and eating.. Method: The research design was description design. The population was 80 elders in UPT PSLU Blitar, the sample was 44 by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by interviews guided. Result : The results showed that 86.4% 6 independent activities, 11.4% 5 activities, and 2.3% 4 activities. Elderly that has a high level of independence is has physical and psychological health and sufficient prima. Discussion : By getting a good health the elderly can perform any activity in their everyday lives. It is expected that the results of this study, carers must keep the safety of elders in activities to prevent deterioration in elderly activities which could be due to fall or hurt.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Daily activity level"
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CASTELLI, LUCIA. "DAILY ACTIVITY LEVELS AND SLEEP QUALITY IN BREAST CANCER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/884767.
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Rest-activity circadian rhythm (RAR) analysis is a valuable tool to evaluate daily physical activity levels and sleep quality in breast cancer (BC) women, including BC survivors, a population less considered in the scientific literature. Indeed, the role of physical activity is recognised even in tertiary cancer prevention due to its action either on physical or psychological human spheres. In managing the quality of life in BC women, sleep assessment and its relationship with physical activity also raise attention. Several studies reported that an increase in physical activity practice might lead to better sleep quality. All these aspects have been less investigated in BRCA1/2 carrier women. BRCA1/2 are deleterious and high-invasive gene mutations, predisposing to a very aggressive breast and/or ovarian cancer also at a young age.
The present PhD thesis evaluates RAR, sleep, and their relationship in two populations: a cohort of 5-year BC survivors and a sample of BRCA1/2 women.
For the first study, 28 women (15 5-year BC survivors and 13 healthy controls) were 7-day long actigraph monitored and RAR analysis was performed with both parametric and non-parametric approaches. BC survivors showed a statistically lower MESOR (Midline Estimating Statistic of Rhythm), amplitude, L5 (nocturnal activity), and M10 (daily activity), while IV (Intradaily Variability) was higher than the control group. These results are the first experimental evidence that RAR alterations persist after 5 years since the primary diagnosis. Furthermore, BC survivors are less active than healthy controls and need practical intervention to increase their activity levels.
For the second study, 27 women with BRCA1/2 mutations were 7-day long actigraph monitored, while 63 filled in the PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and the GSL-TPAQ (Godin Shepard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire) questionnaires to assess sleep and physical activity, respectively. The 27 actigraph-monitored women were stratified, based on the development of cancer diagnosis, in affected and unaffected. RAR and actigraphic sleep analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups, even though the affected women seemed to sleep worse than the unaffected. Based on the PSQI score, the women were stratified into good and bad sleepers: good sleepers were significantly more active than bad sleepers. Based on the GSL-TPAQ score, women were stratified into active and inactive: active women showed a better body composition and significantly lower insulin level and better sleep than inactive women. Finally, the regression analyses disclosed the positive effect of physical activity on sleep. More specifically, the prevalence ratio of being a good sleeper significantly increased with the increase in amount, intensity, and frequency of physical activity. This cross-sectional analysis of 63 women sheds light on a possible association between physical activity and sleep in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Considering the large attention that the BRCA1/2 carriers’ quality of life is receiving, a physical activity intervention could potentially improve the sleep quality in these women, also reflecting in an enhanced quality of life.
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Stonerock, Gregory L. Gil Karen M. "Daily coping strategies and their relationships with mood, activity level and health care use in sickle cell disease analysis of daily diary data /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1713.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Psychology Clinical Psychology." Discipline: Psychology; Department/School: Psychology.
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Hayashi, Ayako. "Daily Walking Is Effective for Management of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/236619.
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Salvatore, Gabrielle. "Increasing Daily Physical Activity Levels in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/495366.
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KinesiologyM.S.
The purpose of this study was to understand components of motivation, adherence, and self-efficacy in exercise programs in adults with autism spectrum disorder, as well as the barriers that affect exercise participation in this population. A mixed-methods approach was utilized with an online survey, semi-structured interviews, and brief behavioral intervention. The online survey consisted of 20 questions. Measures included demographics and questionnaires regarding the utilization of and beliefs regarding activity trackers. Participants were recruited through Temple University’s Disability Resources and Services and through the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences. Thirty-five (n = 35) responses were collected from participants aged 18-68 (age 34±14.77 years). It was important for the research team to understand if this population could benefit from exercise technology to help promote behavior change. Participants were females (54.3%) and males (45.7%), with 68.6% reporting Caucasian, 20% Asian, 2.9% Hispanic, and 8.6% other. Of the respondents, 40% were Temple University students and 60% were community members. A majority of participants (78.1%) reported that they do not currently use an activity tracker and 71% reported that they do not use a mobile application to track physical activity (PA); however, 73.5% reported that using an activity tracker would help to increase PA levels. Of the total participants who attempted the online survey (n = 35), 79.41% (n = 27) indicated interest in a follow-up interview. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants (n = 3) aged 19-53. Interviews were designed to further understand the PA levels of adults on the spectrum, as well as the attitudes and motivations toward PA. A version of the constant comparative method was used to identify 5 themes; exercise history, perceived barriers, environmental constraints, exercise demands, and how ASD affects exercise participation. From the 5 themes, 24 subthemes emerged based on interview responses. . Following the interviews, participants were provided a brief PA intervention. Two individuals aged 19-21 wore a Fitbit Flex 2 for a total of six weeks; exploring the potential to motivate persons with ASD to increase their PA levels using techniques such as goal setting and reinforcement. The research team designed this study using a pre-test post-test design. Overall, the step count and activity levels of both participants increased when comparing the pre-phase to the post-phase. However, no significance was found when running paired samples t-tests between pre-test and post-test PA results. These findings suggest that individuals with ASD do not exhibit statistically significant differences at pre-test or post-test. It is important to note that these results are not generalizable due to the small sample size.
