Journal articles on the topic 'Czech diaspora'

The Hospodář was a twice-monthly magazine for Czech farmers in America, launched in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1891. In the 1920s it became more international as the United States shut out immigrants from Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union became a leading subject in its editorials, columns and especially the hundreds of reader letters published every year. Transnational families were a window into the Czech communities in Volhynia and Crimea. Social Democrats, Communists and others argued about the Soviet Union’s merits as a workers’ and peasants’ state. Agronomist Stanislav Kovář became a regular columnist in Vologda and then Novorossiisk on the NEP and then collectivization in Soviet agriculture. Tolerant, largely written by readers, without political or religious affiliation, and international, the Hospodář was a productive forum for experience, imagination and discourse in the international Czech diaspora on the early Soviet Union.

AbstractMigration is a relatively new phenomenon in the Czech Republic, which has gradually become a destination country. The securitisation and politicisation of migration in the Czech domestic discourse has created a great deal of public anxiety, especially towards Muslims. This paper focuses on the position of Turkish migrants, the single largest Muslim community in the Czech Republic, in the specific context of the Czech Republic. The objective is to define the nature of Turkish migration to the Czech Republic as part of broader migration patterns. Using data from the Czech Statistical Office and from a questionnaire survey, it investigates the Turkish community’s assessment of adaptation to the Czech environment and their position within the wider Turkish dias-pora policy. I argue that that the non-transparent Czech immigration policy and Czech Islamophobia are potential factors influencing the adaptation process of the Turkish community, which might affect their decision to remain in the country. Furthermore, the small size of the Turkish community can hamper the migrants’ social life, who might wish to maintain strong ties with the homeland and the diaspora community in Europe.

Abstract The article focuses on the presentation of the temporary results of the qualitative ethnological research concerning the Ukrainian minority in Brno, Czech Republic. It is aimed on the description of the basic principles of the life of the diaspora in Brno and expressing the ethnic identity of the Ukrainians. After the introductory part author defines the methodological approach as well as the techniques used while carrying out the research. Following part of the article is aimed on characterizing the main attributes of the Ukrainian ethnic identity according to the informants. Moreover, the perception of the presence of the Ukrainian diaspora in Brno is illustrated by the conclusions acquired from the open-ended interviews with the Czech participants.

Abstract Most of the ethnobotanical research is dedicated to food and medicinal plants, while the other categories, such as plants used as materials, veterinary remedies or fodder remain neglected. This trend dominates in East Europe where linguistic approach prevails, while ethnographical one stays under-explored, though the heritage of the 19th century was impressive. Field data were collected through in-depth individual semi-structured interviews with the last remaining ethnic Czechs living in Romanian Banat and triangulated with extensive participant observation. The aims of this study were to document and preserve local knowledge pertaining to the use of traditional cultivated and wild plants. The study focused on under-documented use categories, hence, food and medicinal plants were excluded. In total, 56 plant species were cited by informants. The paper also highlights vernacular names, phytonyms, and particularly interesting uses of plant resources or related aspects not described previously or under-reported in the literature. The authors conclude that the ethnobotanical knowledge still survives as a part of the cultural heritage of the Czech diaspora. However, several interesting uses are only practiced by elderly people, the knowledge is ageing, and is likely to vanish fairly soon.

Czech-Armenians relations: a brief historical survey Armenian studies in Czech Republic became more widely known toCzech public in recent years. Following up the long tradition of Oriental studies ingeneral, a newly re-established research centre was opened at the Department ofEast-European Studies at Charles University, aiming to cooperate with other colleagues.After long and heated discussions, Czech Republic decided on (albeit nonofficial) recognition of Armenian Genocide and supports initiatives to prevent suchviolence in future. Several monographs dealing with this subject were published recently.And finally, despite the fact that the Czech Republic has no historical experience with the presence of Armenian diaspora before the year 1990, well establishedand coherent Armenian community exists here now and – especially in Prague –shows a high degree of integration into Czech majority. Already two generations ofCzech Armenians are following their identity strategies while preserving their owncultural identity.

The article attempts to identify the main stages of the Baku sport societies’ development from their origin to the outbreak of the First World War. From the very beginning, their activities were based on the Sokol ideology and the Sokol complex of physical exercises. This, in its turn, predetermined participation of a significant number of Czech specialists and members of the Czech diaspora, who lived in the Baku province, in their work. The author concludes that all attempts of Sokol activists to spread the Panslavic ideas among compatriots and residents of Baku were met with strong resistance and reluctance because the locals did not want to see Sokol as an ideological landmark of the Czech community in Russia.

On the basis of a large variety of documents and materials the article analyses the preconditions, main stage and consequences of the Ukrainian migration to the Czech Republic during the period of European integration. The article defines the problems of the migration and the prospects for its development in the 21st century. The author emphasises globalization, world conditions, scientific and technological progress, specialization of markets at regional level, social and public labor potential as the key factors of labor mobility, as well as geopolitical and geocultural factors, that changes people­­­’s world outlook in the context of information society. The study focuses on the main reasons for migration from Ukraine to Czech Republic (relatively stable and positive situation in the Czech economy in comparison to the Ukrainian, position in the labor market, the cultural and linguistic similarities, the long history of mutual migration processes). In addition, the author points out at a number of the modern trends of the migration (the quantitative growth of migrant workers and students in absolute numbers as well as in percentage, the growing number of Ukrainians with the Czech residence permit, the transformation of the social structure of migrants, permanent illegal employment). The changes in the migration policy of the Czech Republic after accession to the EU, its political and social context, positive and negative effects, the contents of the so-called «Ukraine Project» and «Ukraine Mode» are examined. The growing impact of the Ukrainian migrants on the development of the Czech economy and society is underlined. The article identifies of the modern migration as a phenomenon, which is being institutionalized and which transforms from a traditional social movement into a structured social organism (diaspora, network of national public associations, infrastructure of the migration services market, etc.), and thus into the subject and instrument of regulation of the people’s economic activity. Some aspects of the Ukrainian diaspora life in Czech Republic are considered.

