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Journal articles on the topic 'Czechoslovakia – History – 20th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Sheshnev, Aleksandr. "Twin-City Relations between Czechoslovak and Lower Volga Cities in the Second Half of the 20th Century and Their Reflection in Urban Toponymy." ISTORIYA 13, no. 4 (114) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019850-4.

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In post-war Soviet history, an important place was occupied by scientific, technical, socio-cultural and educational practices of interaction between the cities of the Soviet Union and of the Eastern bloc. The special nature of relations was often reinforced by the status of twin cities. This practice has contributed to the strengthening of interaction between officials, residents and various associations at the local and regional levels. The Lower Volga cities such as the Saratov, Balakovo (Saratov region) and Kamyshin (Volgograd region), have developed special stable ties with Czechoslovak cities. During the implementation of such a major energy project of the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance as the construction of the «Soyuz» gas pipeline, the works in the Lower Volga region was carried out by specialists from Czechoslovakia. A number of industrial and social objects in Kamyshin were built directly with the participation of Czechoslovak scientific and technical specialists. In the urban space, the special nature of relations is reflected in the architectural and cultural heritage; it can be traced in urban toponymy to the present day. After the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the collapse of the socialist bloc, ties were severed. Only between the Slovak Trnava and the Russian Balakovo is symbolic on May 9, 2013 signed an agreement on the resumption of cooperation, providing for interaction in the fields of culture, education, sports, tourism, trade and other socio-economic issues.

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2

Neuberger, Pavel, and Pavel Kic. "A Century of Use of SOLOMIT Thermal Insulation Panels." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217197.

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This article traces the century-old history of using a thermal and acoustic insulation panel called SOLOMIT. It presents some of Sergei Nicolajewitsch Tchayeff’s patents, on the basis of which production and installation took place. The survey section provides examples of the use of this building component in Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union and Spain. It pays attention to applications in the 1950s and 1960s in collectivized agriculture in Czechoslovakia. It also presents the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of a panel sample, which was obtained during the reconstruction of a cottage built in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th century. Even today, SOLOMIT finds its application all over the world, mainly due to its thermal insulation and acoustic properties and other features, such as low maintenance requirements, attractive appearance and structure and cost-effectiveness.

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3

Heroldová, Helena. "Tibetan Objects in the Náprstek Museum." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 39, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anpm-2018-0013.

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Abstract The Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures acquired two hundred items from Tibet in the 1950s: bronze sculptures, paintings and ritual implements. These items came from private collections confiscated after the Second War World according to the presidential decrees dealing with the post-war state reconstruction. Although the administration of the confiscated properties was meticulous, the transfer of items to the Náprstek Museum interrupted the history of ownership and meant the loss of the historical knowledge of its origin. As the result, the Tibet collection in the Náprstek Museum reveals more about the political and social history of post-war Czechoslovakia than about the perception of Tibetan culture in Czechoslovakia during the first half of the 20th century.

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4

Voron, Nataliia. "PARTICIPATION OF UKRAINIAN HISTORIANS OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES AND CONVENTIONS (20S – 30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY): INFORMATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 32 (April 28, 2021): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2021-32-90-96.

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The paper provides an information and statistical analysis of the participation of Ukrainian émigré historians of Czechoslovakia in international congresses and conventions in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century both on the territory of the country of residence and abroad. According to the author’s estimates, Ukrainian scholars and historians from Czechoslovakia attended more than 25 various scientific congresses and conventions during that period. About nine of them were held in Prague. The issues of history and ethnography were heard at 10 conferences. Ukrainian émigré historians attended congresses of Slavic ethnographers and geographers in Prague, Poland (several cities), Belgrade, Sofia, and international congresses of historians in Warsaw and Zurich. The issue of the history of Ukraine was majorly discussed at the First and the Second Ukrainian Scientific Congress. Ukrainian scientific institutions were most often represented by scientists such as Dmytro Doroshenko and Vadym Shcherbakivskyi. Dmytro Antonovych, a professor of the Ukrainian Free University, the permanent chairman of the Ukrainian Historical and Philological Society was quite an active speaker at international forums. Most often, historians gave reports on the history of Ukraine of the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries, ethnography, folklore studies. The environment of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in Prague and its scientific and cultural life contributed to the preservation and development of the Ukrainian national idea, popularization of the research on the history of Ukraine and the history of Ukrainian culture in the European historical space. Scientists in Czechoslovakia were the representatives of the Ukrainian scientific forces in Europe. The émigré historians presented their interesting research on the history of Ukraine, reminding the European scientific community of the existence of the authentic Ukrainian people with their rich history and traditions, the ancestral desire for freedom and independence.

