Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cytokinesis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae'

La citochinesi è quel processo regolato nel tempo e nello spazio tramite cui, dopo la segregazione dei cromosomi, le cellule eucariotiche dividono il loro citoplasma e le membrane per formare due cellule figlie indipendenti l’una dall’altra. Nel lievito gemmante Saccharomyces cerevisiae la citochinesi è promossa da vie finemente regolate che coordinano la divisione cellulare con la divisione nucleare al fine di garantire la stabilità genetica di cellule in crescita. Queste vie promuovono la contrazione dell’anello di actomiosina (AC) accoppiandola rispettivamente con la costrizione della membrana plasmatica e con la deposizione centripeta del setto primario (SP). Le vie che portano alla citochinesi sono parzialmente ridondanti e la loro contemporanea inattivazione causa un blocco della citochinesi e morte cellulare. Nelle cellule animali, il piano di divisione è specificato dal posizionamento del fuso mitotico e la citochinesi avviene grazie alla contrazione dell’anello di actomiosina, seguita dall’invaginazione della membrana plasmatica. In S. cerevisiae, il primo passo verso la citochinesi è l’assemblaggio di un anello rigido di septine attorno al collo della gemma contemporaneamente all’emissione della stessa, non appena le cellule entrano in fase S, definendo la posizione in cui avrà luogo la costrizione tra la cellula madre e la figlia in seguito all’uscita dalla mitosi. L’anello di septine funge da piattaforma di legame, al collo della gemma, per diverse proteine tra cui la catena pesante della miosina di tipo II, Myo1. Myo1 forma un anello al sito di emissione della gemma all’inizio della fase S in modo dipendente dalle septine. Alla fine dell’anafase un anello di actina si sovrappone con quello di Myo1 a generare il risultante anello di actomiosina la cui contrazione è strettamente accoppiata alla deposizione del setto primario. L’anello di septine permette la localizzazione anche di Iqg1 che, insieme a Bni1, è importante per il reclutamento dell’actina al collo della gemma, di Cyk3, richiesto per la corretta formazione del setto primario, e di Hof1, che colocalizza con l’anello di actomiosina durante la citochinesi. La successiva degradazione di Hof1 permette l’efficiente contrazione dell’anello di actomiosina e la separazione cellulare. Durante l’uscita dalla mitosi, la chitina sintasi Chs2 si localizza al sito di divisione e sintetizza il setto primario, composto di chitina, evento cha avviene in contemporanea con la contrazione dell’AC. Infine il setto secondario, che ha composizione simile a quella della parete di lievito, è deposto da entrambi i lati, della madre e della figlia, del setto primario. La successiva degradazione del setto primario dal solo lato della cellula figlia è garantita dal RAM pathway il quale viene attivato solo all’interno della gemma. A questo punto la cellula madre e la cellula figlia si separano definitivamente e questo processo lascia un disco di chitina (bud scar), residuo del setto primario, sulla superficie della cellula madre. Nel primo capitolo è stato descritto il ruolo delle ubiquitine ligasi Dma1 e Dma2 nella citochinesi. Queste proteine, a funzione almeno parzialmente ridondante, appartengono alla stessa famiglia FHA-RING ubiquitina ligasi di Chfr e Rnf8 umane e di Dma1 di Schizosaccharomyce pombe. In particolare abbiamo dimostrato che sia la mancanza di Dma1 e Dma2 che la moderata sovraproduzione di Dma2, nonostante non causino alterazioni nella progressione del ciclo cellulare, inficiano la contrazione dell’anello di actomiosina e la deposizione del setto primario. Inoltre, la moderata sovraproduzione di Dma2 impedisce l’interazione tra Tem1 e Iqg1, la quale è richiesta per la contrazione dell’AC, e causa la deposizione asimmetrica del setto primario nonché la delocalizzazione di Cyk3, un regolatore positivo di questo processo. Nell’insieme queste scoperte suggeriscono che le proteine Dma agiscono come dei regolatori negativi della citochinesi. Nel secondo capitolo è stato mostrato che l’ubiquitinazione della GTPasi Ras-like Tem1 è coinvolta nella regolazione della contrazione dell’anello di actomiosina. Tem1 non è richiesta per l’assemblaggio dell’AC ma per la sua dinamica. Nel primo capitolo abbiamo mostrato come questa proteina venga sottoposta ad ubiquitinazione ciclo-cellulare dipendente, in particolare la quantità di Tem1 ubiquitinata decresce quando le cellule iniziano a contrarre l’anello di actomiosina. In particolare, alti livelli di Dma2 inducono l’ubiquitinazione di Tem1, come anche l’inibizione della contrazione dell’AC. Analizzando le cinetiche di contrazione dell’AC in cellule che esprimono alti livelli di Dma2 e diverse varianti di Tem1 K-R ( in cui i residui di lisina sono stati sostituiti con arginine, rendendo così la proteina non ubiquitinabile), abbiamo dimostrato che l’ubiquitinazione di Tem1 sembra essere importante per l’inibizione Dma-dipendente della contrazione dell’anello di actomiosina. In particolare le lisine 112, 133 e 219 sembrano essere maggiormente implicate in questo processo. Nell’insieme questi dati suggeriscono che le proteine Dma agiscono come regolatori negativi della contrazione dell’AC influenzando in modo indiretto l’ubiquitinazione di Tem1. Nel terzo capitolo è stato mostrato come Dma1 e Dma2 sono coinvolte nel NoCut pathway, un checkpoint la cui attivazione previene la rottura dei cromosomi durante la divisione cellulare. La mancanza delle proteine Dma inficia l’attivazione del checkpoint in presenza di mutazioni che causano la permanenza di cromatina a livello del sito di divisione o danni alla zona centrale del fuso. Inoltre, la mancanza di Dma1 e Dma2 causa difetti di crescita se combinata con la delezione di geni coinvolti nel NoCut pathway o nei meccanismi che permettono la riparazione delle rotture del DNA che si vengono a generare quando il checkpoint non è perfettamente funzionante. Inoltre la mancanza delle proteine Dma, nonostante non sembra alterare la progressione del ciclo cellulare, quando combinata con la mancanza delle proteine Boi (le quali agiscono da inibitori dell’abscissione nel NoCut pathway) causa difetti di crescita dovuti ad un aumento della missegregazione cromosomica. Nell’insieme questi dati suggeriscono che le proteine Dma sono coinvolte nell’attivazione del NoCut pathway. Nell’ultimo capitolo è illustrata l’analisi della funzione di un nuovo fattore che regola la divisione cellulare: Vhs2. Nonostante questa proteina non sia essenziale per la vitalità cellulare, abbiamo dimostrato la sua implicazione nella stabilizzazione delle strutture generate dalle septine. La mancanza di Vhs2 causa difetti di crescita se combinata con diversi mutanti che affliggono la stabilità di queste strutture. Inoltre le cellule vhs2Δ mostrano per se un difetto nella stabilità delle septine infatti queste cellule mostrano un fenotipo tipico: le septine spariscono dal sito di divisione prima che il fuso venga disassemblato, mentre nelle cellule selvatiche le septine permangono fino alla fine della citochinesi. Abbiamo inoltre mostrato che Vhs2 è una proteina fosforilata e la sua fosforilazione decresce all’inizio della citochinesi ed è regolata dalla fosfatasi Cdc14.
