Journal articles on the topic 'Cytomegalovirus infections Diagnosis'
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van Zuylen, Wendy J., Stuart T. Hamilton, Zin Naing, Beverly Hall, Antonia Shand, and William D. Rawlinson. "Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention." Obstetric Medicine 7, no. 4 (September 25, 2014): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x14552719.
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Cytomegalovirus is the most common congenital infection causing serious disease in infants. It is the leading infectious cause of sensorineural hearing loss and neurodevelopmental disability in developed countries. Despite the clinical importance of congenital cytomegalovirus, surveys show there is limited awareness and knowledge in the medical and general community about congenital cytomegalovirus infection. This article reviews the clinical features, global epidemiology, transmission and risk factors for cytomegalovirus infections. It also highlights several major advances made in recent years in the diagnosis and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. Although research is ongoing, no therapy is currently proven to prevent or treat maternal, fetal or neonatal cytomegalovirus infection. Education of women regarding hygiene measures can help prevent cytomegalovirus infection and are currently the best strategy to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus disease.
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Aguado, S., E. Gómez, S. Melón, M. de Oña, A. Martínez, and J. Alvarez-Grande. "Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infections." Nephron 57, no. 1 (1991): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000186231.
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Pass, Robert F., and Ravit Arav-Boger. "Maternal and fetal cytomegalovirus infection: diagnosis, management, and prevention." F1000Research 7 (March 1, 2018): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12517.1.
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Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a major cause of central nervous system and sensory impairments that affect cognition, motor function, hearing, language development, vestibular function, and vision. Although the importance of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is readily evident, the vast majority of maternal and fetal infections are not identified, even in developed countries. Multiple studies of prenatal cytomegalovirus infections have produced a body of knowledge that can inform the clinical approach to suspected or proven maternal and fetal infection. Reliable diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy and accurate diagnosis of fetal infection are a reality. Approaches to preventing the transmission of cytomegalovirus from mother to fetus and to the treatment of fetal infection are being studied. There is evidence that public health approaches based on hygiene can dramatically reduce the rate of primary maternal cytomegalovirus infections during pregnancy. This review will consider the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection, the diagnosis and management of primary infection during pregnancy, and approaches to preventing maternal infection.
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N, Singh. "Cytomegalovirus Infection in Organ Transplant Recipients: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment." Virology & Immunology Journal 6, no. 3 (November 4, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000303.
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The most common infectious complication after first month of solid organ transplants is cytomegalovirus (CMV). Both direct such as viral syndrome, hepatitis, pneumonitis, colitis, etc. and indirect consequences such as rejection, infections by other microorganisms and graft dysfunction, are carried on by the virus. Latent infection, active infection, viral syndrome, and invasive disease are the four types of infection that can emerge due to transmission from the transplanted organ, reactivation of latent infection, or after a primary infection in seronegative individuals. Typically, this syndrome appears 30 to 90 days following transplantation. Several antiviral medications, including acyclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, and valganciclovir, are being used for CMV prophylaxis and therapy. Furthermore, these antiviral medications are toxic and have serious adverse effects, including drug resistance, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. We attempted to discuss CMV risk factors, laboratory diagnosis, prevention, treatment and therapeutic in this review study with regard to organ transplantation.
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Kwok, Chun Shing, Kirellos Said Abbas, Adnan I. Qureshi, Duwarakan Satchithananda, and Josip Andelo Borovac. "The Impact of Concomitant Diagnosis of Viral Infections on in-Hospital Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with a Diagnosis of Heart Failure in the United States: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample." Viruses 14, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14112418.
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The impact of viral infections on patients admitted with a diagnosis of heart failure is not well understood. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Inpatient Sample in the United States to evaluate the proportion of admissions with a diagnosis of heart failure and viral infections, and we explored how viral infections had impact on in-hospital mortality and length of stay. There were a total of 20,713,539 admission records with a diagnosis of heart failure included in the analysis and 3.8% had a concomitant diagnosis of viral infection. The mean length of stay was 20.1 ± 26.9 days, 12.9 ± 13.6 days, 12.1 ± 13.8 days, and 5.1 ± 6.5 days for records with a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus, viral meningitis/encephalitis, herpes simplex infection, and no viral infection, respectively. The most common diagnoses of viral infections were influenza (n = 240,260) and chronic viral hepatitis (n = 194,400), and the highest rates of mortality were observed for records with a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (13.2%), acute viral hepatitis (12.5%), and viral meningitis/encephalitis (11.1%). The viral infections significantly associated with increased odds of mortality were cytomegalovirus infection (OR 1.84 95% CI 1.57–2.16), acute hepatitis (OR 1.29 95% CI 1.15–1.45), and HIV (OR 1.22 95% CI 1.11–1.34). In conclusion, viral infections are co-diagnosis in 3.8% of patient records with heart failure and detection of some viruses may be important as they increase mortality and may prolong length of stay in hospital.
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Grunwald, Arkadiusz, Kinga Brzuszkiewicz, Katarzyna Nowak, Małgorzata Satora, Jakub Klas, and Gracjan Rudziński. "Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women - threats, diagnosis and treatment." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 12 (November 18, 2022): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.12.029.
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Cytomegalovirus is one of the most widespread DNA viruses, with 90% of women of childbearing age in Poland infected with it. Infection poses a risk to the mother as well as the fetus, as the virus can cross the placenta and damage the fetus. The purpose of this paper is to review scientific publications from 2017-2022, which describe the course of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women, the risks to the mother and fetus associated with the infection, methods of diagnosing the infection in the pregnant woman and the fetus, as well as treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and directions for vaccine research.
The most common complications of congenital cytomegalovirus infection include hearing loss, mental developmental delays and miscarriage. The infection can be detected in the pregnant woman by immunological testing, while polymerase chain reaction is used in the fetus and newborn. Early detection of infection in a pregnant woman allows the implementation of treatment which includes ganciclovir, valganciclovir, acyclovir and valacyclovir. A vaccine against cytomegalovirus has not been developed. Particularly important in the prevention of infection is to conduct educational activities regarding the routes of transmission of the virus and the consequences of congenital infection for the fetus.
Cytomegalovirus infections among pregnant women. It is important to monitor fetal development and possibly diagnose for congenital CMV infection in case of abnormalities, and the best diagnostic method is polymerase chain reaction testing. For the treatment of congenital CMV infection, acyclovir and valacyclovir are preferred, and therapy should be implemented for specific indications. Attention should be paid to educating women about infections caused by cytomegalovirus.
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Myers, J. B., and D. Amsterdam. "The laboratory diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections." Immunological Investigations 26, no. 3 (January 1997): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08820139709022694.
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Saldan, Alda, Gabriella Forner, Carlo Mengoli, Nadia Gussetti, Giorgio Palù, and Davide Abate. "Testing for Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01868-16.