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5

Christie, Daniel J. "Discussion of Montiel and Belo: Nonviolent Democratic Transitions Within a Peace Psychology Framework." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/prp.2.1.9.

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AbstractIn addition to being the bloodiest century in human history, the 20th century was distinguished by many large-scale nonviolent movements that successfully toppled oppressive regimes, often in the face of overwhelming military power. Notable examples include: India, South Africa, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Philippines, Chile, and Serbia (cf. Ackerman & DuVall, 2000; Ackerman & Kruegler, 1994; Zunes, Kurtz, & Asher, 1999). Montiel and Belo's research is unique, identifying human cognitions, emotions, and values that accompanied East Timor's nonviolent transition to democracy. The current article places their work within the larger framework of peace psychology

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6

Havlíček, Marek, Aleš Vyskočil, Martin Caletka, Zbyněk Sviták, Miriam Dzuráková, Hana Skokanová, and Marta Šopáková. "History of Using Hydropower in the Moravice River Basin, Czechia." Water 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060916.

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Water-powered facilities (WPFs) have traditionally been a pillar of the economy and social development. Therefore, the state took an interest in having these objects recorded and mapped in relevant maps and registers. This article focuses on identifying and localizing WPFs in the Moravice River basin in the so-called Sudetenland, Czechia, between the years 1763 and 2021. Specifically, the evolution and (dis)continuity of the WPFs are assessed through an analysis of cartographic and archival sources, reflecting the wider socioeconomic and demographic context as explanatory variables. The cartographic sources included old military topographic maps of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia from four periods (the mid-18th century, mid-19th century, end of the 19th century, and mid-20th century) on the one hand and two state water-powered facility registers from 1930 and 1953 on the other. The archival sources included funds from regional and state archives. The results show that the count of WPFs peaked during the 19th century, after which there occurred a steep decline caused by societal and economic changes, namely, the expulsion of the local German population, nationalization in the postwar period, and economic and organizational transformations in the socialist era. Special attention is paid to hydropower plants, whose evolution reflects the outlined economic processes.

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7

Škoda, Zdeněk. "Art competitions at the Olympic Games 1912-1948 and the Czechoslovak participation." Studia sportiva 14, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2020-1-5.

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The article deals with the art competitions that appeared on the program of modern Olympic Games between 1912 and 1948. It reveals the philosophical background of their existence within the Summer Olympics and their relation to the idea of kalokagathia. The article describes the reasons for their origin and how the founder of the modern Olympic movement Pierre de Coubertin succeeded in pushing this idea forward. There were five artistic disciplines: fine arts, music, sculpture, literature, and architecture. I will briefly introduce the history of art competitions in chronological order, show how their popularity gradually increased but I will also reveal the reasons the art competitions were removed from the program of the Olympic Games in the 1950s of the 20th century. Czech and Czechoslovak artists were frequent participants in the competitions. Except for Antwerp 1920 and Amsterdam 1928, they represented Czechoslovakia in large numbers until the time of the first Olympic Games after World War II in London 1948. In total, works by more than 50 Czechoslovak artists were presented and some were remarkably successful. Two composers Josef Suk and Jaroslav Křička and a sculptor Jakub Obrovský were even awarded Olympic medals in the 1930s. We will take a closer look at these achievements and present their works. The article aims to present a lesser known but important place of art competitions in the history of the modern Olympic movement and to recall the achievements of Czech and Czechoslovak artists.

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8

Zouhar, Jakub. "An Outline of Greek Catholic Monasticism in the Czech Lands and Czechoslovakia throughout the 19th and 20th Century." Konštantínove listy/Constantine's Letters 11, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17846/cl.2018.11.2.151-167.

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9

Vavroušková, Stanislava. "Ways to understand India: The Czech experience." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2008.2.3705.