The paper studies the contemporary migration of Bulgarians to countries of the Visegrad Group (V4) – the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. After making a short historical overview of this phenomenon since the 19th century and the contemporary migration of Bulgarians in the years following 1989, the paper analyses the evolution of Bulgarian migration to the V4 countries in the recent years. The authors conclude that there are important migration flows of Bulgarian citizens towards these countries, due to job perspectives, similar social economic systems and the Bulgarian diaspora already living there.

Abstract The article outlines the beginnings of ethnic literature research in the United States of America with regards to its reception from the 1960s to the 1980s. Aesthetic merit as a leading consideration in the evaluation of literary works, in view of the opinions of numerous critics, is quite problematic to apply in the case of Czech and Polish literature. Considering the output of Slovak-American research in the field of literary criticism and literary history, the results are not satisfactory either. There are a few works that provide valuable insight into the literature of the Slovak diaspora.

The paper focuses on the problems of cultural and language adaptation of Russian expatriates abroad. It reflects a certain stage of an extensive research project carried out by the “Social-Cognitive Functioning of the Russian Language” school lead by N. D. Golev. The paper verifies the author’s observations about the cultural and linguistic adaptation of Russian expatriates in foreign countries in different historical periods. It is based on the evidence gathered by the author in the countries of the Russian Diaspora, as well as on archive materials, including the family and library archives in Russia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

The article is devoted to the oral speech of Ukrainian diaspora’s youth (America, Canada, Italy, the Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Moldova, the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic) at the synchronous level, in particular the pronunciation features of the Ukrainian language. Based on the poll the normativeness and historical organicity are proved. Also, pronunciation problems and orthoepic deviations are indicated; the percentage of mastery of orthoepy of sound combinations was determined, in particular, the pronunciation of hushing sounds before sibilants and vice versa in a wide local and social representation of foreign countries. Our research aims to try to determine the percentage of orthoepy, to identify, analyze and describe typical pronunciation mistakes, in particular the pronunciation of hushing sounds before sibilants and vice versa in a wide local and social representation abroad. Our task is to analyze the speech of Ukrainian respondents in the diaspora, to indicate the stability and instability of a particular norm; to trace the reflection of the pronunciation of these sound combinations in old written notes, and compare with the speech of Ukrainian respondents in Ukraine. The object of the research is Ukrainian speech of the diaspora of different spheres and age groups. The subject of the research is the mastery of orthoepic norms of the modern Ukrainian language, in particular the orthoepy of sound combinations (hushing sounds before sibilants; sibilants before hushing sounds). The results of a poll are the actual material of the study. It is 100 recordings lasting 300 minutes (5 hours). The poll was attended by 100 people of Ukrainian origin who lives abroad: 10 residents of the United States, 10 residents of Canada, 30 residents of Europe - Poland (2), Germany (3), Italy (5), the Czech Republic (10), Moldova (10) and 50 students of Taras Shevchenko University (Tiraspol, Transnistria). The informants live there for 10 years. They should read aloud and record the words for the analysis of the pronunciation of sibilants before hushing sounds (in the prefixes роз-, без-, з-; in the middle of the word). Thus, the fixation of hushing sounds instead of sibilants is a common phenomenon and can be traced in many monuments of different periods, but the real rate of pronunciation sibilants before hushing sounds by foreign respondents is 26%, by all informants (Ukrainian and foreign together) is 35 %; pronunciation of sibilants before hushing sounds residents of foreign origin of Ukrainian origin is 14% and by all informants in general also 14%. Undoubtedly, we consider these norms to be weak, and if we take into account the gender factor, they are mostly observed by women, both in Ukraine and abroad. In the speech of most men, we trace the pronunciation of the pronunciation [чц '] as [ц'], [шс '] as [с':]. We see the prospect of further research in the study of orthoepic speech deviations of modern youth of the Ukrainian diaspora, in particular in the pronunciation of other sound combinations.

Molisan cuisine (names of dishes) as an example of multiculturalism and multilingualismToday Croats can be found living in many parts of the world. The process of Slavic migrations started in the 7th. Diasporas can be found in Austria, Slovakia, Romania, Czech Republic (Moravia and nowadays Prague), Serbia, Italy, even across the oceans in the USA, South America, RSA and Australia. The Croatian minority in Molise is the smallest Croatian minority in the world. Croatian is spoken there by about 2000 to 2400 people in three isolated mountain communities. They settled in villages, Kruč, Mundimitr and Filić possibly between the 14th and 15th century. Several Turkish invasions took place during this period, so Croats were forced to hide from the Sultan’s armies and they found refuge on the Apennine Peninsula. The country of Croatia, occupied with its battle against the infidels, has forgotten about its fellow countrymen, who had been living in the region of Molis, for a long time. In every day Croatian speech one can hear multiple loan-words. A particular problem can occur when writing some names of dishes which have been passed down but orally only. Molisan-Croatian cuisine and culinary names are part of Croatian cuisine that was created during the time of the Croatian Diaspora. Kuchnia molizańska (nazwy potraw) jako przykład wielokulturowości i wielojęzycznościObecnie Chorwaci żyją na całym świecie. Proces migracji Słowian rozpoczął się już w VII wieku. Ich diaspory możemy odszukać w Austrii, Słowacji, Rumunii, Czechach (na Morawach i w obecnej Pradze) i Serbii, Włoszech, a nawet za oceanem Atlantyckim w USA, południowej Ameryce, RPA i Australii. Najmniejszą chorwacką mniejszością narodową są Molizianie. Językiem chorwackim posługuje się od 2 do 2,4 tysięcy ludzi w trzech odizolowanych społecznościach. Początek osiedlenia się we wsiach: Kruču, Mundimitrze i Filiću określa się na XV–XVI wiek. Okres ten obfituje w najazdy tureckie, kiedy to Chorwaci ukryli się przed armią sułtańską i znaleźli schronienie na Półwyspie Apenińskim. Chorwacja okupowana przez Turków zapomniała o swoich rodakach, którzy żyli w regionie Molise przez dłuższy czas. Język chorwacki pojawia się w mowie potocznej mieszkańców, szczególnie w zapożyczeniach. Szczególnym problemem jest określenie nazw kilku dań, które dotychczas funkcjonowały tylko ustnie. Chorwackomolizańska kuchnia oraz jej nazwy kulinarne są częścią kuchni chorwackiej, która została utworzona w czasach diaspory.