Cytokinesis is the spatially and temporally regulated process by which, after chromosome segregation, eukaryotic cells divide their cytoplasm and membranes to produce two daughter cells independent of each other. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytokinesis is driven by tightly regulated pathways that coordinate cell division with nuclear division to ensure the genetic stability during cell growth. These ways promote actomyosin ring (AMR) contraction coupled to plasma membrane constriction and to centripetal deposition of the primary septum, respectively. These pathways can partially substitute for each other, but their concomitant inactivation leads to cytokinesis block and cell death. In animal cells, the division plane is defined by the central spindle positioning and cytokinesis occurs through the contraction of the AMR, followed by the membrane furrowing. In S. cerevisiae, the first step towards cytokinesis is the assembly of a rigid septin ring, which forms at the bud neck concomitantly with bud emergence as soon as cells enter S phase and marks the position where constriction between mother and daughter cell will take place at the end of mitosis. The septin ring acts as a scaffold for the recruitment other proteins, among which Myo1, the heavy chain of the type II miosin. Myo1 forms a ring at the site of bud emergence at the onset of S phase in a septin-dependent manner. At the end of anaphase, an actin ring overlaps with that of Myo1 and the resulting contractile actomyosin ring drives primary septum deposition. The septin ring also recruits Iqg1 which is important, together with Bni1, for actin recruitment at the bud neck, Cyk3, required for proper synthesis of the septum, and Hof1, which is phosphorylated in telophase and colocalizes with the actomyosin ring during cytokinesis. The subsequent degradation of Hof1 allows efficient AMR contraction and cell separation. During mitotic exit, Chs2 localizes at the cell division site, where it drives synthesis of the primary septum, composed of chitin, simultaneously with actomyosin ring contraction. Afterwards the secondary septum, which has a similar composition to yeast cell wall, is produced on both the mother and the daughter side of the bud neck. The subsequent degradation of the primary septum from the daughter-side is ensured by the RAM pathway that is activated only in the bud. At this point mother and daughter cell separate permanently from each other leaving a chitin disk, that is the primary septum residue, called “bud scar", on the mother cell surface. In the first chapter we describe the role in cytokinesis of the functionally redundant FHA-RING ubiquitin ligases Dma1 and Dma2, that belong to the same ubiquitin ligase family as human Chfr and Rnf8 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dma1. In particular we show that both the lack of Dma1 and Dma2 and moderate Dma2 overproduction affect actomyosin ring contraction as well as primary septum deposition, although they do not apparently alter cell cycle progression of otherwise wild type cells. In addition, overproduction of Dma2 impairs the interaction between Tem1 and Iqg1, which is thought to be required for AMR contraction, and causes asymmetric primary septum deposition as well as mislocalization of Cyk3, a positive regulator of this process. In agreement with these multiple inhibitory effects, a Dma2 excess that does not cause any apparent defect in wild-type cells leads to lethal cytokinesis block in cells lacking the Hof1 protein, which is essential for primary septum formation in the absence of Cyk3. Altogether, these findings suggest that the Dma proteins act as negative regulators of cytokinesis. In the second chapter we show that the Ras-like GTPase Tem1 ubiquitylation is involved in AMR contraction regulation. Tem1 is not required for the actomyosin ring assembly but is required for its dynamics. In the first chapter we show how this protein undergoes cell cycle-regulated ubiquitylation, in particular the amount of ubiquitylated Tem1 decreases concomitantly with cells undergoing AMR contraction. Interestingly, high levels of Dma2 induce Tem1 ubiquitylation as well as inhibit AMR contraction. Analyzing the kinetics of AMR contraction in cells that express high levels of Dma2 and different Tem1 K-R variants (in which lysine residues were replaced by arginine residues, thus becoming not ubiquitylable), we show that Tem1 ubiquitylation seems to be important for Dma2’s AMR contraction inhibition. In particular lysines 112, 133 and 219 are mostly implicated in this regulation. Altogether, these findings suggest that the Dma proteins act as negative regulators of AMR contraction by indirectly influencing Tem1 ubiquitylation. In the third chapter we show that Dma1 and Dma2 are involved in the NoCut pathway, a checkpoint whose activation prevents chromosome breakage during cell division. The lack of Dma proteins affects checkpoint activation in the presence of mutations that cause chromatin persistance at the division site or spindle midzone damage. Moreover, the lack of Dma1 and Dma2 causes cell growth defect in combination with the deletion of genes involved in the NoCut pathway or in the mechanisms that permit DNA breaks repair generated when the checkpoint is not totally functional. Furthermore the lack of Dma proteins, although they do not apparently alter cell cycle progression, when combined with the lack of Boi proteins (that work as abscission inhibitors in the NoCut pathway) causes a growth defect due to an increase in chromosome missegregation. Altogether, these findings suggest that the Dma proteins act in the NoCut pathway. In the last chapther we describe the functional characterization of a new player in cell division control: Vhs2. Despite it is not essential for cells viability, we show how this protein is implicated in septins stabilizaton. The lack of Vhs2 causes cell growth defect in combination with several mutants that affect septin structure. Moreover vhs2Δ cells per se have a defect in septin stability, in fact these cells show a typical phenotype: the septins disappear from the division site before mitotic spindle disassembly, while in wild type cells septins remain until the end of cytokinesis. We also show that Vhs2 is subject to phosphorylations that decrease at the beginning of cytokinesis and that is regulated by Cdc14 phosphatase.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 18, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology." Discipline: Biology; Department/School: Biology.