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ABSTRACT Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection represents a relevant cause of deafness and neurological damage in newborns. Intrauterine CMV transmission might result after primary or nonprimary infections, though at different rates (30% versus 0.2%, respectively). At present, a prenatal diagnosis of CMV infection is based mainly on maternal serology, the detection of CMV-DNA in amniotic fluid and fetal blood, and ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent evidences suggest that congenital CMV infection may be an immune-mediated disease and that evaluation of humoral and especially T-cell immunities may improve the overall prenatal diagnosis. This review summarizes the most recent advancements in the diagnosis of maternal and prenatal CMV infections.
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Basha, James, Jenna M. Iwasenko, and William Rawlinson. "Diagnosis of herpesviruses and approaches to difficult diagnoses." Microbiology Australia 31, no. 3 (2010): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10115.
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Herpesviruses are a ubiquitous family of DNA viruses, with 40?60% of the adult population seropositive for cytomegalovirus (CMV), and more than 90% for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Following primary infection, herpesviruses become latent in the host and may reactivate during periods of immunosuppression, such as in transplant recipients, HIV-positive patients and pregnant women. The clinical course following reactivation presents a screening and diagnostic challenge, particularly as reactivation in immunosuppressed patients may have a clinical presentation consistent with many different infections. For example, CMV pneumonitis produces disease clinically consistent with other viral pneumonias such as influenza infection. It is, therefore, imperative to obtain as relevant and accurate diagnostic information to correctly diagnose herpesvirus infections.
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Grineva, A. A., V. V. Vasiliev, and N. V. Rogozina. "Management of pregnant women with congenital cytomegalovirus and parvovirus infection." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, no. 4 (2021): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-165-169.
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The development of management tactics for pregnant women with congenital infections is the most important medical and social task, since it determines the prognosis and outcome of the disease for the mother and her children. The lack of standardized approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of congenital infectious diseases, as well as the insufficient level of interaction between obstetric and gynecological and infectious diseases services necessitate a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to the early diagnosis and treatment of congenital infectious diseases in the antenatal period. The article presents our own cases of management of pregnant women with congenital cytomegalovirus and parvovirus B19 infections. Key words: pregnancy, diagnosis, infections, treatment, parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus
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Adler, Stuart P. "Screening for Cytomegalovirus during Pregnancy." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/942937.
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The epidemiology and pathogenesis of CMV infections among pregnant women have been intensely studied over the last three decades. This paper highlights recent developments that make either universal or limited serologic screening for CMV during pregnancy potentially attractive. The developments include an understanding of the pathogenesis of CMV infections, a knowledge of high-risk women, the availability of accurate methods for the serologic diagnosis of a primary CMV infection using either single or serial blood samples, accurate methods for the diagnosis of fetal infection via amniotic fluid, sensitive fetal and placental indicators for neonatal outcomes, and the availability of potentially effective interventions.
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Draskovic, Nada, Dragutin Jovanovic, and Nada Kuljic-Kapulica. "Early diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections in organ recipients." Medical review 57, no. 3-4 (2004): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0404133d.
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Introduction Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections and acute rejection of organs are the commonest complications in the early posttransplantation period. Clinical picture of CMV reactivation in organ recipients may have a dramatic course, occasionally even with a fatal outcome. Diagnosis of CMV In order to prevent acute rejection of organs in the posttransplantation period, patients are subjected to immunosuppressive therapy, which sustains reactivation of CMV. Thus, early diagnosis of CMV infections before clinical assay of CMV, is of crucial importance. Early diagnosis allows preventive antiviral therapy. Conventional and contemporary diagnostic tests are presented, with particular review on their interpretation and significance in prevention of CMV infections. Present serologic tests are positive a few weeks after infection, which is late for organ recipients. Cytopathogenic effects characteristic for CMV occur several weeks later. Antigenemia assay is a fast, quantitative test for detection of early CMV antigen pp65. Methods of molecular biology represent the latest innovation in the laboratory diagnosis of posttransplantation CMV infections. However, they have been in use only lately, and therefore their use and significance are still not sufficiently experienced. Standardization is thus required, in order to provide comparison between various diagnostic centres.
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Stojcevic-Maletic, Jelena, Katarina Baculov, Slobodanka Bogdanovic-Vasic, Borko Milanovic, Natasa Vucinic, and Aleksandra Milutinovic. "Comparison of serological and molecular methods in the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections in dialysis patients." Medical review 73, no. 1-2 (2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2002043s.
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Introduction. Cytomegalovirus is the most common cause of infections in the post-transplantation period. A reliable and timely laboratory diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in patients on dialysis and in the post-transplantation period is significant because of the possibility of preventing or mitigating the effects of cytomegalovirus disease. The main objective of this study was to compare serological and molecular polymerase chain reaction methods to determine the presence of cytomegalovirus in the blood of dialysis patients. Material and Methods. The study included 28 dialysis patients, potential renal transplant recipients. All patients were evaluated for the presence of cytomegalovirus in the blood by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method as well as in the serum for the presence of anti-cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G and Immunoglobulin M antibodies. Results. According to the comparative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in dialysis patients, 96.4% were once exposed to the virus, while 7.1% showed current infection not confirmed by polymerase chain reaction test. No statistically significant association was found between the positive finding of anti-cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin M antibodies and the findings of the polymerase chain reaction cytomegalovirus method when Chi-square (?2) and Fisher?s correlation tests were conducted (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Due to 7.1% false positives results for the presence of anti-cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin M antibodies in the serum of immunocompromised dialysis patients, not confirmed by polymerase chain reaction test, serological techniques are not reliable in detecting active cytomegalovirus infection causing positive finding of anti-cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin M, so confirmation of cytomegalovirus deoxyribonucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction method is required.
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Ljungman, P., B. Lonnqvist, G. Gahrton, O. Ringden, and B. Wahren. "Cytomegalovirus-specific lymphocyte proliferation and in vitro cytomegalovirus IgG synthesis for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections after bone marrow transplantation." Blood 68, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.1.108.bloodjournal681108.
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With new techniques 19 bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients were monitored for lymphocyte proliferation and specific IgG production in vitro by cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen in solid phase. Twelve patients got a reactivated CMV infection as defined by virus isolation or serum IgG conversion. Lymphocyte proliferation and in vitro IgG production responses were significantly stronger in these 12 patients than in seven without ongoing CMV infection (P = .02). CMV infection was indicated by the lymphocyte responses at a mean of 45 days after BMT as against a mean of 79 days that passed before CMV growth in culture was detected (P less than .05). Lymphocyte proliferation and in vitro IgG production may thus be used as tools for diagnosis and for monitoring of CMV infections in BMT recipients.
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Jensen, Kai Oliver, Eliane Angst, Franc Heinrich Hetzer, and Christian Gingert. "Acute Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis in an Immunocompetent Host as a Reason for Upper Right Abdominal Pain." Case Reports in Gastroenterology 10, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442972.