Introduction. Russian post-revolutionary diaspora was not just ethnic union but cultural as well. Historical dates and anniversaries, 175th anniversary of Moscow University among them, were an important part of its life. Prague committee suggested a questionnaire for the college graduates. Data and Methods. 815 letters received by the committee in 1929–1930 are now in State Archive of the Russian Federation. Quantitative methods are used for mass sources. They let us reveal the features of employment the emigrated History and Philology Department graduates. Results. The graduates from 7 Russian universities who had graduated from there between 1860s and 1920s took part in the inquiry. Its geography includes nearly all European countries, some Asian ones and the USA. 16 respondents of the 54 graduates of History and Philology Department, settled in the Czech Republic, 13 did in Yugoslavia, 6 – in France. Discussion. 32 History and Philology Department graduates out of 54 received jobs in schools and colleges. Just 1 respondent had no job. Also the respondents said about the continuing of research work, cooperating with periodic editions and participation in public activities. Conclusion. The materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation have enormous potential for the research of the Russian Diaspora.

The article presents the process of getting higher education by students, emigrants from Russia. Special attention is paid to the organizations that rendered assistance in the admission and training of students at the universities of Czechoslovakia and France. The Committee on Education for Russian students in Czechoslovakia (CERSC) and the Committee on Higher Education for Russian youth abroad ("Fedorov Committee") contributed to the organization of student education by providing scholarships, by exempting them from paying tuition fees, and providing a dorm. The activities of these organizations were carried out at the expense of the governments of the host countries and benefactors.The article notes that getting a European education contributed to the success-ful adaptation of Russian youth in a foreign society with different culture, which gave them an opportunity to find a job. The analysis of the documents showed the problems that graduates-emigrants of European universities encountered, in Czechoslovakia in particular. The low demand for personnel of intellectual labor led to the fact that many had to get a craft profession after graduating from a university. The Association of Russian Graduates of Higher Educational Institutions in the Czech Republic (AR-GHEI) arranged such short-term courses. Owing to the assistance of this organization, young emigrants were able to get jobs in other countries.The article is based on the analysis of documents from the National Archives of the Czech Republic (Czechia) and the Library-Fund "Russian Diaspora" (Russia).The article presents the process of getting higher education by students, emigrants from Russia. Special attention is paid to the organizations that rendered assistance in the admission and training of students at the universities of Czechoslovakia and France. The Committee on Education for Russian students in Czechoslovakia (CERSC) and the Committee on Higher Education for Russian youth abroad ("Fedorov Committee") contributed to the organization of student education by providing scholarships, by exempting them from paying tuition fees, and providing a dorm. The activities of these organizations were carried out at the expense of the governments of the host countries and benefactors. The article notes that getting a European education contributed to the successful adaptation of Russian youth in a foreign society with different culture, which gave them an opportunity to find a job. The analysis of the documents showed the problems that graduates-emigrants of European universities encountered, in Czechoslovakia in particular. The low demand for personnel of intellectual labor led to the fact that many had to get a craft profession after graduating from a university. The Association of Russian Graduates of Higher Educational Institutions in the Czech Republic (AR-GHEI) arranged such short-term courses. Owing to the assistance of this organization, young emigrants were able to get jobs in other countries. The article is based on the analysis of documents from the National Archives of the Czech Republic (Czechia) and the Library-Fund "Russian Diaspora" (Russia).

Czechia could be labeled as country of an indifferent approach to religious ideas, as religious faith is considered a private issue, and the role of religion in the public sphere is low. This article summarizes the first attempt to research Korean Protestant churches active in current Czechia. A total of fourteen churches is briefly overviewed stating that the churches are not successful in gaining new members throughout the Czech population. Also, a clear distinction cannot be drawn between diaspora and missionary churches, but rather mixed types can be observed. The findings show that the churches do not accommodate their mission strategies according to the religiously indifferent milieu in Czechia, mostly because the missionaries are not aware of this situation. Moreover, language is identified as the main barrier in communication. We conclude by stating that this topic is poorly understudied and difficult to follow due to its dynamic yet closed nature.

<p><strong>Molisan cuisine (names of dishes) as an example of multiculturalism and multilingualism</strong></p><p>Today Croats can be found living in many parts of the world. The process of Slavic migrations started in the 7th. Diasporas can be found in Austria, Slovakia, Romania, Czech Republic (Moravia and nowadays Prague), Serbia, Italy, even across the oceans in the USA, South America, RSA and Australia. The Croatian minority in Molise is the smallest Croatian minority in the world. Croatian is spoken there by about 2000 to 2400 people in three isolated mountain communities. They settled in villages, Kruč, Mundimitr and Filić possibly between the 14th and 15th century. Several Turkish invasions took place during this period, so Croats were forced to hide from the Sultan’s armies and they found refuge on the Apennine Peninsula. The country of Croatia, occupied with its battle against the infidels, has forgotten about its fellow countrymen, who had been living in the region of Molis, for a long time. In every day Croatian speech one can hear multiple loan-words. A particular problem can occur when writing some names of dishes which have been passed down but orally only. Molisan-Croatian cuisine and culinary names are part of Croatian cuisine that was created during the time of the Croatian Diaspora.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kuchnia molizańska (nazwy potraw) jako przykład wielokulturowości i wielojęzyczności</strong></p><p>Obecnie Chorwaci żyją na całym świecie. Proces migracji Słowian rozpoczął się już w VII wieku. Ich diaspory możemy odszukać w Austrii, Słowacji, Rumunii, Czechach (na Morawach i w obecnej Pradze) i Serbii, Włoszech, a nawet za oceanem Atlantyckim w USA, południowej Ameryce, RPA i Australii. Najmniejszą chorwacką mniejszością narodową są Molizianie. Językiem chorwackim posługuje się od 2 do 2,4 tysięcy ludzi w trzech odizolowanych społecznościach. Początek osiedlenia się we wsiach: Kruču, Mundimitrze i Filiću określa się na XV–XVI wiek. Okres ten obfituje w najazdy tureckie, kiedy to Chorwaci ukryli się przed armią sułtańską i znaleźli schronienie na Półwyspie Apenińskim. Chorwacja okupowana przez Turków zapomniała o swoich rodakach, którzy żyli w regionie Molise przez dłuższy czas. Język chorwacki pojawia się w mowie potocznej mieszkańców, szczególnie w zapożyczeniach. Szczególnym problemem jest określenie nazw kilku dań, które dotychczas funkcjonowały tylko ustnie. Chorwackomolizańska kuchnia oraz jej nazwy kulinarne są częścią kuchni chorwackiej, która została utworzona w czasach diaspory.</p>