Rho GTPases are highly conserved regulators of cell polarity and the actin cytoskeleton. The role of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 and its regulation during cell division is not well understood. Using biochemical and imaging approaches in budding yeast, I demonstrate that Cdc42 activation peaks during the G1/S transition and during anaphase, but drops during mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Cdc5/Polo kinase is an important upstream cell cycle regulator that suppresses Cdc42 activity. Failure to downregulate Cdc42 during mitotic exit prevents the normal localization of key cytokinesis regulators - Iqg1 and Inn1- at the division site, and results in an abnormal septum. The effects of Cdc42 hyperactivation are largely mediated by the Cdc42 effector p21-activated kinase (PAK) kinase, Ste20. Inhibition of Cdc42 and related Rho GTPases may be a general feature of cytokinesis in eukaryotes.

La cytokinèse est un processus fondamental prenant place à la fin de la mitose et permettant la séparation des deux cellules filles. Un défaut de cytokinèse peut mener à une ségrégation anormale des chromosomes et engendrer des phénomènes de cancer. Dans beaucoup d'organismes eucaryotes, la cytokinèse nécessite l'assemblage et la contraction d'un anneau d'actomyosine permettant la formation d'un sillon et la réorganisation de la membrane cellulaire au site de clivage. Dans la plupart de ces organismes, des protéines du cytosquelette appelées septines participent à la cytokinèse. Chez la levure bourgeonnante, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cinq septines sont exprimées durant la mitose (Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11, Cdc12 et Shs1). Ces protéines ont la capacité de s'assembler en un anneau au niveau du site de bourgeonnement, lieu de séparation entre la cellule mère et la cellule fille. Cet anneau de septines permet la fixation et le recrutement de nombreuses protéines intervenant dans la cytokinèse. La dynamique des septines change durant le cycle cellulaire, ce qui a une importance dans la régulation de la cytokinèse. La stabilisation de cet anneau est accompagnée d'un changement du niveau de phosphorylation des septines, mais les kinases responsables de ces modifications restent inconnues. Les travaux de l'équipe de Simonetta Piatti ont mis en évidence un nouveau rôle de la GTPase Rho1 et de sa cible, la protéine kinase C (Pkc1), dans la régulation de la dynamique des septines. Le but de ce travail de thèse était de déterminer les voies moléculaires par lesquelles la protéine Pkc1 intervient dans le recrutement et la stabilisation de l'anneau de septines. Pour se faire nous avons purifié le complexe de septines chez la levure bourgeonnante en présence ou en absence de la protéine Pkc1 et nous l'avons analysé par spectrométrie de masse. Cette analyse nous a permis d'observer que le niveau de phosphorylation d'un cluster (îlot) de 5 sérines était diminué sur Shs1. L'alignement de séquence nous a permis de constater que ce domaine était conservé dans la septine Cdc11. Par ailleurs ces deux protéines sont connues pour jouer un rôle dans l'assemblage des filaments et la formation de l'anneau de septines. Il a déjà été observé qu'un mutant phosphomimétique du cluster de sérine de la septine Shs1 empêche la formation des filaments in-vitro. Nous avons voulu caractériser le rôle de ce cluster dans la protéine Cdc11 en créant un mutant non-phosphorylable (CDC11-9A) et un mutant phosphomimétique (CDC11-9D). De manière très évidente, le mutant phosphomimétique provoque des problèmes de cytokinèse dans les cellules dont le gène codant la protéine Shs1 a été supprimé. A l'inverse le mutant non-phosphorylable améliore le phénotype des cellules ne comportant pas Shs1. Ces résultats sont en parfait accord avec l'observation selon laquelle les protéines Shs1 et Cdc11 pourraient avoir des fonctions très similaires, et mettent en avant le rôle important du cluster de sérines phosphorylées de Cdc11 lors de la cytokinèse. Nous avons constaté que Pkc1 ne phosphoryle pas directement les septines, mais agit par l'intermédiaire de kinases et de phosphatases impliquées dans la régulation des septines. Nous avons pu montrer que Pkc1 régule l'interaction de Gin4 avec les septines, cette kinase étant connue pour sa capacité à phosphoryler Shs1. De plus, nous avons observé que Pkc1 impacte sur le niveau de phosphorylation des deux autres kinases de la même famille, Hsl1 et Kcc4. Par ailleurs, la délétion de PKC1 diminue drastiquement la quantité de protéines Kcc4 dans la cellule.L'absence de Pkc1 augmente également l'interaction entre les septines et Bni4, une sous-unité régulatrice de la phosphatase PP1. Nous avons également observé que Bni4-PP1 peut déphosphoryler Cdc11, expliquant la diminution de son niveau de phosphorylation en cas d'absence de la protéine Pkc1.Ces travaux mettent en évidence que Pkc1 est un nouveau régulateur majeur des septines dans la levure
Cytokinesis is the last step of mitosis and is the fundamental process leading to the physical separation of two daughter cells. Defects in cytokinesis generate polyploid cells that are prone to chromosome missegregation and cancer development. In animal cells and fungi, cytokinesis requires the formation and contraction of an actomyosin ring that drives ingression of the cleavage furrow. Additional cytoskeletal proteins called septins contribute to cytokinesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five different septins are expressed during the mitotic cell cycle (Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11, Cdc12 and Shs1). All septins, except for Shs1, are essential for cell viability. Yeast septins form filaments that in turn organize into a ring at the bud neck, which is the constriction between the mother and the future daughter cell where cytokinesis takes place. The septin ring then expands into a rigid septin collar that acts as scaffold for cytokinesis by recruiting most cytokinetic proteins to the bud neck. Cell cycle-regulated changes in septin ring dynamics are thought to be important for its cytokinetic functions and formation of the rigid septin collar is accompanied by septin phosphorylation. However, the kinases responsible for these modifications have not been fully characterized. Unpublished data from our laboratory indicate that the Rho1 GTPase, which is essential for actomyosin ring formation and contraction, and its target protein kinase C (Pkc1) contribute to deposition and stabilization of the septin ring. Here, we have addressed how Pkc1 regulates septin ring deposition and/or stability. To this end, septin complexes were purified from yeast and analyzed by mass spectrometry, comparing wild type and pkc1Δ mutant cells. This mass spectrometry analysis clearly showed that phosphorylation of a cluster of residues in Shs1 decreased in the absence of Pkc1. Interestingly, we found that this cluster is conserved in the septin Cdc11, which together