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Cytomegalovirus infections are widely distributed with a seroprevalence of up to 100%. The majority of the cases take a silent course or deal with unspecific clinical symptoms. Complications in immunocompetent patients are rare but may affect the liver and lead up to an acute organ failure. In this case report, we describe a 35-year-old immunocompetent female with an acute cytomegalovirus infection presenting as acute hepatitis with ongoing upper right abdominal pain after cholecystectomy. Upper right abdominal pain is a common symptom with a wide range of differential diagnoses. If common reasons can be excluded, we want to sensitize for cytomegalovirus infection as a minor differential diagnosis even in immunocompetent patients.
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Ljungman, P., B. Lonnqvist, G. Gahrton, O. Ringden, and B. Wahren. "Cytomegalovirus-specific lymphocyte proliferation and in vitro cytomegalovirus IgG synthesis for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections after bone marrow transplantation." Blood 68, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.1.108.108.
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Abstract With new techniques 19 bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients were monitored for lymphocyte proliferation and specific IgG production in vitro by cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen in solid phase. Twelve patients got a reactivated CMV infection as defined by virus isolation or serum IgG conversion. Lymphocyte proliferation and in vitro IgG production responses were significantly stronger in these 12 patients than in seven without ongoing CMV infection (P = .02). CMV infection was indicated by the lymphocyte responses at a mean of 45 days after BMT as against a mean of 79 days that passed before CMV growth in culture was detected (P less than .05). Lymphocyte proliferation and in vitro IgG production may thus be used as tools for diagnosis and for monitoring of CMV infections in BMT recipients.
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George, C. R. Robert. "Diagnosis of congenital syphilis and toxoplasmosis." Microbiology Australia 36, no. 4 (2015): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma15065.
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Syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus represent disparate entities. The bacterial spirochaete Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum causes syphilis, the ‘The Great Imitator'; the organism's sole natural host is humans and it remains exquisitely sensitive to penicillin. By contrast, the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis. Infection is usually self-limited, although serious disease can occur in the immunocompromised. Meanwhile, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV; human herpesvirus 5) is a relatively prevalent enveloped DNA betaherpesvirus with infection specific to humans. Despite nomenclatural, ecological and therapeutic disparities, however, these agents exhibit several concordances, including various, and at times, cryptic syndromes in child and often mother; congenital infections with potentially devastating outcomes; diagnostic dilemmas. This article primarily discusses the latter of these issues in relationship to congenital syphilis and toxoplasmosis in the Australian context.
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Charlier, C., C. Henegar, O. Launay, C. Pagnoux, A. Berezné, B. Bienvenu, P. Cohen, L. Mouthon, and L. Guillevin. "Risk factors for major infections in Wegener granulomatosis: analysis of 113 patients." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68, no. 5 (May 26, 2008): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.088302.
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Objective:To characterise major infectious complications and analyse potential risk factors in patients with Wegener granulomatosis (WG).Methods:Data from 113 patients with WG (69 male) followed at least once between January 1984 and March 2006 in our internal medicine department, were analysed retrospectively.Results:A total of 35 patients (mean (SD) age at WG diagnosis: 50.2 (13.05) years) developed 53 major infections. Infections were: bronchopneumonias (n = 19), herpes zoster recurrences (n = 9), cellulitis (n = 4), prostatitis (n = 4), spondylodiscitis and septic arthritis (n = 3), digestive tract infections (n = 2), Enterococcus faecalis or Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia (n = 2), viral hepatitis B reactivations (n = 2), post transfusion HIV infection with fatal cerebral toxoplasmosis, oesophageal candidiasis, disseminated herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus infection, cytomegalovirus retinitis, herpetic keratitis, herpetic stomatitis, Serratia sp. node suppuration and fever resolving under broad spectrum antibiotics (n = 1 each). Half of the major infectious episodes occurred within 3 years after WG diagnosis. Eight (7%) patients died, with two (2%) infection-related deaths. Patients diagnosed with WG before 1996 had a significantly higher rate of infection than those diagnosed later (48% vs 24%, p = 0.02). Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids were independently associated with significantly higher risk of major infection (p<0.05 and <0.001, respectively). All patients treated since 1993 received antipneumocystosis prophylaxis.Conclusion:Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids were associated with higher risk of infection. Despite systematic cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, major infections, mostly bronchopneumonias and herpes zoster recurrences, were still common in the course of WG.
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Lazzarotto, T., B. Guerra, P. Spezzacatena, S. Varani, L. Gabrielli, P. Pradelli, F. Rumpianesi, C. Banzi, L. Bovicelli, and M. P. Landini. "Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 12 (1998): 3540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.12.3540-3544.1998.
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We report here the results of a study on the prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The study was carried out by both PCR and virus isolation from amniotic fluid (AF) for 82 pregnant women at risk of transmitting CMV for the detection of (i) seroconversion to CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) positivity during the first trimester of pregnancy, (ii) symptomatic CMV infection in the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy or intrauterine growth retardation detected by ultrasound or abnormal ultrasonographic findings suggestive of fetal infections, and (iii) seropositivity for CMV-specific IgM. For 50 women, fetal blood (FB) was also obtained and tests for antigenemia and PCR were performed. The results indicate that AF is better than FB for the prenatal diagnosis of CMV infection. PCR with AF has a sensitivity (SNS) of 100%, a specificity (SPE) of 83.3%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 40%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%; rapid virus isolation with the same material has an SNS of 50%, an SPE of 100%, a PPV of 100%, and an NPV of 94.7%. Fewer than 10% of the women positive for IgM by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) had a congenitally infected fetus or newborn infant. When EIA IgM positivity was confirmed by Western blotting (WB) and the WB profile was considered, the percent transmission detected among women with an “at-risk” profile was higher than that observed among IgM-positive women and was the same as that among women who seroconverted during the first trimester of pregnancy (transmission rates of 29 and 25%, respectively).
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García-Padilla, Paola, Kateir Contreras, Paola Parra Serrano, Natalia Sánchez Leon, and Oscar Lucero Pantoja. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cytomegalovirus Colitis in a Renal Transplant Patient: A Case Report." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 232470962211392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096221139269.
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Chronic diarrhea is a common reason for consultation in renal transplant patients. Cytomegalovirus infection is the cause of chronic diarrhea of infectious origin in 50% of cases, but coinfection with tuberculosis is rare. We present the case of a renal transplant patient with chronic diarrhea, with a finding of left colon colitis and positive microbiological studies in biopsy for tuberculosis and cytomegalovirus. The patient received valganciclovir and anti-tubercular treatment with adequate evolution. Immunosuppressed patients may have diarrhea secondary to opportunistic infections; therefore, an algorithm for early diagnosis and treatment is recommended.
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Revello, Maria Grazia, and Giuseppe Gerna. "Diagnosis and implications of human cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 11, no. 3 (August 1999): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539599000327.