Source Materials for the History of the Lemko Region in the Years 1917‑1921: Current State of Knowing, Directions of Research, Documentation AnnexAt the beginning of the 20th century, the Lemko region was culturally active and documented its existence in writing, but the spoken word still played a major role in the social life. The course of history – even in such turbulent years as those between 1918 and 1921 – remained mainly in human memory. The generation of Lemkos who then co‑ created history and experienced, remembered and were to pass it on, suffered a traumatic fate – uprooting (Ukrainization), dispersion (economic migration, war and post‑war displacement to Ukraine), and finally exile (the “Wisła” action). Under these circumstances, not only did memory fail, but also documents were destroyed – these few literal traces of those times. None of the institutions created or managed by the Lemkos in the period analyzed survived for a long time. Although we know that they produced documents, these were not collected nor archived in the right way by these very institutions. Searching for the remnants of this documentation in private home archives in Poland, Ukraine and in the Lemko diaspora countries is an action necessary to recover the original documents, appeals and correspondence of the Lemko councils. It would be advisable to locate and catalogue ephemeral prints regarding the Lemko case – Rusyn, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Russian, Ukrainian. Some of the events and probably all the persons involved in them were photographed, but access to iconographic sources is very fragmentary, as these photographs often remain unrecoginsed. Apart from one archive (the collection of Zygmunt Lasocki in the National Archives in Krakow), own archives of non‑Lemko participants of events have not been found nor investigated – individual persons and institutions such as state organs, churches or political parties. Polish and Czech press, especially local press, has not been well‑ researched, apart from the Carpatho-Rusyn diaspora newspapers in the United States. It is of great importance to prepare a printed selection of basic sources for the history of the Lemko region in such an important period. It should contain basic declarations of Lemko councils, memorials addressed to state and international bodies, documentation of court proceedings against its activists, basic documents prepared by other forces active at the time in the Lemko region, and major press publications. The documentation annexed here (20 source texts) is just a sample of such a collection.

Nowadays there exist many works dedicated to the Russian Abroad and its multifaceted cultural heritage. The Russian documentary historical and cultural legacy brought by Russian emigrants is the most striking evidence of the spirituality of the Russian emigration; it also demonstrates its significance in preserving the national unity in the emigrant community. Moreover, by reviewing those sources, we can evaluate the role of the Russian emigration in maintaining the historical traditions of the Russian Diaspora. This article will analyze the data connected with the language adaptation of the Russian emigrants of the first wave in the First Republic of Czechoslovakia; it is this aspect that can allow us a deeper look at all the aspects of emigration, as well as provide a possibility to learn about the everyday life of our compatriots in a foreign land. The aim of the research is to study the linguistic adaptation of the Russian emigrants in Czechoslovakia in the interwar period, to reveal their attitude towards the necessity to learn the Czech and Slovak languages and to analyze the methods of mastering those languages. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that not all emigrants wanted to learn the Czech and Slovak languages; they did not see any need for that, since they were confident they would return to their motherland. However, over time and with no hope of returning, the emigrants who had remained in Czechoslovakia started displaying a growing interest in learning the language and culture of the host country that was to become their second motherland.

This paper deals with Jewish mobile multimedia cultural-heritage, root-diaspora tours and apps. The author presents and compares UNESCO Creative Cities Network of Central and Eastern Europe in which Jewish communities were numerous before the World War II – Budapest (Hungary), Kraków (Poland), Prague (Czech Republic), Kaunas (Lithuania). Also, article deals with other cities of Jewish cultural heritage that are not listed in UNESCO Creative Cities Network as Warsaw, Poland and Vilnius, Lithuania, but propose multimedia tours. I will analyse, how aspects of creative city are included and highlighted in multimedia tours and apps. Visiting of memory sites is very relevant aspect of memory culture, related to other creative and cultural industries – tourism, heritage, museums etc. Cityscape and sites of memory of the Holocaust as cultural topography materialize and embody traumas, regrets, and responsibility to remember past. Contemporary technologies as mobile multimedia tours and apps are designed to aid travellers and tourists to find heritage and other touristic objects in a map, it provides general practical information, as well as maps, photos, augmented reality, and Jewish itineraries. Herewith these new technologies are changing very deeply not only travelling habits or photography practices, they fundamentally transform our relation with cultural heritage and memory. Mobile phones became not only devices for communication, but also as digital prosthetic memory.

With the outbreak of WWI (1914–1918), the participating countries began to promote separatist movements on their own territory, which aimed to destroy the foundations of hostile multinational empires. Of particular interest to the Russian authorities were the compatriots of the Slavic peoples of Austria-Hungary, who loudly declared their desire to destroy the Habsburg Empire. One of the most active diasporas was the Czechs, who managed to meet with Nicholas II twice in the first month of the war and achieve the formation of the Czech squad. However, the Czech question, initially incorporating the Slovak one due to the ethnic and linguistic proximity, exposed significant contradictions. An active part of the Slovak political elite living in Russia opposed the formation of a single Czech-Slovak state, because they were close to the idea of Slovakia’s accession to Russia. To popularize these ideas, a Slovak-Russian society named after L. Štur was established in Moscow. It received support from the outstanding Russians as well as the largest Slovak diasporas in the United States. The assistance of such important actors forced the Czechs to look for ways to resolve the conflict with the Slovaks, which undoubtedly led to the mainstreaming of the Slovak question. However, the cessions of 1915–1916 failed to resolve the conflict. Drawing on new archival sources and current historiography, the author concludes that the presence of multiple conflicts contributed to the formation of the Czech-Slovak national idea, which was free from asymmetry, and made Slovaks equal partners.