with Shs1 is known to play an important role in the assembly of high-order structures like filaments and rings. Phosphomimetic mutations of the phosphorylatable cluster in Shs1 have been previously shown to disrupt filament formation in-vitro. We therefore proceeded to mutagenise the same cluster in Cdc11, generating a phosphomimetic (CDC11-9D) and in a non-phosphorylatable mutant (CDC11-9A). Strikingly, the phosphomimetic CDC11-9D caused cytokinesis defects in cells lacking Shs1, whereas the non-phosphorylatable CDC11-9A allele partially rescued the sickness of shs1∆ mutant cells. These observations are in agreement with the notion that Cdc11 and Shs1 share overlapping functions and highlight an important role of the phosphorylatable cluster of Cdc11 for cytokinesis. We also found that Pkc1 does not phosphorylate septins directly, but rather regulates the activity of septin kinases and phosphatases. Consistently, we show that Pkc1 affects the interaction between septins and the bud neck kinase Gin4, which is known to interact with septins and to phosphorylate them. In addition, Pkc1 impacts on the phosphorylation of two additional bud neck kinases, Hsl1 and Kcc4, which are part of the same family of Nim1-related kinases as Gin4. In addition, PKC1 deletion leads to a dramatic decrease in the levels of Kcc4 , so that it is barely detected at the bud neck.Deletion of PKC1 affects also the interaction between septins and the Bni4 protein, which is a regulatory subunit for the PP1 phosphatase at the bud neck. In turn, we found that Bni4-PP1 modulates Cdc11 phosphorylation, thereby explaining how the latter is decreased in the absence of Pkc1. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that Pkc1 is a novel major regulator of septins in yeast

Asymmetric cell division is an important mechanism for the differentiation of cells during embryogenesis and cancer development. Saccharomyces cerevisiae divides asymmetrically and is therefore used as a model system for understanding the mechanisms behind asymmetric cell division. Ace2p is a transcriptional factor in yeast that localizes primarily to the daughter nucleus during cell division. The distribution of Ace2p is visualized using a fusion protein with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and confocal microscopy. Systems biology provides a new approach to investigating biological systems through the use of quantitative models. The localization of the transcriptional factor Ace2p in yeast during cell division has been modelled using ordinary differential equations. Herein such modelling has been evaluated. A 2-compartment model for the localization of Ace2p in yeast post-cytokinesis proposed in earlier work was found to be insufficient when new data was included in the model evaluation. Ace2p localization in the dividing yeast cell pair before cytokinesis has been investigated using a similar approach and was found to not explain the data to a significant degree. A 3-compartment model is proposed. The improvement in comparison to the 2-compartment model was statistically significant. Simulations of the 3-compartment model predicts a fast decrease in the amount of Ace2p in the cytosol close to the nucleus during the first seconds after each bleaching of the fluorescence. Experimental investigation of the cytosol close to the nucleus could test if the fast dynamics are present after each bleaching of the fluorescence. The parameters in the model have been estimated using the profile likelihood approach in combination with global optimization with simulated annealing. Confidence intervals for parameters have been found for the 3-compartment model of Ace2p localization post-cytokinesis. In conclusion, the profile likelihood approach has proven a good method of estimating parameters, and the new 3-compartment model allows for reliable parameter estimates in the post-cytokinesis situation. A new Matlab-implementation of the profile likelihood method is appended.

Cell growth and division requires delivery of new membrane and remodelling factors to the cell surface. In budding yeast, this involves actin-dependent transport of secretory vesicles to sites of growth, followed by vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane. Rho-type GTPases regulate actin polarization and vesicle fusion, but how they signal to diverse effectors controlling these separate processes is not well understood. Here, we show that the cortical proteins Boi1 and Boi2 work together with Rho GTPase signalling to regulate the exocyst, a complex that mediates the tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. Cells lacking both Boi proteins show normal actin polarity but are defective in bud emergence, bud growth, and fusion of Bgl2-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane. A gain-of-function version of Exo70, a component of the exocyst and effector of Cdc42 and Rho3, restores growth of boi1 boi2 mutant cells. Furthermore, hyperactivation of Rho-GTPase signalling rescues boi defects, suggesting that the essential function of Boi proteins is to mediate Rho-dependent activation of the exocyst during cell growth. Finally, we find that Boi1 and Boi2-dependent inhibition of abscission in cells with chromatin bridges, via their function in the NoCut checkpoint, is bypassed by expression of gain-of-function EXO70, suggesting the NoCut pathway also involves regulation of the exocyst.
Tant el creixement com la divisió cel·lular requereix el transport de membrana i altres factors a la superfície cel·lular. En cèl·lules de S. cerevisiae, aquests processos necessiten el transport de vesícules de secreció a través dels cables d’actina fins a les zones de creixement actiu, on es fusionen. Les Rho GTPases regulen la polarització de l’actina i la fusió de vesícules, però es desconeix com les GTPases senyalitzen els diversos efectors i com regulen els dos tipus de funcions. En aquest estudi, demostrem que les proteines Boi1 i Boi2 treballen conjuntament amb la senyalització de les Rho GTPases, per tal de regular la funció del complexe “exocyst” que media els contactes inicials entre vesícules de secreció i la membrana plasmàtica. Cèl·lules sense Boi1/2 tenen el citoesquelet d’actina polaritzat, però la cèl·lula filla no pot emergir ni créixer. Un al·lel d’Exo70, una subunitat de l’”exocyst”, que és efector de les GTPases Rho3 i Cdc42, restaura el creixement de cel·lules defectuoses en la funció de Boi1/2. A més a més, l’hiperactivació de GTPases rescata defectes dels mutants de Boi1/2, suggerint que la funció essencial de Boi1 i Boi2 és promoure l’activació de l’”exocyst”, depenent de Rho, durant el creixement cel·lular. Finalment, hem demostrat que la inibició de la divisió cel·lular que controlen via NoCut els efectors Boi1/2 en cèl·lules amb defectes en la segregació de cromosomes, es rescata amb l’al·lel d’Exo70 descrit anteriorment. Aquestes observacions suggereixen que NoCut podria funcionar també a través de la regulació de l’”exocyst”.