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Early this century, the term cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID) was used to designate the cellular changes characterized by enlargement and typical intranuclear inclusions observed in tissues of fetuses and infants with a fatal illness. In 1957, Smith and Weller et al, identified the causative agent of CID, which was named cytomegalovirus (CMV) by Weller in 1960. By 1971, it was clear that congenital human CMV (HCMV) infection was an important health problem. Since then, many advances have been made in the diagnosis, therapy, and knowledge of the epidemiology of congenital HCMV infection. However, most of these improvements, particularly those concerning diagnostic technologies and development of antiviral drugs, have been the result of the powerful effort to reduce the devastating impact of HCMV infections in AIDS and transplanted patients. Indeed, it is disappointing to observe that in the year 2000 CID does still occur, that HCMV is still recognized as the leading cause of congenital infection and the leading infectious cause of mental retardation and deafness, and, most important, that no active prevention is available for seronegative women. Moreover, because of the limited possibilities of prophylaxis and treatment, and the misuse of the currently available serologic assays, the issue of whether the determination of HCMV antibody status for women of childbearing age is justified has become a matter of debate.
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Mayangsari, Citra Primavita, and Perez Wahyu Purnasari. "Seorang Anak Laki-Laki dengan Kolestasis, Cytomegalovirus dan Anemia: Laporan Kasus." CoMPHI Journal: Community Medicine and Public Health of Indonesia Journal 2, no. 1 (August 21, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37148/comphijournal.v2i1.37.
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Introduction: Cholestasis can cause obstruction of substances that should be secreted into the duodenum for further digestive process. Causes of intrahepatic cholestasis in children less than 2 months of age include idiopathic neonatal hepatitis; infections such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), toxoplasmosis, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), sepsis; and metabolic disorders, resulting from long-term administration of Total Parenteral Nutrition, and part of a syndrome. The infection can be transmitted either vertically or horizontally. Objective: This case report aims to determine congenital infections that can occur in children during pregnancy. Method: This study is a case report that applies a descriptive observational method about a 2.5-month-old boy being treated at Dr. Kariadi Semarang with a diagnosis of cholestasis, cytomegalovirus, normochromic microcytic anemia. Data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Results and discussion: This case report explains that transmission of CMV infection can occur from mother to fetus during pregnancy, thus causing congenital infection. This infection becomes a chronic infection in children, thus affecting Hb levels in the blood and causing anemia. Examination of bilirubin, liver enzymes, and ultrasound of the abdomen confirmed the diagnosis of cholestasis. A head CT scan and ABR test are important for long-term monitoring. Conclusion: Infections that occur in patients due to cytomegalovirus may be acquired intrauterine. Complete investigations are needed to establish the diagnosis, so that appropriate therapy can be given. Long-term monitoring is important for the presence of intracranial calcifications as well as hearing loss.
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Razonable, Raymund R., Naoki Inoue, Swetha G. Pinninti, Suresh B. Boppana, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Liliana Gabrielli, Giuliana Simonazzi, Philip E. Pellett, and D. Scott Schmid. "Clinical Diagnostic Testing for Human Cytomegalovirus Infections." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_1 (March 5, 2020): S74—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz601.
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Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are among the most common complications arising in transplant patients, elevating the risk of various complications including loss of graft and death. HCMV infections are also responsible for more congenital infections worldwide than any other agent. Congenital HCMV (cCMV) infections are the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss and a source of significant neurological disabilities in children. While there is overlap in the clinical and laboratory approaches to diagnosis of HCMV infections in these settings, the management, follow-up, treatment, and diagnostic strategies differ considerably. As yet, no country has implemented a universal screening program for cCMV. Here, we summarize the issues, limitations, and application of diagnostic strategies for transplant recipients and congenital infection, including examples of screening programs for congenital HCMV that have been implemented at several centers in Japan, Italy, and the United States.
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Bisno, Alan L. "Acute Pharyngitis: Etiology and Diagnosis." Pediatrics 97, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.6.949.
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Acute pharyngitis may be caused by a wide variety of microbial agents (Table 1). The relative importance of each of these agents varies greatly depending on a number of epidemiologic factors, including age of the patient, season of the year, and geographic locale. Viruses Most cases of acute pharyngitis are viral in etiology and involve the pharynx as well as other portions of the respiratory tract as manifestations of the common cold, influenza, or croup. Examples include the rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza A and B, and the parainfluenza viruses. Certain viral infections causing sore throat may exhibit clinical manifestations that are rather distinctive. Examples include enteroviruses (herpangina due to Coxsackie A), Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus (cytomegalovirus mononucleosis), adenovirus (pharyngoconjunctival fever, acute respiratory disease of military recruits), and herpes simplex virus (pharyngitis, gingivitis, and stomatitis). In many instances, however, the illnesses caused by these agents may overlap so broadly with that of streptococcal pharyngitis as to be clinically indistinguishable. Thus, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, and herpes virus may all cause fever, exudative pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis. Several studies have documented the role of primary herpesvirus type 1 infection as a cause of acute pharyngitis in college students.1-4 Herpesvirus type 2 can occasionally cause a similar illness as a consequence of oral-genital sexual contact.5 Although herpesvirus infections may involve the anterior oral cavity (vesicular or ulcerative gingivostomatitis) as well as the posterior pharynx, they do not routinely do so. Only about one-fourth of students with culturally and serologically proven primary herpes simplex type 1 pharyngitis studied by Glezen et al,2 for example, had gingivostomatitis.
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Shkarin, Vyacheslav V., Nikolai V. Saperkin, and Olga V. Kovalishena. "Role of opportunistic infections in the formation of complex comorbidity." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 24, no. 5-6 (December 21, 2019): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid34807.
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This review presents critical insights into the clinical and epidemiological aspects of participation of various causative agents of opportunistic infections in the formation of complex comorbidity in humans. Clinical and epidemiological aspects are important components of complex comorbidity due to wide occurrence, causing negative impact on human health and population reproduction. The data on the relative incidence of mono- and concurrent-infections are heterogeneous. The causative agents of opportunistic infections can persist in the human body, cause latent endogenous infections, and engage in intracellular parasitism. A high level of circulation of opportunistic infections pathogens creates the conditions for atypical forms of multisystemic pathology. Broad clinical polymorphism and low specificity cause untimely diagnosis. Low tension of anti-infection immunity is associated with the low protective activity of pathogens and mosaicism of antigens. Examples of complex comorbidity with the involvement of herpes viruses can be a combination of EpsteinBarr virus and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, cytomegalovirus and infectious mononucleosis and a combination with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b. The combination of cytomegalovirus infection can occur with either one infectious disease or multiple ones (for example, metapneumovirus infection, S. pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, and H. influenzae). Mycoplasmosis can have a course of specific polyetiological infections in combination with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. The authors also paid attention to the manifestation forms of pneumocystosis in the impairment of the immune status of the body (combination with toxoplasmosis, blastocystosis, etc.). The possibility of association of blastocysts with Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Lamblia intestinalis has been shown, and the roles of anisacidosis and chlamydial infection in the formation of complex comorbidity are also discussed. Complex comorbidity requires increased attention to diagnosis, assessment of epidemiological determinants, and the organization of epidemiological studies for its analysis.
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Gerna, Giuseppe, Maurizio Zavattoni, Elena Percivalle, Davide Zella, Maria Torsellini, and M. Grazia Revello. "Diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus infections in the immunocompromised host." Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 5, no. 2-3 (May 1996): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-0197(96)00219-x.