The library holds 87 phaleristic awards 1919–1939, from Austria, Great Britain, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Sweden, Ukraine, USA. Among these awards we can conditionally distinguish the following thematic groups: Ukrainian and Ukrainian related awards, foreign phaleristic, international professional congresses. In these groups it is possible to distinguish subgroups representing different individual aspects of social life in Ukraine and in other countries in 1919–1939. Ukrainian and Ukrainian related honors include: Ukrainian-language honors made in Ukraine; honors of the Ukrainian Diaspora; non-Ukrainian-language honors made on Ukrainian lands. Foreign phaleristics are represented by thematic subgroups: state distinctions (Serbian Order of Saint Sava, Polish medals, etc.); non-state public awards; phalleristics of public organizations (the Red Cross, associations of librarians, doctors, electricians, technicians and others); German and Polish phaleristics on the occasion of a plebiscite in Silesia in 1921; monuments of cultural and artistic events; business awards (ASEA, Leica, Germany) and more. Distinctions of international professional congresses concern mainly medical organizations: I General Congress of Slavic Physicians in Warsaw 1927; The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Congresses of the Union of Slavic Dermatologists (in Warsaw in 1929, in Belgorod in 1931 and in Prague in 1934); The Third International Pediatricians Congress, London, 1933; IX International Congress of Dermatologists in Budapest 1935. Available in the library’s collection a memorial award of the International Congress of the World Union of Electricity Producers and Distributors in Paris, 1928 (two variants of decoration with different mounting methods). Keywords: phaleristics, awards, international professional congresses.

Abstract The main goal of the paper is to explain specific ways in which the group of so-called Namibian Czechs identifies itself and how we can conceptualize their specific form of identity. For this reason, the article presents specific theoretical concepts focused on identities such as diaspora or transnational and bicultural identity. In recent years, all three of these concepts are gaining more attention, and an ever-growing number of communities are labelled as diaspora, transnational, or bicultural. Affiliation with one of those categories can potentially lead to a variety of political claims for such a group. The article aims to explain which of the concepts is best suitable for the group of Namibian Czechs, a group of fifty-six former child war refugees, who were educated and accommodated in Czechoslovakia between 1985 and 1991.

The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the tendencies of external labor migration from Ukraine. The relevance of the work is due to the limited analytical research on population migration during the pandemic. Until the beginning of 2020, changes in the formation of external labor migration flows occurred mainly under the infl uence of the internal situation in the country and the transformation of Ukraine’s political relations with certain foreign countries, but under COVID-19, the trends of external labor migration from Ukraine have changed radically for reasons independent of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to assess the changes in the scale of labor migration due to COVID-19 and to determine the prospects for external labor migration of Ukrainians. Relevant analytical developments became the basis for the formation of recommendations for adjusting the migration policy of Ukraine in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The novelty of the study is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the parameters of external labor migration from Ukraine and to assess probable perspective future transformations of migration trends. Abstract-logical and systema tic approaches, the method of expert assessments are used in the study. The analysis of the migration situation in Ukraine in recent years is carried out, the latest changes in the directions and scales of external labor migration are identifi ed. The tendencies of international population movement aft er the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. Prospects for external migration of the population of Ukraine are determined. The future of this process will depend on the pace of economic recovery in Europe and the world at large and the local demand for labor from other countries. It is probable that the employment structure of Ukrainian labor migrants will change by type of activity: migrants who were not employed in agriculture before the pandemic will not resume work so soon, and those who remained in the recipient countries will try to fi nd employment in agriculture and related activities. The geography of working trips will also change, and a new reorientation of some migrants is probable — from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially Germany and the United Kingdom, which are far ahead of traditional Ukrainian employment countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and even Italy) in terms of wages. A key element of the policy of keeping some migrants in Ukraine is a radical non-declarative change in the state’s attitude to small and medium-sized businesses. It is necessary to involve representatives of small and medium business to public policy, including policy of withdrawal from quarantine, business support. Eff ective business support programs should also be implemented, in particular following the example of EU countries. For those migrants who, even under the best conditions, are not interested in starting a business in Ukraine, a strategy is needed to ensure that, on the one hand, these people are not lost to Ukraine, and on the other hand, to get the most out of working with the diaspora. This will help both to improve the situation in the economy and to improve the image and strengthen Ukraine’s infl uence in the world.

ABSTRACT The article focuses on The Wall: Growing Up Behind the Iron Curtain (Peter Sís, 2007) and Marzi (Sylvain Savoia and Marzena Sowa, 2004–2017), two widely translated autobiographical comics written in English and French, respectively, as an entry point into the afterlives of European state socialisms in global contexts. The author examines how Sís, a Czech-born illustrator and children book author, who defected to the United States, and Sowa, a Polish-born writer who left for France, remember their lives under state socialism, and how they make them legible to present-day transgenerational and transnational audiences. The author explores how comics, specifically the seriality, multimodality, and the meanings created at the intersection of texts and images, undermine the cultural scripts which inform the narratives of these two diasporic artists. By focusing on paratextual elements, the author also demonstrates that the transnational trajectories of the two works are path-dependent on mainstream tropes about state socialism. Lastly, given that the two comics feature internationally in school curricula and are adopted by teachers as important methodological tools, the author argues for the crucial importance of comics and life writing pedagogy when teaching graphic autobiographies about post/socialism.

Abstract The paper builds on our previous work in the field of bilingual education and/ or the process of natural bilingualisation of Slovak-German bilinguals in Slovak educational diasporas (educational islands) in Austria. Starting point of psycholinguistic testing based on classic American Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test ( PPVT -III in its revised and German version) presented in this paper is the thesis of initial lagging behind of linguistic (lexical, grammatical) competence level of language L2 of bilingual children from preschool age in relation to various sociolinguistic variables, which, however, with age may, under certain favourable conditions nearly equal competence of monolinguals and in the area of reception of language even exceed it. For testing the reception levels of German mental lexicon we used two approximately equally large groups of respondents in a bilingual secondary grammar school in Bratislava and Vienna. The hypothesis of our research was that bilingual Austrian-Czech/Slovak bilinguals from Austria would achieve significantly better results than the Slovak-German bilinguals from Slovakia. The test results, however, surprisingly disproved our hypothesis and want to contribute to the debate on setting minimum standards of language competence of bilinguals as well as on optimisation of conditions of bilingual or monolingual education of not only Slovaks abroad.

