Academic literature on the topic 'Cyst count'

This study was designed to determine geographic and seasonal distribution of Giardia cysts in wastewater and sludge and their removal by sewage treatment processes. Eleven wastewater treatment plants located in cities across the United States were included in the study. Flow weighted, composite samples of raw and treated wasteWaters and sludges were collected at monthly intervals for a period of one year. The cysts were concentrated by sucrose flotation or by simple centrifugation (“direct count”) and assayed microscopically. Sucrose flotation counts of cysts in the raw sewage were extremely variable producing results ranging from 0.4% to 77.8% of the direct counts. Based on 12 consecutive months of sampling, and using the direct counts, the highest geometric mean Giardia cyst concentrations occurred at the California site (3375 cysts/L), the Florida site (3087 cysts/L) and the Vermont site (2040 cysts/L). The lowest geometric mean Giardia cyst levels were in samples from the Pennsylvania site (642 cysts/L), the Tennessee site (762 cysts/L) and the Maryland site (957 cysts/L). Cyst concentrations in raw sewage were highest in late summer, fall and early winter. Although all raw sewage samples contained cysts, only about one half of the wastewater treatment plant effluents were positive with cyst concentrations ranging up to 44 cysts/L. Based on sucrose flotation counts, the concentrations of cysts detected in the sludges ranged from 70 to 30,000 cysts/L.

Background: Cyst-biliary communication with hepatic hydatid cyst disease is responsible for postoperative bile leakage after surgical management. This study aims to detect various predictors of cyst-biliary communication and their predictive accuracy.Methods: This study was done in the patients of hydatid cysts who underwent surgical management for hydatid disease of the liver. Various factors were studied and their accuracy for preoperative prediction of cyst-biliary communication analyzed.Results: There were 38 (22 males, 16 females) patients with hepatic hydatid cysts with a mean age of 38.7±15.4 years. Cyst-biliary communications were detected in 12 patients (31.6%). Independent strong predictors were tenderness in right hypochondrium (p=0.035), total leucocyte count (TLC)>12,000/mm3 (p=0.0017), eosinophil count >5 × 108/l (p=0.0086), red blood cell distribution width (RDW) >15% (p=0.014), segment IV,V,VII involvement and cyst size >10 cms (p=0.01) on multivariate analysis.Conclusions: Cyst-biliary communication is more common in patients presenting with tenderness in right hypochondrium, large cyst size, location in the central segments of liver close to biliary confluence, and with high values of TLC, Eosinophil count and RDW. The predictors demonstrated in this study should allow the likelihood of cyst-biliary communication to be determined preoperatively and, thus, indicate the need for additional procedures during operations to prevent the complications of biliary leakage.

Our study was conducted in Bekaa area (Lebanon) to determine the presence and distribution of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera spp. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 30 different areas. Theoverallegg counts revealed that 39 (79.6%) out of 49, cyst affected soil samples,collected contained eggs. In Zahlé, the count of nematodes in the soil samples revealed that 9 out of 11 samples tested (81.8%) contained cysts nematodes, but only 7 (77.7%) of the cyst contained eggs. The level of infestation of soil sample ranged between 0 and 5.3 eggs/g soil. No nematodes infection was detected in samples collected from Aana, Kamed El Laouz, Kefraya and Khiara. The identity of a newly discovered population of potato cyst nematodeGlobodera pallidaassociated with potato in West Bekaa was established by molecular methods.A set ofthreepolymerase chain reaction (PCR)primers readily identifiedthe presence of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida fromfield samples. The origin of this infestationis unknown. The results of the occurrence and distribution of Globodera spp in each area are discussed.