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Supit, Brigita. "Infeksi TORCH Maternal dan Kongenital." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 48, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i9.1499.
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<p>Infeksi perinatal secara kolektif disebut infeksi TORCH untuk toksoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HSV, dan organisme lainnya seperti HIV, parvovirus B19, enterovirus, EBV, VZV, virus hepatitis B, virus hepatitis C, campak, adenovirus, virus Zika, dan Treponema pallidum. Infeksi dapat asimptomatis atau menyebabkan gejala minor pada ibu; namun merupakan penyebab mortalitas fetal dan neonatal yang signifikan dan merupakan kontributor penting untuk morbiditas pada anak-anak. Diagnosis infeksi perinatal berpusat pada dua hal, yaitu identifikasi infeksi maternal akut (terutama infeksi primer) dan verifikasi keterlibatan fetus atau neonatus.</p><p>Perinatal infections are collectively named TORCH infections, for toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HSV, and other organisms such as HIV, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, EBV, VZV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, measles, adenovirus, and Treponema pallidum. Those infections may be silent or cause only minor symptoms in the mother; however, are significant causesof fetal and neonatalmortality and important contributors to childhood morbidity. Diagnosis of perinatal infection centerson two issues, which are identification of acute maternal infection (particularly primary infection) and verification of fetus or newborn involvement.</p>
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Arcos, Marisa, Juan Arias Deidán, Bolívar Adrián Carrera Vélez, Esteban Renato Vivar Chica, Guido Andrés Toral Sánchez, Galo Fernando Tulcanaza Ochoa, Genaro Daniel Vásquez Moscoso, and José Martín Abad Fernández de Córdova. "Caso Clínico: Paciente VIH positivo con Coroideoretinits por Citomegalovirus." Revista Médica del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14410/2020.12.1.cc.09.
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BACKGROUND: CMV retinitis is a viral opportunistic ocular infection that affects more frequent-ly HIV positive- AIDS patients. HIV virus infects cells that express CD4, like: lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells; as a consequence the patient gets immunosuppressed, increasing its susceptibility to opportunist infections. CMV retinitis is the most frequent cause of opportunist infections in AIDS patients; but only 8% of the patients present with CMV retinitis a an initial sign. CASE REPORT: 26 year old male patient, being evaluated for fever of unknown origin, was diagnosed of HIV infection. Complementary tests showed CMV positive PCR test. At the oph-thalmological examination a perimacular exudate was evident on the right eye, the patient was asymptomatic at the moment of the diagnosis. EVOlUTION: After being diagnosed of HIV infection and CMV retinitis, patient started taking HAART and Valganciclovir. The ourtcome was good, perimacular exudate disappeared in pos-terior follow up. CONClUSIONS: CMV retinitis is frequent in HIV-AIDS patients. Sometimes the patients are asymptomatic, or missing diagnosis of HIV, therefore it is important to standarize early detection and treatment measures, to improve life quality for this patients. KEYWORDS: RETINITIS, CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, HIV, AIDS
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Therese-Mary William. "Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Management-New Insights." Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2021.1.2.0013.
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Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of major public health concerns and one of the most frequent congenital infections worldwide. Congenital CMV infection is under-diagnosed in the majority of asymptomatic pregnant women due to its self-limited non-specific symptoms and unimplemented screening program. Primary CMV infections are associated with the highest in-utero transmission at estimated rates of 30–35%. Transmission rate occurs less frequently in secondary CMV maternal infections at approximately 1.1–1.7%. Congenital CMV infection can also go undetected at birth because the affected newborns are often asymptomatic, however, they manifest serious morbidities later in life. There are growing evidences that early diagnosis and treatment of newborns with congenital CMV infection can reduce sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and the subsequent long-term neurological and developmental disabilities. There is also increased interest in establishing a prophylactic CMV vaccine that can protect seronegative mothers from primary infection and augment the immune response in seropositive women, in order to prevent CMV reactivation or re-infection. Studies show that liquid-saliva polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has high sensitivity “100%" it is more advantageous than Dried blood spots (DBS) in detecting congenital CMV infection and it can be used to screen newborns in the first 3 weeks. Suggestive strategies to reduce the burden of congenital CMV disease are; establishing a screening programme for pregnant mothers, developing prophylactic CMV vaccine, early therapeutic intervention in pregnant women and newborns and use Saliva PCR assay as a new method for neonatal CMV screening.
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Liskina, I. V., O. D. Nikolaieva, O. O. Melnyk, and L. M. Zahaba. "Challenges in the morphological diagnostics of infectious lung diseases among HIV-infected patients: a case-series study." Zaporozhye Medical Journal 23, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2021.2.228772.
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HIV-infection is a long-term infectious disease, characterized by deterioration of the immune system and it is often complicated by the development of opportunistic diseases, mainly of infectious origin. HIV-associated infections become generalized in the late stages of the disease and often may combine, that makes challenges in the diagnosis of these diseases. Differential morphological diagnosis of HIV-associated lung infections is quite complex. Most frequently, there is the need to differentiate between tuberculosis, bacterial or septic pneumonia, cytomegalovirus lung lesions, and deep mycoses. The aim. To demonstrate the expediency and necessity to apply special complex morphological methods in HIV-infected patients with secondary lung lesions using the series of clinical cases as an example. Materials and methods. The case series consisted of 7 cases with discordance between the clinical-radiologic, laboratory data and histological conclusions. Of these, there were 5 cases of life-time and 2 autopsy diagnoses. All the clinical and laboratory data of these cases were retrospectively analyzed, and a number of additional special histological examinations were performed. The Ziehl–Neelsen and fluorescent methods, Gomori–Grocot and alcian blue-PAS staining as well as immunohistochemical examinations were used for the detection of mycobacterial antigens with different antibodies to M. tuberculosis. Results. The case series of initial morphological misdiagnosis or indeterminate histological diagnosis was revealed among hospitalized HIV-infected patients. Clinical data did not provide an accurate diagnosis of pulmonary pathology. According to the traditional histological examination, a tuberculous process was diagnosed in 3 cases, a chronic granulomatous process – in 2 cases, but without specifying the etiology. In two cases of autopsy, pneumocystis pneumonia was suspected in combination with other infections. Additional morphological examination with using 2–6 special methods made it possible to determine the correct diagnosis. In 2 cases of provisional diagnosis of tuberculosis, invasive cryptococcosis and “pneumonia in a drug user” were revealed. Cryptococcosis and pneumocystis pneumonia were detected in 2 cases with an unspecified process. In the autopsy cases, the diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia was ruled out, while viral-bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis associated with cytomegalovirus infection were detected. Conclusions. The presented factual material demonstrates the principal importance of using a comprehensive morphological examination in cases of lung inflammatory processes in HIV-infected patients. Clinical patient data, namely HIV-status at the time of diagnostic procedures as well as radiological and microbiological findings serve as a substantial aid in the diagnosis.