Les septines forment une famille de GTPases conservée chez les champignons et dans les cellules animales [Kinoshita et al., 2003]. Pendant la division cellulaire, elles se localisent aux sites de cytocinèse et sont essentielles pour ce processus dans la levure bourgeonnante, les embryons de drosophile et les cellules de mammifère en culture [Faty et al., 2002]. Dans les levures bourgeonnantes, les septines, composées de réseaux parallèles de 1laments [Byers et al., 1976], forment un anneau au cou mère-fille. Cet anneau est étroitement associé à la membrane plasmique et constitue un échafaudage pour le recrutement de la myosine II et d'autres facteurs cytocinétiques au futur site de clivage [Longtine et al., 2003]. De plus, l'anneau de septines contribue à la formation d'une barrière de diffusion latérale sur la membrane plasmique, qui aide à maintenir les facteurs de la polarité cellulaire dans le bourgeon [Barral et al., 2000; Takizawa et al., 2000]. Chez les métazoaires, les septines sont aussi requises pour la compartimentation du cortex cellulaire [Schmidt et al., 2004; Joo et al., 2005] et sont impliquées dans une myriade de processus cellulaires, y compris l'assemblage et l'orientation du corps polaire du fuseau [Kusch et al., 2002; Spiliotis et al., 2005], l'exocytose et le transport vésiculaire [Hsu et al., 1998;Beites et al., 1999], la migration cellulaire [Finger et al., 2003], et l'apoptose Larisch et al., 2000; Gottfried et al., 2004].[...]Dans ce mémoire, après avoir passé en revue les fonctions essentielles des septines chez la levure bourgeonnante Saccharomyces cerevisiae, je présente une étude dans laquelle j’ai démontré que UNC-59 et UNC-61 forment un complexe hétérotétramérique capable de s’associer en structures d’ordre supérieur et en filaments dans les cellules et que le complexe hétérotétramérique de septines est assemblé à partir d’hétérodimères UNC-59/UNC-61. De plus, au cours d’un projet visant à développer un outil moléculaire pour l’étude des fonctions des septines in vivo dans des cellules sauvages de Saccharomyces, j’ai mis au point une méthode d’isolement d’intrabodies à partir de la banque d’anticorps recombinants humains en phage display ETH-2 et démontré leur activité d’inhibition de la formation de l’anneau de septines au col du bourgeon dans les cellules de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. L’ensemble des résultats présentés met en lumière l'arrangement moléculaire des monomères dans le complexe de septines et suggère que les complexes de septines s’assemblent dans les filaments et les structures d'ordre supérieur au col du bourgeon chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ainsi, nous proposons que les septines forment la quatrième composante du cytosquelette
Septins form a family of GTPases conserved in fungi and animal cells [Kinoshita etal., 2003]. During cell division, they localize at cytokinesis sites and are essential for this process in budding yeast, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells [Fatyet al., 2002].In budding yeasts, septins, composed of parallel networks of filaments [Byers et al.,1976], form a mother-daughter neck ring. This ring is closely associated with the plasma membrane and constitutes a scaFold for the recruitment of myosin II and other cytokinetic factors at the future cleavage site [Longtine et al., 2003]. In addition, the septin ring contributes to the formation of a lateral diffusion barrier on the plasma membrane, which helps maintain the factors of cell polarity in the bud [Barral et al.,2000; Takizawa et al., 2000].In metazoans, septins are also required for compartmentalization of the cellular cortex [Schmidt et al., 2004; Joo et al., 2005] and are involved in a myriad of cellular processes, including assembly and orientation of the polar body of the spindle [Kusch etal., 2002; Spiliotis et al., 2005], exocytosis and vesicular transport [Hsu et al., 1998;Beites et al., 1999], cell migration [Finger et al., 2003], and apoptosis [Larisch et al.,2000; Gottfried et al., 2004].[...]The set of results presented highlights the molecular arrangement of the monomersin the septin complex and suggests that the septin complexes assemble in filaments and higher order structures at the bud neck in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, wepropose that septins form the fourth component of the cytoskeleton

A resposta febril é um processo dependente de inflamação, desencadeado pela produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias a partir de fagócitos ativados. Estes mediadores podem ser liberados na corrente sangüínea ou ainda estimular nervos sensoriais e, desta forma, transmitir o sinal inflamatório até o centro termo controlador cerebral e, assim, elevar a temperatura corporal. A Nacetilcisteina (NAC) é um antioxidante e um precursor de glutationa que modula a sinalização intracelular durante a inflamação, resultando na diminuição da síntese e liberação de moléculas pró - inflamatórias incluindo as citocinas e a prostaglandina E2. Embora a resposta febril dependa de um processo inflamatório estabelecido, e a atividade antiinflamatória da NAC já seja bastante conhecida, ainda pouco se sabe sobre a ação desta pequena molécula em infecções fúngicas e processos como a febre. Desse modo, nesse trabalho, privilegiou-se a investigação dos efeitos da NAC sobre a febre, a resposta inflamatória local (cavidade peritoneal) e sobre a sinalização inflamatória no centro termorregulatório (hipotálamo) induzidas por suspensão de Saccharomyces cerevisae, na dose de 135 mg/kg, i.p. A administração sistêmica da NAC (500 mg/kg, s.c.) preveniu, mas não reverteu a febre induzida pela levedura. Ademais, verificou-se que a NAC produziu um efeito de diminuição da migração leucocitária, do extravasamento plasmático, da liberação de interleucina (IL)-1β e do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-α no lavado peritoneal, e, por fim, diminuiu a liberação de IL-1β no tecido hipotalâmico, ressaltando-se a ação do Saccharomyces cerevisae como indutor de todas as respostas referidas. A administração sistêmica de NAC também aumentou o conteúdo de grupos tióis não protéicos presentes no lavado peritoneal e no hipotálamo, ao mesmo tempo em que reverteu a oxidação dos grupos SH no local da inflamação. A administração central de NAC (50 μg, i.t., 120 min depois da admnistração do Saccharomyces cerevisae) também preveniu a febre induzida pelo fermento de padeiro, sem, contudo, alterar a migração leucocitária para a cavidade peritoneal. Finalmente, a administração sistêmica da NAC não alterou a resposta febril provocada por prostaglandina E2(PGE2; 300 ng, i.t.). Logo, estes resultados sugerem, não só um papel anti-inflamatório para a NAC em peritonites causadas por fungos, mas também, uma atividade antipirética que envolve a inibição da liberação da IL-1β no hipotálamo, provavelmente antes da produção de PGE2.
