Journal articles: 'Cysteine, N-acetyl Cysteine'

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De Vries, Nico, and Silvio De Flora. "N-acetyl-l-cysteine." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53, S17F (1993): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531040.

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Martínez-Banaclocha, Marcos. "N-acetyl-cysteine in Schizophrenia: Potential Role on the Sensitive Cysteine Proteome." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 37 (November 6, 2020): 6424–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666191015091346.

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Background: N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) has shown widespread utility in different psychiatric disorders, including a beneficial role in schizophrenic patients. Although the replenishment of glutathione and the antioxidant activity of NAC have been suggested as the mechanisms that improve such a wide range of disorders, no one seems to be sufficiently specific to explain these intriguing effects. A sensitive cysteine proteome is emerging as a functional and structural network of interconnected sensitive cysteine-containing proteins (SCCPs) that together with reactive species and the cysteine/glutathione cycles can regulate the bioenergetic metabolism, the redox homeostasis and the cellular growth, differentiation and survival, acting through different pathways that are regulated by the same thiol radical in cysteine residues. Objective: Since this sensitive cysteine network has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson and Alzheimer´s diseases, I have reviewed if the proteins that play a role in schizophrenia can be classified too as SCCPs. Results: I have revised the major proteins implicated in the physiopathology of schizophrenia searching for those proteins that are redox-regulated through sensitive cysteine thiols. Results show that the principal proteins playing a role in schizophrenia can be classified as SCCPs, suggesting that the sensitive cysteine proteome (cysteinet) is defective in this type of psychosis. Conclusion: The present review proposes that there is a deregulation of the sensitive cysteine proteome in schizophrenia as the consequence of a functional imbalance among different SCCPs, which play different functions in neurons and glial cells. In this context, the role of NAC to restore and prevent schizophrenic disorders is discussed.

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Park, Taehoon, Ju-Hee Oh, Joo Hyun Lee, Sang Park, Young Jang, and Young-Joo Lee. "Oral Administration of (S)-Allyl-l-Cysteine and Aged Garlic Extract to Rats: Determination of Metabolites and Their Pharmacokinetics." Planta Medica 83, no. 17 (May 30, 2017): 1351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-111895.

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Abstract(S)-Allyl-l-cysteine is the major bioactive compound in garlic. (S)-Allyl-l-cysteine is metabolized to (S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide, N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine, and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide after oral administration. An accurate LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and its metabolites in rat plasma, and the feasibility of using it in pharmacokinetic studies was tested. The analytes were quantified by multiple reaction monitoring using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. Because significant quantitative interference was observed between (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine as a result of the decomposition of N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine at the detector source, chromatographic separation was required to discriminate (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and its metabolites on a reversed-phase C18 analytical column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. The calibration curves of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine, (S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide, N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine, and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide were linear over each concentration range, and the lower limits of quantification were 0.1 µg/mL [(S)-allyl-l-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine] and 0.25 µg/mL [(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide]. Acceptable intraday and inter-day precisions and accuracies were obtained at three concentration levels. The method satisfied the regulatory requirements for matrix effects, recovery, and stability. The validated LC-MS/MS method was successfully used to determine the concentration of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and its metabolites in rat plasma samples after the administration of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine or aged garlic extract.

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Hickman, RJS, BJ Christie, RW Guy, and TJ White. "Synthesis of Aromatic S-Sustituted Derivatives of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 6 (1985): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850899.

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A new method for the preparation of aromatic, S-substituted derivatives of N-acetyl-L- cysteine is described. The method involves nucleophilic substitution of aromatic iodides by N-acetyl-L- cysteine in the presence of copper(I) iodide, and provides the first example of nucleophilic substitution of unactivated aromatic halides by N-acetyl-L- cysteine . The method has been used to prepare N-acetyl-S-(2-thienyl)-L- cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(3-thienyl)-L- cysteine from 2-iodothiophen and 3-iodothiophen respectively. In addition, the method has been successfully applied to iodobenzene and 1-iodonaphthalene. A product yield of about 30% was obtained in each case.

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Uttamsingh, Vinita, D. A. Keller, and M. W. Anders. "Acylase I-Catalyzed Deacetylation ofN-Acetyl-l-cysteine andS-Alkyl-N-acetyl-l-cysteines‡." Chemical Research in Toxicology 11, no. 7 (July 1998): 800–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx980018b.

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Makarov, Sergei V., Elizaveta A. Pokrovskaya, Denis S. Salnikov, and Anastasiya V. Amanova. "INFLUENCE OF L-CYSTEINE AND N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE ON REDUCING ACTIVITY OF THIOUREA DIOXIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 10 (September 8, 2020): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206310.6257.

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The influence of L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine on the stability and reducing activity of thiourea dioxide (NH2)2CSO2 (TDO) in the reaction with azo dye Orange II has been studied. The addition of L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine leads to the increase in reducing activity of TDO in weakly acidic, neutral and weakly alkaline solutions, but does not influence its reducing activity in strongly alkaline solutions. In alkaline solutions, the rate of reduction of Orange II is increasing, but the influence of additives of thiol acids is decreasing. The activating effect of N-ace-tyl-L-cysteine is weaker than the effect of L-cysteine, that can be explained by the differences of pKa of these acids. Indeed, the reducing activity of thiols depends on the concentration of thiolate-ions in solutions. Since pKa of cysteine (8.30) is significantly less than pKa of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (9.52), concentration of thiolate-ions in cysteine solutions is higher. Therefore, reducing activity of L-cysteine is higher. The influence of L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine on the reaction of TDO with Orange II is different from the influence of aminoacid glycine: in neutral solutions glycine decreases the rate of reaction. The interaction of TDO with L-cysteine in weakly acidic, neutral and weakly alkaline solutions is accompanied by the oxidation of L-cysteine to cysteinesulfenic acid and reduction of TDO to thiourea monoxide (NH2)2CSO. Then cysteinesulfenic acid reacts with L-cysteine with formation of cystine. The reaction studied here is the first example of reduction of TDO by sulfur-containing compounds.