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Marlina, Erni, Ali Yusran, and Zohra Nazaruddin. "Diagnosis dan tatalaksana nyeri pada rongga mulut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus herpes Diagnosis and management of pain in oral cavity caused by herpes virus infection." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v11i1.291.
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There are 80 types of known herpes virus, 8 of them can cause infection on humans. They are herpes simplex virus(HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes virus (HHV6) Aand B, and paramyxovirus. HSV1, HSV2, and VZV are the virus known to cause oral mucosal diseases. This paperaims to review and discuss orofacial pain caused by herpes virus infection. Detail anamnesis about prodromal signand symptom with clinical features that vesicles, labial and intraoral lesions, and unilateral distribution of lesionsare characterized oral herpes virus infections. It can be concluded that detailed anamnesis and an understandingabout oral clinical sign and symptom may confirm diagnosis of herpes virus infections.
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Reddy, Neelima, and C. Mel Wilcox. "Diagnosis & management of cytomegalovirus infections in the GI tract." Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1, no. 2 (December 2007): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17474124.1.2.287.
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Ison, M. G. "Editorial Commentary: Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Cytomegalovirus Infections: An Imperfect Science." Clinical Infectious Diseases 57, no. 11 (August 15, 2013): 1560–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit524.
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Parmigiani, Silvana Varella, Ricardo Barini, Sandra Cecília Botelho Costa, Eliana Amaral, José Carlos Gama da Silva, and João Luiz de Carvalho Pinto e Silva. "Accuracy of the serological ELISA test compared with the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 121, no. 3 (2003): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802003000300002.
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CONTEXT: The most frequently used methods for detecting antibodies are the indirect immunofluorescence test and the enzymatic immunoassay (ELISA). The polymerase chain reaction is a molecular biology technique in which the production of large amounts of specific DNA fragments is induced from very low concentrations of complex substrates aloowing the detection of very low amounts of viral particles. OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of serological/ELISA tests in comparison with the polymerase chain reaction in maternal blood to diagnose cytomegalovirus infection. DESIGN: A descriptive study was performed. SETTING: High-risk outpatient clinic of Campinas University (Unicamp). PARTICIPANTS: We selected 243 pregnant women. All of them had been indicated for blood sampling because of suspicions of cytomegalovirus infection and also because of other infections. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The group was tested for cytomegalovirus. Serological tests were run and compared to the polymerase chain reaction, which was considered to be the gold standard. Status analyses were done using Fisher's exact test, via the SAS software. RESULTS: The previous cytomegalovirus infection rate was 94.6%. The main reasons for inclusion in the study were fetal nervous system malformation (25.5%), maternal toxoplasmosis (25.5%) and Rh isoimmunization (14.8%). Only two women were included because of positive serological immunoglobulin M test for cytomegalovirus. The sensitivity and specificity of the serological tests were 94% and 6% for immunoglobulin G. CONCLUSION: Serological tests had lower sensitivity in comparison with the polymerase chain reaction test when diagnosing cytomegalovirus infection. The consequences of positive polymerase chain reaction and negative immunoglobulin M in women remain unknown.
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Dvaranauskaitė, Lina, Daiva Vėlyvytė, Virginija Kurklietytė, Antanas Gumbelevičius, Evaldas Keleras, Alvydas Laiškonis, and Auksė Mickienė. "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and opportunistic infections." Medicina 45, no. 11 (November 11, 2009): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina45110119.
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This article presents a clinical case of late diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus retinitis of right eye in a 32-year-old patient who was unaware of her HIV status. In addition, this article reviews the literature reflecting clinical, diagnostic, and treatment issues of some opportunistic infections in AIDS.
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Carvalho, Ana Araújo, Cláudia B. Silva, Maria Luísa Martins, and Gonçalo Cassiano Santos. "Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in twin pregnancy." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 7 (July 2021): e242712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242712.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the preeminent congenital viral infections, and despite its potential morbidity, uncertainty about its physiopathology, prevention and treatment remains until now. We report a case of a dichorionic and diamniotic twin pregnancy in which only one of the fetus had signs of being affected. The first twin had prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction and hyperechogenic bowel, attributable to CMV infection, while there was no evidence of infection of the second one. Prenatal treatment was done with maternal administration of valacyclovir and postnatal treatment of the infected newborn with oral valganciclovir with normal neurodevelopment assessment at 12 months corrected age. In this case, maternal CMV infection was not equally transmitted to both fetuses, suggesting that there may be intrinsic fetal and placental factors influencing both transmission and the clinical features of the infection.
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Vivekanandan, Vatsan, Kunjumani Sobhanakumari, Athira Mohan, Machiyanickel Celine, and Rony Mathew. "A rare intruder in genital ulcer: A clinical dilemma." Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2 (April 17, 2020): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jsstd_6_2020.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients causing both systemic and cutaneous manifestations with significant morbidity and mortality. CMV infection is an important differential diagnosis of genital ulcer in immunosuppressed patients which needs prompt diagnosis and treatment as it could imply systemic involvement. Polymerase chain reaction is the diagnostic test of choice. Ganciclovir and valganciclovir are the preferred drugs administered according to the severity of disease.
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Manicklal, Sheetal, Vincent C. Emery, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Suresh B. Boppana, and Ravindra K. Gupta. "The “Silent” Global Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00062-12.
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SUMMARYHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of congenital infections worldwide. In the developed world, following the virtual elimination of circulating rubella, it is the commonest nongenetic cause of childhood hearing loss and an important cause of neurodevelopmental delay. The seroprevalence of CMV in adults and the incidence of congenital CMV infection are highest in developing countries (1 to 5% of births) and are most likely driven by nonprimary maternal infections. However, reliable estimates of prevalence and outcome from developing countries are not available. This is largely due to the dogma that maternal preexisting seroimmunity virtually eliminates the risk for sequelae. However, recent data demonstrating similar rates of sequelae, especially hearing loss, following primary and nonprimary maternal infection have underscored the importance of congenital CMV infection in resource-poor settings. Although a significant proportion of congenital CMV infections are attributable to maternal primary infection in well-resourced settings, the absence of specific interventions for seronegative mothers and uncertainty about fetal prognosis have discouraged routine maternal antibody screening. Despite these challenges, encouraging results from prototype vaccines have been reported, and the first randomized phase III trials of prenatal interventions and prolonged postnatal antiviral therapy are under way. Successful implementation of strategies to prevent or reduce the burden of congenital CMV infection will require heightened global awareness among clinicians and the general population. In this review, we highlight the global epidemiology of congenital CMV and the implications of growing knowledge in areas of prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and management for both low (50 to 70%)- and high (>70%)-seroprevalence settings.
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ZHUMALINA, Akmaral K., Balash T. TUSUPKALIEV, Yuliya A. ZAME, Lyudmila V. VOLOSHINA, and Klara B. DARZHANOVA. "CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEWBORN ADAPTATION BORN FROM MOTHERS WITH INTRAUTERINE INFECTION." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 34 (March 20, 2020): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n34.2020.680_p34_pgs_656_666.pdf.