Temple University--Theses
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Lincourt, Melissa. "Effect of Physical Education on Daily Physical Activity Levels in 4th and 5th Graders." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1313172953.
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Clark, Sarah. "Psychological resilience, daily stressors, and implications for physical activity levels in mothers with young children." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527540.
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The present study aimed to investigate the impact of psychological resilience and daily stressors on physical activity levels among mothers completing a three-month physical activity program. The sample consisted of 30 low-income mothers recruited to participate in a larger community-based physical activity intervention study. It was expected that women higher in resilience would participate in more physical activity over the program than women lower in resilience, and women lower in resilience would be more negatively affected by daily stressors than those higher in resilience, resulting in less physical activity over the program. However, results showed a pattern that among the women lower in resilience, those experiencing a higher severity of daily stressors throughout the program participated in more physical activity than those experiencing a lower severity of daily stressors. Implications for targeting mothers to use physical activity as a coping mechanism are discussed.
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Thornhill, Annie N. "The effect of a structured exercise program on physical daily activity levels of previously sedentary and habitually active adults." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1339462.
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This study examined the effect of a moderate intensity exercise training program on daily physical activity levels of previously sedentary and habitually active adults. Previously sedentary subjects wore a pedometer while completing a seven consecutive day baseline physical activity measurement. After the seven day baseline trial, they received a traditional exercise prescription for 6 weeks while continuing to wear the pedometer every day. Habitually active subjects wore a pedometer for seven consecutive days while continuing their normal daily and exercise routines. Results showed that the previously sedentary subjects increased their physical activity levels by approximately 2,000 steps/day after starting a structured exercise program. On the non-exercise days, there was little to no change in physical activity levels (7,354 ± 2,344 steps/day) for the sedentary subjects when compared to the baseline daily physical activity levels (7,232 ± 1,692 steps/day). The habitually active group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) physical activity levels (12,389 ± 3,391 steps/day) when compared to the sedentary group's 6`h week physical activity levels (9,697 ± 2,212 steps/day). In addition, the habitually active group showed similar physical activity levels on non-exercise days (8,780 ± 3,295 steps/day) when compared to the sedentary group's 6`h week physical activity on non-exercise days (7,354 ± 2,344 steps/day). In conclusion, in previously sedentary subjects, a moderate intensity exercise program resulted in a significant increase in daily physical activity but not to the level of the habitually active subjects.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Albalawi, Salem Mohammad S. "Daily air pollution levels and asthma : exploring the influence of time-activity patterns on personal exposure in Al Jubail industrial city, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3566.
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Title: Daily air pollution levels and asthma; exploring the influence of time-activity patterns on personal exposure in Al Jubail industrial city, Saudi Arabia Introduction: Air pollution is a known risk factor for adverse cardio-respiratory health effects. In the last few years, epidemiological studies have provided evidence that exposure to air pollution can aggravate symptoms in asthmatic patients. Some epidemiological studies have used ambient air pollution levels based on fixed-site monitoring (FSM) data to evaluate the short-term effects of ambient air pollution levels on asthma-related emergency department visits (AEDv) using time-series analysis. In the recent past, technology has greatly improved, making it possible to carry out personal monitoring of indoor and outdoor microenvironments (ME). While the existing literature on time-activity patterns (TAP) and ME exposures for populations in the USA and Europe keeps on growing, little research on this topic has been carried out in the Middle East. This study was designed to (i) investigate the statistical association between exposure to air pollution and AEDv, and (ii) identify factors that influence personal exposure in different ME in Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Daily number of AEDv, air pollution levels (particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) nitrogen oxides (NOx)) and weather variables (temperature and relative humidity) were obtained from the Royal Commission of Al Jubail Industrial City for the period between 2007 and 2011. Data were analysed using a time series approach, which involved application of a generalised linear model (GLM). Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using Poisson regression, while controlling weather variables, day of the week and holiday indicator for lag times of 0 - 7 days. RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in AEDv were calculated with each increment of inter-quartile range (IQR) change of each pollutant. Furthermore, to explore the influence of different ME on personal exposure levels, 27 students aged between 16-18 years were recruited and asked to record their detailed movements using a time-activity diary at 15-minute intervals over a period of 24 hours. The students were asked to carry a small backpack containing ii a personal air monitor to measure their personal exposure to PM2.5, and a GPS device to help identify ME including travelling, outdoors, at school and at home. Results: The association between AEDv and change in the quantity of SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 remained positive and statistically significantly after adjustment in the multi-pollutants model. The RR (in percent %) of AEDv increased by 5.4% (95% CI: 2.4, 8.5) at lag 2 for SO2 , 3.4% (95% CI: 0.8, 6.1) at lag 3 for NO2, 4.4% (95% CI: 2.4, 6.6) for PM2.5 and 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3, 3.2) for PM10 at lag 0 per IQR change in pollutants, 2.0ppb, 7.6ppb, 36μg/m3 and 140μg/m3 respectively. No significant associations between AEDv and CO were found. The time activity diary revealed that most of the students’ time was spent indoors (88.6%). The FSM median (IQR) PM2.5 level, 51.0μg/m3 (34.0-74.2), was significantly higher than personal median PM2.5 level, which was 30.0μg/m3 (20.9-42.4) (Wilcoxon p-value<0.001). Total personal outdoor median concentration of PM2.5, 44.4μg/m3 (31.1-59.5), was significantly higher than total personal indoor concentration, which was 28.3μg/m3 (19.2-40.2) (p-value<0.001). There was a significant but weak correlation between FSM and personal monitor PM2.5 levels when indoors (Spearman’s rank correlation=0.228, p-value < 0.001 n=544), but not at outdoors microenvironment. Conclusion: Current levels of ambient air pollution were associated with AEDv in Al Jubail. While there appear to be similarities between TAP in this small population sample from the Middle East and Europe/USA, the exposure levels in this industrial city appear to be very high, compared to the WHO air quality guidelines. The validity of FSM data as a proxy for personal exposure to PM needs to be characterised so that the exposure error associated with this proxy measure is better understood.