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Oriental Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesTo promote and further the understanding of India in the Czech Republic, Czech Indologists (in addition to their academic activities) publish articles, analyses and books on Indian history, culture and politics in the Czech language and deliver lectures intended for the general public. They continue in the tradition of the founders of Czech Indian studies (e.g. Vincenc Lesný, Moritz Winternitz), who were active in the first half of the 20th century. The Indian Association, founded in 1934 and affiliated with the Oriental Institute in Prague, promoted mutual contacts between India and Czechoslovakia and organised visits of prominent Indians (e.g. R. Tagore, J. Nehru, S. Ch. Bose) to Czechoslovakia in the years prior to World War II. The Friends of India Association (founded 1990) offers public lectures and organises exhibitions of Indian art, performances of Indian artists, and occasionally, courses of Indian languages. In close cooperation with the academic community, the association tries to provide unbiased, balanced information on India which is based on academic research, personal experience, and very often, life-long dedication to the country and its people.

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10

Tharp, Martin. "Repressed Utopias vs. Utopian Repressions: Czech Countercultural Communal Living Arrangements in the ‘Normalization’ Era (1970–1989)." Praktyka Teoretyczna, no. 4(46) (January 12, 2023): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/prt.2022.4.7.

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The present contribution aims to examine this specific historic ‘Second World’ phenomenon — the communal living arrangements attempted by counterculturally minded, predominantly working-class youth in post-1968 Czechoslovakia, often (though not exclusively) in the former German Sudetenland — as an instance of the potentials and limitations associated with an attempt at a ‘mobile commons’ in 20th-century state socialism. Not only is the legacy of the Czech communes (baráky) an insufficiently researched historical topic, but even further, the placement of this phenomenon between its reflection of the American communal-utopian tradition in its 1960s forms, the emerging critique of industrial modernity, the growth of 20th-century ‘civil-society’ concepts, and the ‘Cold War’ mobilities across the Iron Curtain (intellectual-cultural autarky versus forced political emigration) forms a highly fruitful starting point for wider considerations. Examination of the Czech countercultural communal-living attempts within the social framework of the ‘normalization’ order of the 1970s and 1980s — state repression, socialist modernity, anti-public familialism — finds that their character as communities of refuge, rather than as deliberate planned experiments, places them at a particularly unique angle to the utopian vs. antiutopian debates, indeed even calling into question the very premises of this opposition.

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11

Tyumentsev, Igor, and Alexander Kleitman. "Military-Technical Cooperation of the USSR and the ChSR in the 30s of the 20th Century (According to the Memoirs of Chief Designer of Artillery Weapons of the Kirov Plant I.A. Makhanov)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.18.

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Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the military-technical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow reconstructing the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Results. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” plants were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanov confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

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12

Kovalev, Mikhail. "Soviet-Czechoslovak Intellectual Relations in the Context of Scientific Diplomacy of the Cold War (the Problems of Study)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023785-2.

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The development of Russian-Czech and Russian-Slovak scientific relations has a long history. Their content changed depending on the political context. In the 20th century these relations acquired a new dimension, directly related to the profound historical transformations experienced by both countries. The author of this article sets himself a difficult task: to outline the prospects for studying Soviet-Czechoslovak scientific contacts in the light of new approaches, to identify some relevant areas of possible research. The author demonstrates the importance of comparative studies of the phenomenon of “socialist science” based on archival materials. Using specific examples, he outlines the importance of studying the social practices of Soviet and Czechoslovak scientists in a comparative manner, including on the basis of multi-level communications. The socio-cultural dimension of Soviet-Czechoslovak scientific communications will make it possible to better understand the peculiarities of the work of scientists in the conditions of social transformations and upheavals of the second half of the 20th century, their moral and psychological state, social status, and worldview.

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13

Tyumentsev, Igor, and Alexander Kleitman. "Military-Technical Cooperation of the USSR and the CHSR in the 30s of the 20th Century (According to the Memoirs of Chief Designer of Artillery Weapons of the Kirov Plant I.A. Makhanov). Part 2." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2021): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.16.

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Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the militarytechnical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration the modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow to reconstruct the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Result. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. Plants “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanova confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

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14

Tlustý, Tomáš. "Orel – the Catholic physical education association : foreign relations up to 1929." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 4, no. 1 (2021): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2021.04.01.