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Today about 40 % of babies are infected with intrauterine infections. The immune statuses of children during the neonatal period are largely associated with the patterns of pregnancies in their mothers. This work aimed to study clinical and immunological features in newborns of mothers with intrauterine infection. 48 infants were observed. Neonates were divided into two groups: group 1 – 33 newborns from mothers infected with cytomegalovirus infection, group 2 – 15 children from healthy mothers. The diagnosis of intrauterine infection verifizierung the basis of survey questionnaire for pregnant women, outpatient data of pregnant women and neonates, serologic study, PCR, ELISA, and the cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Somatic and obstetric and gynecological history of mothers was thoroughly collected and the risk factors for the development of complications in the early period of adaptation were assessed. The result of the study revealed that the structure of risk factors in pregnant women with intrauterine infections is of great importance the age of 30 years, genital and extragenital pathology during pregnancy, spontaneous abortions and non-developing pregnancy, abortion. Associated viral infections (CMV, Cytomegalovirus) predominate in the structure of congenital infection. The analysis indicates significantly burdened perinatal anamnesis in children infectious factors and factors of perinatal hypoxia. The leading clinical symptoms for intrauterine infections among the examined children are in the early neonatal period prematurity asphyxia, urinary symptoms, late neonatal period differ polymorphism symptomatic. In this period reveals a specific organ of the Central nervous system. In newborns with intrauterine infections observed inhibition of immunological indicators (CD4+, Cd8+, Cd 19+).
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Griffiths, Paul D. "Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7: Diseases and Diagnosis in Transplantation." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 4, suppl c (1993): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/137626.
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Similarities and differences in the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) infections are reviewed. Several distinct laboratory methods have been described for each virus. For CMV in immunocompromised patients, infection is best diagnosed by identifying active infection using routine surveillance cultures. Patients with active infection can then be entered into trials of suppressive therapy (where virus excretion is from the urine or saliva) or pre-emptive therapy (where excretion is detected systemically). For HHV-6 and HHV-7, only anecdotal cases of associations with disease in immunocompromised patients have been reported. Recommendations cannot therefore be made about appropriate diagnostic strategies or about treatment since it is not clear if these viruses are pathogens or passengers.
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Amanati, Ali, Nader Shakibazad, Bahman Pourabbas, Mohammad Hossein Nowroozzadeh, Soheila Zareifar, and Omid Reza Zekavat. "Acute Progressive Visual Loss in a Case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Challenges in the Utility of Molecular Tests in Early Diagnose of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis." Case Reports in Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2840707.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is one of the rare but debilitating presentations of the CMV infection in children with leukemia. Herein, we report a 12-year-old boy with acute myeloid leukemia complicated by rapid progressive visual loss during relapse of leukemia. The definite diagnosis of CMV retinitis was made after vitreous aspiration. Despite prompt treatment and ophthalmologic intervention, he died because of AML relapse. Viral infections, especially cytomegalovirus infection, may present with vague clinical pictures during any time of chemotherapy, which may not be easily distinguishable from bacterial or fungal retinitis and also chemotherapy-induced retinopathies. Clinician should consider CMV retinitis in seropositive patients especially those without detectable viremia.
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Galbraith, John, Jutta K. Preiksaitis, Sandra Czekanski, Mark J. Poznansky, and Mohamed Hirji. "Successful Management of Sequential Pulmonary Infections in a Cardiac Transplant Recipient." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (1990): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1990/361692.
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A case of a cardiac allograft recipient who had an initial combined pulmonary infection with cytomegalovirus,Aspergillus fumigatusandNocardia asteroides,successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B and sulfisoxazole and followed by an episode of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis, is presented. This case illustrates the role of computed tomographic imaging in the recognition, diagnosis and monitoring of complex opportunistic pulmonary infections and the benefits of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of aspergillosis.
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Numazaki, Kei, and Shunzo Chiba. "Current aspects of diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in infants." Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 8, no. 3 (November 1997): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0197(97)10005-8.
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Revello, Maria Grazia, Maurizio Zavattoni, Milena Furione, Daniele Lilleri, Giovanna Gorini, and Giuseppe Gerna. "Diagnosis and Outcome of Preconceptional and Periconceptional Primary Human Cytomegalovirus Infections." Journal of Infectious Diseases 186, no. 4 (August 15, 2002): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/341831.
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Apostolopoulou, Anna, and Jay A. Fishman. "The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8111167.
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Pneumocystis jiroveci remains an important fungal pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. The environmental reservoir remains unknown. Pneumonia (PJP) results from airborne transmission, including in nosocomial clusters, or with reactivation after an inadequately treated infection. Pneumocystis pneumonia most often occurs within 6 months of organ transplantation, with intensified or prolonged immunosuppression, notably with corticosteroids and following cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Infection may be recognized during recovery from neutropenia and lymphopenia. Invasive procedures may be required for early diagnosis and therapy. Despite being a well-established entity, aspects of the pathogenesis of PJP remain poorly understood. The goal of this review is to summarize the data on the pathogenesis of PJP, review the strengths and weaknesses of the pertinent diagnostic modalities, and discuss areas for future research.
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Goh, William, and Lynnae Sauvage. "CMV Infection in Pregnancy." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 1 (2010): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1128.
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Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common and serious congenital infection affecting between 1 to 4% of newborns. Congenital infections can occur after both primary and recurrent maternal infections and are the major cause of childhood deafness, visual impairment, mental retardation and motor spastic or convulsive syndromes. Ultrasound findings including IUGR, ventriculomegaly, brain and hepatic and bowel calcifications, polyhydramnios, hydrops fetalis and pleural effusions are helpful and can aid in the prenatal diagnosis and followup of congenital CMV infection. CMV hyperimmunoglobulin is safe, and may be an effective treatment to minimize the morbidity and mortality of fetal CMV disease. There is ongoing research into the development of an effective vaccine for the prevention of CMV infection during pregnancy. Objectives Understand why CMV is an important cause of congenital injections Understand the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of intrauterine CMV infections Understand the possible treatment options for a fetus infected with CMV
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Denisenko, V. B., and E. M. Simovanyan. "Clinical and immunological characteristic of children with congenital infections and perinatal HIV contact, considering their HIV status." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 65, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-3-78-83.
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Relevance. The study of the etiological structure, clinical features of congenital infections and the immune status of children with perinatal HIV contact will help to improve the program for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases.Objective. To characterize the clinical features of congenital infections and changes in the immune system in children with perinatal HIV contact, taking into account their HIV status.Methods. A clinical, serological, molecular genetic, cytological, immunological examination of 203 children with perinatal HIV contact, including 91 HIV-positive patients and 112 HIV-negative patients.Results. Congenital infections were diagnosed in 43.3% of children with perinatal HIV contact. They were characterized by a predominance of cytomegalovirus (30%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (14.3%) in the etiological structure; those infections proceeded as a mono-infection (61.4%) or in a localized form (52.5%). In the group of HIV-positive children, congenital infections developed in 68.1% of patients. In most cases congenital infections were caused by cytomegalovirus (45.1%), herpes simplex virus (6.6%) and bacteria (11%); they proceeded as an associated infection (46.8%), and in a clinically manifest localized (61.3%) and generalized forms (33.9%). The clinical features of congenital infections in HIV-infected children were associated with more significant disorders in the immune system, especially in T-cell link.Conclusion. The revealed clinical and immunological features of congenital infections in children with perinatal HIV contact must be considered during diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive procedures.