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Kandiş, Hayati, Melih Engin Erkan, Ümran Yildirim, Harun Güneş, Mesut Erbaş, Hayriye AK Yildirim, Suat Gezer, and İsmail Hamdi Kara. "Comparison of the effects of N-acetyl cysteine and erdosteine in rats with renal injury caused by paracetamol intoxication." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 9 (November 29, 2010): 1350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110391384.

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Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic and preventive effects of N-acetyl cysteine and erdosteine on renal injury associated with paracetamol (acetaminophen) intoxication. Materials and methods: Female albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control; paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral); paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral) + erdosteine (150 mg/kg/day, oral); paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral) + N-acetyl cysteine (140 mg/kg bolus, followed by 70 mg/kg, oral); N-acetyl cysteine control (140 mg/kg bolus, followed by 70 mg/kg, oral); and erdosteine control (150 mg/kg/day, oral). Potential renal injury was assessed using biochemical analyses, radionuclide imaging, and histopathological parameters. Results: In the paracetamol group, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were significantly increased compared with controls. Histopathological examination showed tubular vacuolization, tubular necrosis, and remarkable interstitial inflammation. The excretion function was observed to be insufficient on radionuclide imaging. However, in the groups treated with erdosteine or N-acetyl cysteine after paracetamol, biochemical analyses, radionuclide imaging, and histopathological parameters showed significantly less evidence of renal toxicity than that observed in the group receiving paracetamol alone. Less renal toxicity was detected in rats receiving N-acetyl cysteine than in those receiving erdosteine. Conclusion: Renal injury may develop after paracetamol overdose. Erdosteine and N-acetyl cysteine are both effective in the prevention of renal injury when given in the early phase of paracetamol nephrotoxicity. N-acetyl cysteine is more protective than erdosteine.

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Somdas, Mehmet Akif, Inayet Gunturk, Deniz Avci, Cevat Yazici, Esra Balcioglu, Selim Unsal, and Mehmet Gunduz. "N-Acetyl Cysteine Reduces Cisplatin Ototoxicity." Erciyes Tıp Dergisi/Erciyes Medical Journal 38, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/etd.2016.0068.

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Mohamed, Zubair Umer, Lakshmi Krishnakumar, and Surendran Sudhindran. "N-acetyl cysteine in liver resection." Journal of Surgical Oncology 114, no. 6 (September 22, 2016): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.24389.

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Khayyat, Ahdab, Weili Fan, Shakila Tobwala, and Nuran Ercal. "Comparative Evaluation Between N-Acetyl Cysteine and N-Acetyl Cysteine Amide in Acetaminophen-Induced Oxidative Stress." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 53 (November 2012): S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.260.

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Martinez-Banaclocha, Marcos A. "Targeting the Cysteine Redox Proteome in Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of Glutathione Precursors and Beyond." Antioxidants 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071373.

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Encouraging recent data on the molecular pathways underlying aging have identified variants and expansions of genes associated with DNA replication and repair, telomere and stem cell maintenance, regulation of the redox microenvironment, and intercellular communication. In addition, cell rejuvenation requires silencing some transcription factors and the activation of pluripotency, indicating that hidden molecular networks must integrate and synchronize all these cellular mechanisms. Therefore, in addition to gene sequence expansions and variations associated with senescence, the optimization of transcriptional regulation and protein crosstalk is essential. The protein cysteinome is crucial in cellular regulation and plays unexpected roles in the aging of complex organisms, which show cumulative somatic mutations, telomere attrition, epigenetic modifications, and oxidative dysregulation, culminating in cellular senescence. The cysteine thiol groups are highly redox-active, allowing high functional versatility as structural disulfides, redox-active disulfides, active-site nucleophiles, proton donors, and metal ligands to participate in multiple regulatory sites in proteins. Also, antioxidant systems control diverse cellular functions, including the transcription machinery, which partially depends on the catalytically active cysteines that can reduce disulfide bonds in numerous target proteins, driving their biological integration. Since we have previously proposed a fundamental role of cysteine-mediated redox deregulation in neurodegeneration, we suggest that cellular rejuvenation of the cysteine redox proteome using GSH precursors, like N-acetyl-cysteine, is an underestimated multitarget therapeutic approach that would be particularly beneficial in Parkinson’s disease.

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Rababa’h, Abeer M., Salil V. Deo, Salah E. Altarabsheh, Jessica De Caro, Nafez Abu Tarboush, Karem H. Alzoubi, Mera Ababneh, Bradley K. McConnell, Alan H. Markowitz, and Soon J. Park. "N-Acetyl Cysteine Therapy Does Not Prevent Renal Failure in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery." Heart Surgery Forum 19, no. 1 (February 22, 2016): 016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.1424.

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Background: Renal dysfunction is a common complication after cardiovascular surgery. Controversial issues have been discussed regarding the role of N-acetyl cysteine in the prevention of postoperative renal dysfunction. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to assess whether N-acetyl cysteine offers any protection against the development of acute renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Methods: Multiple databases were searched for randomized trials comparing the role of N-acetyl cysteine and placebo in human patients undergoing cardiac surgery. End-points studied were: the incidence of acute renal failure, hemodialysis, early mortality, duration of hospital stay, and maximal change in creatinine values. Dichotomous variables were compared using the risk difference (RD) calculated with inverse weighting; continuous data was pooled as (standardized) mean difference. Results are presented with 95% confidence interval (P < .05 is significant); results are presented within 95% confidence interval. Results: Thirteen randomized trials (713 and 707 patients in the N-acetyl cysteine and control groups, respectively) were included in the present analysis; nine dealing with patients at high-risk for acute renal failure. The incidence of postoperative acute renal dysfunction was 23% and 36% in the N-acetyl cysteine and control cohorts, respectively. N-acetyl cysteine therapy did not reduce acute renal dysfunction in the high-risk cohort [RD -0.03 (-0.09 to 0.02); P = .22; I2 = 24%]. Maximal change in creatinine levels after surgery was also comparable [standardized mean difference 0.07 (-0.23, 0.09); P = .39]. Early mortality was 2.9% and 3.7% in the N-acetyl cysteine and control cohorts respectively; [RD 0 (-0.03 to 0.02); P = .63; I2 = 20%]. Hospital stay (mean length of stay 10.4 and 10.1 days in the N-acetyl cysteine and control cohorts, respectively) was also similar in both cohorts [WMD 0.17 (-0.02 to 0.37) days; P = .81]. Conclusion: Prophylactic N-acetyl cysteine therapy does not reduce the incidence of renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