AbstractCentral Europe in general is poor in Teloschistaceae lichen crusts (Caloplaca s. lat.). Diversity of these lichens is increased by the occurrence of some Arctic, Mediterranean and continental species, which are here close to the limits of their range. Examples include: 1)Caloplaca interfulgens, previously known from arid territories of northern Africa and western Asia, is recorded, surprisingly, from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia and southern Russia. In Central Europe, it is restricted to scattered xerothermic limestone outcrops.2)Caloplaca scabrosa, previously known only from Svalbard, is recorded from the Sudetes in the Czech Republic. It is similar to, but not conspecific with, C. furfuracea. Its diagnostic characters include a blastidiate thallus and the presence of atranorin. Our results show that atranorin is absent in the majority of taxa related to C. furfuracea with only two exceptions: the sample from Eastern Carpathians, here called C. aff. scabrosa, and in one Sudetan sample identified as C. crenularia.3)Caloplaca emilii, newly described below, is closely related to the Mediterranean C. areolata. We consider C. emilii a Mediterranean species rarely occurring in higher latitudes in Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany. It is distinguished from C. areolata mainly by the presence of vegetative diaspores (blastidia); a possible role of blastidia in the distribution pattern of C. emilii is discussed below. Status of the names Caloplaca areolata, C. isidiigera and C. spalatensisis, formerly used for the new taxon, is clarified.4)Caloplaca molariformis, newly described below, belongs to the Pyrenodesmia group (a lineage of Caloplaca without anthraquinones). It is a continental species, frequently collected on limestone or lime-rich tuffs in steppes or deserts in Turkey, Iran, western Kazakhstan and southern Russia, and is also known from eastern Ukraine and southern Slovakia. Caloplaca molariformis is characterized by its thick thallus with fungal and algal tissues arranged in high stacks.5)Caloplaca substerilis, newly described below, is distinguished from the closely related C. ulcerosa by its endophloeodal or minutely squamulose thallus with soralia formed in bark crevices or on margins of squamules. While C. ulcerosa has a maritime distribution in Europe, C. substerilis is typically a continental species. North American continental lichens called “C. ulcerosa” are phylogenetically closer and more similar to C. substerilis.The positions within Teloschistaceae of the taxa considered are demonstrated by ITS phylogenies. The distributions of C. areolata, C. emilii and C. interfulgens are mapped. The new species are fully described using more than a hundred phenotype characters, and diagnostic characters are indicated separately.

Responses of Vegetation Stages with Woody Dominants to Stress and Disturbance During Succession on Abandoned Tailings in Cultural LandscapeStudies of ecological succession on tailing containments (abandoned sedimentation basins with waste deposited by a factory producing sulphuric acid from pyrite ore) near the village of Chvaletice (Eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic) were carried out since 1973 with increased intensity and complexity between 1986 and 2002 (Kovář 2004). Vegetation cover in its relationships to various factors has been periodically monitored up to now. The abandoned ore-washery deposit is characterized by relative strong toxicity of the sediment material (high heavy metal content) and fluctuations of the microsite conditions up to extreme values (pH, salinity, surface temperatures). Species richness and the courses of some ecological processes are influenced both by availability of plant diaspores (regional species pool) determined with the presence of adequate dispersal mechanisms (anemochory, zoochory) and by the seasonal moderation of environmental variables excluding stress non-tolerant species at extreme epizodes and enabling survival of resistant species during the competition. Long lasting existence of patches without any vegetation together with herbaceous types of stands and woody successional stages create mosaics on the surface plateau. The oldest tree stands (in average 20 - 30 years old) are predominantly formed byPopulus tremulaandBetula pendula, with minor admixture ofSalixsp. div. (mainlyS. caprea),Pinus sylvestris,Quercus roburorCerassus avium, rarelySarothamnus scoparius.The abundance ratio of two main dominants, aspen and birch, was changed for the benefit of the first one after the summer fire in extremely hot days. The effect of clonality on aspen regeneration and regrowth immediately after the fire disturbance was profitably manifested and it apparently facilitates the present state with aspen prevailing in the most forested tailing places at present, seventeen years after the fire. This fact supports the importance of clonal plant species role during primary succession.

1956: desire and the unknowable is my first response to my father's photographs of the Hungarian Uprising of October 1956. The paper emerges from my position as a member of the Hungarian diaspora, whereby my very existence and identity as a member of a diaspora owes itself to a historical event that I am unable to lay claim to. The work traces tensions created by multiple desires - in diasporic longing, in positivist history-making, and in the demands put on the photograph as unmediated historical evidence. This paper is an adaptation from a chapter in my Masters dissertation - Little Histories. It opens with an outline of the context of production of the original images, as well my responses to these images. It then goes on to discuss issues that have had a significant impact on the creation of the work, whether arising from the original images or from critical theory. The overriding notion is that vernacular photographs can be used to contest and replace images and ideologies that have come to dominate our memories of the past, and that the past becomes meaningful through such acts of engagement. 1956: desire and the unknowable was first exhibited in a solo exhibition, Little Histories, at the Sydney College of the Arts in 2001. Later that year it was presented, together with 30 of my father’s original photographs, in a father-daughter collaborative exhibition at 62 Robertson, Brisbane. Between Ranke and the sublime: two approaches to Budapest 1956 presented opposing modernist and post-modern views about the ability of the photograph to provide knowledge of the past. The work was most recently shown again at a residency in CESTA, in the Czech Republic, as part of a site-specific installation. In the country where my father once walked I presented a selection of my father’s work at the Szabo Ervin Library, Budapest, in 2001.