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This paper looks at the history of Orel, the Catholic physical education association, and its foreign relations up to 1929. The origins of the Orel movement in the Czech region of Austria-Hungary go back to the turn of the 20th century when the first local Orel associations were established. These associations were strongly connected with Czech political Catholicism. Shortly after being formed, their functionaries began to establish their first contacts with existing foreign organizations. Most of these organizations were from the area of contemporary Slovenia. Their number rose significantly after the First World War when the newly independent Czechoslovakian Orel became a member of the Catholic physical education union – UIOCEP. The members of this organization were all around the world. The number of foreign contacts it had established was also on the increase. The first international physical educational festival, which helped Czechoslovak Orel with its development, was organized in Brno in 1922. But the Czechoslovakian Orel had planned a second big festival of physical education for 1929, hoping to further extend its number of foreign friends. The second physical educational festival was also successful. It helped Czechoslovak Orel to increase its influence in UIOCEP where it became the second-largest organization.

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15

Krejčová Zavadilová, Gabriela. "Methodological solutions of oral history and their application in research into Czech evangelical communities in Eastern and South-eastern Europe." Theatrum historiae, no. 30 (December 15, 2022): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46585/th.2022.30.03.

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This work deals with the Czech evangelical (reformed religion) communities in Eastern and Southeastern Europe which originated in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th for economic and social reasons. The founders of these communities either left the territory of Bohemia and Moravia for the fringes of the Habsburg monarchy (they started to appear abroad only after the creation of Czechoslovakia), or they left the post-White Mountain exiles’ settlements in today’s Poland and set up new villages by the process of what is termed secondary migration. These communities continue to function up to today and the Czech language is still a commonly used form of communication. The aim of this work is to capture the narration of the last members of these communities about the history of particular communities and the common motifs of their narrations across the communities. The factors which help to preserve the identities of these communities are also identified. The method of oral history and the biographical method are the main approaches employed in the research, and the final narrations are analysed and compared. Subsequently, the concepts of the collective memory are taken into consideration.

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16

Hayashi, Tadayuki. "Morishita, Yoshiyuki, The Czech Housing Policy and Social History on the First Half of 20th Century: The Building of Czechoslovakia First Republic." Russian and East European Studies 2013, no. 42 (2013): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5823/jarees.2013.128.

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17

Kuzma, Victoria. "THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM WORK IN TRANSCARPATHIA OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 2 (47) (December 20, 2022): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.2(47).2022.267635.

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The article analysed the historiographical heritage of the history of museum work in Transcarpathia in the 20th century. The historical conditions of the creation and formation of the museums of Transcarpathia have been highlighted, and the museum's role as a public institution for the preservation and study of the region's cultural heritage has been revealed. The main stages of the research of the Transcarpathian Museum of the 20th century are highlighted according to the chronological principle of the pre-Soviet period (the 1920s and 1930s), the Soviet period (1945 – 1980s), and the modern Ukrainian period (since 1991). It's worth noting that the process of the historical development of museum construction in Transcarpathia is provided with sources of primary information unevenly, both quantitatively and substantively. Thus, the evidence regarding the stage of origin and formation of regional museum education is extremely limited. Only in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, when the territory of Transcarpathia was part of the Czechoslovak Republic, the public increasingly began to show increased attention to national traditions, history, culture, and art. The first attempts to create a museum were made by public associations – T. Legotsky Museum Society (1919), Prosvita Society (1920), Regional Museum Society (1929), Society "Russian National Museum" (1930), Ethnographic Society of Subcarpathian Rus (1939). There were scientists, public figures, local historians, and members of cultural and educational societies who left their memories and dedicated their research to the museum work. However, these studies were mainly devoted to separate museums. After the establishment of Soviet power in the region, the network of museum institutions was constantly growing, as proved by the great scientific interest in this problem. In addition to descriptive works, generalizing ones also appear. The burst of interest in the problem occurred in the 1990s when Ukrainian historians got rid of the ideological limitations of Soviet historiography. The number of scientific studies in various contexts of the museum work is also increasing among Transcarpathian scientists. However, today it is possible to state the absence of a comprehensive scientific work that would consider the preconditions, stages of formation, and the first steps of developing the museum work in Transcarpathia in the 20th century. There are also no particular historiographical works or historiographical reviews of this problem.

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18

Loginova, Nina N., Milan M. Radovanović, Anatoliy A. Yamashkin, Goran Vasin, Marko D. Petrović, and Dunja Demirović Bajrami. "Analysis of the population dynamics in the “Slavic World” with a special focus on Russia." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.51202.