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Martinez-Banaclocha, Marcos. "N-Acetyl-Cysteine: Modulating the Cysteine Redox Proteome in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020416.

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In the last twenty years, significant progress in understanding the pathophysiology of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases has been made. However, the prevention and treatment of these diseases remain without clinically significant therapeutic advancement. While we still hope for some potential genetic therapeutic approaches, the current reality is far from substantial progress. With this state of the issue, emphasis should be placed on early diagnosis and prompt intervention in patients with increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases to slow down their progression, poor prognosis, and decreasing quality of life. Accordingly, it is urgent to implement interventions addressing the psychosocial and biochemical disturbances we know are central in managing the evolution of these disorders. Genomic and proteomic studies have shown the high molecular intricacy in neurodegenerative diseases, involving a broad spectrum of cellular pathways underlying disease progression. Recent investigations indicate that the dysregulation of the sensitive-cysteine proteome may be a concurrent pathogenic mechanism contributing to the pathophysiology of major neurodegenerative diseases, opening new therapeutic opportunities. Considering the incidence and prevalence of these disorders and their already significant burden in Western societies, they will become a real pandemic in the following decades. Therefore, we propose large-scale investigations, in selected groups of people over 40 years of age with decreased blood glutathione levels, comorbidities, and/or mild cognitive impairment, to evaluate supplementation of the diet with low doses of N-acetyl-cysteine, a promising and well-tolerated therapeutic agent suitable for long-term use.

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Mullier, Emeline, Timo Roine, Alessandra Griffa, Lijing Xin, Philipp S. Baumann, Paul Klauser, Martine Cleusix, et al. "N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplementation Improves Functional Connectivity Within the Cingulate Cortex in Early Psychosis: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 22, no. 8 (July 8, 2019): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz022.

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Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that redox dysregulation, which can lead to oxidative stress and eventually to impairment of oligodendrocytes and parvalbumin interneurons, may underlie brain connectivity alterations in schizophrenia. Accordingly, we previously reported that levels of brain antioxidant glutathione in the medial prefrontal cortex were positively correlated with increased functional connectivity along the cingulum bundle in healthy controls but not in early psychosis patients. In a recent randomized controlled trial, we observed that 6-month supplementation with a glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, increased brain glutathione levels and improved symptomatic expression and processing speed. Methods We investigated the effect of N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation on the functional connectivity between regions of the cingulate cortex, which have been linked to positive symptoms and processing speed decline. In this pilot study, we compared structural connectivity and resting-state functional connectivity between early psychosis patients treated with 6-month N-acetyl-cysteine (n = 9) or placebo (n = 11) supplementation with sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (n = 74). Results We observed that 6-month N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation increases functional connectivity along the cingulum and more precisely between the caudal anterior part and the isthmus of the cingulate cortex. These functional changes can be partially explained by an increase of centrality of these regions in the functional brain network. Conclusions N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation has a positive effect on functional connectivity within the cingulate cortex in early psychosis patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study suggesting that increased brain glutathione levels via N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation may improve brain functional connectivity.

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Kurtina, Daria A., Valeria P. Grafova, Irina S. Vasil’eva, Sergey V. Maksimov, Vladimir B. Zaytsev, and Roman B. Vasiliev. "Induction of Chirality in Atomically Thin ZnSe and CdSe Nanoplatelets: Strengthening of Circular Dichroism via Different Coordination of Cysteine-Based Ligands on an Ultimate Thin Semiconductor Core." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031073.

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Chiral nanostructures exhibiting different absorption of right- and left-handed circularly polarized light are of rapidly growing interest due to their potential applications in various fields. Here, we have studied the induction of chirality in atomically thin (0.6–1.2 nm thick) ZnSe and CdSe nanoplatelets grown by a colloidal method and coated with L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine ligands. We conducted an analysis of the optical and chiroptical properties of atomically thin ZnSe and CdSe nanoplatelets, which was supplemented by a detailed analysis of the composition and coordination of ligands. Different signs of circular dichroism were shown for L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine ligands, confirmed by different coordination of these ligands on the basal planes of nanoplatelets. A maximum value of the dissymmetry factor of (2–3) × 10−3 was found for N-acetyl-L-cysteine ligand in the case of the thinnest nanoplatelets.

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MM, Aleemuddin, Raheem Fatima, Mohsin, and Ashfaq Hasan. "N-Acetyl Cysteine in treatment of COPD." IP Indian Journal of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine 3, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/2581-4222.2018.0035.

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DiMari, J., J. Megyesi, N. Udvarhelyi, P. Price, R. Davis, and R. Safirstein. "N-acetyl cysteine ameliorates ischemic renal failure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 272, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): F292—F298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.272.3.f292.