ABSTRACT Background Endometriosis is one of the most commonly encountered benign problems in gynecology. Ultrasound and endocrine parameters have been widely accepted as markers of ovarian reserve. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in conjugation with antral follicle counts is now believed to be an excellent measure for detecting ovarian reserve. Surgical approach has a fundamental role in the management of endometriosis. The loss of normal follicles can be studied by histopathological assessment of the cyst wall. The postoperative decline in the ovarian reserve is believed to have a correlation with number of endometriomas and diameter of the cyst wall. Objective This prospective observational study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of laparoscopic cystectomy with respect to number and size of the cyst on ovarian reserve parameters. Materials and methods Fifty patients undergoing laparoscopic endometrioma cystectomy were analyzed. Cysts of <5cm and >5cm and the number of cysts were studied. Statistical analysis was done using Mauchly's test of sphericity. Anti-Mullerian hormone and antral follicle count were estimated prior to and 1 month after surgery. Pre- and postoperative values were compared and analyzed with respect to number and size of endometrioma. Observation and results There was an overall drop of AMH from 3.8 ± 3.01 to 2.67 ± 1.92 ng/ml (p < 0.001). The mean AMH in bilateral and unilateral endometrioma was 2.9 ± 1.7 and 3.9 ± 3.17 ng/ml respectively. Anti-Mullerian hormone dropped from 4.53 ± 3.4 to 3.19 ± 2.18 with <5 cm cyst compared with 2.4 ± 1.2 to 1.7 ± 0.85 with >5 cm cyst (p < 0.01). Overall drop in AFC was 5.17 ± 1.44 and 3.61 ± 1.61 pre- and postoperative respectively (p < 0.01). Mean drop in AFC was 2.2 and 1.2 in cyst <5 and > 5 cm respectively. Histopathological analysis showed loss of follicles in 25% of the cyst walls. This was correlating with the drop in both AMH and AFC postoperatively. Conclusion Size and number of cyst does affect ovarian reserve to the effect that smaller and bilateral cyst leads to a greater decline in the same. How to cite this article Sandya MR, Kumar P. Size of Endometrioma and Number does Influence the Ovarian Reserve: A Prospective Observational Study. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2016;7(1):14-18.

Objective: The aim of this research is to compare mean platelet volumes (MPV) among women with ovarian endometriomas, women with benign ovarian cysts and infertile women who were otherwise healthy. Material and Methods: Women were selected for the ovarian endometrioma and benign ovarian cyst group after laparoscopic ovarian cyst excision and confirmed histopathologic evaluation. The control group was assigned from women with male partner infertility or unexplained infertility but who were otherwise healthy. Mean platelet volume calculated as a part of complete blood count, which collected in potassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes Results: There were 98 women in the endometrioma group, 94 in the benign cyst group and 99 in the control group. Mean platelet volume was different among the groups (p<0.01). The mean platelet volume in the infertile group was statistically different than in the endometrioma and benign cyst groups and was similar between the endometrioma and benign cyst groups. When compared with the infertile group, the area under the curve and predictive value of the mean platelet volume for the endometrioma and the benign cyst group were 0.73 ±0.03 fl (p<0.01, CI 0.65-0.80) and 0.72±0.06 fl (p<0.01; CI 0.64-0.79), respectively. Mean platelet volume had a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 63% for endometrioma and sensitivity of 72%, and specificity of 63% for benign cysts at a cut-off point of 9.05 fl. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that mean platelet volume was increased in women with ovarian endometriomas and benign cysts and showed predictive values for endometriomas and benign ovarian cysts.

Raw sewage samples were collected monthly for one year from 11 wastewater treatment plants located across the United States. Giardia cyst concentrations in the raw sewage were determined by direct count using criteria of size, shape and the presence of two or more internal morphological characteristics for identification. The data were adjusted based on percentage of industrial wastewater reported processed by each plant. Although differences in the adjusted annual geometric mean cyst concentrations were noted among the sites (the highest was 3750 cysts/L and the lowest was 683 cysts/L), there was no correlation of cyst concentration with geographical location as determined by either latitude or longitude. However, when the three southernmost sites were grouped and compared against the group of all remaining sites, there was a significant difference in the annual geometric mean cyst concentration with the southernmost sites being higher. There was no significant association of geometric mean cyst concentration with size of the wastewater treatment plant as represented by mean daily flow. Attempts were made to obtain and correlate giardiasis cases with the monthly cyst levels at each of the sites. Due to reporting problems, low number of cases or unavailability of data, case information was deemed usable for only four of the 11 sites. A significant positive correlation with cases in the community was found at one site. Lack of correlation at other sites was believed to be due to deficiencies in case reporting. The results suggest that sewage examination may be useful for surveillance of Giardia infections in the community.