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Population changes of the Russians and other Slavs are an important original indicator of demographic, economic, political, and cultural analysis of over 300 million Slavic inhabitants in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. The indicators are conditioned by the large number of people executed in World War I and World War II, significant economic migrations, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Utilizing data from official reports, the authors proceed to analyze the demographic tendencies in order to find out the relationship between modern demographic trends and political and economic events over the past years. The results showed that economic and demographic stagnation, which favor religious and national (ethnic) ambivalence, influence the strengthening of groups ethnically isolated or religiously differentiated in the observed macroregions of Eurasia. The contemporary challenges of modern society in terms of global politics (e.g. terrorism and migrations) will be more pronounced and turbulent in these areas. For these reasons, the original data represent an important segment of the study of Slavic history, demography, and politics throughout the turbulent 20th century and the beginning of the new millennium.

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Kowalski, Patryk, and Monika Bogucka-Felczak. "Financial sovereignty of autonomous territories in 20th century Central and Eastern Europe." Historia Constitucional, no. 23 (September 14, 2022): 294–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/hc.v0i23.747.

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This article presents the results of comparative legal research concerning the scope of financial sovereignty granted to the autonomous territories of the 20th century Central and Eastern Europe (Silesian Voivodeship, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia) by the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939), the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938) and the Second Czecho-Slovak Republic (1938-1939). Research material includes: constitutional and public financial legal acts of the aforementioned countries for years 1918-1939, as well as English, Polish, Czech, Slovak and Ukrainian scientific publications in the field of legal, historical and economic sciences pertaining to this matter. The main research result is that the scope of financial power granted to the Silesian Voivodeship by the Second Polish Republic was much wider than in the other two autonomous territories. Moreover, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia can be described as apparent autonomies. In fact they were “quasi self-government units”. Fecha de envío / Submission date: 28/04/2021Fecha de aceptación / Acceptance date: 18/06/2021

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20

Lindovská, Nadežda. "Year 1948: Emancipation of Women and Slovak Theatre." Slovenske divadlo /The Slovak Theatre 66, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sd-2018-0009.

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Abstract From the cultural and art point of view, the year 1948 in Czechoslovakia was not just the so-called “Victorious February” of the working people. The remarkable phenomenon of this era, which was related to the post-war political and social movement, was the phenomenon of female emancipation and feminization of the stage production. During the two consecutive theatre seasons 1947/1948 and 1948/1949, at The New Scene Theatre of the National Theatre in Bratislava, several women, led by the director Magda Husaková-Lokvencová created several productions. For the first time, a sovereign feminine alliance had emerged in our performance art, proving that conceptual and thoughtful theatrical production may not be just the domain of men. These women contributed to deconstructing the beliefs of typically male and typically female professions as well as transforming traditional views of the role and position of both sexes in society and the arts. The attention of theatre historiography in the recapitalization of the impacts of the breakthrough events of the Czechoslovak post-war politics of the forty years on cultural events so far focused mainly on the issues of dramaturgy and poetics, the process of ideological transformation and the sovietisation of art in the spirit of socialist realism. The subject of socialist emancipation and theatre was at the edge of the interest of our theatrology. Ten years ago, a collective monograph, dedicated to the first lady of the Slovak theatre directors, Magda Husaková-Lokvencová, managing to free her forgotten personality and work and return her to the context of Slovak theatre history in the second half of the 20th century. There is still room for further research, complementing the knowledge and reflection of the advent of women in the sphere of theatre directory, dramaturgy and scenography artwork, as part of the history of gender relations in Slovakia. Increased interest in the history of women provokes a new reflection on the issue of emancipation and theatre.

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Neretina, Svetlana. "“A Page from the History of Marxism”: Gefter’s Edevours to Read Marx Anew." Ideas and Ideals 13, no. 3-1 (September 30, 2021): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.3.1-11-34.

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The purpose of this paper is to show how the thought and speech of people holding and defending directly opposite positions affect the change in the thought and speech of people of their own and subsequent generations, with different life orientations, and to find ways of this influence. The author describes the situation that arose at the end of the sixties of the twentieth century, known as the ideological dispersal of philosophical, historical and sociological trends that ran counter to the policy of the CPSU, which became especially fierce in the fight against opponents after the USSR’s invasion of Czechoslovakia in August, 1968. One of the results of such an ideological battle was the defeat of the sector of the methodology of history of the Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed by M. Ya. Gefter, who published a series of books in which the so-called laws of historical development (formational approach) were questioned and the fundamental provisions of the classics of Marxism-Leninism were criticized. The subject of analysis is Gefter’s article “A Page from the History of Marxism in the Early 20th Century”, published in the book “Historical Science and Some Problems of the Modernity”, dedicated to the analysis of Lenin’s tactics and strategy development which changed the views of many, especially young, historians on the historical process, and most importantly - on the methods of seeking and expressing the truth. The differences were expressed primarily in the fact that the proponents and defenders of the Soviet regime, which was based on their own established norms of Marxism-Leninism, fearlessly used all means of pressure on unwanted opponents. Professionals, however, who tried to understand the true sense of the historical process, the sense of judgments about it, especially the sense of the revolutionary struggle against the autocracy, unfolding at the beginning of the twentieth century, were forced to use the Aesopian language, which also provoked a distortion of this sense in many ways: due to the nebulous and veiled expressions, which give the impression of theoretical blackmail, causing such consequences as speech irresponsibility.