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Yanko, N. V., L. F. Kaskova, I. Yu Vashchenko, S. Ch Novikova, and O. S. Pavlenkova. "ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2020.11.
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Viral diseases with oral manifestations are common in the practice of pedodontist, however, sometimes their diagnosis is complicated due to the similar clinical manifestations. A huge number of viruses are present in oral cavity, especially from Herpesviridae family, however, the most of them are asymptomatic. Cold, systemic diseases and stress provoke the activation of viruses with different clinical manifestations. Therefore, a dentist can be the first who diagnoses not only herpetic gingivostomatitis, but also other viral diseases.
The aim of the article was to analyse the oral manifestations of viral diseases in children in order to optimize their diagnostics.
This article analyses clinical cases and reviews of diseases in English in Google database from 2011 to May 2020 (and earlier publications) by
Keywords:
«herpetic gingivostomatitis», «recurrent aphthous stomatitis», «oral manifestations of infectious mononucleosis», «herpetic angina», «oral manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection», «recurrent herpetic gingivostomatitis», «oral manifestations of varicella virus», «oral manifestations of herpes zoster», «roseola infantum», «herpangina», «hand, foot and mouth disease», «oral manifestations of measles», «rubella», «oral manifestations of papillomavirus», and «oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus».
Viruses which have oral manifestations were characterized by transmission. Mostly airborne viruses are represented by Herpesviridae family. The differential diagnosis of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis includes recurrent aphthous stomatitis which forms ulcers on non-keratinised oral mucosa without a vesicle phase. Recurrent herpetic infection doesn’t have difficulties in diagnostics, but could be complicated by erythema multiform with clear target lesions. Vesicles, erosions in oral cavity associated with vesicles on hear part of head help to distinguish chickenpox from herpetic infection. Compared to Herpes simplex virus infection, Herpes zoster has a longer duration, a more severe prodromal phase, unilateral vesicles and ulceration, with abrupt ending at the midline and postherpetic neuralgia. Roseola is characterized by small papules on skin and palate which appears when severe fever in prodromal period subsides and disappears after 1-2 days. Oral vesicles associated with foot and hand rush differentiate enterovirus stomatitis from chickenpox and roseola. The distribution of the lesions of herpangina (palate, tonsils) differentiates it from primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, which affects the gingivae.
Comparing with roseola and rubella, measles has a bigger size of rush and specific oral localization on buccal mucosa. Mild fever and skin rush which appears on face and extensor surfaces of body and extremities help to distinguish rubella from measles and roseola.
Viruses transmitted through biological liquids are represented in oral cavity by infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus. The vesicles and ulcers on the tonsils and posterior pharynx in case of these infections can resemble herpetic stomatitis, but liver and spleen enlargement allows to exclude this diagnose; also cytomegalovirus erosions heal for long time. Cervical lymphoadenopathy differentiates them from herpetic angina. Laboratory diagnostics is based on detection of antibodies to virus or virus DNA in blood helps to make diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infections.
Viruses transmitted through direct contact with mucosa and biological liquids represented by human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HPV in oral cavity represent by benign epithelial hyperplasia which might persist and transform to malignant. Therefore, histological examination plays important role in diagnostics of HPV.
Oral manifestations such as candidiasis, herpes labialis, and aphthous stomatitis represent some of the first signs of HIV immunodeficiency. Oral lesions also associated with HIV in children are oral hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Rapid necrotization and long-term healing of oral lesions help to suspect HIV and prescribe the blood test for the detection of antibodies to the virus.
Oral mucosa is often the first to be affected by viral infections. A thorough anamnesis and examination is the key to accurate diagnostics of the most oral viral lesions and their adequate treatment. Biopsy, examination of antibodies to the virus in the blood or polymeraze-chain reaction to the virus in the bioptate or blood are performed in case of diagnostic difficulties. Laboratory methods had to use more widely for the diagnostics of recurrent or unclear lesions of the oral mucosa in children.
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Kholodnova, N. V., L. N. Mazankova, A. A. Volter, I. E. Turina, A. L. Rossina, O. Yu Brunova, and L. M. Makarova. "The modern view of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical observations." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 19, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2020-19-4-58-63.
Full textAbstract:
Тhis work is a continuation of the literature review «The modern view of congenital cytomegalovirus infection» and is devoted to the clinical cases. Particular attention is paid to the severity of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CCMVI), as well as the its clinical variability, including developmental anomalies. The variety of clinical forms requires a wide range of examinations to identify all this infection manifestations in a newborn child and children in the first months of life, as well as the doctors alertness regarding the timely diagnosis of intrauterine infections based on the existing clinical features. The presented cases demonstrate the CCMVI clinical manifestations: the «classical» generalized manifest form, with a specific clinical, laboratory and instrumental findings, the severe generalized CCMVI with kidney congenital malformation and postnatal development of congenital cataract.
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Revello, Maria Grazia, and Giuseppe Gerna. "Diagnosis and Management of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Mother, Fetus, and Newborn Infant." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 4 (October 2002): 680–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.4.680-715.2002.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infection and mental retardation. HCMV infection, while causing asymptomatic infections in most immunocompetent subjects, can be transmitted during pregnancy from the mother with primary (and also recurrent) infection to the fetus. Hence, careful diagnosis of primary infection is required in the pregnant woman based on the most sensitive serologic assays (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and IgG avidity assays) and conventional virologic and molecular procedures for virus detection in blood. Maternal prognostic markers of fetal infection are still under investigation. If primary infection is diagnosed in a timely manner, prenatal diagnosis can be offered, including the search for virus and virus components in fetal blood and amniotic fluid, with fetal prognostic markers of HCMV disease still to be defined. However, the final step for definite diagnosis of congenital HCMV infection is detection of virus in the blood or urine in the first 1 to 2 weeks of life. To date, treatment of congenital infection with antiviral drugs is only palliative both prior to and after birth, whereas the only efficacious preventive measure seems to be the development of a safe and immunogenic vaccine, including recombinant, subunit, DNA, and peptide-based vaccines now under investigation. The following controversial issues are discussed in the light of the most recent advances in the field: the actual perception of the problem; universal serologic screening before pregnancy; the impact of correct counseling on decision making by the couple involved; the role of prenatal diagnosis in ascertaining transmission of virus to the fetus; the impact of preconceptional and periconceptional infections on the prevalence of congenital infection; and the prevalence of congenitally infected babies born to mothers who were immune prior to pregnancy compared to the number born to mothers undergoing primary infection during pregnancy.