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Faria, Fernanda Roberta. "Influência da congestão pulmonar leve na atividade física de vida diária de pacientes em hemodiálise." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1839.
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Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a systemic disease, which can compromise several organs and tissues in its advanced stage. In CKD patients on hemodialysis (HD) is commonly observed the decline in physical activity and the specific involvement of the respiratory system that can be affected by both the disease and by the treatment. Pulmonary congestion is a frequent change in patients with CKD. However there are no studies that have analyzed the influence of mild pulmonary congestion in physical activity of daily living (PADL) by an activity monitor. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of mild pulmonary congestion in physical activity of daily living of patients with CKD undergoing HD, as well as to know the behavior of these patients compared to PADL in the days of HD and non HD. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 30 patients with CKD stage 5, of both sexes, mean age 49 ± 15 years. Patients were evaluated on two different days and all the evaluations were conducted in pre- HD period. On the first day, patients underwent the examination of thoracic ultrasound to assess pulmonary congestion. On the second day, they underwent the following ratings: anthropometry, pulmonary function test, test respiratory muscle strength, grip strength, functional classification of symptoms and physical functioning domain of the questionnaire of quality of life. The evaluation of AVFD was held for 7 consecutive days, from Monday to Sunday for 12 hours. Results: the linear regression was observed that mild pulmonary congestion influenced PADL (F = 0.009 p = 7.97). The active time and the number of steps were significantly lower (p <0.05) HD in days (113 ± 55 and 161 ± 69, respectively) compared to those without HD days (3286 ± 1798 and 4422 ± 2202, respectively) . The PADL correlated with physical functioning domain (r = 0.35; p = 0.05). In multiple regression analysis, the variables that explain the domain "physical functioning" were age (B = -0.96 p <0.001), functional classification of symptoms (B = -13.48 p <0.001), and grip strength Manual (B = 1.07 p = 0.005). Conclusion: mild pulmonary congestion influences PADL CKD patients in stage 5, contributing to the injury of PADL. Patients are less active in hemodialysis day than in those without hemodialysis days.
Introdução: A doença renal crônica (DRC) é uma doença sistêmica, que pode comprometer diversos órgãos e tecidos na sua fase avançada. Em pacientes com DRC em hemodiálise (HD) é comumente observado o declínio do nível de atividade física e o acometimento específico do sistema respiratório que pode ser afetado tanto pela doença como pelo tratamento. A congestão pulmonar é uma alteração frequente nos pacientes com DRC. Contudo não há estudos que tenham analisado a influência da congestão pulmonar leve na atividade física de vida diária (AFVD) por meio de um monitor de atividades. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência da congestão pulmonar leve na atividade física de vida diária dos pacientes com DRC submetidos a HD, assim como, conhecer o comportamento desses pacientes em relação à AFVD nos dias de HD e sem HD. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo com delineamento transversal no qual foram avaliados 30 pacientes com DRC estágio 5, de ambos os sexos e idade média de 49 ± 15 anos. Os pacientes foram avaliados em dois dias distintos e todas as avaliações foram realizadas no período pré-HD. No primeiro dia, os pacientes realizaram o exame de ultrassom torácico para avaliar a congestão pulmonar. No segundo dia, foram submetidos às seguintes avaliações: antropometria, prova de função pulmonar, prova de força muscular respiratória, força de preensão manual, classificação funcional de sintomas e o domínio funcionamento físico do questionário de qualidade de vida. A avaliação da AVFD foi realizada durante 7 dias consecutivos, de segunda a domingo por 12 horas diárias. Resultados: na análise de regressão linear observou-se que a congestão pulmonar leve influenciou a AFVD (p=0,009 F=7,97). O tempo ativo e o número de passos foram significativamente menores (p<0,05) nos dias de HD (113 ± 55 e 161 ± 69; respectivamente) quando comparados aos dias sem HD (3286 ± 1798 e 4422 ± 2202; respectivamente). A AFVD apresentou correlação com o domínio funcionamento físico (r= 0,35; p= 0,05). Na análise de regressão múltipla as variáveis que explicam o domínio funcionamento físico foram: idade (B= -0,96 p<0,001), classificação funcional de sintomas (B= -13,48 p<0,001), e força de preensão manual (B= 1,07 p=0,005). Conclusão: a congestão pulmonar leve influencia a AFVD de pacientes com DRC em estágio 5, contribuindo para o prejuízo da AFVD. Os pacientes são menos ativos nos dias de hemodiálise do que nos dias sem hemodiálise.
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Brown, Kristin. "“Where do you get that extra 20 minutes a day?”: Understanding how local-level environmental factors shape the implementation of Ontario’s Daily Physical Activity Policy." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7716.
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Rising obesity rates and low physical activity levels among children and youth are a global concern due to links to adverse health outcomes, poor quality of life, and an increased burden on the health care system. One response to the problem has been the implementation of school-based physical activity and nutrition policies. For example, the Ontario Ministry of Education’s Daily Physical Activity (DPA) Policy mandates that all elementary school students receive at least 20 minutes of physical activity per day. This exploratory research sought to understand the local-level factors shaping implementation of DPA, from the perspective of elementary school teachers and principals. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with Ontario grade 1-8 teachers (n=14) and elementary school principals (n=5) regarding DPA implementation, facilitators, barriers, perceived outcomes, and suggestions for change. Interviews were audio recorded (with permission) and transcribed verbatim for subsequent thematic analysis using NVivo.