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Pentkowsky, Mstislav. "CHILDREN ’ S OPERA BRUNDIBÁR BY HANS KRÁSA – UNIQUE STAGE HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE." Culture Crossroads 19 (October 11, 2022): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.35.

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Brundibár, an opera written by the Czech composer Hans Krása in 1938, has gained worldwide fame since the end of World War II and has become a representa- tion of the global resistance to genocide and crimes against humanity. Brundibár was performed fifty-five times by the young Jewish inmates of the Theresienstadt concentration camp (Czechoslovakia) during 1943–1944. Depicting the victory of the helpless children over the tyrannical organ grinder Brundibár (“bumble-bee” in Czech), this opera symbolized the triumph of the good over the evil. It provided the prisoners of the camp with the hope for the liberation. In the autumn of 1944, composer Hans Krása, conductor Rafael Schächter, stage designer František Zelenka, and 150 young actors and members of the orchestra were deported in the cattle wagons to Auschwitz and other concentration camps. After the deportation of the artists, the most popular theatre production at Theresienstadt was silenced only to be revived after the end of Word War II. This paper aims to demonstrate that the role of Brundibár goes far beyond a common opera production. Brundibár has a great significance and a very special meaning when performed in the countries with the authoritarian regimes in the past, e. g. in Latvia, who faced mass deportations of the Latvians in 1941–1949 and lost the majority of its Jewish population during the Holocaust. The paper talks about the importance of the art pieces about the genocide in the 20th century that should be presented to a wide audience to keep the traumatic memory of the past alive in the memory of the today’s society.

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Vlček, Radomír. "Studium ruských dějin a retrospektivní forma jejich výuky jako nástroje poznání nesvobody, despocie a totalitarismu." Kultúrne dejiny 13, Supplement (2022): 5–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54937/kd.2022.13.supp.5-52.

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This article analyses traditions of Czech historiographic discourse concerning the geopolitical area of Russia and the Soviet Union, focusing especially on those concerning contemporary history (“Zeitgeschichte”). In particular, it draws attention to the recognition of the genesis, transformations and position of the Russian / Soviet state in the sense of revealing the roots and manifestations of oppression, despotism and totalitarianism in the geopolitical area of Russia / the Soviet Union. It also observes the way in which Czech historiography approached phenomena such as the “Russian Empire”, “Soviet Empire”, “Authoritarian Power” and others over the course of decades (and centuries), as well as the thematic and methodological changes it underwent during the process. Concerning the most recent period, it confronts the historiographical view with political science and critically evaluates the absence of certain crucial themes. It notes the absence of Czech works focusing on this time period, as well as the absence of such works being at least partially compensated by translations of foreign production. The study pays special attention to the second half of the 20th century when such research was being deformed and thematically impoverished due to the so-called Marxist-Leninist methodology. It also draws attention to the changes that occurred in the field following the Velvet Revolution and the subsequent political development in Czechoslovakia / the Czech Republic. The possibility of a free choice of topics that occurred after the changes in November 1989 is recognized as especially positive. At the same time, however, the article notes the insufficiency of Czech historiographical focus on the complex history of Russia in the sense of searching for roots and particular manifestations of oppression, despotism and totalitarianism, with special regard to the 20th century and its impact on the present day and the absence of any such topics (not necessarily directly related to oppression, despotism and totalitarianism) on all levels of the education system. A general lack of time and spotlight is identified as one of the reasons, as topics from recent history are usually arranged at the very end the end of teaching cycles. Therefore, at the end of the article, the author proposes to use a retrospective form of teaching that would first acquaint students with current events and, subsequently, gradually pace back to discuss the key events that created that current process.