A vallecular cyst is a benign laryngeal cyst that rarely causes symptoms in adults. We report a rare case of an infected vallecular cyst in a man who is in his 60s with diabetes mellitus. The patient presented to us with acute onset of voice muffling and respiratory distress. He showed signs of sepsis and upper airway obstruction. He had spikes of high-grade fever with an elevated total white cell count (predominantly neutrophil count) and C reactive protein level. Plain cervical X-ray revealed a large, smooth, lobulated mass in the vallecular area. Direct laryngoscopic findings supported the diagnosis of an infected vallecular cyst with suppuration, which originated from the vallecula fossa. The cyst was drained and excised completely, and the pus culture revealed the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The patient responded well to the administration of intravenous cefuroxime for 2 weeks according to the sensitivity and culture test. He was discharged after the completion of the course of antibiotics, having recovered fully. This case illustrates the versatility of a plain cervical X-ray in giving clues about this rare, unexpected pathology.

Background: Hydatidosis is an infection caused by the cystic larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This disease is a zoonotic disease has a worldwide distribution and common in developing and undeveloped countries. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to studying the infection rate and predilection seats of hydatid cyst affections among slaughtered food animals in Aswan Governorate, southern Egypt and study the effect of age and sex of infected slaughtered animals on the infection with hydatid cyst. Also, study the effect of seasonal variations in the infection with hydatid cyst among slaughtered animals. In addition, the macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy and histopathological studies for the collected hydatid cyst are examined. Methods: This investigation was carried out from August 2015 to July 2016 in two main slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate to study the hydatidosis in camels and sheep. By routine meat inspection, hydatid cyst count and characterization was conducted. Findings: A total of 2080 camels and 674 sheep were examined. Of these, 173 (8.32%) camels and 3 (0.45%) sheep were found to harbour one or more hydatid cysts. Female and older age slaughtered animals were more susceptible to infection with these metacestode than males and younger animals. Hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered animals is most commonly found in lung followed by liver while mixed infection in both lung and liver was found only in camel. Hydatid cyst in slaughtered camels was higher in autumn followed by winter, while hydatid cyst in slaughtered sheep was found only in autumn season. Fertile cysts in lung and liver of slaughtered camels was 83.4% and 30% respectively. While the fertility of hydatid cyst in infected lung and liver of sheep was 100%. Main conclusions: This study reported that slaughtered animals were infected with relatively high infection rate of hydatid cyst may be due to the presence of socio-economic conditions favourable for the disease and maintenance of high level of infection. So must design governmental control programs against hydatidosis to minimize the infection rate in Aswan Governorate and ensure effective protection not only for animal population but also for humans at risk of contracting the infection.