Febrile response is an inflammation-dependent process that started with the production of pyrogenic cytokines by activated mononuclear phagocytes. These mediators are released into bloodstream or stimulate local sensory nerves and transmit the inflammatory signal to the preopticanterior hypothalamic area, the brain thermoregulatory center. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant and a glutathione precursor that modulates intracellular signaling in inflammatory response resulting in a decreased synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory molecules, including cytokines and prostaglandin E2. However, it is poorly known whether NAC interferes with other inflammation-dependent processes, such as fever. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects of NAC on fever, local inflammatory response (peritoneal cavity) and inflammatory signalization in thermoregulatory center (hipothalamus) induced by intraperitoneal administration of baker yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae suspension, 135 mg/kg, i.p.). Systemic administration of NAC (500 mg/kg, s.c.) prevented, but did not revert established fever induced by baker yeast. In addition, NAC decreased leukocyte migration, plasma protein extravasation and decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β release induced by baker yeast in peritoneal lavage and IL-1 release in hypothalamus. NAC also increased nonprotein thiol content in peritoneal lavage and hypothalamus, and prevented baker yeast-induced decrease of nonprotein thiol content in same samples. The central administration of NAC (50 μg, i.t., 120 min after baker yeast) also prevented baker yeast-induced fever, but did not alter leukocyte migration to peritoneal cavity. In addition, the systemic administration of NAC did not alter the febrile response elicited by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 300 ng, i.t.). These results suggest an anti-inflammatory role for NAC on yeast-induced peritonitis and that its antipyretic effect may be due to inhibition of inflammatory IL-1β production in hypothalamus.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2004.
Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 100 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This work discusses both mechanisms underlying mitochondrial quality control and cytokinesis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As these topics are quite different, their presentation has been divided into two parts, "Part I: Mitochondrial Remodeling Through the Proteasome is Critical for Mitochondrial Quality Control in Budding Yeast" and "Part II: Aim44p Regulates Phosphorylation of Hof1p to Promote Contractile Ring Closure During Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast." In Part I, we show that the proteasome is critical for cellular fitness in response to chronic, low levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in budding yeast. Deleting DOA1, which is required for ubiquitin-mediated degradation, UFD5, which promotes proteasome gene expression, or NAS2, which promotes proteasome regulatory particle assembly, increases the sensitivity of yeast to chronic, low levels of mitochondrial ROS. In contrast, deleting ATG32, a gene required for mitophagy, other autophagy genes, non-essential chaperones including prohibitins, or mitochondrial proteins including the Lon protease (Pim1p) or YME1, does not affect cellular fitness under these conditions. Doa1p binds with Cdc48p and Vms1p, which associates with mitochondria and promotes extraction of ubiquitinated proteins from the organelle for proteasomal degradation in a pathway called mitochondria-associated degradation (MAD). Elevated mitochondrial ROS increases protein ubiquitination, ubiquitination of the mitochondrial protein aconitase and expression of key MAD proteins. Interestingly, down-regulating ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which shares some common proteins with MAD, can promote cell growth under conditions of elevated mitochondrial ROS. Finally, deletion of DOA1 results in increased sensitivity of yeast and yeast mitochondria to oxidative stress. Mitochondria in doa1 null cells are more oxidized than mitochondria in wild-type or atg32 null cells under conditions of elevated mitochondrial ROS. Moreover, deletion of DOA1 results in a decrease in chronological lifespan. These findings support a critical role for the proteasome and MAD in mitochondrial quality control, which in turn affects cellular fitness, in response to chronic, low levels of mitochondrial ROS. In Part II, we show that the protein product of YPL158C, Aim44p, undergoes septin-dependent recruitment to the site of cell division. Aim44p co-localizes with Myo1p, the type II myosin of the contractile ring, throughout most of the cell cycle. The Aim44p ring does not contract when the actomyosin ring closes. Instead, it forms a double ring that associates with septin rings on mother and daughter cells after cell separation. Deletion of AIM44 results in defects in contractile ring closure. Aim44p co-immunoprecipitates with Hof1p, a conserved F-BAR protein that binds both septins and type II myosins and promotes contractile ring closure. Deletion of AIM44 results in a delay in Hof1p phosphorylation, and altered Hof1p localization. Finally, overexpression of Dbf2p, a kinase that phosphorylates Hof1p and is required for re-localization of Hof1p from septin rings to the contractile ring and for Hof1p-triggered contractile ring closure, rescues the cytokinesis defect observed in aim44 null cells. Our studies reveal a novel role for Aim44p in regulating contractile ring closure through effects on Hof1p.

Pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) components the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6, and Cdt1, play key roles in the recruitment, and loading of the replicative helicase, the minichromosome maintenance complex (Mcm2-7), onto DNA to license origins for replication. Until recently, the prevailing model for pre-RC assembly predicted that once MCMs are loaded at origins, ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 are dispensible for replication. Contrary to this model, previous work has shown that Orc6 is required following origin licensing, for the continued association of the MCM complex in late G1 phase. In this study, a similar role in pre-RC maintenance has been demonstrated for Cdc6, and Cdt1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis has shown that late G1 phase depletion of either Cdc6, or Cdt1 leads to the destabilization of MCMs from origins, although this destabilization is more pronounced for Cdc6 depletion than for Cdt1. Furthermore, the resynthesis of Cdc6 following its depletion, allows for the reassembly of pre-RCs in late G1 phase, and restores competence for DNA replication. In this study, a potential role for Orc6 in mitosis/cytokinesis in budding yeast has also been characterized, as research with both Drosophila and human cell lines has pointed to a role for Orc6 in these processes. Deleting HOF1 and CYK3 (two proteins involved in cytokinesis in budding yeast) leads to a synthetic lethal phenotype, suggesting that the resulting gene products function in redundant cytokinetic pathways. Indeed, Hof1 has been shown to be primarily involved in actin ring contraction, while Cyk3 functions in septum formation, both pathways of which are important for budding yeast cytokinesis. Interestingly, previous work has identified an Orc6-Hof1 interaction in budding yeast. In this study, it has been demonstrated that following Orc6 depletion in a GAL1-ORC6/Δcyk3 strain, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis is consistent with a stronger cytokinetic defect phenotype than observed for Δcyk3 cells. Preliminary cell counts indicate that following Orc6 depletion, a higher percentage of GAL1-ORC6/Δcyk3 cells display misshapen mother bud necks than in an isogenic Δcyk3 strain. Cell synchronization experiments have demonstrated that Orc6 depletion during a G2/M phase arrest, leads to a block in cell cycle progression following release.