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Bakoš, Eduard, Jana Soukopová, and Jan Šelešovský. "The Historical Roots of Local Self-Government in Czech and Slovak Republics." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.1.1-19(2015).

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The paper deals with the historical development of local self-government in the context of the development of the public administration as a whole during the First Czechoslovak Republic. It presents historical roots of the public administration in the former imperial Austria-Hungary, which was different from other European countries with its complex bureaucratic structures. Certain elements of the complex political and administrative developments during the early 20th century can be seen even one hundred years later. It is becoming apparent that history repeats itself in a number of issues and that it is unforgivable not to learn lessons both from the mistakes and the successful solutions of the past.

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Valčo, Michal, Daniel Slivka, Katarina Valčova, Nina I. Kryukova, Dinara G. Vasbieva, and Elmira R. Khairullina. "Samuel Štefan Osusky’s Theological-Prophetic Criticism of War and Totalitarianism." Bogoslovni vestnik 79, no. 3 (2019): 765–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34291/bv2019/03/valco.

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: This article analyzes the thought legacy of Samuel Štefan Osuský (1888–1975), a famous Slovak philosopher and theologian, pertaining to his fight against totalitarianism and war. Having lived during arguably the most difficult period of (Czecho-)Slovak history, which included the two world wars, the emergence of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, its fateful, forceful split by Nazi Germany in 1939, followed by its reestablishment after WWII in 1945, only to be afflicted again by a new kind of totalitarianism on the left, it is no surprise that Osuský aimed his philosophical and theological criticism especially at the two great human ideologies of the 20th century – Fascism (including its German, racial version, Nazism, which he preferred to call ›Hitlerism‹), and Communism (above all in its historical shape of Stalinist Bolshevism). After exploring the human predicament in ›boundary situations,‹ i.e. situations of ultimate anxiety, despair but also hope and trust, religious motives seemed to gain the upper hand, according to Osuský. As a ›rational theist,‹ he attempted to draw from theology, philosophy and science as complementary sources of wisdom combining them in his struggle to find satisfying insights for larger questions of meaning. Osusky’s ideas in his book War and Religion (1916) and article The Philosophy of Bolshevism, Fascism, and Hitlerism (1937) manifest the much-needed prophetic insight that has the potential to enlighten our own struggle against the creeping forces of totalitarianism, right and left that seek to engulf our societies today.

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Potočárová, Mária. "School and Educational Objectives of the Interwar Period in the 1st Czechoslovak Republic." Polska Myśl Pedagogiczna 7 (November 30, 2021): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24504564pmp.21.019.13949.

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The paper has the ambition to map the social and political situation in Slovakia in the period between the two world wars which had impact on the situation of families and education. After the establishment of a common state of Czechs and Slovaks – the 1st Czechoslovak Republic (1918), there were new conditions for reform movements and ideas of pedagogical thinking. The study is focusing on social events and transformations that guide the school system and education. The paper analyses specifically, what inspired the education and practical functioning of schools in Slovakia in this new state formation of the multinational Republic. The obtained picture tells about the state of reforms in education with its penetration into also into the family education pattern in Slovakia is partially compared with the conditions in the Czech Republic. The educational and upbringing objectives of this period are presented through the statements of historical documents, from a review of available educational literature and the press. We also deal with the question, what ideological ideas of the interwar years had an impact on the setting of goals and in family education. What did parents follow in their daily upbringing at the beginning of the 20th century and in the era between the two world wars? The paper, therefore, gives also the insight into the history of everyday life of Slovak families and into the family education in the interwar period.

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Guzik, Hubert. "Ignoring and erasing: collective housing in 20th century Czechoslovakia." An Eastern Europe Vision, no. 59 (2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/59.a.ru7akbt6.

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A concept of a collective house that would include apartments and a wide array of communal facilities was a topic of intensive debate in Czechoslovakia throughout the 20th century. This topic was popular not only among architects, but most importantly among feminists, social activists, sociologists, politicians or businessmen. Debaters projected onto these houses their ideas of a future political and social system of Czechoslovakia. For some, shared living was a way to facilitate the arrival of communism, for others it represented a means to develop liberal capitalism. This article presents the political framework behind the idea of collective housing in Czechoslovakia.

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Schulze-Marmeling, Friederike. "»20th century Aisha«?" Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 32, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2019.32.2.346.

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Wilson, Robin. "The 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09956-x.