Based upon radiology imaging features of cysts of the kidney, cysts of the kidney tend to be classified as (a) simple kidney cysts which fall under the sub-classification of Bosniak Category I and II cysts, or (b) complex renal cysts which tend to be classified as belonging to Bosniak Category III and IV cysts, or intermediate category kidney cysts which are sub-classified as belonging to Bosniak Category IIF group of renal cysts. Simple renal cysts represent benign kidney cysts that quite often tend to be asymptomatic so that generally they tend not to require any treatment and they tend to be managed conservatively or expectantly. Nevertheless, if a simple cyst of the kidney becomes symptomatic, it does need to be treated and percutaneous drainage of the kidney cyst combined with sclerotherapy or surgical treatment tends to be selected. Additionally if the size of a simple renal cysts is increasing clinicians often undertake treatment of the cysts to provide reassurance to their patients. There is no global consensus opinion regarding the treatment of simple kidney cysts. Some of the manifestations of simple renal cyst include: (a) Asymptomatic cysts of the kidney that are found incidentally upon radiology imaging investigation of a different condition, (b) a palpable lump/mass in the loin, (c) abdominal / loin pain, (d) hypertension and during investigation of the hypertension the simple cyst or cysts are found, (e) visible haematuria, (f) non-visible haematuria, (g) increasing abdominal girth, (i) loss of appetite, (j) nausea and vomiting, (k) constipation, (l) weight gain and other non-specific symptoms. Diagnosis of simple cysts tend to be undertaken and distinguished from complex renal cysts or cystic renal tumours based upon imaging features of radiology imaging options including non-contrast ultrasound scan of the renal tract, contrast-enhanced ultrasound scan (CEUS) of the renal tract, non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the renal tract, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan of the renal tract, non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the renal tract, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI) scan of the renal tract. Treatment options for simple kidney cysts have tended to involve various options including (a) conservative treatment / leave alone, (b) Expectant management with periodical radiology imaging for follow-up assessments, (c) Per-cutaneous aspiration of the kidney cyst(s)/drainage of the cyst(s), percutaneous aspiration / drainage and sclerotherapy of the kidney cysts, (d) selective renal artery angiography and super-selective embolization of the simple renal cyst(s), (e) marsupialization / decortication of the simple renal cysts by the open method or laparoscopy technique, (f) marsupialization / decortication of the simple renal cysts by the open method or laparoscopy technique plus wadding of the operation site with omental / fat interposition, (g) partial nephrectomy by the open or laparoscopy approach to excise the cyst(s), (h) nephrectomy by the open or laparoscopy technique for large simple polycystic kidneys. Complications that could be associated with aspiration / drainage and sclerotherapy of simple renal cysts include bleeding, infection, and pain plus recurrence and persistence of renal cysts and with regard to cysts in the upper pole of the kidney could be ensued by accidental injury to the spleen and basal lung atelectasis. Embolization of the arterial branch of large and multiple renal cysts could also be associated with post-embolization phenomenon (Wunderlich’s syndrome) including general malaise, fever, loss of appetite and raised white blood cell count that may mimic infection as well as last for a few weeks and this can be prevented by administration of pre-procedure and peri-procedure steroids for a short time. Other possible treatment options for simple kidney cysts that have not been tried include radiofrequency ablation of the residual cyst pursuant to aspiration / drainage / sclerotherapy of the renal cyst, and irreversible electroporation of the residual kidney cyst pursuant to aspiration/drainage/sclerotherapy of the kidney cyst. Considering that the morbidity that tends to be associated with open surgical treatment and laparoscopy treatment options for the management of simple kidney cysts tends to be worse in comparison with per-cutaneous aspiration/drainage/sclerotherapy, generally most clinicians tend not to undertake treatment of kidney cysts initially by the open and laparoscopy procedures. Considering that persistence / recurrence of simple renal cysts can occur or do occur pursuant to percutaneous aspiration/drainage/sclerotherapy of simple kidney cysts, it would be suggested that the undertaking of percutaneous angiography and super-selective embolization of residual simple renal cysts pursuant to the initial treatment or utilization of post-procedure radiofrequency ablation or irreversible electroporation of simple kidney cysts would help reduce the incidence of recurrent and persistent simple kidney cysts and if this is undertaken hopefully the need to undertake open or laparoscopy procedures for dimple kidney cysts would be reduced. There is a need to undertake a global multi-centre trial of various treatment options for simple kidney cysts in order to ascertain the best treatment option with durable long-term outcome of non-recurrence or persistence of the renal cyst(s).

Abstract Objectives: To present the data generated at our hospital by comparing the operative characteristics and surgical results of patients who applied to the clinic and emergency room due to ovarian cyst and underwent laparoscopy or laparotomy. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, patients who underwent cystectomy, oophorectomy, and hysterectomy salpingo-oophorectomy due to ovarian cysts were compared in two groups, comprising laparoscopy and laparotomy. Evaluated retrospectively in this study were 443 patients operated on due to benign ovarian cyst diagnosis. Data in the patient files were analyzed in terms of age, cyst size, postoperative hemoglobin, postoperative white blood cell count, operating time, hospital stay, and surgical site infection. Results: Postoperative surgical site infection was significantly higher in the laparotomy group. The risk of surgical site infection was RR= 4. 5 (1.74–11.67) times higher in those who underwent laparotomy when compared to laparoscopy. The duration of hospital stay was lower in the laparoscopy group for all operation types (oophorectomy, cystectomy, and hysterectomy salpingo-oophorectomy). The cyst sizes of the patients who underwent hysterectomy salpingo-oophorectomy were significantly more significant in the laparotomy group. The duration of hospital stay in the patients who underwent hysterectomy salpingo-oophorectomy was significantly longer when compared to the laparoscopy group, while no significant difference was found in the oophorectomy and cystectomy patients. The need for blood transfusion was significantly lower in the laparoscopy group for all operation types. Conclusions: It was concluded that the duration of hospital stay, surgical site infection, need for blood transfusion, and operating time was less in patients who underwent laparoscopy. Laparoscopic surgery methods can be safely recommended for rapid and effective treatment of benign ovarian cysts with cystectomy, oophorectomy, and laparoscopic hysterectomy about hospital stay and complications.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a widely grown, valuable cereal crop that is affected by various pests including nematodes. The cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Heterodera avenae is the most widely distributed and damaging species of nematodes to cereal crops grown in temperate regions, including Australia, and is estimated to cause global annual losses of around $160 billion. The use of cultivars resistant to H. avenae is the preferred approach for nematode management and four resistance loci, Rha1, Rha2, Rha3 and Rha4, have been mapped. The Rha4 locus was mapped in the Galleon/Haruna Nijo population to chromosome 5H and since Rha2 and Rha4 provide the most effective resistance against the Australian H. avenae pathotype Ha13 they have been widely used in barley breeding. Despite CCN resistance loci having been mapped in barley and other cereals, no resistance genes have been isolated and characterized. Recently both Rha2 and Rha4 have been fine-mapped and near-diagnostic markers have been developed to provide simple tools for selection. Fine-mapping indicates that approximately 105 genes are linked to the Rha4 locus, including cell wall-related genes predicted to encode (1-4)-β-xylan endohydrolases, also known as xylanases. This thesis reports on experiments that were undertaken to better understand the resistance conferred by Rha4 and to investigate the functions of the xylanases as prime candidate genes. The xylanase genes at the Rha4 locus were cloned and analysed for allelic differences between sequences from the cultivars Sloop (susceptible) and Flagship (Rha4-resistant). Although genes X1 and X2 have been characterised, the X3 gene has not been well described previously. The genomic sequences were used in reciprocal transformation experiments where, under the control of the 35S promoter, the genes from Sloop were transformed into a Flagship background, and vice versa. Tube tests were used to investigate any changes in nematode infection responses, and therefore resistance status, but no significant alterations were detected. However, overexpression of the xylanase genes proved to be detrimental to the overall health of the plant. The xylanases were concomitantly heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and the X2 protein was characterized in terms of substrate preference and catalytic rate. In more general approaches not directly linked to Rha4 genotype, the natural variation in root polysaccharide amount and distribution, with a focus on (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan and arabinoxylan, was surveyed in a selection of susceptible and resistant barley cultivars. The effect of changes in amount of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan was also examined through infection of the betaglucanless mutant and transgenic lines carrying either the overexpressed or silenced (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase CslF6 gene. Variable amounts of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan did not correlate to rates of nematode infection and no clear patterns of polysaccharide profiles could be linked to susceptible or resistant cultivar status. Finally, RNA sequencing was used to profile transcript changes in nematode infected and control Sloop and Flagship roots up to 24 days post inoculation. The patterns of the 105 genes linked to the Rha4 locus were extracted and a set of 27 genes which showed significant fold changes across the time course were profiled. Of these, three strong candidate genes were selected which are differentially expressed in the two cultivars and are involved in biochemical pathways that are feasibly linked to resistance mechanisms. Their putative roles in conferring resistance and how this might be tested were discussed.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, 2019

博士
國立臺灣大學
口腔生物科學研究所
106
Background/Purpose: Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells that reside mainly within the epithelium. This study assessed the LC counts in odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) and dentigerous cysts (DCs). Methods: This study used anti-CD1a and anti-S100 protein immunostains to assess the LC counts in 60 OKCs and 80 DCs and the correlations of LC counts with clinicopathological parameters of 60 OKCs and 80 DCs. The LC numbers in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues were counted at 60 OKC sites without inflammation, 39 OKC sites with mild/moderate inflammation, and 13 OKC sites with severe inflammation from 60 OKC specimens as well as at 80 DC sites without inflammation, 33 DC sites with mild/moderate inflammation, and 9 DC sites with severe inflammation from 80 DC specimens. Results: For 60 OKC cases, the mean CD1a-positive or S100-positive LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues increased significantly from no inflammation through mild/moderate inflammation to severe inflammation OKC sites (all P-values < 0.001). OKC sites with inflammation had thicker lining epithelia than those without inflammation. Moreover, the mean CD1a-positive or S100-positive LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues of OKCs were significantly higher in the thicker lining epithelium (> 100 μm) group than in the thinner lining epithelium (≦ 100 μm) group (both P-values < 0.001). For 80 DC cases, the mean CD1a-positive or S100-positive LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues also increased significantly from no inflammation through mild/moderate inflammation to severe inflammation DC sites (all P-values < 0.001). DC sites with inflammation had thicker lining epithelia than those without inflammation. Moreover, the CD1a-positive or S100-positive mean LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues of DCs were significantly higher in the thicker lining epithelium (> 50 μm) group than in the thinner lining epithelium (≦ 50 μm) group (both P-values < 0.001). Conclusion: A significant association of inflammation grade with the number of LCs in OKCs is found in this study. The finding of scare LCs in the lining epithelia of OKCs without inflammation indicates the loss of immunosurveillance ability against the OKC lining epithelial cells; this can explain why OKCs have aggressive clinical behavior, a great growth potential, and a high recurrence rate. Moreover, the increased LC number in DCs is also associated with high-grade inflammation and thick lining epithelium. The finding of few LCs in the lining epithelia of DCs without inflammation also indicates the reduced immunosurveillance ability against DC lining epithelial cells in DC patients. However, it needs further studies to confirm the role of reduced lining epithelial cell immunosurveillance in the enlargement of the DC.

Abstract Among pests and diseases of potatoes, British potato growers consider potato cyst nematodes (PCN: Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) to cause the most damage. By feeding on the roots, PCN stunt plant growth, adversely affecting yields, tuber size and skin finish. Yield losses depend on the population level of the PCN in the soil, the soil type and the tolerance of the potato cultivar to the nematode damage. The increase in G. pallida has been most marked in the county of Angus, traditionally the part of Scotland most intensively cultivated with potatoes. The incidence of G. pallida in Angus is estimated as 9% of the area used for potato production, accounting for 68% of the total area of G. pallida infested land in Scotland. This chapter discusses the economic importance, host range, distribution, symptoms of damage, biology and life cycle, recommended integrated nematode management, and management optimization of PCN in Scotland. Future research requirements are also mentioned.