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Recovery from ischemic renal injury is accompanied by enhanced DNA synthesis and a typical immediate early (IE) gene response. These two processes occur in distinct cell populations, suggesting that the IE gene response does not serve a proliferative function directly. As cellular stress induces an IE response through activation of the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) that is not proliferative and can be inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), we determined whether the Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), members of the SAPKs, are activated during ischemia and whether NAC administration reduces the IE response and/or the induction of JNK activity. NAC (6 mM/kg body wt) infused 1 h prior to and 1 h following renal ischemia reduced c-fos and c-jun expression by 50 and 70%, respectively. Ischemia increased JNK activity, and this increase was inhibited by NAC. NAC infused animals had a higher glomerular filtration rate at 1 day (NAC, 0.9 +/- 0.2, vs. control, 0.05 +/- 0.01 ml/min, P < 0.001) and 7 days (NAC, 2.0 +/- 0.1, vs. control, 1.2 +/- 0.1, P < 0.001) after the induction of ischemia. NAC did not reduce the extent of proximal tubule necrosis at 24 h after reperfusion but improved histological appearance of the kidney at 7 days. The mechanism by which NAC ameliorates the loss of renal function is unknown but may involve its general properties as an antioxidant or a possible interaction with NAC and NO. We conclude that the IE gene response of the kidney to ischemia reperfusion is a consequence of the stress-activated kinase pathway and that part of the response is deleterious to kidney function and cellular integrity.

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Moreno-Ortega, Alicia, Gema Pereira-Caro, Iziar A. Ludwig, María-José Motilva, and José Manuel Moreno-Rojas. "Bioavailability of Organosulfur Compounds after the Ingestion of Black Garlic by Healthy Humans." Antioxidants 12, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040925.

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The consumption of black garlic has been related to a decreased risk of many human diseases due to the presence of phytochemicals such as organosulfur compounds (OSCs). However, information on the metabolization of these compounds in humans is limited. By means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), this study aims to determine the OSCs and their metabolites excreted in urine 24 h after an acute intake of 20 g of black garlic by healthy humans. Thirty-three OSCs were identified and quantified, methiin (17,954 ± 6040 nmol), isoalliin (15,001 ± 9241 nmol), S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine (8804 ± 7220 nmol) and S-propyl-L-cysteine (deoxypropiin) (7035 ± 1392 nmol) being the main ones. Also detected were the metabolites N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine (NASAC), N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (NASACS) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine (NACPC), derived from S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), alliin and S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine, respectively. These compounds are potentially N-acetylated in the liver and kidney. The total excretion of OSCs 24 h after the ingestion of black garlic was 64,312 ± 26,584 nmol. A tentative metabolic pathway has been proposed for OSCs in humans.

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Dean, Olivia M., Kylie M. Gray, Kristi-Ann Villagonzalo, Seetal Dodd, Mohammadreza Mohebbi, Tanya Vick, Bruce J. Tonge, and Michael Berk. "A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a fixed dose of N-acetyl cysteine in children with autistic disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416652735.

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Objective: Oxidative stress, inflammation and heavy metals have been implicated in the aetiology of autistic disorder. N-acetyl cysteine has been shown to modulate these pathways, providing a rationale to trial N-acetyl cysteine for autistic disorder. There are now two published pilot studies suggesting efficacy, particularly in symptoms of irritability. This study aimed to explore if N-acetyl cysteine is a useful treatment for autistic disorder. Method: This was a placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of 500 mg/day oral N-acetyl cysteine over 6 months, in addition to treatment as usual, in children with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision diagnosis of autistic disorder. The study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. The primary outcome measures were the Social Responsiveness Scale, Children’s Communication Checklist–Second Edition and the Repetitive Behavior Scale–Revised. Additionally, demographic data, the parent-completed Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Social Communication Questionnaire and clinician-administered Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule were completed. Results: A total of 102 children were randomised into the study, and 98 (79 male, 19 female; age range: 3.1–9.9 years) attended the baseline appointment with their parent/guardian, forming the Intention to Treat sample. There were no differences between N-acetyl cysteine and placebo-treated groups on any of the outcome measures for either primary or secondary endpoints. There was no significant difference in the number and severity of adverse events between groups. Conclusion: This study failed to demonstrate any benefit of adjunctive N-acetyl cysteine in treating autistic disorder. While this may reflect a true null result, methodological issues particularly the lower dose utilised in this study may be confounders.

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Dilger, R. N., and D. H. Baker. "Oral N-acetyl-l-cysteine is a safe and effective precursor of cysteine1." Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-835.

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HASNE, Marie-Pierre, and Françoise LAWRENCE. "Characterization of prenylated protein methyltransferase in Leishmania." Biochemical Journal 342, no. 3 (September 5, 1999): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3420513.

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Prenylated protein methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the post-translational modification of many signalling proteins, has been characterized in a parasitic flagellated protozoan, Leishmania donovani. The activity of this enzyme was monitored by the methylation of an artificial substrate, an S-prenylated cysteine analogue, with S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine as methyl donor. More than 85% of the methyltransferase activity was associated with membranes. The enzyme methylates N-acetyl-S-trans,trans-farnesyl-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-all-trans-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine, but N-acetyl-S-trans,trans-geranyl-L-cysteine only very weakly. In contrast with the enzyme from mammals, the leishmanial enzyme had a greater affinity for the farnesylated substrate than for the geranylgeranylated one. Activity in vitro was not modulated by cAMP, protein kinase C activator or guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate. An analysis of the endogenous substrates showed that the carboxymethylated proteins were also isoprenylated. The main carboxymethylated proteins have molecular masses of 95, 68, 55, 46, 34-23, 18 and less than 14 kDa. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-S-trans,trans-farnesyl-L-cysteine decreased the carboxymethylation level, whereas treatment with guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate increased the carboxymethylation of various proteins, particularly those of molecular masses 30-20 kDa.

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Magnusson, Inger, Lars Ekman, Marie Wångdahl, and John Wahren. "N-acetyl-l-tyrosine and N-acetyl-l-cysteine as tyrosine and cysteine precursors during intravenous infusion in humans." Metabolism 38, no. 10 (October 1989): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(89)90005-x.