Although all but two participants indicated they had implemented DPA, the majority reported that students were not meeting the requirement daily. Findings were organized using the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework. Implementation facilitators were focused within the microenvironment (i.e., classrooms and schools), while barriers were identified within both the micro- and macroenvironments (i.e., classrooms, schools, school boards, and the Ministry of Education). Both teachers and principals considered DPA a lower priority than other subjects, partly because of limited monitoring of implementation within schools and school boards. Participants discussed student benefits resulting from DPA; however, student fitness was not identified as a positive outcome- in fact, some questioned whether the policy is improving student physical activity levels.
The results suggest the status of DPA results from a failure of implementation rather than a failure of concept. Participants believed increasing student physical activity levels was important; however, they argued that factors within the classroom, school, school board, and Ministry of Education limit the feasibility of delivering DPA. This thesis contributes to the limited literature regarding the evaluation of DPA implementation and outcomes by exploring the perspectives of teachers and principals implementing the policy. Substantive, methodological, and theoretical contributions to the school-based physical activity literature are discussed, followed by policy implications and directions for future research.
Books on the topic "Daily activity level"
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Cathy, Clemons, and Montgomery April 1955-, eds. Daily preschool experiences for learners at every level. Beltsville, MD: Gryphon House, 2008.
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Daily Warm-Ups Chemistry, Level II. Walch Publishing, 2004.
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Hastings, Kay, April Montgomery, and Cathy Clemons. Daily Preschool Experiences: For Learners at Every Level. Gryphon House, Incorporated, 2017.
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Daily Character Education Activities: Grade Level-kindergarden. Carson Dellosa Pub Co Inc, 2004.
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Publishing, Walch. Daily Warm-Ups Physics: Level II (Daily Warm-Ups Science Series). Walch Pub., 2003.
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Daniel-White, Becky. Daily Character Education Activities: Grade Level 2-3. Carson Dellosa Pub Co Inc, 2004.
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Youne, Allesandro. Diabetes Journal: Daily Logbook to Track Blood Sugar Level, Blood Pressure, Weight, Nutrition, Activity and Medication. Independently Published, 2020.
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Byers, Gloria. Food Journal and Activity Tracker for Diabetic Dad: Daily Logbook to Track Blood Sugar Level, Blood Pressure, Weight, Nutrition, Activity and Medication. Independently Published, 2020.
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Giannas, Paul. Food Journal and Activity Tracker for Diabetic Mom: Daily Logbook to Track Blood Sugar Level, Blood Pressure, Weight, Nutrition, Activity and Medication. Independently Published, 2020.
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Reese, Anna. Santa's Favorite Diabetic: Daily Logbook to Track Blood Sugar Level, Blood Pressure, Weight, Nutrition, Activity and Medication. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Daily activity level"
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Zheng, Yaqian, Junfei Xie, Tri Van Thanh Vo, Byung Cheol Lee, and Toyin Ajisafe. "Predicting Daily Physical Activity Level for Older Adults Using Wearable Activity Trackers." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 602–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22015-0_47.
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Klemm, P., I. Aykara, and U. Lange. "Water-Filtered Infrared A Irradiation in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Heat for Lower Back Pain." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 233–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_20.
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AbstractThe effect of serial locally applied wIRA (sl-wIRA) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is described: time of onset and duration of pain reduction, changes in disease activity and functionality, and changes at the molecular level (cytokines).Seventy-one patients with axSpA receiving an inpatient 7-day multimodal rheumatologic complex therapy (MRCT) were randomized into two groups: 35 patients with standardized MRCT (control group = CG) and 36 patients (intervention group = IG) with additive serial sl-wIRA (2 irradiations/day, total of 12 applications) of the back region.In IG, a significant pain reduction compared to daily baseline values was observed on days 1, 2, and 6 and compared to CG. There was a significant improvement of the global health and functional parameters in IG, a significant reduction of disease activity, and a significant drop in TNF-α serum levels, also significantly different to CG. Levels of IL-1, -6, -10 remained unchanged.sl-wIRA, as part of an MRCT in axSpA patients, caused a significant pain decrease on days 2 and 6, allowing an analgesics reduction. Improvement in the general state of health was noted. Decreasing serum levels of TNF-α may explain, at the molecular level, the subjective pain relief.
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Maggini, Nicola, and Veronica Federico. "Civil Society Activism in Italy Across Different Fields: A Multifaceted Picture of Solidarity in Hard Times." In Transnational Solidarity in Times of Crises, 61–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49659-3_3.
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Abstract Over the last years, Italian civil society organisations have been working on a daily basis to mitigate the impact of both the global economic crisis and the refugee crisis, which have increased social vulnerabilities. Relying on the data gathered through 30 in-depth interviews with transnational solidarity organisations’ representatives, this chapter analyses solidarity practices in three fields of activity: disability, unemployment and migration. Results show that solidarity attitudes, practices and discourses are strongly influenced by the policy domain in which the organisations are active. Furthermore, the crisis led organisations to search for new strategies and approaches, even though it has been an ineffective vector of transnationalisation due to lack of resources, and the necessity to cope with pressing needs at national and local level/s.
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De Masi, Alexandre, and Katarzyna Wac. "The Importance of Smartphone Connectivity in Quality of Life." In Quantifying Quality of Life, 523–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_23.