Lincolnshire, England. The crowd cheer when the ball breaks loose. From one end of the field to the other, the players chase, their snouts hovering just above the grass. It’s not a case of four legs being better, rather a novel way to attract customers to the Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park. During the matches, volunteers are drawn from the crowd to hold goal posts at either end of the run the pigs usually race on. With five pigs playing, two teams of two and a referee, and a ball designed to leak feed as it rolls (Stevenson) the ten-minute competition is fraught with tension. While the pig’s contributions to “the beautiful game” (Fish and Pele 7) have not always been so obvious, it could be argued that specific parts of the animal have had a significant impact on a sport which, despite calls to fall into line with much of the rest of the world, people in Australia (and the US) are more likely to call soccer. The Football Precursors to the modern football were constructed around an inflated pig’s bladder (Price, Jones and Harland). Animal hide, usually from a cow, was stitched around the bladder to offer some degree of stability, but the bladder’s irregular and uneven form made for unpredictable movement in flight. This added some excitement and affected how ball games such as the often violent, calico matches in Florence, were played. In the early 1970s, the world’s oldest ball was discovered during a renovation in Stirling Castle, Scotland. The ball has a pig’s bladder inside its hand-stitched, deer-hide outer. It was found in the ceiling above the bed in, what was then Mary Queens of Scots’ bedroom. It has since been dated to the 1540s (McGinnes). Neglected and left in storage until the late 1990s, the ball found pride of place in an exhibition in the Smiths Art Gallery and Museum, Stirling, and only gained worldwide recognition (as we will see later) in 2006. Despite confirmed interest in a number of sports, there is no evidence to support Mary’s involvement with football (Springer). The deer-hide ball may have been placed to gather and trap untoward spirits attempting to enter the monarch’s sleep, or simply left by accident and forgotten (McGinnes in Springer). Mary, though, was not so fortunate. She was confined and forgotten, but only until she was put to death in 1587. The Executioner having gripped her hair to hold his prize aloft, realised too late it was a wig and Mary’s head bounced and rolled across the floor. Football Development The pig’s bladder was the central component in the construction of the football for the next three hundred years. However, the issue of the ball’s movement (the bounce and roll), the bladder’s propensity to burst when kicked, and an unfortunate wife’s end, conspired to push the pig from the ball before the close of the nineteenth-century. The game of football began to take its shape in 1848, when JC Thring and a few colleagues devised the Cambridge Rules. This compromised set of guidelines was developed from those used across the different ‘ball’ games played at England’s elite schools. The game involved far more kicking, and the pig’s bladders, prone to bursting under such conditions, soon became impractical. Charles Goodyear’s invention of vulcanisation in 1836 and the death of prestigious rugby and football maker Richard Lindon’s wife in 1870 facilitated the replacement of the animal bladder with a rubber-based alternative. Tragically, Mr Lindon’s chief inflator died as a result of blowing up too many infected pig’s bladders (Hawkesley). Before it closed earlier this year (Rhoads), the US Soccer Hall of Fame displayed a rubber football made in 1863 under the misleading claim that it was the oldest known football. By the late 1800s, professional, predominantly Scottish play-makers had transformed the game from its ‘kick-and-run’ origins into what is now called ‘the passing game’ (Sanders). Football, thanks in no small part to Scottish factory workers (Kay), quickly spread through Europe and consequently the rest of the world. National competitions emerged through the growing need for organisation, and the pig-free mass production of balls began in earnest. Mitre and Thomlinson’s of Glasgow were two of the first to make and sell their much rounder balls. With heavy leather panels sewn together and wrapped around a thick rubber inner, these balls were more likely to retain shape—a claim the pig’s bladder equivalent could not legitimately make. The rubber-bladdered balls bounced more too. Their weight and external stitching made them more painful to header, but also more than useful for kicking and particularly for passing from one player to another. The ball’s relatively quick advancement can thereafter be linked to the growth and success of the World Cup Finals tournament. Before the pig re-enters the fray, it is important to glance, however briefly, at the ball’s development through the international game. World Cup Footballs Pre-tournament favourites, Spain, won the 2010 FIFA World Cup, playing with “an undistorted, perfectly spherical ball” (Ghosh par. 7), the “roundest” ever designed (FIFA par.1). Their victory may speak to notions of predictability in the ball, the tournament and the most lucrative levels of professional endeavour, but this notion is not a new one to football. The ball’s construction has had an influence on the way the game has been played since the days of Mary Queen of Scots. The first World Cup Final, in 1930, featured two heavy, leather, twelve-panelled footballs—not dissimilar to those being produced in Glasgow decades earlier. The players and officials of Uruguay and Argentina could not agree, so they played the first half with an Argentine ball. At half-time, Argentina led by two goals to one. In the second half, Uruguay scored three unanswered goals with their own ball (FIFA). The next Final was won by Italy, the home nation in 1934. Orsi, Italy’s adopted star, poked a wildly swerving shot beyond the outstretched Czech keeper. The next day Orsi, obligated to prove his goal was not luck or miracle, attempted to repeat the feat before an audience of gathered photographers. He failed. More than twenty times. The spin on his shot may have been due to the, not uncommon occurrence, of the ball being knocked out of shape during the match (FIFA). By 1954, the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) had sought to regulate ball size and structure and, in 1958, rigorously tested balls equal to the demands of world-class competition. The 1950s also marked the innovation of the swerving free kick. The technique, developed in the warm, dry conditions of the South American game, would not become popular elsewhere until ball technology improved. The heavy hand-stitched orb, like its early counterparts, was prone to water absorption, which increased the weight and made it less responsive, particularly for those playing during European winters (Bray). The 1970 World Cup in Mexico saw football progress even further. Pele, arguably the game’s greatest player, found his feet, and his national side, Brazil, cemented their international football prominence when they won the Jules Rimet trophy for the third time. Their innovative and stylish use of the football in curling passes and bending free kicks quickly spread to other teams. The same World Cup saw Adidas, the German sports goods manufacturer, enter into a long-standing partnership with FIFA. Following the competition, they sold an estimated six hundred thousand match and replica tournament footballs (FIFA). The ball, the ‘Telstar’, with its black and white hexagonal panels, became an icon of the modern era as the game itself gained something close to global popularity for the first time in its history. Over the next forty years, the ball became incrementally technologically superior. It became synthetic, water-resistant, and consistent in terms of rebound and flight characteristics. It was constructed to be stronger and more resistant to shape distortion. Internal layers of polyutherane and Syntactic Foam made it lighter, capable of greater velocity and more responsive to touch (FIFA). Adidas