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Duvanova, O. V., B. N. Mishankin, S. V. Titova, and L. A. Korneeva. "THE EFFECT OF N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE ON BIOFILM OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-2-83-87.

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Aim. To study the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on biofilm of V. cholerae of different sero-groups isolated from various sources and with different epidemiological significance (the presence/ absence of the ctx AB genes and tcpA). Materials and methods. Bacterial eiiltiire of Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1 and O139 serogroups were grown as biolms. We have estimated the influence of the drug N-acetyl-L-cysteine at a concentration of 0.5 - 4 mg/ml on the formation, of the formed biofilm and in planktonic form. Results. Discovered antibacterial activity of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Noted that it was influenced as in the formation, of the already formed biofilm and the planktonic form, the representatives of the Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1 and O139 serogroups in concentrations of 2 - 4 mg/ml, showing an antibacterial effect regardless of the presence/absence of genes ctx and tcpA AB. Conclusion. Identified the antibacterial action of the drug N-acetyl-L-cysteine against biofilm of V. cholerae indicates the desirability of considering the possibility of using drug therapy in cases variety of diseases caused by causative agents II - IV groups pathogenicity.

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Hasan, Md Ashraful, Won-Gyun Ahn, and Dong-Keun Song. "N-acetyl-L-cysteine and cysteine increase intracellular calcium concentration in human neutrophils." Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 20, no. 5 (2016): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.5.449.

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Kr̆epela, E., J. Procházka, and B. Kárová. "Tumor chemopreventive agent N-acetyl-l-cysteine inhibits the cysteine protease cathepsin B." Lung Cancer 21 (September 1998): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(98)90079-4.

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Martinez‐Banaclocha, Marcos A. "Potential Role of N‐Acetyl‐Cysteine in the Cysteine Proteome in Parkinson's Disease?" Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 107, no. 5 (December 10, 2019): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1709.

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Singh, Thiyam Samrat, and Thiyam David Singh. "Optical Absorption, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Pr(III) and Nd(III) Ions with N-Acetyl L-Cysteine in Presence of Ca(II) ions." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 2 (2022): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23475.

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Interaction of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) with Pr3+ (Pr(NO3)3·6H2O) and Nd3+ (Nd(NO3)3·6H2O) ions are studied in presence of Ca2+ (Ca(NO3)3·4H2O) ion in an aqueous and organic solvent by applying the spectroscopic technique for quantitative probe of 4f-4f transition. The complexation was determined by the variation in the intensities of 4f-4f absorption spectral bands and by applying the change of symmetric properties of electronic-dipole known as Judd-Ofelt parameters Tλ (λ = 2,4,6). On the addition of Ca2+ ion in the binary complexation of praseodymium and neodymium with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) there is an intensification of bands which shows the effect of Ca2+ toward the heterobimetallic complex formation. Other parameters like Slater-Condon (Fk), bonding (b1/2), the Nephelauxetic ratio (β), percentage covalency (δ) are also used to correlate the complexation of metals with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). With the minor change in coordination around Pr3+ and Nd3+ ions, the sensitivity of 4f-4f bands is detected and further used to explain the coordination of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) with Pr3+ and Nd3+ in presence of Ca2+. The variation in oscillator strength (Pobs), energy (Eobs) and dipole intensity parameter help in supporting the heterobimetallic complexation of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. In kinetics investigation, the rate of the complexation of both hypersensitive and pseudo-hypersensitive transition is evaluated at various temperature in DMF solvent. The value of the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔHo, ΔSo and ΔGo and activation energy (Ea) also evaluated.

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Frigerio, Gianfranco, Laura Campo, Rosa Mercadante, Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach, Sofia Pavanello, and Silvia Fustinoni. "Urinary Mercapturic Acids to Assess Exposure to Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Coke Oven Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051801.

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Coke production was classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Besides polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, coke oven workers may be exposed to benzene and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to several VOCs in 49 coke oven workers and 49 individuals living in the same area by determining urinary mercapturic acids. Active tobacco smoking was an exclusion criterion for both groups. Mercapturic acids were investigated by a validated isotopic dilution LC-MS/MS method. Linear models were built to correct for different confounding variables. Urinary levels of N-acetyl-S-phenyl-L-cysteine (SPMA) (metabolite of benzene), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-1/2-phenylethyl)-L-cysteine (PHEMA) (metabolite of styrene), N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA) (metabolite of acrylonitrile), N-acetyl-S-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propen-1-yl)-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (MHBMA) (metabolites of 1,3-butadiene) were 2–10 fold higher in workers than in controls (p < 0.05). For SPMA, in particular, median levels were 0.02 and 0.31 µg/g creatinine in workers and controls, respectively. Among workers, coke makers were more exposed to PHEMA and SPMA than foremen and engine operators. The comparison with biological limit values shows that the exposure of workers was within 20% of the limit values for all biomarkers, moreover three subjects exceeded the restrictive occupational limit value recently proposed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) for SPMA.

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Rostron, Brian L., Jia Wang, Arash Etemadi, Sapna Thakur, Joanne T. Chang, Deepak Bhandari, Julianne Cook Botelho, et al. "Associations between Biomarkers of Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk among Exclusive Cigarette Smokers in the Golestan Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 7349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147349.

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Biomarkers of tobacco exposure are known to be associated with disease risk but previous studies are limited in number and restricted to certain regions. We conducted a nested case–control study examining baseline levels and subsequent lung cancer incidence among current male exclusive cigarette smokers in the Golestan Cohort Study in Iran. We calculated geometric mean biomarker concentrations for 28 matched cases and 52 controls for the correlation of biomarker levels among controls and for adjusted odds’ ratios (ORs) for lung cancer incidence by biomarker concentration, accounting for demographic characteristics, smoking quantity and duration, and opium use. Lung cancer cases had higher average levels of most biomarkers including total nicotine equivalents (TNE-2), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU). Many biomarkers correlated highly with one another including TNE-2 with NNAL and N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (2CYEMA), and N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (t4HBEMA) with N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine (3HMPMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (4HMBEMA). Lung cancer risk increased with concentration for several biomarkers, including TNE-2 (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.78) and NNN (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.13, 5.27), and estimates were significant after further adjustment for demographic and smoking characteristics for 2CYEMA (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.55), N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (2CAEMA) (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.55), and N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2HPMA) (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.04, 7.81). Estimates were not significant with adjustment for opium use. Concentrations of many biomarkers were higher at the baseline for participants who subsequently developed lung cancer than among the matched controls. Odds of lung cancer were higher for several biomarkers including with adjustment for smoking exposure for some but not with adjustment for opium use.