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AbstractMobile network connectivity enables individuals to use various Internet-based applications and is nowadays an integral part of the physical environment. More specifically, this connectivity shapes individuals’ modes of gathering information and their communication capabilities. In turn, this impacts the individual’s decision-making and, in the long term, may influence their health and quality of life (QoL). This chapter focuses on longitudinal modeling of the availability of mobile connectivity such as Wi-Fi and 3G or 4G for individuals living in the Geneva area (Switzerland). We analyze connectivity over 5 years (2015–2020) based on data collected from 110 mQoL (mobile QoL) Living Lab participants. The participants are from three different cohorts corresponding to distinct data collection periods (2015–2017, 2018–2019, 2020). We derive four features that quantify an individual’s connectivity level: the network access technology (Wi-Fi or cellular), signal strength, the overall data consumption (upload and download), and the participants’ mobility patterns while connected. We also compare the connectivity levels of the three cohorts over time. Our findings reflect the relations between mobile connectivity and the smartphone network activity of the mQoL study cohorts during their daily activities, which may impact their QoL. We summarize the results and conclude this chapter by exploring the different QoL technologies and services enabled by mobile connectivity. However, the effects of connectivity on specific QoL domains, such as psychological aspects (i.e., positive/negative feelings) or social relationships, should be investigated further.
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Miedema, Frank. "Science in Transition How Science Goes Wrong and What to Do About It." In Open Science: the Very Idea, 67–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2115-6_3.
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AbstractScience in Transition, which started in 2013, is a small-scale Dutch initiative that presented a systems approach, comprised of analyses and suggested actions, based on experience in academia. It was built on writings by early science watchers and most recent theoretical developments in philosophy, history and sociology of science and STS on the practice and politics of science. This chapter will include my personal experiences as one of the four Dutch founders of Science in Transition. I will discuss the message and the various forms of reception over the past 6 years by the different actors in the field, including administrators in university, academic societies and Ministries of Higher Education, Economic Affairs and Public Health but also from leadership in the private sector. I will report on my personal experience of how these myths and ideologies play out in the daily practice of 40 years of biomedical research in policy and decision making in lab meetings, at departments, at grant review committees of funders and in the Board rooms and the rooms of Deans, Vice Chancellors and Rectors.It has in the previous chapters become clear that the ideology and ideals that we are brought up with are not valid, are not practiced despite that even in 2020 they are still somehow ‘believed’ by most scientists and even by many science watchers, journalists and used in political correct rhetoric and policy making by science’s leadership. In that way these ideologies and beliefs mostly implicitly but sometimes even explicitly determine debates regarding the internal policy of science and science policy in the public arena. These include all time classic themes like the uniqueness of science compared to any other societal activity; ethical superiority of science and scientists based on Mertonian norms; the vocational disinterested search for truth, autonomy; values and moral (political) neutrality, dominance of internal epistemic values and unpredictability regards impact. These ideas have influenced debates about the ideal and hegemony of natural science, the hierarchy of basic over applied science; theoretical over technological research and at a higher level in academic institutions and at the funders the widely held supremacy of STEM over SSH. This has directly determined the attitudes of scientists in the interaction with peers within the field, but also shaped the politics of science within science but also with policy makers and stakeholders from the public and private sector and with interactions with popular media.Science it was concluded was suboptimal because of growing problems with the quality and reproducibility of its published products due to failing quality control at several levels. Because of too little interactions with society during the phases of agenda setting and the actual process of knowledge production, its societal impact was limited which also relates to the lack of inclusiveness, multidisciplinarity and diversity in academia. Production of robust and significant results aiming at real world problems are mainly secondary to academic output relevant for an internally driven incentive and reward system steering for academic career advancement at the individual level. Similarly, at the higher organizational and national level this reward system is skewed to types of output and impact focused on positions on international ranking lists. This incentive and reward system, with flawed use of metrics, drives a hyper-competitive social system in academia which results in a widely felt lack of alignment and little shared value in the academic community. Empirical data, most of it from within science and academia, showing these problems in different academic disciplines, countries and continents are published on virtually a weekly basis since 2014. These critiques focus on the practices of scholarly publishing including Open Access and open data, the adverse effects of the incentive and reward system, in particular its flawed use of metrics. Images, ideologies and politics of science were exposed that insulate academia and science from society and its stakeholders, which distort the research agenda and subsequentially its societal and economic impact.
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Sumil-Laanemaa, Merle, Luule Sakkeus, Allan Puur, and Lauri Leppik. "Socio-demographic Risk Factors Related to Material Deprivation Among Older Persons in Europe: A Comparative Analysis Based on SHARE Data." In International Perspectives on Aging, 31–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_3.
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AbstractMaterial deprivation is a key aspect of social exclusion, and the domain of economic exclusion, for the older population. In this chapter we utilised cross-sectional data from Wave 5 (2013) of the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and logistic regression analysis to assess the variation in material deprivation of the population aged 50+ across four geographic clusters of welfare regimes in Europe. We used the SHARE-based Material Deprivation Index (MDI) to assess the associations between material deprivation and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education, economic activity status, household type, number of children, residential area, chronic diseases and limitations of daily activities, and origin). We observed a pronounced variation in material deprivation among the older population across welfare clusters, with high levels of MDI in the Eastern and Southern clusters. Living alone, having a large number of children, low education, activity limitations, and being of immigrant origin significantly increase the risk of material deprivation in older age in all clusters. The study also identified subgroups of older persons that have an increased risk of material deprivation in some but not all clusters, such as those aged 80+ and rural residents in the Southern and Eastern clusters.
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Bao, Qiong, Bruno Kochan, Tom Bellemans, Davy Janssens, and Geert Wets. "Activity-Based Travel Demand Forecasting Using Micro-Simulation." In Data Science and Simulation in Transportation Research, 167–81. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4920-0.ch009.