The essential open reading frame YNL152w (now called INN1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was previously identified in a screen for negative regulators of cell integrity signaling. Subsequent studies and data from genome-wide functional analyses suggested, that the encoded protein plays a role in cell division. This was further addressed in the thesis presented here. Functional Inn1-GFP fusions were shown to co-localize with the contractile actomyosin ring component Myo1 during cytokinesis. Mutants depleted for Inn1 failed to form a primary septum, but did not affect the dynamics of the cytokinetic actin ring (CAR). This has been attributed to the inability to couple plasma membrane ingression (hence Inn1) to CAR constriction, a phenomenon also found by Sanchez-Diaz et al. (2008). Further investigations focused on the question of how Inn1 is recruited to the bud neck and identified the cytokinetic regulators Hof1 and Cyk3, which act in concert for this purpose. Each of them contains a SH3 domain, which interacts with the proline-rich carboxy-terminal part of Inn1. Localization studies and genetic analyses indicate that Inn1 acts downstream of Hof1 and Cyk3. Either the simultaneous repression of HOF1 and CYK3 gene expression or the deletion of their SH3 domains was lethal, with a concomitant failure to localize Inn1-GFP to the division site. Overproduction of either, Hof1 or Cyk3 perturbed the dynamics of Inn1-GFP distribution, which followed that of the overproduced proteins. This atypical CAR-independent localization of Inn1 supports a presumed role of Hof1 and Cyk3 in an alternative cytokinesis pathway to form a primary septum. Since INN1 is also a multicopy suppressor of a myo1 deletion, this further supports the notion that Inn1 may be required for plasma membrane ingression, also in CAR-independent cytokinesis. Preliminary data suggest, that the protein Vrp1 is responsible for the required removal of Inn1 from the bud neck after completion of cytokinesis. The essential amino-terminal C2 domain of Inn1 may mediate plasma membrane ingression by interaction with the membrane lipid phosphatidic acid, observed in biochemical studies. Alternatively, the C2 domain has been suggested to modulate chitin synthesis in the primary septum by modulating Chs2 activity (Nishihama et al., 2009).

Cell division and the maintenance of cellular integrity are key features of life itself and some vital aspects of these processes have been studied in this thesis, using the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis as model eukaryotes. In the first part of the thesis, three putative negative regulators of the cell wall integrity (CWI) signal transduction pathway were investigated, which have been isolated in previous genetic screens. Whereas the FIG4 gene seems to encode a protein which could be distantly related to CWI signaling, NTA1 and SET4 gene products were not found to have a major influence, as judged from phenotypes of deletion mutants, overproducers, and epistasis analyses with different CWI pathway mutants. In general, the data indicated rather indirect connections of all three protein functions with the maintenance of cellular integrity. Therefore, this line of research was discontinued, in order to investigate more closely the regulation of cytokinesis in the dairy yeast K. lactis. In this second and major part of the thesis the homologue of a recently found cytokinesis regulator in S. cerevisiae (INN1, accordingly designated as KlINN1), was cloned and characterized. It could be shown, that the gene is essential and that the encoded protein is species-specific, i.e. KlINN1 does not complement the lethality of a Scinn1 deletion mutant and vice versa. Analyses of hybrid proteins demonstrated that this specificity is most likely mediated by the C2-domain of the protein, which is thought to interact with membrane lipids. In S. cerevisiae, Inn1 interacts through its proline-rich motifs located in the C-terminal half of the protein with the cytokinesis regulators Hof1 and Cyk3. They both carry a SH3-domain which has been shown to mediate the interaction with Inn1. Consequently, the two encoding genes, KlHOF1 and KlCYK3, were also characterized in K. lactis. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, where the homologues seem to exert somewhat redundant functions and only a double deletion is lethal, each of the genes is essential in K. lactis. The exact nature of their roles in cytokinesis of this yeast remains to be determined. Unexpectedly, attempts to confirm an interaction between the proline-rich motifs of KlInn1 and the SH3-domains of KlHof1 and KlCyk3 in a yeast two-hybrid assay failed so far, but this line of research will be followed up in future experiments. In order to compare the timing of cytokinesis and the localization of the above mentioned regulators between S. cerevisiae and K. lactis, another homologue of a protein involved in cytokinesis in S. cerevisiae was investigated in K. lactis. Preliminary evidence from deletion of the KlMYO1 gene, which encodes a likely component of the contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) in K. lactis, indicates that this yeast may predominantly engage in a CAR-independent pathway of cytokinesis. Nevertheless, similar to S. cerevisiae GFP-fusions of KlInn1, KlHof1, KlCyk3, and KlMyo1 all were shown here to localize to the bud neck during cytokinesis in K. lactis. In summary, components identified to play a crucial role in yeast cytokinesis in S. cerevisiae display a similar localization in K. lactis, but may differ considerably in their detailed functions in vivo. This thesis represents the first detailed investigation of the molecular processes underlying cytokinesis in K. lactis and provides the basis for elaborate future studies.

The essential gene YNL152w was previously found in a screen designed to isolate putative negative regulators of the S. cerevisiae Pkc1p pathway. Activity assays were performed with a lexA-RLM1-lacZ integrated reporter in different ynl152w truncated mutants. In contrast to the original screen, there were no differences or the activities were even lower in some mutants. To analyze the consequences of different expression levels, YNL152w was expressed under the control of the GAL1/10 promoter. Growth curves were performed under high, intermediate and low expression levels. Strikingly, both conditional strains were able to grow under repressing conditions. However, an aberrant morphology was found suggesting that the cells are indeed affected by low amounts of Ynl152w protein. A series of successive Ynl152wp C-terminal truncations was analyzed to determine cell viability and to investigate the function of the protein. Remarkably, about 2/3 of the protein were dispensable to confer viability. Microscopic analyses of constructs revealed an aberrant morphology characteristic of a cytokinesis defective mutant, with the appearance of swollen cells and formation of big aggregates. Interestingly, the phenotype was more pronounced in the larger truncations. Coherent with these results time-lapse experiments with a large truncated mutant showed a stabilization of the SH3 protein Hof1p at the bud neck. This protein is involved in septum formation and has been reported as a binding partner of YNL152w. The phenotypes observed in the truncated mutants could be attributed to the presence of 4 proline rich motifs. Such motifs have been reported to interact with SH3 domains. An internal deletion of an aspartate rich domain present in the Ynl152wp sequence also displayed a phenotype very similar to that of the largest truncations. Therefore, this domain may play an important role in Ynl152wp function.