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Orhan, Hilmi, Nico P. E. Vermeulen, Gonul Sahin, and Jan N. M. Commandeur. "Characterization of Thioether Compounds Formed from Alkaline Degradation Products of Enflurane." Anesthesiology 95, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200107000-00027.

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Background Renal toxicity has occasionally been observed after enflurane anesthesia. Although originally attributed to its oxidative metabolism to inorganic fluoride, serum levels of inorganic fluoride appear to be small to explain these renal effects. Formation of potentially nephrotoxic halogenated alkenes during alkaline degradation in carbon dioxide absorbers and subsequent bioactivation via the glutathione conjugation pathway may be considered as an alternative mechanism for renal toxicity. The aim of this study was to characterize the thioethers formed chemically and biosynthetically. Methods Alkaline degradation of enflurane was achieved by stirring with pulverized potassium hydroxide. Volatile degradation products were analyzed by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of head space gasses trapped in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Thioethers were generated chemically by trapping head space gasses in DMSO containing N-acetyl-L-cysteine or 2-mercaptoacetic acid as model thiol compounds. Glutathione conjugates were generated biosynthetically by passing head space through rat liver fractions in presence of glutathione. Products formed were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and 19F-NMR. Results Direct analysis of head space gasses showed formation of 1-chloro-1,2-difluorovinyl difluoromethyl ether and two unidentified fluorine-containing products as alkaline degradation products of enflurane. When trapped in DMSO-N-acetyl-L-cysteine-triethylamine, N-acetyl-S-(2-chloro-1,2-difluoro-1-(difluoromethoxy)ethyl)-L-cysteine was identified as the major product. Another N-acetyl-L-cysteine S-conjugate formed was N-acetyl-S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, a potent nephrotoxin in rats. 19F-NMR analysis of glutathione conjugates formed after incubation with rat liver fractions resulted in formation of corresponding S-conjugates. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that alkaline degradation products of enflurane can be conjugated to thiol compounds, forming S-conjugates that could theoretically contribute to adverse renal effects observed occasionally with enflurane anesthesia. The N-acetyl-L-cysteine S-conjugates identified may be biomarkers to assess exposure of humans to alkaline degradation products of enflurane.

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Gunduz, Huseyin. "N-acetyl cysteine therapy in acute viral hepatitis." World Journal of Gastroenterology 9, no. 12 (2003): 2698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v9.i12.2698.

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Dekhuijzen, P. N., and C. L. Van Herwaarden. "Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on thiol levels." Thorax 50, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.50.2.215.

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Yamada, M., T. Ueno, H. Minamikawa, N. Sato, F. Iwasa, N. Hori, and T. Ogawa. "N-acetyl Cysteine Alleviates Cytotoxicity of Bone Substitute." Journal of Dental Research 89, no. 4 (March 3, 2010): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510363243.

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Lack of cytocompatibility in bone substitutes impairs healing in surrounding bone. Adverse biological events around biomaterials may be associated with oxidative stress. We hypothesized that a clinically used inorganic bone substitute is cytotoxic to osteoblasts due to oxidative stress and that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant amino acid derivative, would detoxify such material. Only 20% of rat calvaria osteoblasts were viable when cultured on commercial deproteinized bovine bone particles for 24 hr, whereas this percentage doubled on bone substitute containing NAC. Intracellular ROS levels markedly increased on and under bone substitutes, which were reduced by prior addition of NAC to materials. NAC restored suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity in the bone substitute. Proinflammatory cytokine levels from human osteoblasts on the bone substitute decreased by one-third or more with addition of NAC. NAC alleviated cytotoxicity of the bone substitute to osteoblastic viability and function, implying enhanced bone regeneration around NAC-treated inorganic biomaterials.

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França, Katlein, and Torello Lotti. "N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of trichotillomania." Dermatologic Therapy 30, no. 3 (November 27, 2016): e12446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12446.

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Gurbuz, Ahmet Kemal, A. Melih Ozel, Ramazan Ozturk, Sukru Yildirim, Yusuf Yazgan, and Levent Demirturk. "Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine on Helicobacter pylori." Southern Medical Journal 98, no. 11 (November 2005): 1095–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000182486.39913.da.

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Huynh, Hien, Richard Lt Couper, Cuong Tran, Azhani Muhamed, and Ross N. Butler. "N-acetyl-cysteine and H. pylori urease activity." Gastroenterology 120, no. 5 (April 2001): A589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(08)82931-9.

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HUYNH, H., R. COUPER, C. TRAN, A. MUHAMED, and R. BUTLER. "N-acetyl-cysteine and H. pylori urease activity." Gastroenterology 120, no. 5 (April 2001): A589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(01)82931-0.

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Kilic-Okman, T., and M. Kucuk. "N-acetyl-cysteine treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 85, no. 3 (May 12, 2004): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.03.002.

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Geschwill, K., and L. Lumper. "Identification of cysteine residues in carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I with reactivity enhanced by N-acetyl-l-glutamate." Biochemical Journal 260, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2600573.