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Activity-based models of travel demand employ in most cases a micro-simulation approach, thereby inevitably including a stochastic error that is caused by the statistical distributions of random components. As a result, running a transport micro-simulation model several times with the same input will generate different outputs. In order to take the variation of outputs in each model run into account, a common approach is to run the model multiple times and to use the average value of the results. The question then becomes: What is the minimum number of model runs required to reach a stable result? In this chapter, systematic experiments are carried out by using the FEATHERS, an activity-based micro-simulation modeling framework currently implemented for Flanders (Belgium). Six levels of geographic detail are taken into account, which are building block level, subzone level, zone level, superzone level, province level, and the whole Flanders. Three travel indices (i.e., the average daily number of activities per person, the average daily number of trips per person, and the average daily distance travelled per person), as well as their corresponding segmentations with respect to socio-demographic variables, transport mode alternatives, and activity types are calculated by running the model 100 times. The results show that application of the FEATHERS at a highly aggregated level only requires limited model runs. However, when a more disaggregated level is considered (the degree of the aggregation here not only refers to the size of the geographical scale, but also to the detailed extent of the index), a larger number of model runs is needed to ensure confidence of a certain percentile of zones at this level to be stable. The values listed in this chapter can be consulted as a reference for those who plan to use the FEATHERS framework, while for the other activity-based models the methodology proposed in this chapter can be repeated.
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Tevfikoğlu Pehlivan, Leyla. "Inflammatory Effects of Micronutrients." In Role of Nutrition in Providing Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Balance, 80–105. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3594-3.ch004.
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Lifestyle and dietary habits are important factors in different levels of daily food intake and the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Consumption and composition of foods and nutrients, lifestyle, physical activity level, type of occupation, stress, and smoking and alcohol use can affect health in different ways and can trigger inflammation processes. Daily diet plays a major role in the formation of inflammatory responses. With the occurrence of inflammation diseases, the level of food intake changes and it is not possible to provide adequate and balanced nutrition. Especially in the case of inflammation, energy and nutrient intake levels are negatively affected, especially vitamins A, E, D, iron, and folate levels decreased. In studies, it was shown that vitamins A, E, D, K, C, iron, selenium, and zinc show anti-inflammatory properties. The intake of these nutrients in accordance with the requirements is an important step in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Further research is needed to examine the relationship between different nutrients and energy intake levels.
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Cummings, Ian. "Complete the Beat (Beginner)." In The Music Technology Cookbook, 21–24. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197523889.003.0005.
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The activities detailed in this chapter were designed for beginner-level high school students in a music production class that meets daily for an average time of 40 minutes. The aim of this activity is to focus on each of the three main elements of drum patterns found in popular music: snare, kick, and hi-hat. The activity is broken up into three tasks in which students complete a drum pattern that contains two of the three elements. After completing the three tasks, students will have focused on each of the three main drum sounds individually and will be better prepared to create their own original drum patterns.
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Pimont, François, Julien Ruffault, Thomas Opitz, Hélène Fargeon, Jorge Castel-Clavera, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Eric Rigolot, Renaud Barbero, and Jean-Luc Dupuy. "Lengthening, expansion and intensification of future fire activities in South-Eastern France." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1198–203. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_181.
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Anticipating future fire activity at global and regional scales is critical in a changing climate. Indeed, fire seasons are expected to lengthen and fire prone areas are expected to extend, but the magnitude, location and timing of such increases remain uncertain. Moreover, an intensification is expected during the core of the fire season of already fire-prone regions. However, quantifying seasonal and spatial impacts of climate change on fire activity is challenging. Here, we projected future fire activities in Southern France using the Firelihood model. This Bayesian probabilistic model operates on a daily basis in 8-km pixels, allowing to analyze both seasonal and spatial distributions of fire activities in a framework integrating stochasticity. Projections were computed for 13 GCM-RCM couples under two RCP scenarios (4.5 and 8.5), assuming that the only factor of change in future fire activity was the daily fire weather. The fire season was defined as the period with fire-activity level higher than the level of the 15th of July of the present period. The fire prone region corresponded to locations with fire-activity levels higher than the 2nd level of a 5-level fire-activity scale derived from numbers of fires larger than 1ha, 100ha (N1ha and N100ha) and burnt areas (BA). Simulations under RCP8.5 show that large increases in fire activity should be expected from the mid-century and that the rate of increase should then accelerate, leading to up to three-fold increases for number of fires larger than 100ha by the end of the century. In particular, all metrics except N1ha increased faster than the mean FWI and even the mean DSR. Such increases were partly caused by a massive seasonal lengthening from 45-50 days to up to 125 days, equally distributed between spring and autumn. However, the intensification during the present fire season was found to contribute slightly more to the overall increase than the lengthening itself. For example, for N100ha, the intensification would represent a 280 % increase in fire activity with respect to the present seasonal reference, whereas the lengthening outside of the present season would represent +230%. The fire prone area would increase by 168%, shifting from 22 to 56% of region total area. However, the intensification inside the already fire-prone region was found to contribute more to the increase than the spatial extension. For example, for N100ha, the intensification would represent a 190% increase with respect to the present fire-prone regional reference, whereas the extension outside of this area would represent +110%. These drastic increases provide a good indication of the potential lengthening of the fire season, spatial extension and intensification of future fire activities under RCP 8.5, all three being importantly concerned, but dominated by intensification. Extending and lengthening suppression policies may allow to mitigate projected increases, but the intensification of fire activity during the core of the fire season overwhelm current fire suppression capacities.
Conference papers on the topic "Daily activity level"
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Neumannova, Katerina, Tamara Michalcikova, Vladimir Koblizek, Eva Volakova, Jaromir Zatloukal, Marek Plutinsky, Michal Svoboda, et al. "Association among daily physical activity level and ABCD groups of COPD." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.256.