spent three years researching and developing the 2006 World Cup ball, the ‘Teamgeist’. Fourteen panels made it rounder and more precise, offering a lower bounce, and making it more difficult to curl due to its accuracy in flight. At the same time, audiences began to see less of players like Roberto Carlos (Brazil and Real Madrid CF) and David Beckham (Manchester United, LA Galaxy and England), who regularly scored goals that challenged the laws of physics (Gill). While Adidas announced the 2006 release of the world’s best performing ball in Berlin, the world’s oldest was on its way to the Museum fur Volkerkunde in Hamburg for the duration of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The Mary Queen of Scot’s ball took centre spot in an exhibit which also featured a pie stand—though not pork pies—from Hibernian Football Club (Strang). In terms of publicity and raising awareness of the Scots’ role in the game’s historical development, the installation was an unrivalled success for the Scottish Football Museum (McBrearty). It did, however, very little for the pig. Heads, not Tails In 2002, the pig or rather the head of a pig, bounced and rolled back into football’s limelight. For five years Luis Figo, Portugal’s most capped international player, led FC Barcelona to domestic and European success. In 2000, he had been lured to bitter rivals Real Madrid CF for a then-world record fee of around £37 million (Nash). On his return to the Catalan Camp Nou, wearing the shimmering white of Real Madrid CF, he was showered with beer cans, lighters, bottles and golf balls. Among the objects thrown, a suckling pig’s head chimed a psychological nod to the spear with two sharp ends in William Golding’s story. Play was suspended for sixteen minutes while police tried to quell the commotion (Lowe). In 2009, another pig’s head made its way into football for different reasons. Tightly held in the greasy fingers of an Orlando Pirates fan, it was described as a symbol of the ‘roasting’ his team would give the Kaiser Chiefs. After the game, he and his friend planned to eat their mascot and celebrate victory over their team’s most reviled competitors (Edwards). The game ended in a nil-all draw. Prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it was not uncommon for a range of objects that European fans might find bizarre, to be allowed into South African league matches. They signified luck and good feeling, and in some cases even witchcraft. Cabbages, known locally for their medicinal qualities, were very common—common enough for both sets of fans to take them (Edwards). FIFA, an organisation which has more members than the United Nations (McGregor), impressed their values on the South African Government. The VuVuZela was fine to take to games; indeed, it became a cultural artefact. Very little else would be accepted. Armed with their economy-altering engine, the world’s most watched tournament has a tendency to get what it wants. And the crowd respond accordingly. Incidentally, the ‘Jabulani’—the ball developed for the 2010 tournament—is the most consistent football ever designed. In an exhaustive series of tests, engineers at Loughborough University, England, learned, among other things, the added golf ball-like grooves on its surface made the ball’s flight more symmetrical and more controlled. The Jabulani is more reliable or, if you will, more predictable than any predecessor (Ghosh). Spanish Ham Through support from their Governing body, the Real Federación Española de Fútbol, Spain have built a national side with experience, and an unparalleled number of talented individuals, around the core of the current FC Barcelona club side. Their strength as a team is founded on the bond between those playing on a weekly basis at the Catalan club. Their style has allowed them to create and maintain momentum on the international stage. Victorious in the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship and undefeated in their run through the qualifying stages into the World Cup Finals in South Africa, they were tournament favourites before a Jabulani was rolled into touch. As Tim Parks noted in his New York Review of Books article, “The Shame of the World Cup”, “the Spanish were superior to an extent one rarely sees in the final stages of a major competition” (2010 par. 15). They have a “remarkable ability to control, hold and hide the ball under intense pressure,” and play “a passing game of great subtlety [ ... to] patiently wear down an opposing team” (Parks par. 16). Spain won the tournament having scored fewer goals per game than any previous winner. Perhaps, as Parks suggests, they scored as often as they needed to. They found the net eight times in their seven matches (Fletcher). This was the first time that Spain had won the prestigious trophy, and the first time a European country has won the tournament on a different continent. In this, they have broken the stranglehold of superpowers like Germany, Italy and Brazil. The Spanish brand of passing football is the new benchmark. Beautiful to watch, it has grace, flow and high entertainment value, but seems to lack something of an organic nature: that is, it lacks the chance for things to go wrong. An element of robotic aptitude has crept in. This occurred on a lesser scale across the 2010 FIFA World Cup finals, but it is possible to argue that teams and players, regardless of nation, have become interchangeable, that the world’s best players and the way they play have become identikits, formulas to be followed and manipulated by master tacticians. There was a great deal of concern in early rounds about boring matches. The world’s media focused on an octopus that successfully chose the winner of each of Germany’s matches and the winner of the final. Perhaps, in shaping the ‘most’ perfect ball and the ‘most’ perfect football, the World Cup has become the most predictable of tournaments. In Conclusion The origins of the ball, Orsi’s unrepeatable winner and the swerving free kick, popular for the best part of fifty years, are worth remembering. These issues ask the powers of football to turn back before the game is smothered by the hunt for faultlessness. The unpredictability of the ball goes hand in hand with the game. Its flaws underline its beauty. Football has so much more transformative power than lucrative evolutionary accretion. While the pig’s head was an ugly statement in European football, it is a symbol of hope in its South African counterpart. Either way its removal is a reminder of Golding’s message and the threat of homogeneity; a nod to the absence of the irregular in the modern era. Removing the curve from the free kick echoes the removal of the pig’s bladder from the ball. The fun is in the imperfection. Where will the game go when it becomes indefectible? Where does it go from here? Can there really be any validity in claiming yet another ‘roundest ball ever’? Chip technology will be introduced. The ball’s future replacements will be tracked by satellite and digitally-fed, reassured referees will determine the outcome of difficult decisions. Victory for the passing game underlines the notion that despite technological advancement, the game has changed very little since those pioneering Scotsmen took to the field. Shouldn’t we leave things the way they were? Like the pigs at Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park, the level of improvement seems determined by the level of incentive. The pigs, at least, are playing to feed themselves. Acknowledgments The author thanks editors, Donna Lee Brien and Adele Wessell, and the two blind peer reviewers, for their constructive feedback and reflective insights. The remaining mistakes are his own. References “Adidas unveils Golden Ball for 2006 FIFA World Cup Final” Adidas. 18 Apr. 2006. 23 Aug. 2010 . 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Tudor History 21 Jul. 2010 http://tudorhistory.org/primary/exmary.html>. “The History of the FA.” The FA. 20 Jul. 2010 “World’s Oldest Ball”. World Cup South Africa 2010 Blog. 22 Jul. 2010 . “World’s Oldest Soccer Ball by Charles Goodyear”. 18 Mar. 2010. 20 Jul. 2010 .