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Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I (pig liver) is modified at the cysteine residues 1327 and 1337 (numbered according to the rat sequence) in the presence of 5 mM-N-acetyl-L-glutamate with enhanced rate. ATP/Mg2+ (greater than or equal to 5 mM) protects against alkylation of these two cysteines and loss of activity. According to the results obtained by limited proteolysis of monobromobimane-modified carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I, the accessible cysteines 1327 and 1337 are located in the C-terminal 20 kDa domain D of the enzyme. N-Bromoacetyl-L-glutamate is an allosteric activator and inactivates carbamoyl-phosphate synthase in a slow reaction.

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Yılmaz, Ayşe Mine, Gökhan Biçim, Kübra Toprak, Betül Karademir, and A. Süha Yalçın. "Effects of Different Stress Conditions on Apoptosis, Proteasome Activity and Exosome Cell Death Pathways in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells." Proceedings 2, no. 25 (December 5, 2018): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2251532.

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In both healthy cells and cancer cells a number of different cellular responses influence the progress of cancer. In this study, we have investigated the effect of stress conditions on human hepatocyte cancer cells. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, quercetin and N-acetyl cysteine were used to induce the acute cell stress. We have detected apoptosis, measured proteasome activity and performed a cell death array in both treated and control cells. Treatment of human hepatocyte cancer cells with hydrogen peroxide and quercetin resulted in decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. On the other hand, proteasome activity was increased with hydrogen peroxide treatment but decreased with quercetin. N-acetyl cysteine supported cell viability and increased proteasome activity. In conclusion, cell death related genes were affected in quite different manner following hydrogen peroxide, quercetin and N-acetyl cysteine treatments.

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Wilde, Paul E., and David G. Upshall. "Cysteine Esters Protect Cultured Rodent Lung Slices from Sulphur Mustard." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 11 (November 1994): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401301102.

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1 In previous studies an in vitro rat lung slice system was used to investigate the metabolic and structural changes after exposure to known lung toxicants. 2 In this study, the same system was used to identify the ability of cysteine esters to protect against sulphur mustard toxicity. 3 The cyclopentyl (CCPE), cyclohexyl (CCHE), isopropyl (CIPE), methyl (CME) esters of cysteine, cystine dimethyl ester (CDME), cysteine (CySH) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAc) were all non-toxic to cultured rat lung slices at 5 mM (equivalent cysteine concentration) after a pretreatment time of 30 min. 4 Pretreatment with the isopropyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and methyl esters of cysteine at concentrations higher than 1 mM protected against an IC50 of sulphur mustard, however, neither cysteine nor N-acetylcysteine protected. 5 We propose that the extent of protection is directly related to increased levels of intracellular cysteine provided by the esters of cysteine.

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Li, Ruru, Xiaoyu Huang, Guolin Lu, and Chun Feng. "A fluorescence and UV/vis absorption dual-signaling probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for specific detection of cysteine." RSC Advances 8, no. 43 (2018): 24346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03756f.

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A dual-signaling of fluorescence and UV/vis absorption modes for selective and quantitative detection of cysteine over homocysteine, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and glutathione is developed on the basis of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect.

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Gupta, Veena, Amrita Chaurasia, Shazia Khatoon, and Urvashi Barman Singh. "A study of N-acetyl cysteine, metformin and vitamin D3 with calcium on clinical and metabolic profile in PCOS." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 4372. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174407.

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Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by the combination of hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation and polycystic ovaries. Objective of present study was to compare the effects of N-acetyl cysteine, metformin and vitamin D3 with calcium on clinical and metabolic profile in PCOS.Methods: 66 women were randomly assigned into three equal treatment groups. Group 1 received N-acetyl cysteine, 600 mg three times a day. Group 2 metformin hydrochloride, 500 mg two times a day for 1 week, then three times a day for rest of the study and Group 3 Vit-D3 60,000 IU weekly with calcium 1500mg daily. Clinical and metabolic assessment was done at baseline and after three months of treatment.Results: After 12 weeks of treatment improvement of symptoms was seen in all the three groups, however better improvement in oligomenorrhea and hirsutism was seen in metformin group than others two groups. The clinical parameters like weight, BMI, waist hip ratio, biochemical markers of insulin resistance, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, fasting glucose/insulin ratio were significantly decreased in N-acetyl cysteine group than others two groups.Conclusions: N-acetyl cysteine had better improvement in clinical, and metabolic profile than metformin and vitamin D3 with Calcium group in PCOS patients. It can be used as a substitute for insulin reducing medications in treatment of PCOS patients, considering its limited adverse effects.

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Giampreti, Andrea, Davide Lonati, Benedetta Ragghianti, Anna Ronchi, Valeria Margherita Petrolini, Sarah Vecchio, and Carlo Alessandro Locatelli. "N-Acetyl-Cysteine as Effective and Safe Chelating Agent in Metal-on-Metal Hip-Implanted Patients: Two Cases." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8682737.

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Systemic toxicity associated with cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) containing metal hip alloy may result in neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and hypothyroidism. However clinical management concerning chelating therapy is still debated in literature. Here are described two metal-on-metal hip-implanted patients in which N-acetyl-cysteine decreased elevated blood metal levels. A 67-year-old male who underwent Co/Cr hip implant in September 2009 referred to our Poison Control Centre for persisting elevated Co/Cr blood levels (from March 2012 to November 2014). After receiving oral high-dose N-acetyl-cysteine, Co/Cr blood concentrations dropped by 86% and 87% of the prechelation levels, respectively, and persisted at these latter concentrations during the following 6 months of follow-up. An 81-year-old female who underwent Co/Cr hip implant in January 2007 referred to our Centre for detection of high Co and Cr blood levels in June 2012. No hip revision was indicated. After a therapy with oral high-dose N-acetyl-cysteine Co/Cr blood concentrations decreased of 45% and 24% of the prechelation levels. Chelating agents reported in hip-implanted patients (EDTA, DMPS, and BAL) are described in few cases. N-acetyl-cysteine may provide chelating sites for metals and in our cases reduced Co and Cr blood levels and resulted well tolerable.