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Atiyah, Michael. "Mathematics in the 20th century." NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine 10, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033096.

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Fogler, Karen, and Mala Hoffman. "Exploring 20th Century History through Photographs." Gifted Child Today 17, no. 3 (May 1994): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759401700313.

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32

Westfall, Catherine. "Reimagining 20th-Century Physics." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 1-2 (April 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.1-2.209.

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Altschuler, Glenn C. "Urban Religion’s 20th-Century Renaissance." Reviews in American History 49, no. 1 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0007.

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34

Friedel, Robert. "Engineering in the 20th Century." Technology and Culture 27, no. 4 (October 1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105321.

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35

Poučová, Marcela. "« Accepter et pardonner, c’est se réconcilier avec soi-même ». L’Histoire tchèque du XXe siècle vue par le roman policier." Caietele Echinox 43 (December 1, 2022): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2022.43.05.

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"The article explains the development and specific features of the detective genre in the Czech Republic (and its predecessor Czechoslovakia) from the beginning of the 20th century. It observes that these features are just as valid in the last 30 years. The main focus is on crime fiction literature and, in particular, TV crime series that have become especially popular since 2015, both of which have been inspired by true organised crime cases between 1990-2010."

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Wilson, Robin. "The Early 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09942-3.

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37

Štollová, Sandra. "Tělovýchovné spolky a turnerské hnutí jako nástroje sudetoněmecké iredenty: Podíl sudetoněmeckých tělovýchovných organizací na rozbití československého státu." Středoevropské politické studie Central European Political Studies Review 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 38–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cepsr.2018.1.38.

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The Turner movement, founded in the beginning of the 19th century by Friedrich L. Jahn, played an important role in organizing leisure time activities of the Sudeten German population during the first half of the 20th century. After splitting from the Austrian Turners, the Sudeten German Turners took over not only the methodology of practice, but also incorporated some of their ideological standpoints. At the beginning, Sudeten German Turner clubs considered themselves apolitical; the main goal of the Sudeten German Turners was physical and moral education of youth. Notwithstanding this original purpose, over time they became a political tool for Sudeten German political representation and executors of various forms of sedition towards the Czechoslovakia. Not even strong ideological contradictions within the Turner movement stopped it from becoming isolated from other Czechoslovak sport organizations and from disseminating pan-German goals and ideas in Czechoslovakia. The Turners provided Sudeten German youth not only with physical education; the organization became an influential tool of socialization as well. This paper reveals the political goals of Sudeten German Turner clubs in the terms of its historical development and provides an overview of the most important Sudeten German Turner club DTV (Deutscher Turnverband). It also clarifies how, the originally physical education-orientated DTV contributed to the breaking-up of Czechoslovakia.

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Janhuba, Miloslav, and Jaroslava Janhubová. "Characteristics of bookkeeping systems used in Czechoslovakia in the second half of the 20th century." Český finanční a účetní časopis 2018, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.cfuc.520.

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O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.

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Mason, Herbert J., and Anna Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Taxon 40, no. 3 (August 1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223244.

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Sheail, J., and A. Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Journal of Ecology 77, no. 3 (September 1989): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261002.

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Probert, R. "The History of 20th-Century Family Law." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqi009.

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Sterling, Christopher. "CBQ review essay:Cryptography in 20th‐century history." Communication Booknotes Quarterly 30, no. 3 (June 1999): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10948009909361621.

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Ikenberry, G. John, and Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.

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Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.

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Lian, Yang, and Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century." Index on Censorship 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.

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Paruch, Waldemar. "Between Political Nation and Ethnic‑Cultural Nation: Nations in Central Europe in the 20th Century." Politeja 15, no. 6(57) (August 13, 2019): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.57.07.

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The article analyzes the nation‑building process in Central Europe in the context of conditions and specific character of historical processes. It identifies the origin of the dilemma in Central Europe: political or ethnic‑cultural nations. The study shows why ethnic‑cultural communities developed in this region. It also describes the extent and the dynamics of disputes over the problem between the most important political trends arisen in Central Europe, and emphasizes the intensity of rivalry over this question in the interwar years, primarily in the Second Republic of Poland, the Kingdom of Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. The paper also analyzes the style of thinking practiced by the adherents to the concept of Central European political nations: Józef Piłsudski, Tomaš G. Masaryk, and Miklós Horthy.

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Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.

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Plantinga, Alvin. "Justification in the 20th Century." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108032.

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Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.

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