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Giannakopoulos, Theodoros, and Stasinos Konstantopoulos. "Daily Activity Recognition based on Meta-classification of Low-level Audio Events." In 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006372502200227.
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Chanthitivech, Norrachai, and Worawan Sirichana. "Cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters and level of daily physical activity correlation in stable COPD patients." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa2250.
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Yoshida, Chieko, Hideharu Ideguchi, Aiko Masunaga, Keisuke Kojima, Susumu Hirosako, Hidenori Ichiyasu, Kazuiko Fujii, and Hirotsugu Kohrogi. "Four-meter gait speed is useful to detect daily activity level in chronic respiratory diseases." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3559.
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Boateng, George, John A. Batsis, Ryan Halter, and David Kotz. "ActivityAware: An app for real-time daily activity level monitoring on the Amulet wrist-worn device." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications: Workshops (PerCom Workshops). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/percomw.2017.7917601.
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Xavier, Rafaella Fagundes, Aline Costa Lopes, Carolina Caporali, Adriana Claudia Lunardi, Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos, Rafael Stelmach, and Celso Ricardo Fernandes De Carvalho. "The late impact of hospitalization on the daily life physical activity level in patients of COPD." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3304.
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Locantore, N., R. P. Bowler, M. Marschall, S. Chen, Y. An, M. Allinder, and D. Mohan. "Comparison of Weekend and Weekday Physical Activity Patterns in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Non-COPD Participants by Daily Activity Level." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a1585.
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Sofková, Tereza, and Michaela Hřivnová. "Health Promotion by Physical Activity in Relation to Body Composition." In Život ve zdraví 2021. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0076-2021-9.
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Regular physical activity is a natural tool in weight control. Appropriate indicators for conclusive evidence of somatic condition are individual body components. Our research objective was to analyse selected body composition fractions in relation to meeting recommended physical activity in young adult females. 258 women participated in our study; women were divided into two groups according to the physical activity level achieved, either meeting or not meeting the recommended physical activity level in terms of intensity (moderate physical activity, 3 to 5.99 MET) and level (≥ 150 min/week). To determine the physical activity parameters, namely the level and intensity within one week and average daily number of steps, ActiGraph GT1M Accelerometer was used. Direct Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Method (DSM-BIA Method) using InBody 720 Body Composition Analyser was used to determine body composition parameters. The differences between the groups according to the physical activity level reached were statistically insignificant for the selected body composition fractions we investigated. Lower relative risk of damage to health as measured by the somatic indices (body mass index: BMI, body fat mass index: BFMI) was observed in women carrying out moderate physical activity level (MPA, 3 to 5.99 MET), i.e. 150 to 300 minutes. In the assessment of habitual recommended physical activity level, the women were classified either as active or women with typical daily activities. Research study verified positive relationship between meeting the recommended physical activity level and its impact on health risk indicators, namely lowering body fat mass index (BFMI), lowering body fat (BFP, BFM) and smaller visceral fat area (VFA). Positive approach to the physical activity may lead to the decrease in number of health problems associated with excess weight and obesity in later age.
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Rylander, Jonathan H., Katherine A. Boyer, Thomas P. Andriacchi, and Gary S. Beaupre. "Assessing the Appropriate Number of Days Needed to Approximate Physical Activity Level in the Active Elderly." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206587.
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Activity monitoring is an important consideration for a number of conditions associated with health maintenance in an aging population. For example, reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in the aging population puts this group at a higher risk of fall related fractures [1]. Bone density and bone health is in part dependent upon mechanical stimuli caused by everyday physical activity and loading [2]. The number of steps taken per day and walking velocity [3] are important parameters to consider when studying bone density as well as other health related conditions. However, there is a need for effective and efficient methods/protocols to ensure that representative daily activity data can be collected.
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Saka, Seda, Özge Ozalp, Ebru Çalık Kütükçü, Deniz İnal İnce, Melda Sağlam, Naciye Vardar Yağlı, Meral Boşnak Güçlü, Hülya Arıkan, Lütfi Çöplü, and Sema Savcı. "Comparison of physical activity level, activities of daily living, and depression between the patients with asthma and bronchiectasis." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa2564.
Full textReports on the topic "Daily activity level"
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Chen, Junping, Zach Adam, and Arie Admon. The Role of FtsH11 Protease in Chloroplast Biogenesis and Maintenance at Elevated Temperatures in Model and Crop Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699845.bard.