This thesis was dedicated to the investigation of the interplay between signaling pathways governing cell wall biosynthesis, central carbohydrate metabolism and cytokinesis in two different yeast species. The first part of the thesis addressed cell wall biosynthesis, which forms an essential structure and determines both shape and integrity of fungal cells and hyphae. It also serves as a first barrier against changing and adverse environmental conditions. Cell wall synthesis and remodeling is primarily mediated by the cell wall integrity pathway in both the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The latter is a Crabtree-negative yeast with a similar life cycle to that of S. cerevisiae. Yet, K. lactis did not undergo a whole genome duplication, presenting a lower degree of genetic redundancy, which often avoids the need for multiple gene deletions. In this work the SNF1 kinase complex was identified as playing a role in cell wall synthesis. It belongs to the family of AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPKs), whose primary function is thought to be the regulation of energy balance in different organisms. Mutants with defects in this complex have a thinner cell wall than wild type and are hypersensitive to cell wall stress agents such as Caspofungin, Calcofluor white and Congo red. Epistasis analyses with mutants affecting cell wall integrity signaling suggested a parallel action of CWI- and SNF1 signaling in the two yeast species. Further genetic analyses indicated a known downstream effector of the SNF1 kinase complex, the transcriptional repressor Mig1, to mediate the signaling function in cell wall synthesis, too. Further epistasis analyses indicated that the hypersensitivity of the SNF1 complex mutants to the stress agents can be suppressed by an additional defect in the upper part of glycolysis. This has been attributed to the accumulation of the glycolytic intermediates glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, which serve as precursors of cell wall polysaccharides. A function of the SNF1 complex in yeast cell wall synthesis has not been described, until now. In order to study the relation to cytokinesis, i.e. the last step of cell division, first some tools to follow this process in K. lactis had to be established in the second part of the thesis. Cytokinesis is also an essential feature of life since it ensures cell proliferation. In yeast and mammalian cells the concluding abscission of the plasma membrane is initiated by the construction of an actomyosin ring (AMR), accompanied by the formation of a primary septum, and followed by the deposition of secondary septa from both mother and daughter cells. Cytokinesis is a highly coordinated process and regulation is not yet fully explained. Proteins important for cytokinesis in S. cerevisiae were identified in K. lactis by in silico analyses and then genetically investigated. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, analysis of deletion mutants showed that deletion of the gene encoding K. lactis myosin II (KlMYO1) as a key component of the AMR is viable but temperature-sensitives and therefore dispensable for cytokinesis in K. lactis under normal growth conditions. Also different from its S. cerevisiae ortholog, a Klcyk3 deletion is lethal, while inn1 deletions are not viable in either yeast species. In contrast to the other genes studied, expression of INN1 does not cross-complement between the two yeast species, which could be narrowed down to a species specificity of the C2 domain in the Inn1 protein, which activates the chitin synthase II in S. cerevisiae. Deletions lacking the K. lactis chitin synthase II gene (KlCHS2) are also not viable. Fluorescently tagged versions of all proteins show a similar spatiotemporal localization at the bud neck as their counterparts in S. cerevisiae. The second part of this work thus provides insights into the regulation of cytokinesis in K. lactis and indicates that AMR constriction and its regulation could be more important in K. lactis than in S. cerevisiae, while the overall sequence of morphological events in cytokinesis is quite similar.

Les diarrhées post-sevrages causées par des infections à Escherichia coli entérotoxinogène positif pour le fimbriae F4 (ETEC F4), entraînent des pertes économiques importantes chez les producteurs de porc. Depuis quelques années, l’utilisation de probiotiques, comme additif alimentaire pour prévenir ce type d’infection entérique et réduire les traitements aux antimicrobiens, suscite un intérêt grandissant en production porcine. Le but du présent travail est de déterminer l’influence de l’administration des probiotiques Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) et Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB) sur la colonisation et l’attachement des ETEC F4, l’accumulation de fluide intestinal et l’expression de cytokines dans l’iléon de porcelets sevrés. Dès la naissance, différentes portées de porcelets ont été affectées aux traitements suivants : PA, SCB, PA + SCB, témoin et témoin avec antibiotiques (ATB). Une dose quotidienne de probiotiques (1 × 109 UFC) a été administrée aux porcelets des groupes probiotiques durant la lactation et après le sevrage. Sept jours après le sevrage, à 28 jours d’âge, des porcelets positifs pour le récepteur intestinal spécifique pour F4 ont été infectés oralement avec une souche ETEC F4. Les porcelets ont été euthanasiés 24 heures après l’infection (jour 29) et différents échantillons intestinaux ont été prélevés. Chez les porcelets recevant des probiotiques, l’attachement des ETEC F4 à la muqueuse iléale était significativement diminué chez les groupes PA ou SCB en comparaison avec le groupe ATB. Finalement, l’expression de cytokines intestinales était plus élevée chez les porcs du groupe PA + SCB en comparaison avec les porcelets témoins. En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que l’administration de probiotiques pourrait être une alternative pour limiter les infections à ETEC F4 chez le porc.
Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) associated with F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4) causes important economic losses in swine production. Since a couple of years, the use of probiotics as feed additives to prevent such enteric infections and reduce the use of antimicrobial treatments, has gained in interest. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB), on ETEC F4 colonization and attachment, accumulation of intestinal fluid and cytokines expression in weaned pig’s ileum. At birth, different litters of pigs were allocated to the following treatments: PA, SCB, PA + SCB, control (CTRL) and control with antibiotics (ATB). Probiotics (1 × 109 CFU) were administered daily to probiotics group during the lactation period and after weaning. One week after weaning, at 28 days of age, all F4-receptor-positive pigs were orally challenged with an ETEC F4 strain. Pigs were slaughter 24 hours later (day 29) and different intestinal samples were collected. In pigs treated with PA or SCB, the attachment of ETEC F4 to the ileal mucosa was significantly reduced in comparison with the ATB group. Finally, intestinal cytokines were upregulated in PA + SCB group in comparison with the CTRL group. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration of probiotics could be an alternative to attenuate ETEC F4 infection in pigs.