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Li, Qian, and Long-Bo Cui. "Combined inhibitory effects of low temperature and N-acetyl-l-cysteine on the postovulatory aging of mouse oocytes." Zygote 24, no. 2 (March 24, 2015): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199415000039.

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SummaryThe postovulatory aging of oocytes eventually affects the development of oocytes and embryos. Oxidative stress is known to accelerate the onset of apoptosis in oocytes and influence their capacity for fertilisation. This study aimed to reveal the roles of temperature and the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine in preventing the aging of postovulatory mouse oocytes. First, newly ovulated mouse oocytes were cultured at various temperature and time combinations in HCZB medium with varying concentrations of N-acetyl-l-cysteine to assess signs of aging and developmental potential. When cultured in HCZB with 300 μM N-acetyl-l-cysteine at different temperature and incubation time combinations (namely 25°C for 12 h, 15°C for 24 h and 5°C for 12 h), the increase in the susceptibility of oocytes to activating stimuli was efficiently prevented, and the developmental potential was maintained following Sr2+ activation or in vitro fertilisation. After incubation at either 15°C for 36 h or 5°C for 24 h, oocytes that had decreased blastocyst rates displayed unrecoverable abnormal cortical granule distribution together with decreased BCL2 levels, total glutathione concentrations and glutathione/glutathione disulphide (GSH/GSSG) ratios. In conclusion, postovulatory oocyte aging could be effectively inhibited by appropriate N-acetyl-l-cysteine addition at low temperatures. In addition, a simple method for the temporary culture of mature oocytes was established.

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Abu Raghif, Ahmed, Yaseen Yaseen, and Muntadher Dawood. "EFFECTS OF N-ACETYL-CYSTEINE (NAC) ADMINISTRATION ON GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS PARAMETERS IN PREDIABETIC PATIENTS." Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22578/ijms.16.4.6.

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Background: Prediabetes is determined on the bases of glycemic parameters, which are above normal but below diabetic thresholds. Prediabetes is associated with the presence of insulin resistance and β-cells dysfunction. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), as a safe and inexpensive medication, is commercially accessible since long-time ago. This drug is not found in natural sources, although cysteine is present in some meals like chicken and turkey meats, garlic, yogurt, and eggs. NAC prevents apoptosis and oxygen related genotoxicity in endothelial cells by increasing intracellular levels of glutathione and decreasing mitochondrial membrane depolarization reaction. Objective: To evaluate the effects of NAC administration on glucose homeostasis parameters in prediabetic patients. Methods: This study included, 25 patients treated with dietary control and life style modifications for 12 weeks, 25 patients treated with NAC (600 mg) oral tablets twice daily plus dietary control and life style modifications for 12 weeks. Other 20 in addition to 50 patients to have an idea about the normal values of study parameters and in order to assess how much the drug used in the study were able to normalize the abnormal parameters. Results: NAC demonstrated a significant decrease in the fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, fasting Insulin and insulin resistance at the end of 12 weeks (P<0.05) compared with baseline measurements. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that N-acetyl cysteine has an effective effect on glycemic control. Keywords: Prediabetes , N-acetyl cysteine , glycemic control Citation: Abu Raghif AR, Yaseen YA, Dawood MH. Effects of N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) administration on glucose homeostasis parameters in prediabetic patients. Iraqi JMS. 2018; 16(4): 393-399. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.16.4.6

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Wang, Runming, Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Suyu Wang, Hongyan Li, Jiajia Zhao, Tiffany Ka-Yan Ip, Zhong Zuo, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Shuofeng Yuan, and Hongzhe Sun. "Orally administered bismuth drug together with N-acetyl cysteine as a broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus cocktail therapy." Chemical Science 13, no. 8 (2022): 2238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc04515f.

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A cocktail therapy comprising bismuth drugs and N-acetyl-l-cysteine is reported to suppress the replication of SARS-CoV-2 via the oral route. The broad-spectrum inhibitory activities of the combination upon key viral cysteine enzymes are verified.

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Jang, Yong-Seok, Phonelavanh Manivong, Yu-Kyoung Kim, Kyung-Seon Kim, Sook-Jeong Lee, Tae-Sung Bae, and Min-Ho Lee. "In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Loaded Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds." International Journal of Biomaterials 2018 (July 31, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9457910.

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Beta-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics are widely used as bone replacement scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The purpose of this study is to develop beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold with the optimum mechanical properties and porosity and to identify the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine loaded to beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold on the enhancement of biocompatibility. The various interconnected porous scaffolds were fabricated using slurries containing various concentrations of beta-tricalcium phosphate and different coating times by replica method using polyurethane foam as a passing material. It was confirmed that the scaffold of 40 w/v% beta-tricalcium phosphate with three coating times had optimum microstructure and mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering application. The various concentration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine was loaded on 40 w/v% beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold. Scaffold group loaded 5 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine showed the best viability of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells in the water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay test.

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Mahmood, N., A. Burke, S. Hussain, R. M. Anner, and B. M. Anner. "Inhibition of the Production of HIV-1 from Chronically Infected H9 Cells by Metal Compounds and Their Complexes with L-cysteine or N-acetyl-L-cysteine." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 6, no. 3 (June 1995): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029500600308.

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A number of metal compounds and their complexes with cysteine and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) were tested for their ability to inhibit HIV replication in vitro, specifically in chronically infected H9 cells (which produce virus continuously). Out of seven metal compounds tested, only bismuth nitrate and bismuth sodium tartrate inhibited virus production in chronically infected H9 cells. The complexes made with metals and cysteine or NAC had slightly improved selective indices.

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Yildiz, D., M. Arik, Y. Cakir, and Z. Civi. "Comparison of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-cysteine in respect to their transmembrane fluxes." Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplement Series A: Membrane and Cell Biology 3, no. 2 (June 2009): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990747809020081.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cysteine, N-acetyl Cysteine'

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