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specific objectives of this proposal were to: 1) determine the location, topology, and oligomerization of FtsH11 protease; 2) identify the substrate/s of FtsH11 and the downstream components involved in maintaining thermostability of chloroplasts; 3) identify new elements involved in FtsH11 protease regulatory network related to HT adaptation processes in chloroplast; 4) Study the role of FtsH11 homologs from crop species in HT tolerance. Background to the topic: HT-tolerant varieties that maintain high photosynthetic efficiency at HT, and cope better with daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations are in great need to alleviate the effect of global warming on food production. Photosynthesis is a very complex process requiring accurate coordination of many complex systems and constant adjustments to the changing environments. Proteolytic activities mediated by various proteases in chloroplast are essential part of this process and critical for maintaining normal chloroplast functions under HT. However, little is known about mechanisms that contribute to adaptation of photosynthetic processes to HT. Our study has shown that a chloroplast-targeted Arabidopsis FtsH11 protease plays an essential and specific role in maintaining thermostability of thylakoids and normal photosynthesis at moderate HT. We hypothesized that FtsH11 homologs recently identified in other plant species might have roles similarly to that of AtFtsH1. Thus, dissecting the underlying mechanisms of FtsH11 in the adaptation mechanisms in chloroplasts to HT stress and other elements involved will aid our effort to produce more agricultural products in less favorable environments. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements - Identified the chloroplast inner envelope membrane localization of FtsH11. - Revealed a specific association of FtsH11 with the a and b subunits of CPN60. - Identified the involvement of ARC6, a protein coordinates chloroplast division machineries in plants, in FtsH11 mediated HT adaptation process in chloroplast. -Reveal possible association of a polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (cpPNPase), coded by At3G03710, with FtsH11 mediated HT adaptation process in chloroplast. - Mapped 4 additional loci in FtsH11 mediated HT adaptation network in chloroplast. - Demonstrated importance of the proteolytic activity of FtsH11 for thermotolerance, in addition to the ATPase activity. - Demonstrated a conserved role of plant FtsH11 proteases in chloroplast biogenesis and in maintaining structural and functional thermostability of chloroplast at elevated temperatures. Implications, both scientific and agricultural:Three different components interacting with FtsH11 were identified during the course of this study. At present, it is not known whether these proteins are directly involved in FtsH11mediated thermotolerance network in chloroplast and/or how these elements are interrelated. Studies aiming to connect the dot among biological functions of these networks are underway in both labs. Nevertheless, in bacteria where it was first studied, FtsH functions in heat shock response by regulating transcription level of σ32, a heat chock factor regulates HSPsexpression. FtsH also involves in control of biosynthesis of membrane components and quality control of membrane proteins etc. In plants, both Arc 6 and CPN60 identified in this study are essential in chloroplast division and developments as mutation of either one impairs chloroplast division in Arabidopsis. The facts that we have found the specific association of both α and β CPN60 with FtsH11 protein biochemically, the suppression/ enhancement of ftsh11 thermosensitive phenotype by arc6 /pnp allele genetically, implicate inter-connection of these networks via FtsH11 mediated network(s) in regulating the dynamic adaptation processes of chloroplast to temperature increases at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The conserved role of FtsH11 proteases in maintaining thermostability of chloroplast at HT demonstrated here provides a foundation for improving crop photosynthetic performance at high temperatures.
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Ashby-Mitchell, Kimberly, Kayon Donaldson-Davis, Julian McKoy-Davis, Douladel Willie-Tyndale, and Denise Eldemire-Shearer. Open configuration options Aging and Long-Term Care in Jamaica. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004221.
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Recent estimates show that almost 15% of the Jamaican population is 60 years old or more. About 7% of this population need help with at least one activity of daily living. The demand for long-term care services is expected to rise as the countrys population grows older. In a context in which family sizes are shrinking and older adults are experiencing poor health and critical socioeconomic vulnerability, the means to meet care needs privatelyeither by relying on unpaid care, provided by their families or close networks, or by purchasing services in the marketare scarce. The regulation and provision of long-term care services in the country is highly fragmented and focuses mostly on those that are economically and socially vulnerable, as part of poverty-relief programs. Residential care is the main long-term care service available in Jamaica. Public institutions target the poor, while the private sector also offers various levels of institutional care, from residential to nursing care. The nongovernmental sector is also heavily involved in the provision of residential care in Jamaica, especially through churches. All things considered, women in the family are still the main providers of care. The main conclusion of the report is that long-term care in Jamaica is still an unmet need that requires the development of comprehensive policies and programs.
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.
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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.
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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, and Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.
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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.
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Sordillo, Lorraine, Don Wojchowski, Gary Perdew, Arthur Saran, and Gabriel Leitner. Identification of Staphylococcus aureaus Virulence Factors Associated with Bovine Mastitis. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574340.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The organism is able to adhere to and penetrate mammary epithelium, forming deep seated abscesses that result in chronic infections. This study was based on the observation that certain genotypes of S. aureus are isolated more frequently from field cases of bovine mastitis than others and the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus have an increased ability to resist neutrophil phagocytosis and killing compared to the rare variants. It was hypothesized that these predominating genotypes differentially express virulence factors that allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. The overall objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which predominating S. aureus genotypes were able to resist mammary gland defense mechanisms. The following specific aims were accomplished to address the overall objectives of this project: 1. Analyze and compare cell surface and secreted protein profiles of common and rare S. aureus genotypes isolated from field cases of bovine mastitis. 2. Purify and sequence selectively synthesized proteins unique to the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus . 3. Determine the in vitro effects of isolated proteins on essential host defense mechanisms. Results from each specific aim showed that these redominating genotypes differentially express factors that may allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. Using complementary approaches, both the US and Israeli teams identified differentially expressed S. aureus factors that were positively correlated with virulence as determined by the ability to modify host immune cell responses and increase disease pathogenesis. Several candidate virulence factors have ben identified at both the molecular (US team) and protein (Israeli team) levels. Components of the phosphotransferase system were shown to be differentially expressed in prevalent strains of S. aureus and to modify the growth potential of these strains in a milk microenvironment. Evidence provided by both the Israeli and US teams also demonstrated a potential role of Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Certain enterotoxins were shown to directly affect neutrophil bactericidal activities which can profoundly affect the establishment of new intramammary infections. Other evidence suggests that S. aureus superantigens can suppress mammary defenses by enhancing lymphoid suppressor cell activity. Collectively, these data suggest that unique factors are associated with predominating S. aureus genotypes that can affect in vitro and in vivo virulence as related to the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. The potential development of a subunit mastitis vaccine which incorporates only relevant antigenic determinants has not been investigated in depth. Experiments outlined in this proposal has identified putative virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis and which may be used to formulate an efficacious subunit mastitis vaccine. Results from these studies may lead to the development of new methods to prevent this costly disease, providing a viable alternative to less effective mastitis control procedures based on chemotherapy.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
Full textAbstract:
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
Full textAbstract:
With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor