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Journal articles on the topic 'Cyprinus carpio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Putra, Erik Nanda, Abdul Razak, and Ramadhan Sumarmin. "Analisis Filogenetik Cyprinus carpio Ruang Lingkup Asia Timur Dan Eropa Berdasarkan Genom Mitokondria." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2021.v08.i01.p18.

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Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the oldest and most commercially cultivated freshwater fish in the World. However, there are still many undetermined phylogenetic relationships and the origins of common goldfish lineages, which are an obstacle to the conservation and genetic reproduction of this species. In the process of phylogenetic analysis, researchers used mitochondrial genomes where the genomic DNA was obtained from homozygous double haploid clonal lines from domesticated Songpu strains, and the total genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of 11 individuals representing East Asia and Europe and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The purpose of this study is to provide information about the phenology of Cyprinus carpio fish, which is expected to be the basis for increasing understanding to determine the kinship relationship between Cyprinus carpio in East Asia and Europe. The results showed that the relationship between Cyprinus carpio color, Cyprinus carpio songpu mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio, and Cyprinus carpio wuyuanensis was very close, this can be seen from the bootstrap value of 100%. Meanwhile, with Cyprinus carpio haematopterus has a bootstrap value of 70%. Meanwhile, with Cyprinus xingguonensis it has a bootstrap value of 66%. Furthermore, it can also be said that the Songpu mirror goldfish is closely related to C. carpio carpio which is also a member of the genus Cyprinu. The genus Cyprinu has a close relationship with the genus Catla. In the phylogenetic tree, this species of fish forms a very coherent group, supported by a high bootstrap value of 100% and an average genetic distance of 0.02. Key words: Mitochondrial genome, Phylogenetics, general Cyprinus carpio

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2

Mansoor, Nahla Talib. "Protozoans infection of Cyprinus carpio L. from Bab Al-Muatham fish markets, Baghdad City." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v34i1.674.

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During the period from November 2007 untill October 2008, a total of 255 specimens of the cyprinid fish Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, were collected from fish markets east of Baghdad city. Microscopic examination of these fishes revealed that they were infected with five species of ciliated protozoans [Chilodonella cyprini with 1.6% percentage of infestation, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (3.5%), Trichodina domerguei (21.6%), Apiosoma piscicola (0.4%) and Epistylis solidus (1.2%)]. C. carpio is considered as a new host (third host) in Iraq for Epistylis solidus

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3

AL-TAEE, Shahbaa Khalil Ebraheem, and Alaa Hussain Ali AL-HAMDANI. "(Cyprinus carpio L.)." Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research 1, no. 3 (December 20, 2015): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17216/limnofish-5000114439.

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4

Leba, Maria Aloisia Uron. "TOKSISITAS SENYAWA FENOL TERHADAP KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP IKAN MAS (CYPRINUS CARPIO)." Indonesian Chemistry and Application Journal 1, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/icaj.v1n2.p53-60.

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Abstrak Ikan mas (cyprinus carpio) merupakan salah satu jenis ikan air tawar yang menjadi sumber utama protein. Ikan air tawar umumnya dikembangbiakkan pada kolam, danau atau waduk yang dilalui aliran sungai. Sayangnya kondisi air sungai saat ini cukup memprihatin diakibatkan oleh masuknya berbagai limbah ke dalam sungai. Fenol dan senyawa turunannya merupakan salah satu bahan pencemar yang ditemukan dalam air, tanah, dan sedimen. Keberadaan senyawa ini dalam lingkungan air dapat menggganggu keutuhan ekosistem air dan sangat berbahaya terhadap organisme – organismenya. Senyawa ini bersifat toksit terhadap ikan karena dapat menyebabkan genotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, dan berpotensi menyebabkan bioakumulasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari toksisitas senyawa fenol terhadap kelangsungan hidup ikan mas yang dilakukan dalam wadah terkontrol. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi senyawa fenol dalam air, tingkat kelangsungan hidup cyprinus carpio semakin rendah. Dari penelitian ini pula diperoleh batas aman keberadaan senyawa fenol dalam air terhadap kelangsungan hidup cyprinus carpio adalah pada konsentrasi 2,4 ppm. Pada konsentrasi ini tingkat kelangsungan hidup cyprinus carpio mencapai 100 %. Kata Kunci : Fenol, Ikan Mas, Cyprinus Carpio, Toksisitas

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5

Citil, Ozcan Baris, Leyla Kalyoncu, and Oguzhan Kahraman. "Fatty Acid Composition of the Muscle Lipids of Five Fish Species in Işıklı and Karacaören Dam Lake, Turkey." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/936091.

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Total fatty acid composition of muscle lipids in some fish species (Cyprinus carpio(Işıklı Dam Lake),Tinca tinca(Işıklı Dam Lake),Scardinius erythrophthalmus(Işıklı Dam Lake),Cyprinus carpio(Karacaören Dam Lake), andCarassius carassius(Karacaören Dam Lake)) was determined by gas chromatography. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ofCyprinus carpio(Işıklı Dam Lake) were found higher than PUFA of other species. Palmitic acid was the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) inTinca tinca(24.64%). Oleic acid was the highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFAs) inCyprinus carpio(Işıklı Dam Lake) (19.25%). The most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid inScardinius erythrophthalmuswas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (17.94%). Totalω3 fatty acid composition was higher than the totalω6 fatty acids ofCyprinus carpioin both dam lakes.ω3/ω6 rates inCyprinus carpio(Işıklı Dam Lake),Tinca tinca, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Cyprinus carpio(Karacaören), andCarassius carassiuswere 2.12, 1.19, 2.15, 2.87, and 2.82, respectively.

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6

Puspitasari, Diah, Idiannor Mahyudin, and Tri Dekayanti. "PROSPEK USAHA PEMBENIHAN IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio L) PADA UNIT PEMBENIH RAKYAT (UPR) DI KELURAHAN MENTAOS KECAMATAN BANJARBARU UTARA KOTA BANJARBARU PROPINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Fish Scientiae 5, no. 9 (June 15, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/fs.v5i9.1117.

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The hatcheries operations of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio L) in Community Hatchery Unit at Mentaos Village in North Banjarbaru, Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan Province have pretty good opportunity for its development since the comsumption of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio L) is increasing each year. The continous availability of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio L ) seeds and the fish farmer’s experience have developed a lot as well as support from local government by providing capital for sustainable development of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio L.) The research was done in Mentaos Village, North Banjarbaru District in Banjarbaru City of South Kalimantan Province. Primary and secondary data were gathered. The research conducted in order to analyse the prospect of goldfish seeding process in Community Hachery Unit (UPR) which include : (1) the profit, (2) Break Even Point (BEP) analysis, (3) the feasibility of the business namely (R/C Ratio) and Payback Period (PP), (4) the analysis of market prospect and (5) marketing channels.The research show the profit achieved in the seeding gold fish (Cyprinus carpio, L) business in Mentaos Village is by average Rp.13.754.922,00/year, Break Even Point (BEP) by minimum selling price is Rp.86,94 per head and producing by minimum of 200.701 head year. Based on the feasibility of the business it is found that R/C Ratio of the fish hatchery operations in a single season production is 2,17(R/C>1), mean while Payback Period (PP) is 0,244 year or 2 month 29 days, the demand of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio L) is bigger than the supply (D>S), it means the production still cannot fulfil the market demand and the marketing channels which allows the fish farmers to sell their product directly to the last consumer which become the most efficiency way

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7

Molnár, K. "Differences between the European carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and the coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in susceptibility to Thelohanellus nikolskii (Myxosporea) infection." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.50.2002.1.7.

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Thelohanellus nikolskii infection of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) has been a common parasitosis in the Central European fish farms since the first detection of the parasite about 20 years ago. This parasite, introduced from the Far East, causes intensive infection on the fins of fingerlings of the carp subspecies cultured in Europe (European carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio). This infection of the common carp occurs in the Hungarian fish farms every year. Until the present study, this parasite had not been recorded from the fins of koi or coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus), a carp of Far Eastern origin, which is cultured in Hungary as an ornamental fish. A recent survey conducted in common carp, koi and goldfish stocks demonstrated that T. nikolskii infection of low prevalence and intensity occurs also in koi populations, but its prevalence and intensity are markedly lower than in common carp kept in the same ponds. It is suggested that the observed differences are due to disparities in the susceptibility of the two carp subspecies to T. nikolskii, and that the koi is less susceptible to this infection. Other signs of susceptibility can also be observed in the European subspecies, since in 15% of the fish plasmodium development was arrested at an early stage. Thelohanellus nikolskii infection could not be demonstrated on goldfish (Carassius auratus).

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8

Wang, Jinlong, Li Zou, Guomin Jiang, Ming Zeng, Chuanwu Li, Yuanan Wu, Dongwu Wang, Mingqiu Liu, and Li Liu. "The complete mitochondrial genome of the hybrid Cyprinus capio Furong. [Cyprinus carpio L. mirror (♀)×Cyprinus Carpio var. singuonensis (♂)]." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2016.1180552.

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9

Farhangi, Mohamad, and Hojatolah Jafaryan. "The Comparison of Acute Toxicity (96h) of Copper (CuSO4) in Cyprinus Carpio and Rutilus Rutilus." Environment and Pollution 8, no. 2 (September 29, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v8n2p21.

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The experiments were conducted to study of the acute toxicity of Cyprinus carpio and Rutilus rutilus by added copper salt in basins. 13 fishes with average weight of 2±0.5g to Rutilus rutilus and 20±2.2g Cyprinus carpio were exposed to different concentrations of copper salt respectively. The experiments were done by Static Method during 96 hours. A group of fish was considered as control samples. The different concentrations of copper such as 0, 0.1, and 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45 and 5mgL-1 were used to Rutilus rutilus and Cyprinus carpio fishes. Under stable condition (TOC and pH), the lethal concentration of copper was measured of 0.4mgL-1 and 0.45mgL-1 to Rutilus rutilus and Cyprinus carpio respectively during of 96 hours. The results indicated the significant differences were observed between treatments of fish with each other and also with the control samples. With increasing of copper in each treatment, the mortality rate of fish significantly was increased. Histopathological findings showed that major lesions were hemorrhage, hyperemia, hyperplasia and epithelial cells necrosis in total fish. Also in the lesion fish were observed degenerated tubules of their kidney, expansion of Bowman's capsule and hepatocytes necrosis.

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10

Chase, Ava R. "Music discriminations by carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Animal Learning & Behavior 29, no. 4 (November 2001): 336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03192900.

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11

Stegeman, Nadia, J. Jill Heatley, Aline Rodrigues, and Roy Pool. "Nephroblastoma in a Koi (Cyprinus carpio)." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 19, no. 4 (October 2010): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.10.009.

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12

Lewbart, Gregory A. "Reproductive medicine in koi (Cyprinus carpio)." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 5, no. 3 (September 2002): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(02)00012-9.

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13

Sadono, Dukut Tri, Darwis AN, and Zulkarnain Umar. "Analisis ekonomi budidaya Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio) KJA waduk PLTA Koto Panjang." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.8.1.p.29-41.

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This study aims to analyze the factors that affect income levels, estimate economic value, analyze financial feasibility and study alternative policies for the development of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) cultivation in floating net cages in an effort to develop fishery potential in Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Reservoir, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The sampling location is determined based on (purposive sampling). The method used in this research is a survey method. Determination of the population in the study using the Census method. Factors that significantly influence the income of goldfish cultivators (Cyprinus carpio) at the real level α = 5% are the yield (HP) kg / unit and the number of cages (JK) unit. The surplus value of goldfish cultivation producers (Cyprinus carpio) is IDR 42,102,269,258.00 / year. The results of the analysis of the financial feasibility value (NPV) of Rp. 77,136,617.10, - / unit for the volume of cages 6 x 6 x 4. Whereas for the volume of cages 6 x 8 x 4, it has a value (NPV) which is much greater than Rp. . 173,394,632.39, - / unit. The second value (NPV) is positive based on the criteria for a feasible business investment if the value (Net B / C) is greater than 1, the value (IRR) is the same as 12.00% for both cage size categories. The sensitivity analysis shows that the cultivation of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) KJA in the Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Power Plant is more sensitive to changes in decreased production compared to changes in decreasing price of carp feed (Cyprinus carpio). Based on the Exponential Comparative Analysis (MPE), it is found that the best alternative development policies to be developed and implemented are capital strengthening and improvement of facilities and infrastructure related to fish cultivation development.

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14

Hu, Guang Fu, Xiang Jiang Liu, Gui Wei Zou, Zhong Li, Hong-Wei Liang, and Shao-na Hu. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Yangtze River wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) and Russian scattered scale mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio)." Mitochondrial DNA 27, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.883617.

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15

Sari, Putri Desi Wulan, Gunanti Mahasri, and Koesnoto Koesnoto. "PATOGENESIS Gyrodactylus : PENENTUAN DERAJAT INFESTASI, PENGAMATAN GEJALA KLINIS DAN PATOLOGI INSANG IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio)." Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v9i1.16215.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui patogenesis infestasi Gyrodactylus yang menginfestasi insang ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio). Patogenesis diamati berdasarkan tingkat derajat infestasi, pengamatan gejala klinis dan patologi insang ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio). Sebanyak 1.440 ekor ikan mas terinfestasi Gyrodactylus diambil dan diamati gejala klinis, penentuan derajat infestasi serta dilakukan pengamatan patologi anatomi dan histopatologi insang. Hasil pengamatan sampel menunjukkan pada tingkat infestasi ringan dan berat, kerusakan yang ditimbulkan antara lain hiperplasia, hipertropi dan hemoragi. Sedangkan ikan mas normal menunjukkan gambaran histopatologi insang yang normal.

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16

Adeshina, Ibrahim, Ramatu Abdulkareem Sani, Yusuf Adetunji Adewale, Lateef Oloyede Tiamiyu, and Samuel Bem Umma. "Effects of Dietary Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal as a Replacement for Soybean Meal on Growth, Body Composition and Health Status in Cyprinus carpio Juveniles." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2018-0021.

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Abstract The growth performance, nutrient utilization and health status of Cyprinus carpio fed various levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a replacement for soybean meal was investigated. Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated with Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% crude protein replacement. The diets were fed to the fish at 5% body weight to 360 Cyprinus carpio juveniles (8.12±0.21 g) allotted to 18 happas (1 m3) in a completely randomized design for 12 weeks. The results revealed that crude protein replacement levels of 30% had significantly better final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio, while survival rates were not significantly different. Also, haematological, biochemical and immune responses of the fish fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal fortified diets were significantly improved. The results further suggest that higher inclusion replacement is possible but opined that, for growth and economic consideration, Moringa oleifera leaf meal could be used to replace 30% crude protein of soybean in the diet of Cyprinus carpio juveniles.

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17

Susilo, Hadi, Swastika Oktavia, and Roudotussaadah Roudotussaadah. "Phytoremediation of batik industry wastewater using water hyacinth plant as a medium for maintaining Cyprinus Carpio L." Biological Environment and Pollution 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/bioenvipo.v1i1.382.

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Batik is one of Indonesia's cultural heritage that has been recognized internationally. Currently, public demand for batik continues to increase, increasing the production of the batik industry in Banten and will be the impact of increasing batik liquid waste. The results of batik production waste are usually directly disposed of through public water channels without being treated first. This condition can cause environmental pollution that will disrupt the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of phytoremediation of batik industrial wastewater on the lethality and structure of Cyprinus Carpio L. scales. This study used a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatment used was the maintenance of Cyprinus Carpio L. in the wastewater from the phytoremediation batik industry with concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. The results showed that phytoremediation using water hyacinth plants reduced the BOD and COD content of batik waste. Phytoremediation of batik waste affects the lethality of Cyprinus Carpio L. and the structure of the scales. At concentrations of 20% and 40%, the highest average percentage of lethality is 60% death. Fish mortality is characterized by changes in behavior such as movement activity, body balance, and color morphology. The concentration of the batik industry wastewater also affects the amount of lethality and the sublethal effect of Cyprinus Carpio L. The attachment of the waste indicates the sublethal effect to the scales, the highest concentration of which is 20% and 40%, respectively.

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18

Sholichah, Lili, Angela Mariana Lusiastuti, Domenico Caruso, I. Wayan Subamia, and Uni Purwaningsih. "TUMOUR CASE IN KOI CARP (Cyprinus carpio)." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.5.2.2010.139-145.

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A case study of tumour in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) was observed in rearing periode. This tumour occurs solitary, large, pale red, fleshy masses under the lips and dental plates on the outside, and by reason of its size, may prevent closure the mouth. Moreover, this tumour goes through into the inside of the mouth. At necropsy, there were two soft, firm, small mass at inside of the mouth and the bigger mass at outside the mouth. Samples of this tumour were fixed in 10% formalin were used for histology analysis. The clinical course of the tumour is one of relatively slow but progressive growth. The proliferative stage of the neoplastic process is preceded and accompanied by a striking vascular reaction. Intensed hyperemia invariably occurs in that region of the mucosal surface which later becomes the site of neoplastic proliferation. Neoplastic cells lied around lamina propria and submucosal. These cells were joined together to make vacuolization and the other cells become pleiomorphism with hyperchromatic nucleus and N/C ratio cells are 1:1. In some area, there were many empty holes, around the holes there were debris cells, inflammation cells, and erythrocytes.

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19

Xue, Shu Qun, Chi Tao Li, Ying Han, and Lian Yu Shi. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Cyprinus carpio triploid." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 1072–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1586460.

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20

Hinits, Yaniv, and Boaz Moav. "Growth performance studies in transgenic Cyprinus carpio." Aquaculture 173, no. 1-4 (March 1999): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00452-9.

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21

Brzuska, E., and H. Białowąs. "Artificial spawning of carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)." Aquaculture Research 33, no. 10 (July 31, 2002): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00714.x.

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22

Grabner, M., K. Friedrich, H. G. Knaus, J. Striessnig, F. Scheffauer, R. Staudinger, W. J. Koch, A. Schwartz, and H. Glossmann. "Calcium channels from Cyprinus carpio skeletal muscle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 3 (February 1, 1991): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.3.727.

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23

Komen, J., J. Duynhouwer, C. J. J. Richter, and E. A. Huisman. "Gynogenesis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Aquaculture 69, no. 3-4 (April 1988): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90331-6.

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24

Komen, J., A. B. J. Bongers, C. J. J. Richter, W. B. van Muiswinkel, and E. A. Huisman. "Gynogenesis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Aquaculture 92 (January 1991): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90015-y.

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25

Panara, Fausto, and Rita Pascolini. "Acid phosphatases from liver of Cyprinus carpio." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 92, no. 4 (January 1989): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(89)90262-9.

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26

Tripathi, Niraj K., Kenneth S. Latimer, Thomas L. Lewis, and Victoria V. Burnley. "Biochemical reference intervals for koi ( Cyprinus carpio )." Comparative Clinical Pathology 12, no. 3 (November 1, 2003): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-003-0495-x.

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27

Wu Chingjiang, Ye Yuzhen, and Chen Rongde. "Genome manipulation in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Aquaculture 54, no. 1-2 (May 1986): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(86)90255-3.

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28

Buchmann, K., H. C. Slotved, and D. Dana. "Gill parasites from Cyprinus carpio in Indonesia." Aquaculture 129, no. 1-4 (January 1995): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)91991-4.

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29

Tossin, M. R., Sunarto, and Sabariah. "Effect of different feeding dossage on the growth of Cyprinus carpio and Macrones sp. by Cage-Cum-Cage system." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.7.59-64.

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<p>ABSTRACT<em></em></p><p>Feed is an element which requires largest cost in fish culture. Inefficient in feeding can reduce profit. In additon, intensive fish culture system requires efficiently the use of area. Generally, not all space in fish cage filled by fish, because of the nature of fish that lives in some particular space on water such as the surface, middle space or bottom. <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> and<em>Macrones</em> sp. was reared with gillnet inside gillnet (cage-cum-cage) and fed commercial diet in dose of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. Result show that feeding dose of 6% was an efficien mean by relative growth rate. Growth rate of <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> was about 150.47% and <em>Macrones</em> was 208.87%. Feed efficiency was about 81.89%. Survival rate of <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> was about 91.67% and <em>Macrones</em> was 86.67%. Thus, feeding dose of 6% is recommended for <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> and<em>Macrones</em> in cage-cum-cage culture system.</p><p>Keywords: growth, <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>,<em>Macrones sp.</em>, feeding dose, cage-cum-cage</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pakan merupakan komponen yang membutuhkan biaya terbesar dalam usaha budidaya. Penggunaan pakan yang tidak efisiensi dapat mengurangi keuntungan usaha. Selain itu budidaya yang intensif juga menuntut penggunaan ruang gerak ikan yang efisien. Umumnya tidak semua kolom air dalam karamba terisi dengan ikan yang dibudidayakan, karena sifat ikan mendiami bagian tertentu dalam air seperti di permukaan, di pertengahan atau di dasar perairan. Ikan mas dan ikan baung dipelihara dengan jaring di dalam jaring (cage-cum-cage) dan diberi pakan dengan dosis 3%; 6%; 9% dan 12%. Hasil menunjukan bahwa dosis pakan 6% merupakan dosis yang efisien dalam penggunaan pakan dengan laju pertumbuhan relatif ikan mas 150,47 % dan ikan baung 208,87%, efisiensi pakan 81,89% dan kelangsungan hidup ikan mas 91,67% dan ikan baung 86,67%. Dosis pakan 6% direkomendasikan sebagai dosis yang sesuai untuk ikan mas dan ikan baung pada sistem cage-cum-cage.</p><p>Kata kunci : pertumbuhan, ikan mas, ikan baung, <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>, <em>Macrones</em>, dosis pakan, cage-cum-cage.</p>

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Glass, M. L., F. T. Rantin, R. M. M. Verzola, M. N. Fernandes, and A. L. Kalinin. "Cardio-respiratory synchronization and myocardial function in hypoxic carp, Cyprinus carpio L." Journal of Fish Biology 39, no. 2 (August 1991): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04352.x.

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Kozhushko, I., A. Andryushchenko, and О. Srtiletskiy. "ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF EARLY OFFSPRING HYBRIDS CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)." Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni, no. 2(24) (June 18, 2013): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fsu2013.02.051.

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Efianda, Teuku Reza, Yusnita Yusnita, Nurul Najmi, Kiki Rishki Ananda, and Fazril Saputra. "PENGARUH KULIT BUAH NAGA (Hylocereus polyhizus) DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP KINERJA PRODUKSI IKAN KOI (Cyprinus carpio)." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 7, no. 2 (December 5, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v7i2.1915.

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This study aims to determine the rate of growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio in feed of Cyprinus carpio with Hylocereus polyhizus. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments in this study include 0% (P0), 5% (P1), 10% (P2), and 15% (P3). The method of feeding uses 5% feeding rate with a frequency of three times a day (morning, afternoon, evening). The research parameters observed included survival, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and water quality. Quantitative research results showed the best survival at P3 of 92.5%, the best specific growth rate at P3 treatment was 0.04 g / day, the best feed conversion ratio at P3 was 1.06, while the results of qualitative research on water quality showed temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen is in optimal condition according to the water quality of koi fish. The conclusion of the 15% treatment study (P3) is the best dose of Hylocereus polyhizus substitution of Cyprinus carpio with increased survival and specific growth rate, and decreases the rate of feed conversion ratio. Keywords: Cyprinus carpio, Growth, Hylocereus polyhizus, Production, Survival Rate.

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Yousafzai, Ali Muhammad, Farhad Ullah, Fathul Bari, Sumayya Raziq, Mehreen Riaz, Khalid Khan, Umar Nishan, et al. "Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals: Analysis and Comparison of Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita from Sardaryab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5801432.

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We examined and compared heavy metals bioaccumulation in Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita netted from Sardaryab, a tributary of River Kabul. By using atomic absorption spectrometry we assessed different organs including livers, gills, and muscles. Metals studied were chromium, iron, zinc, lead, and copper. Livers of both species showed higher concentrations of metals while muscles showed the least amount. Chromium and iron were the highly concentrated metals in the gills and livers of both species. A quantity of 0.154 ± 0.011, 0.199 ± 0.0079, and 0.024 ± 0.008 μg/g of chromium was found in the gills, livers, and muscles of Cyprinus carpio, respectively. Similarly, the gills, liver, and muscles of Labeo rohita contained 0.133 ± 0.008, 0.165 ± 0.01, and 0.019 ± 0.006 μg/g of Cr, respectively. Iron was highest in carp in the range of 0.086 ± 0.01 in gills and 0.067 ± 0.011 μg/g in muscles, comparatively. All the studied metals were found within the US recommended daily dietary allowances (RDA) limits; hence no immediate risk in their consumption for human was found. The data showed that Cyprinus carpio being omnivorous and bottom feeder stored higher concentrations of metals as compared to Labeo rohita.

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Gümüş, Bahar. "Comparison of the visual texture calculation methods by image analysis, applied to mirror and scaled carp skin." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.3.15.

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Regions of interest (ROI) representative of the visual texture of images of mirror carp Cyprinus carpio carpio and scaled carp Cyprinus carpio were taken. Red, green, blue and grayscale (R, G, B, GS) histograms of these ROI were calculated. The following methods of visual texture calculations were performed on the ROIs: 1) image energy based on histograms, 2) image entropy based on histograms, 3) image energy based on co-occurrence matrices, 4) image entropy based on co-occurrence matrices, 5) texture based on fractal dimensions, 6) texture based on texture primitives method. Calculations were performed for color and grayscale images. The identification of the smoothest and roughest ROIs depended on the method used. The largest range between the minimum and maximum values was found in the co-occurrence matrix-based entropy calculation. A close second was the texture change index (TCI) method.

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Amri, M. "PENGARUH BUNGKIL INTI SAWIT FERMENTASI DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN IKAN MAS ( Cyprinus carpio L.)." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 9, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jipi.9.1.71-76.

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The study effect of Fermented Palm Kernel Cage (FPKC) in feed on growth of Cyprinus carpio L. was done to evaluate the utilization of palm kernel cage increasing the quality by fermentation technology as a feed in ration to Cyprinus carpio L. performance and get a good level in ration. This experiment was set in a Randomized Completely Design with four treatments and four replicates. Treatments were diets with : A (12% PKC), B (15% FPKC), C (18% FPKC), and D (21% FPKC). Results of experiment indicated that the feed consumption body weight gain, feed conversion and income over feed cost was in proved by 18% FPKC in the diet.

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Kanaya, Gen, Elena N. Yadrenkina, Elena I. Zuykova, Eisuke Kikuchi, Hideyuki Doi, Shuichi Shikano, Chitoshi Mizota, and Natalia I. Yurlova. "Contribution of organic matter sources to cyprinid fishes in the Chany Lake - Kargat River estuary, western Siberia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 6 (2009): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08108.

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Although omnivorous cyprinid fish often dominate fish communities in shallow eutrophic lakes, their role in the food web is poorly known. In the present study, carbon sources of six cyprinid species were examined in a littoral freshwater habitat in a saline lake complex (Lake Chany, western Siberia, Russia) using stable isotope analyses (SIA). In this habitat, microalgae (phytoplankton and epiphytes), macrophytes and riparian vegetation comprised the major producer groups with distinctive δ13C values. Zooplankton and most benthic invertebrates functioned primarily as microalgae-based consumers, whereas the amphipod Gammarus lacustris depended largely on macrophytes or macrophyte-derived detritus. Cyprinids, Carassius carassius L., Car. auratus gibelio Bloch. and Abramis brama L., mainly utilised microalgae-derived carbon (δ13C-based isotope mixing model: 66–97%) via zooplanktonic trophic mediations. In contrast, Cyprinus carpio L., Leuciscus idus L. and Rutilus rutilus L. depended more on macrophytic and/or riparian production (52–80%) than on microalgal production. Observations and SIA of foregut contents indicated highly opportunistic feeding habits of R. rutilus and L. idus and preference for macrophytes. These results suggested that cyprinid fishes link pelagic, benthic and riparian food webs in this shallow, eutrophic lake ecosystem.

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Hu, Guang-Fu, Xiang-Jiang Liu, Zhong Li, Hong-Wei Liang, Shao-Na Hu, and Gui-Wei Zou. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Xingguo red carp (Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis) and purse red carp (Cyprinus carpio var. wuyuanensis)." Mitochondrial DNA 27, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.883607.

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Syafar, Laode Abdul. "Blood Description, Parasite Investation and Survival Rate Of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Which Is Exposed By Spore Protein Myxobolus koi On Rearing Pond as Immunostimulan Material." Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana 19, no. 2 (August 28, 2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v19i2.2017.158-175.

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ABSTRACTThis research is an experimental research to determine the effect of spore protein Myxobolus koi on grass carp (Cyprinus carpio) in rearing pond. The sample used is grass carp (Cyprinus carpio) 90 fish (10-15 cm). Spore protein used in this research is Myxobolus koi spore protein, that has been found by predecessor researchers and has been tested in laboratory as immunostimulan. The exposure was done orally, mixed in the feed, with a dose of 2 μg / gram dose of protein, feeded 1 time before being reared for 30 days. Parameters measured were: (1) leucocytes description (differentiated leucocytes of carp, (2) Parasitic infestation in carp and (3) Survival Rate / SR of carp were reared on pond for 30 days. The collected data is analyzed descriptively.The results showed that there was alteration of leukocytes description (differential leukocytes) in carp (Cyprinus carpio) as an indicator of the immune response. A leukocyte differential examination showed that exposure to the Myxobolus koi spore protein, The highest total lymphocytes occurred in carp exposed to Myxobolus koi spores protein and reared from pond in Mojokerto, were 77.6%, Monocytes of 16.3%, Heterophyll 14.4%, Eosinophils 7.6% and Basofil 0.4%. The highest infestation of Myxobolus koi occurred in fish that was not exposed to spore protein was 53.33% after 30 days of reared at pond, while parasitic infestation in fish exposed to spore protein was only 16.66%. Survival rate of carp indicated that the highest occurred in carp that exposed with spore protein and reared from pond in Mojokerto, equal to 90%.Myxobolus koi spore protein exposure given orally can makes alteration of leukocytes description (differential leukocytes), Decreased parasite infestation and increased survival of carp fish reared for 30 days, with the result that Myxobolus koi spore protein can be developed as an immunostimulant material.Keyword: Myxobolus koi, Cyprinus carpio, spore protein, immunostimulant, infestation

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Kmínková, M., R. Winterová, and J. Kučera. "Fatty acids in lipids of carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 19, No. 5 (February 10, 2013): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6604-cjfs.

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The content of fat in carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissue was evaluated throughout one year. The following tissues were evaluated: skeletal muscle, soft roe, hard roe, fat tissue, and hepatopancreas. Respective fatty acids were determined using gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The highest content of valuable polyunsaturated acids, like eicosahexaenoic acid, was found in soft roe and in skeletal muscle during summer, in hepatopancreas during spring, in hard roe during fall. The content of eicosahexaenoic acid in hard roe remains high in all seasons except summer. Saturated fatty acids like palmitic acid and stearic acid do not fluctuate very much throughout the year. The maximum concentration of oleic acid was found in summer. Differences in fatty acid concentration among different carp tissues depended on the living style, but their variation in the same tissue within the year depended on the main fodder of fish.

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Chistiakov, Dimitry, and Natalia Voronova. "Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp Cyprinus carpio L." Open Life Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2.

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AbstractKnowledge of genetic variation and population structure of existing strains of both farmed and wild common carp Cyprinus carpio L. is absolutely necessary for any efficient fish management and/or conservation program. To assess genetic diversity in common carp populations, a variety of molecular markers were analyzed. Of those, microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA were most frequently used in the analysis of genetic diversity and genome evolution of common carp. Using microsatellites showed that the genome evolution in common carp exhibited two waves of rearrangements: one whole-genome duplication (12–16 million years ago) and a more recent wave of segmental duplications occurring between 2.3 and 6.8 million years ago. The genome duplication event has resulted in tetraploidy since the common carp currently harbors a substantial portion of duplicated loci in its genome and twice the number of chromosomes (n = 100–104) of most other cyprinid fishes. The variation in domesticated carp populations is significantly less than that in wild populations, which probably arises from the loss of variation due to founder effects and genetic drift. Genetic differentiation between the European carp C.c. carpio and Asian carp C.c. haematopterus is clearly evident. In Asia, two carp subspecies, C.c. haematopterus and C.c. varidivlaceus, seem to be also genetically distinct.

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Soto, E., E. Tamez-Trevino, Z. Yazdi, BN Stevens, S. Yun, B. Martínez-López, and J. Burges. "Non-lethal diagnostic methods for koi herpesvirus in koi Cyprinus carpio." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 138 (March 26, 2020): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03456.

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Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is a viral pathogen responsible for mass mortalities of carp worldwide. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for the diagnosis of KHV in experimentally infected koi Cyprinus carpio over an 11 mo period. Koi were exposed to KHV at 18 ± 1°C (permissive temperatures for KHV disease) in laboratory-controlled conditions. At 21 d post challenge, the temperature in the system was decreased to <15°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease), and fish were monitored for the following 11 mo. At different time points throughout the study, samples of blood and gills were collected from exposed and control koi and subjected to qPCR and ELISA. Survival proportions of 53.3 and 98.8% in exposed and control treatments, respectively, were recorded at the end of the challenge. Traditional receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the sensitivity of the ELISA and blood and gill qPCR during permissive and non-permissive temperatures. ELISA was superior to qPCR of gills and whole-blood samples in detecting previous exposure to KHV. Similar results were obtained in a second experiment exposing koi to KHV and inducing persistent infection at >30°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease). Finally, KHV ELISA specificity was confirmed using cyprinid herpesvirus 1-exposed koi through a period of 3 mo. This study demonstrates that the combination of ELISA and gill qPCR should be recommended in the diagnosis of KHV exposure of suspected carrier-state fish.

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Pokorova, D., V. Piackova, A. Cizek, S. Reschova, J. Hulova, M. Vicenova, and T. Vesely. "Tests for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) in the Czech Republic." Veterinární Medicína 52, No. 12 (January 7, 2008): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1883-vetmed.

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An outbreak of koi herpesvirus (KHV) infection associated with high mortality of common and koi carp was recorded in the USA and Israel in 1998. At present, this disease is viewed as one of the most significant factors that can adversely affect common and koi carp breeds. The disease has spread worldwide including European countries neighbouring with the Czech Republic (CR), i.e. Germany, Poland, and Austria. To monitor the situation in the CR, samples were collected from a total of 138 common and koi carps in seven and eight locations in CR respectively, and were examined between 2005 and 2006. Locations owned by the major producers of common and koi carp were selected with respect of potential occurrence of the KHV virus. No records of increased mortality and morbidity were noticed there. Preferentially carps with non-specific symptoms of disease were sampled, often with isolated skin erosions. To obtain detailed picture about health condition of examined fish the bacteriological and haematological examinations were accomplished. The next part of the examined samples were carp and koi carp for export from professional breeders, imported koi carp and fish from breeds with increased mortality (45 and 21 fish in 2005 and 2006, respectively) The only virological testing was done in this case. The culture and PCR method, according to Gilad et al. (2002) showed negative results for virus KHV in all years. Retrospective investigation by PCR method according to Bercovier et al. (2005) showed positivity in five locations in 2005. In 2006, KHV virus was not detected in any of the selected locations. The aim of our study was to find out the presence/absence of KHV in selected locations and potential correlation of virological, bacteriological and haematological findings. The results of first testing for presence of koi herpesvirus indicates the necessity of regular KHV monitoring in the Czech Republic in the next period.

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Gilad, Oren, Susan Yun, Mark A. Adkison, Keith Way, Neil H. Willits, Herve Bercovier, and Ronald P. Hedrick. "Molecular comparison of isolates of an emerging fish pathogen, koi herpesvirus, and the effect of water temperature on mortality of experimentally infected koi." Journal of General Virology 84, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19323-0.

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Koi herpesvirus (KHV) has been associated with devastating losses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) in North America, Europe, Israel and Asia. A comparison of virion polypeptides and genomic restriction fragments of seven geographically diverse isolates of KHV indicated that with one exception they represented a homogeneous group. A principal environmental factor influencing the onset and severity of disease is water temperature. Optimal growth of KHV in a koi fin cell line occurred at temperatures from 15–25 °C. There was no growth or minimal growth at 4, 10, 30 or 37 °C. Experimental infections of koi with KHV at a water temperature of 23 °C resulted in a cumulative mortality of 95·2 %. Disease progressed rapidly but with lower mortality (89·4–95·2 %) at 28 °C. Mortality (85·0 %) also occurred at 18 °C but not at 13 °C. Shifting virus-exposed fish from 13–23 °C resulted in the rapid onset of mortality.

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Roy, Dulon, Zavyalov Aleksandar Petrobich, Blacob Balentin Aleksebich, and Gulshan Ara Latifa. "Intensive polyculture of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) at different stocking densities." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 46, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v46i1.37628.

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An experiment was carried out for 6 months on rearing of common carp, mirror carp, grass carp and silver carp under polyculture system at different stocking densities in cemented tanks (5 - 7 m in diameter and water depth 1.0 - 1.5 m). Observations were made on fish growth in terms of monthly and per day weight gain. Grass carp attained the maximum weight 686 ± 17, 720 ± 16.5 and 765 ± 9.6 in three tanks, respectively. Weight gained followed by silver carp as 680 ± 10 g, 680 ± 12.6 g and 701 ± 9.2 g in tank 1, tank 2 and tank 3, respectively. The common carp gained its average maximum weight 525 ± 10.7 g in tank3 and the mirror carp also attained its maximum weight 500 ± 12.2 g in same tank. In common carp the maximum average daily weight gain (3.2 ± 0.1 g) was in the month of December and lowest was (1.92 ± 0.2 g) in the month of August in tank 3. In mirror carp the maximum average daily weight gain (3.03 ± 0.09 g) was in the month of September and lowest (1.41 ± 0.07g) in the month of July in tank 3 and tank 2, respectively. In grass carp the maximum average daily weight gain (4.24 ± 0.17 g) was in the month of August and lowest (2.72 ± 0.07 g) in the month of July in tank 3 and tank 1, respectively. Among silver carp the maximum average daily weight gain (4.45 ± 0.01 g) recorded in the month of October and lowest was (2.61 ± 0.11 g) in the month of July in tank 1. The specific growth rate (SGR) was 1.23 ± 0.64 to 1.33 ± 0.83 in common carp, 1.27 ± 0.9 to 1.34 ± 0.8 in mirror carp, 1.36 ± 0.86 to 1.55 ± 1.13 in grass carp and 1.41 ± 0.83 to 1.52 ± 1.09 in silver carp in different culture treatments.Bangladesh J. Zool. 46(1): 71-80, 2018

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Arisuryanti, Tuty, and Anjar Tri Wibowo. "Karyotype Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) Majalaya." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.12929.

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) is grouped into Family Cyprinidae and Order Cypriniformes. One of Indonesian common carp which is commonly domesticated in Indonesia to fulfil consumer needs of animal protein is “Majalaya”. Even though the common carp “Majalaya” is extensively domesticated to meet market demands, any comprehensive study on the fish chromosomes has not been investigated. Chromosome study on the common carp “Majalaya” is quite important related to breeding program including certification process. The objective of this study was to study karyotype of the common carp “Majalaya” collected from UKBAT Cangkringan, Yogyakarta. Chromosome preparation of the common carp “Majalaya” investigated in this study was a splash method with blood cell cultures. The results revealed that the common carp “Majalaya” has diploid chromosome number (2n) = 98 classified as 12 (6 pairs) metacentric chromosomes and 86 (43 pairs) telocentric chromosomes displaying karyotype formula 2n = 2x = 98 = 12 m + 86 t. However, sex chromosomes of the common carp “Majalaya” could not be identified in this study. In addition, the variation of total length chromosomes of the fish is between 1,052 μm and 3,299 μm. On the basis of R value (3,079 ± 0.093), the common carp “Majalaya” has chromosome variation size

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Shayeghi, Mansoreh, Mehdi Khoobdel, Fatemeh Bagheri, Mohammad Abtahi, and Hojjatollah Zeraati. "Organophosphorous residue in Liza aurata and Cyprinus carpio." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2, no. 7 (July 2012): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60098-7.

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Choi, Sang-Hoon, Kwan-Ha Park, and Jong-Man Yoon. "Characterization of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Immunoglobulin Structure." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.290.

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48

Sirri, Rubina, Luciana Mandrioli, Samuele Zamparo, Francesca Errani, Enrico Volpe, Giorgia Tura, Tim Barbé, and Sara Ciulli. "Swim Bladder Disorders in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111974.

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Swim bladder disorders and consequent buoyancy problems are encountered in ornamental fish, including koi carp. Nevertheless, beyond clinical and pharmacological management, they are largely underdiagnosed. In this study, nine koi carp showing abdominal swelling and abnormal swimming behavior were investigated. Clinical approach, varying from case to case, included ultrasonographic and X-ray investigations, bacteriological analysis of the collected fluid, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and possibly histological analysis. Diagnostic imaging, corroborating gross examination, documented swim bladder deformation/dislocation and serous fluid within the swim bladder chambers of most animals. Bacteria belonging to the Aeromonas hydrophila/caviae group and Shewanella xiamenensis were identified. S. xiamenensis strains showed a sensibility to all tested molecules except for one strain, which was resistant to tetracycline and cyprofloxacin. Antibiotic treatment succeeded in the full recovery of three cases in which S. xiamemensis infection was detected. Chronic aerocystitis was histologically documented where tissue was available. The swim bladder histopathological findings highlighted a chronic process that had compromised the quality of life of the animals. A multidisciplinary clinical–pathological and microbiological approach is highly suggested to recognize swim bladder conditions as early as possible, aiming to drive medical intervention and raising the chances of fish survival.

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Conte, A., and E. Ottaviani. "Characterization of Cyprinus carpio brain nitric oxide synthase." Neuroscience Letters 242, no. 3 (February 1998): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00063-9.

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Wittmann, Von J., and M. Kalk. "Über den Energiestoffwechsel der Karpfen-Erythrocyten (Cyprinus carpio)." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 8, no. 1-4 (August 1992): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00694.x.

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