Journal articles on the topic 'Cypress pine'
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1
Anjos, Ofélia, António J. A. Santos, Rogério Simões, and Helena Pereira. "Morphological, mechanical, and optical properties of cypress papers." Holzforschung 68, no. 8 (December 1, 2014): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0125.
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Abstract The pulping properties of cypress species are not known and the present paper aims to filling this gap. Namely, Cupressus lusitanica Mill., C. sempervirens L. and C. arizonica Greene have been submitted to kraft pulping and the pulp properties are compared with those of Pinus pinaster Aiton. and P. sylvestris Watereri as references. Schopper Riegler degree, density, Bekk’s smoothness, tensile index, tear index, burst index, stretch, dry zero-span strength, wet zero-span strength, brightness, opacity and light scattering coefficient have been tested. The pulp yields and delignification degrees of cypress woods were lower than those of the pine references. Fibre length, width and coarseness were statistically different between pines and cypress species and C. sempervirens pulps have corresponding data close to those of pine species. Cypress pulps can be refined much faster than pine pulps. The papers sheets of cypress fibres have, in general, lower mechanical performance than those of pine fibres. Papers from C. arizonica and C. lusitanica are similar and C. sempervirens has intermediate properties being between the other cypress and pine species. However, cypress fibres are relatively short, flexible and collapsible and can be refined with low energy demand, and thus could be incorporated into papers resulting in products with better light scattering and smoothness.
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Fitzgerald, Christopher J., and Robert L. McGavin. "Blended species plywood (white cypress pine and hoop pine): Effect of veneer thickness on susceptibility to attack by the subterranean termite Coptotermes acinaciformis." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 4, 2020): 4655–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.4655-4671.
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Blended species plywood blocks comprising of 24 different veneer configurations of naturally durable white cypress pine and non-durable hoop pine were exposed to the subterranean termite Coptotermes acinaciformis in a field trial in Australia. Three thicknesses of cypress (1.8, 2.8, and 3.0 mm) and hoop pine (1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 mm) veneer were included. Blocks were assessed for termite damage using a visual damage rating and mass loss measurement. Blocks using all hoop pine veneers received substantial damage; however, blocks that had cypress face and back veneers had improved termite resistance, particularly for the 1.0-mm hoop pine core veneers. When cypress longbands were blended with hoop pine crossbands that created alternating layers, minimal damage was sustained in the hoop pine veneers; however, the damage increased with increasing hoop pine veneer thickness. All cypress veneers received essentially no termite damage, and cypress veneer thickness did not influence the severity of hoop pine veneer damage. The trial indicated that the plywood made with hoop pine core veneers, cypress pine face, and back veneers offered some termite resistance if the hoop pine veneer thickness was kept thin. Alternating cypress and hoop pine further improved the termite resistance.
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Evans, P. D., S. Dimitriades, R. B. Cunningham, and C. F. Donnelly. "Medium Density Fibreboard Manufactured from Blends of White Cypress Pine and Non-Durable Wood Species Shows Increased Resistance to Attack by the Subterranean Termite C. lacteus." Holzforschung 54, no. 6 (October 25, 2000): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.099.
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Summary Medium density fibreboards consisting of blends of the naturally durable wood species white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and non-durable wood species were manufactured in a commercial plant and subjected to a bioassay using the subterranean termite species, Coptotermes lacteus. A board composed of 30% cypress pine, 30% slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and 40% of the naturally durable hardwood species spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) was also manufactured and bioassayed against C. lacteus. The aims were to determine (i) whether boards containing cypress pine possessed increased resistance to termite attack compared to a control manufactured entirely from non-durable wood species; (ii) the relationship between the cypress pine content of boards and their resistance (if any) to termite attack; (iii) whether the termite resistance of boards containing cypress pine could be further enhanced by the addition of spotted gum fibre. There was an inverse relationship between the cypress pine content of MDF specimens and mass losses of the specimens during the bioassay; the percentage mass losses of specimens containing 11.4, 16.2 and 34.2% cypress pine being 20.3, 13.4 and 8.8%, respectively, compared to 32.8% for the control, which consisted of non-durable slash pine (80%) and hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) (20%) fibre. There was strong evidence that the inverse relationship between the cypress pine content of boards and mass losses during the bioassay was linear, although a statistically significant quadratic (curvilinear) effect was also apparent. The addition of spotted gum fibre to boards did not increase their resistance to termite attack. Cypress pine heartwood contains a variety of extractives that are either toxic or repellent to termites, and the increased termite resistance of MDF containing cypress pine compared to the control is probably due to the insecticidal effect of such chemicals on C. lacteus. The incorporation of cypress pine fibre into MDF shows promise as an alternative to chemical biocides for increasing the resistance of MDF to termites. However, the response of termites to heartwood extractives varies between species, and therefore further experimentation is needed to test the resistance of MDF containing cypress pine fibre to attack by greater range of wood destroying termites under test conditions that more closely simulate field conditions.
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Harris, Mark R., David Lamb, and Peter D. Erskine. "An investigation into the possible inhibitory effects of white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) litter on the germination and growth of associated ground cover species." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02045.
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White cypress-pine stands typically support sparse densities of shrubs and grasses. The commonly held opinion is that leaching of allelopathic chemical compounds from cypress-pine litter partly facilitates this exclusion. Germination and growth of cypress pine seedlings do not appear to be similarly affected. This study set out to determine whether cypress litter had a differential effect on germination and growth of cypress-pine seedlings and on associated ground-cover species. Glasshouse trials comparing seedling emergence under cypress- and artificial-litter layers were undertaken. Cypress-pine litter did not have an inhibitory effect on the germination or growth of ground-cover species. In most cases, seedling emergence was facilitated by the application of cypress-pine litter due to its ability to increase the water holding capacity of the underlying soil. Cypress litter did not promote growth of its own seedlings over its competitors except on coarse-textured soils where it provided an ameliorative function to water stress due to the soil's reduced water holding capacity. The inhibition of ground-cover species' germination and growth in pure cypress stands was suggested to be the result of high below-ground resource competition due to the pine's expansive root morphology.
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Hinesley, L. Eric, and Layne K. Snelling. "Drying and Rehydration of Atlantic White Cedar, Arizona Cypress, Eastern White Pine, Leyland Cypress and Virginia Pine Christmas Trees." HortScience 32, no. 7 (December 1997): 1252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1252.
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Drying and rehydration characteristics were measured for Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.], Arizona cypress [Cupressus arizonica var. glabra `Carolina Sapphire' (Sudworth) Little], Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.)], Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) Christmas trees. Species varied in drying rate, loss of mass during display, water use after rehydration, the relationship between moisture content and xylem water potential (Ψ), and keeping quality. Leyland cypress and Arizona cypress rehydrated from Ψ values as low as –5.0 MPa, and remained in good condition after rehydration. The critical moisture content for Virginia pine and white pine was between –2.5 and –3.0 MPa. The ability of Atlantic white cedar to rehydrate decreased quickly with time out of water, and water consumption dropped sharply within a few days after placement in water. Change in fresh mass varied from +1% for Arizona cypress to –29% for Atlantic white cedar. Keeping quality of Virginia pine was poor, even for trees that were placed in water the day of cutting.
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Duryea, Mary, Jacob Huffman, R. Jeffery English, and Weste Osbrink. "Will Subterranean Termites Consume Landscape Mulches?" Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 25, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1999.020.
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Subterranean termites live in colonies in the soil in both temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. These termites feed on cellulose and are a major cause of damage to wood in use. Organic tree-based mulches provide many benefits to a landscape, yet recently, questions about whether they could harbor or be a source of food for termite colonies have arisen. In a series of 2 no-choice food experiments, this study investigated whether termites would consume 6 landscape mulches: cypress, eucalyptus, melaleuca, pine bark, pine straw, and a utility pruning mulch, and 5 woods: pine sapwood, cypress heartwood and sapwood, and melaleuca heartwood and sapwood. In the wood experiments, termites consumed pine and cypress sapwood but did not consume the cypress heartwood or melaleuca sapwood or heartwood. In the pine and cypress sapwood, 64% to 77% of the termites survived, while melaleuca and cypress heartwood had fewer than 15% live termites.In Experiment 1, termites ate more of the utility mulch than any other mulch. In Experiment 2, termites consumed all mulches except melaleuca, which was the least desirable food in both experiments. Correlations with chemical characteristics were significant for both nitrogen and phosphorus (r = 0.91 and 0.96), showing that termites preferred mulches with higher N and P concentrations.In both experiments termite consumption was also correlated with 1-year decomposition of mulches in another study. Because termites ate most mulches, further investigation is necessary to determine whether landscape mulches around building foundations could harbor or support termite colonies.
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Kellam, John O., Deborah K. Jansen, Annette T. Johnson, Ralph W. Arwood, Melissa J. Merrick, and John L. Koprowski. "Big Cypress fox squirrel ( Sciurus niger avicennia ) ecology and habitat use in a cypress dome swamp-pine forest mosaic." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (November 2, 2015): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv170.
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AbstractForested wetlands are in decline, as are many species that are obligate residents. Big Cypress fox squirrels (BCFS; Sciurus niger avicennia ) are a threatened endemic to wet pine and cypress forests in southwestern Florida. The region is characterized by development resulting in habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and hydrological change that influence the quality of these wet forests. Through radiotelemetry and field observations, we examined the ecology and habitat use of BCFS in a natural cypress dome-pine forest mosaic. BCFS selected cypress domes for food and nests throughout the year. Cypress dome habitats were the only habitat type to be used more than available; however, the availability of nearby pine forest was also important. Home ranges were large relative to other tree squirrels, with male home ranges exceeding female ranges. Males overlapped more females than males, while sharing similar food preferences and use patterns with females, suggesting that the sexual dimorphism in home range size is related to mate searching. Roads and oil extraction pads were used less frequently than expected and were incorporated into home ranges less than randomly generated features. The importance of cypress domes within the wet forests and grasslands of Big Cypress National Preserve demonstrates the value of maintaining this delicate mosaic.
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Harris, J. Roger, and Edward Gilman. "Production Method Affects Growth and Root Regeneration of Leyland Cypress, Laurel Oak, And Slash Pine." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 17, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1991.017.
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Leyland cypress, laurel oak and slash pine were grown for 18 months in plastic containers, in fabric containers or directly in the field and then transplanted into field soil. There was no difference in growth between field-grown and fabric container-grown trees for laurel oak or slash pine, but field-grown leyland cypress were taller than fabric containergrown trees. Container-grown trees were smallest for all three species. Shoot : root dry weight ratio was smallest on container-grown trees because little of the root system is lost during transplanting compared to fabric and field-grown trees. Ten weeks after transplanting, weight of regenerated roots on fabric container-grown leyland cypress and slash pine was greater than on field-grown trees. Field-grown slash pine regenerated less root weight than trees produced by other production methods. Production method did not affect root regeneration of laurel oak.
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Tilt, Ken, Bridget Behe, David Williams, Heath Potter, and Dwight Bunn. "CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR ALTERNATE CHRISTMAS TREE SPECIES." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 439c—439. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.439c.
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A survey was developed evaluating the preference of consumers for purchasing three alternative Christmas tree species. Trees included: Pinus virginiana, a traditional Alabama Christmas tree; a containerized Ilex × `Nellie R. Stevens'; and a cut × Cupressocyparis leylandii. Virginia pine and leyland cypress were rated higher than the holly. The average rating on a scale of 1 to 5 for the Virginia pine and the leyland cypress was 3.75 and 3.63, respectively. Consumers rated the holly an average of 3.29. A rating of 1 indicated a strong negative response and a rating of 5 offered a strong positive response for buying the tree. The median rating for all three species was 4, indicating that 50% of the participants rated them a 4 or higher. The mode, or most frequent rating, was 5 for all three species. Although the average rating for the holly was lower than the average for the Virginia pine and leyland cypress, the holly and the leyland cypress may have a market niche with >50% of the respondents indicating that they would purchase the trees.
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Shoemaker, W. B., F. Anderson, J. G. Barr, S. L. Graham, and D. B. Botkin. "Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands." Biogeosciences 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2015): 2285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2285-2015.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and forested subtropical wetlands is largely unknown. Here we report a first step in characterizing this atmospheric–ecosystem carbon (C) exchange, for cypress strands and pine forests in the Greater Everglades of Florida as measured with eddy covariance methods at three locations (Cypress Swamp, Dwarf Cypress and Pine Upland) for 2 years. Links between water and C cycles are also examined at these three sites, as are methane emission measured only at the Dwarf Cypress site. Each forested wetland showed net C uptake from the atmosphere both monthly and annually, as indicated by the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2). For this study, NEE is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration, with negative values representing uptake from the atmosphere that is retained in the ecosystem or transported laterally via overland flow (unmeasured for this study). Atmospheric C uptake (NEE) was greatest at the Cypress Swampp (−900 to −1000 g C m2 yr−1), moderate at the Pine Upland (−650 to −700 g C m2 yr−1) and least at the Dwarf Cypress (−400 to −450 g C m2 yr−1). Changes in NEE were clearly a function of seasonality in solar insolation, air temperature and flooding, which suppressed heterotrophic soil respiration. We also note that changes in the satellite-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) served as a useful surrogate for changes in NEE at these forested wetland sites.
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He, Ma, Pei, Teng, Zeng, Yan, Huang, et al. "Effects of Predominant Tree Species Mixing on Lignin and Cellulose Degradation during Leaf Litter Decomposition in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040360.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mixing effects on degradation of lignin and cellulose in mixed leaf litter from Pinus massoniana Lamb., Cupressus funebris Endl., and/or Quercus variabilis Bl., and elucidate the interactions with abiotic factors. The litter bag method was used in the field experiment, and the three predominant species in the Three Gorges Reservoir region were treated as single-, pair-, and tri-species combinations with equal proportions of litter mass. Lignin and cellulose losses in the litter treatments were measured, and the mixing effects were evaluated based on the sampling phase and decomposition period. At the end of the one-year decomposition period, mixing species increased lignin loss by 3.3% for the cypress + oak combination and cellulose loss by 3.9%, 1.8%, and 0.8% for the pine + oak, cypress + oak, and pine + cypress + oak combinations, respectively. The pine + oak and cypress + oak combinations exhibited greater lignin and cellulose loss than the tri-species mixture. Accelerated lignin degradation also apparently occurred in the pine + cypress combination as decomposition proceeded. Generalized linear models suggested that the investigated environmental factors (in terms of average temperature and cumulative precipitation) and changing litter quality (lignin, cellulose, and lignin/cellulose) had significant effects on nonadditive lignin loss, whereas only the changing litter quality factors significantly affected nonadditive cellulose loss. In summary, mixing two or three of the studied species alters cycling of recalcitrant substrates in plantations, and mixed planting with Quercus appears to strengthen both the lignin and cellulose degradation processes.
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Duryea, Mary, R. Jeffery English, and L. Annie Hermansen. "A Comparison of Landscape Mulches: Chemical, Allelopathic, and Decomposition Properties." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 25, no. 2 (March 1, 1999): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1999.014.
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This study compared chemical, allelopathic, and decomposition properties of 6 mulches: cypress, eucalyptus, pine bark, pine needle, melaleuca, and a utilitytrimming mulch (GRU). Eucalyptus and GRU mulches had the highest decomposition after 1 year (21% and 32%), while only 3% to 7 % of the other mulches decayed. Lignin and lignin:nitrogen ratio were negatively correlated with decomposition; high values resulted in low decomposition. Winter respiration of both eucalyptus and GRU mulches was high, and respiration was positively correlated with decomposition. Pine-straw mulch subsided from 9 cm (3.5 in.) to 4 cm (1.6 in.) during the year, while the other mulches subsided approximately 2 cm (0.8 in). Nutrient composition of the mulches was significantly different, with GRU mulch having the highest levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Pine straw was the next highest in N and P. Soils under the mulches were acidified most by pine straw (from a pH of 5.0 to 4.4), followed by pine bark and cypress. In a standard test of allelopathy, all fresh mulches inhibited germination of lettuce seed, and although variable in concentration, all mulches contained hydroxylated aromatic compounds that could have caused these allelopathic effects. After 9 months and 1 year, pine straw and GRU still exhibited allelopathic effects on germination. Cypress, melaleuca, and pine bark retained their color after 1 year, while the other 3 mulches changed to a pinkish gray.
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Hinesley, L. E., D. M. Pharr, L. K. Snelling, and S. R. Funderburk. "Foliar Raffinose and Sucrose in Four Conifer Species: Relationship to Seasonal Temperature." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 5 (September 1992): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.5.852.
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Foliar raffinose and sucrose concentrations in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), Leyland cypress (×Cupressocyparis leylandii Dallim.), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana L.) were measured monthly over 2 years. During cold weather, foliage of white pine and redcedar contained higher concentrations of raffinose and sucrose than did Leyland cypress and Virginia pine. Rafflnose concentrations were highest during winter and were best correlated with the frequency of occurrence of daily minima ≤ 1.7C during the 30 days before sampling. Sucrose concentrations, which also reached maximum levels during the winter, were best correlated with the frequency of occurrence of daily minima ≤ 7.2C in the prior 30 days. Sucrose concentrations were relatively high during fall and spring. Raffinose and sucrose concentrations increased in response to recurring low temperature, with correlations highest for raffinose.
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Shoemaker, W. B., J. G. Barr, D. B. Botkin, and S. L. Graham. "Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2014): 15753–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-15753-2014.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and forested subtropical wetlands is largely unknown. Here we report a first step in characterizing this atmospheric–ecosystem carbon (C) exchange, for cypress strands and pine forests in the Greater Everglades of Florida as measured with eddy covariance methods at three locations (Cypress Swamp, Dwarf Cypress and Pine Upland) for one year. Links between water and C cycles are examined at these three sites, and methane emission measured only at the Dwarf Cypress site. Each forested wetland showed net C uptake (retained in the soil and biomass or transported laterally via overland flow) from the atmosphere monthly and annually. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) (difference between photosynthesis and respiration, with negative values representing net ecosystem uptake) was greatest at the Cypress Swamp (−1000 g C m-2 year-1), moderate at the Pine Upland (−900 g C m-2 year-1), and least at the Dwarf Cypress (−500 g C m-2 year-1). Methane emission was a negligible part of the C (12 g C m-2 year-1) budget when compared to NEE. However, methane (CH4) production was considerable in terms of global warming potential, as about 20 g CH4 emitted per m2 year was equivalent to about 500 g CO2 emitted per m2 year}. Changes in NEE were clearly a function of seasonality in solar insolation, air temperature and water availability from rainfall. We also note that changes in the satellite-derived enhanced-vegetation index (EVI) served as a useful surrogate for changes in net and gross atmospheric–ecosystem C exchange at these forested wetland sites.
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Mirabello, R. A., A. E. Einert, G. L. Klingaman, and R. W. McNew. "Mulch and Fertilizer Application Method Influence on Plant Growth in Winter Annual Plantings." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 448e—449. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.448e.
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A winter planting of pansies, Viola × wittrockiana Gams, was established in existing landscape beds to determine mulch type and fertilizer application method influences on plant growth. Two cultivars, `Bingo Blue' and `Bingo Purple', were planted in beds containing four different mulches (cottonseed hulls, cypress wood, pine bark, pine straw). A split application of fertilizer by three application methods (granular, liquid, time-release) was applied at planting for plant establishment and in the spring to encourage new growth. Fertilizer was applied either below the mulch on the soil surface or over the mulch surface. Cottonseed hulls, cypress wood, and pine bark delayed soil warming in the spring and the effectiveness of all fertilizers. The use of time-release fertilizer below all mulches improved growth. Pine straw allowed soil temperatures to rise and fertilizer to increase plant dry weight accumulation. Rapid decomposition of pine straw resulted in a 0.55-unit decrease in soil pH and increases in soil nitrogen and EC values.
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Seniczak, Stanisław, and Anna Seniczak. "Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of pine and cypress litter in selected habitats of Sicily (Italy)." Biological Letters 50, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2013-0009.
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Abstract Oribatid mites live in the soil or plant matter and usually feed on living and dead plant or fungal material, lichens, carrion, or some species are rarely predatory. Oribatid communities were investigated in litter under pine and cypress trees in selected locations in Sicily: Etna slopes (near Rifugio Sapienza and near Castiglione di Sicily), coastal town Giardini Naxos, Archaeological Museum in Agrigento, and Archaeological Park in Sagesta. The most abundant and diverse oribatid mites lived in cypress litter in Agrigento and on Etna slope. The lowest numbers of individuals and species were recorded in pine litter in Agrigento. In the oribatid mite communities, only 1-3 species were abundant, so the values of Shannon H’ index, and Pielou EPielou and Hurlbert EHurlbert evenness indices were rather low. Their values were the highest in pine litter near Rifugio Sapienza, located nearest to the crater of Etna, while the lowest in pine litter in Agrigento. The former habitat was rich in oribatid mites and species, with a large participation of small species, like Suctobelbella subcornigera, Brachychthonius impressus, and Liochthonius simplex, which made up nearly 63% of the total number of oribatid mites within that habitat. In other habitats, usually Oribatula propinqua dominated, but in pine and cypress litter in Giardini Naxos, Oppiella nova and Ramusella clavipectinata were the most abundant, respectively. Among oribatid mites, adults usually dominated, but Adrodamaeus femoratus, Aphelacarus acarinus, Brachychthonius impressus, Liochthonius simplex, Cosmochthonius reticulatus, Metabelba pulverulenta and Pilogalumna crassiclava were rich in juveniles.
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Lindstrom, O. M., W. J. Florkowski, and D. J. Moorhead. "Results and Future Production and Marketing Estimates Projected from a Survey of Christmas Tree Growers in Georgia." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-9.4.173.
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Abstract Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) is the most planted Christmas tree in the South and its production has remained stable over the past few years. Leyland cypress [x Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. and Dallim.) and Dallim. and A.B. Jacks.] is relatively new to the market, but the number of trees harvested has increased dramatically in the past 5 years (over 600%) where as Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) production shows little market growth over the past 5 years. Due to the long lag period from planting to harvest, the data to correlate planting to harvests of White pine (Pinus strobus L.) was limited. Pearson correlation coefficients support the idea that future Christmas tree harvests can be reliably estimated from existing and estimated tree planting data for Virginia pine, White pine, Redcedar and Leyland cypress in the short term. With this information, growers can make better decisions regarding the numbers and species of trees to produce and be able to choose an appropriate marketing approach.
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Haque, Md, Koichi Goda, Hirokazu Ito, Shinji Ogoe, Masaki Okamoto, Tomoyuki Ema, Keiko Kagawa, and Hidetaka Nogami. "Fatigue Performance of Wet and Dry Pulverized Wood Flour Reinforced PP Composites." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3010020.
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In this paper, we exclusively studied the effects of dry and wet pulverization of different wood flours on the fatigue performance of polypropylene (PP)/wood flour (WF) composites. Wood flours obtained from cypress and Scots pine trees were pulverized in both dry and wet conditions at two different mill-plate gaps, 200 µm and 350 µm, and were used as reinforcement in PP matrices. Master batches of PP with different types of pulverized WF were compounded before processing in an extruder. The PP/WF composites of initial WF were also prepared for comparison. The prepared composites were analyzed by tensile and fatigue tests. It was found that the tensile properties of wood/polypropylene composites were affected by the pulverization of WF. Fatigue test results displayed that wet pulverization of short cypress flour had a negative effect on the fatigue life of PP/WF composites, while wet pulverization of long cypress flour and pine flour had a positive effect on the fatigue life of PP/WF composites.
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Seniczak, Stanisław, and Anna Seniczak. "Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of yew, cypress and pine litter in southern Italy." Biological Letters 49, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-012-0004-5.
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Abstract Oribatid mite communities were investigated in southern Italy in litter under yew, pine and cypress trees. These mites achieved the highest density in yew and cypress litter in a park in the inland town of Caserta, and the lowest density in pine litter at the coast of Capo Vaticano. In these mite communities, only 1-4 species were abundant, so the Shannon index H’ was rather low. The density of oribatid mites, species number, and dominance structure depended greatly on the kind of litter. The most abundant and common was Zygoribatula propinqua, but the highest density in yew litter was achieved by Oribatella superbula. In oribatid mite communities, the juveniles usually dominated, but the age structure of species greatly depended on the kind of litter.
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Antos, Mark J., and Andrew F. Bennett. "How important are different types of temperate woodlands for ground-foraging birds?" Wildlife Research 32, no. 6 (2005): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04118.
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There is widespread concern about population decline in a number of woodland-dependent birds in southern Australia. Of all declining species, approximately half forage on the ground. This study examined the avifaunal assemblages of temperate woodlands of the Northern Plains, Victoria, to investigate the importance of woodland habitats for ground-foraging species. Four main types of woodland were surveyed (white cypress-pine, black box, grey box and river red gum) and, in total, 89 bird species were detected. All four woodland types differed in habitat structure and, in turn, supported significantly different avifaunal assemblages. Forty of the 89 species (45%) foraged, at least in part, on the ground. Species richness and abundance of ground-foragers differed significantly between woodland types, being highest in white cypress-pine and black box. There was a greater richness of ground-foragers during the breeding than non-breeding season, but abundance did not vary seasonally. Overall, ground-foraging birds comprised a greater proportion of species (>55%) and individuals (>60%) in white cypress-pine and black box woodland than in grey box and river red gum (42–48% of species, <50% individuals). Those ground-foragers regarded as declining also occurred in greatest richness in white cypress-pine woodlands, one of the most depleted habitats in the region. The lowest richness of ‘declining’ ground-foraging species was in river red gum woodland, the most widespread woodland type. Throughout Australia, the proportion of ground-foraging species in bird assemblages tends to be greater in temperate, semi-arid or arid woodlands than in moist forests and rainforests. However, in many regions woodland habitats are severely depleted and their open ground layer is particularly vulnerable to degradation. The extent of suitable habitat for ground-foraging birds in temperate woodlands may be much less than is apparent from current measures of tree cover. Sustainable management of drier (non-riverine) temperate woodlands is required to conserve this important element of the Australian avifauna.
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McReynolds, Shelley A., J. M. Zajicek, W. A. Mackay, and J. L. Heilman. "826 PB 301 WATER USE OF LANDSCAPE SHRUBS SURROUNDED BY 4 DIFFERENT MULCHES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 551f—551. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.551f.
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A study was conducted to explore how different mulches affect water use of landscape plants. Plots 4.9 m × 7.3 m, were covered with 5cm pine bark, cypress, white rock, or clay aggregate. 3 potted plants of Ligustrum japonicum (wax-leaf ligustrum) and Photinia × fraseri (red tip photinia) were placed in each plot so that the top of each pot was at ground level. 1 plant of each species was planted directly into each plot. Water loss was measured on a daily basis, both gravimetrically and using heat balance stem flow gauges, during both the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons. Stomatal conductance was measured periodically during each growing season. Surface, air, and soil temperatures at two depths were recorded. During 1992, pine bark mulched plants consistently used more water than the other treatments, as opposed to summer 1993 when the most water was used by plants over white rock. Surface temperatures of pine bark, cypress and clay aggregates were higher than those of white rock both years, by as much as 20C, while temperatures under the mulch varied as much as 5C between pine bark and white rock.
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Fink, Dwayne H., and William L. Ehrler. "Christmas Tree Production Using the Runoff Farming System." HortScience 21, no. 3 (June 1986): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.3.459.
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Abstract Runoff farming was used to produce Eldarica pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) and Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Green) as Christmas trees in a semiarid, 300-mm precipitation zone in Arizona. Natural precipitation was supplemented with runoff from treated, noncropped catchment-terraces adjoining the cropping area. Catchement treatments were wax (0.5 kg·m−2) on a sandy soil and sodium chloride salt (1.1 kg·m−2) on a clay soil. Terrace widths were varied to provide the crop an estimated 2, 3, and 4 times the precipitation. Trees were hand-watered from March to August the first year to ensure establishment. Regardless of terrace width, 90% of the cypress on the wax site were marketable in 3 years, and 90% of the pines on the salt site were marketable in 4 years. The other 2 tree-treatment combinations were less successful because of soil-species interrelated problems.
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Riekerk, Hans, and Larry V. Korhnak. "THE HYDROLOGY OF CYPRESS WETLANDS IN FLORIDA PINE FLATWOODS." Wetlands 20, no. 3 (September 2000): 448–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0448:thocwi]2.0.co;2.
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Chen, Yan, Ronald E. Strahan, and Regina P. Bracy. "Organic Mulch and Halosulfuron Placement Affect Yellow Nutsedge Control and Ornamental Plant Quality in Landscape Beds." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.1.27.
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Halosulfuron (SedgeHammer™) applied above or below pine nugget, pine straw, or shredded cypress mulch at 0, 0.038, or 0.075 kg ai·ha−1 (0.034 or 0.067 lb ai·A−1) was evaluated for postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in two field experiments. Tolerance of ‘Mystery’ gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis), ‘Stella de Oro’ daylily (Hemerocallis x), and ‘Big Blue’ liriope (Liriope muscari L.H. Bailey) to overtop applications of halosulfuron was also evaluated. Without halosulfuron, mulching with pine nugget, pine straw, and shredded cypress provided about 51 to 62% yellow nutsedge control at 4 weeks after treatments (WAT) compared with non-sprayed bare soil plots. At the infestation level of 167 tubers per m2 (15 tubers per ft2) in both experiments, halosulfuron application at the lower rate resulted in similar control as the higher rate regardless of mulch type and herbicide placement. Applications prior to mulching provided equal or, in some cases, better control than applications after mulching. Overall, halosulfuron resulted in greater control in Experiment 2 than Experiment 1, possibly because of smaller yellow nutsedge shoots in the second trial. Over-the-top application of halosulfuron at the higher rate caused transient leaf injury and reduced aboveground biomass in liriope. However, mulching improved gardenia transplant quality as indicated by reduced leaf chlorosis and increased number of flowers.
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Hay, Irene, Denis Lachance, Patrick Von Aderkas, and Pierre J. Charest. "Transient chimeric gene expression in pollen of five conifer species following microparticle bombardment." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 2417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-312.
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Mature pollen of lodgepole pine (Pinusconcorta Dougl.), yellow cypress (Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (D. Don) Spach), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) was bombarded with gold particles coated with four different plasmid constructions, pRT99GUS, pBM113Kp, pAct1-D, and pGA984, using the biolistic PDS-1000/He device. A protocol was devised for efficient gene transfer and gene expression assay in pollen. False positive results for expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene assayed with the substrate X-glucuronide were observed with pollen of yellow cypress, western hemlock, and lodgepole pine. The highest levels of transient GUS gene expression were obtained with plasmid pBM113Kp, which carried the GUS gene under the control of the wheat abscisic acid inducible early methionine promoter. The plasmids pRT99GUS (35S promoter) and pAct1-D (rice actin promoter) yielded similar intermediate levels of transient GUS gene expression. The pollen-specific promoter of the α-tubulin gene from Arabidopsisthaliana (pGA984) yielded the lowest levels of gene expression in pollen. Of the four species, yellow cypress showed the lowest levels of transient GUS gene expression and black spruce yielded the highest levels. The neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) gene was also tested as a reporter gene for pollen transformation and was easily assayed via ELISA. The fusion gene between NPT II and GUS genes was detected at a lower level than the nonfused NPT II gene when under the control of the same 35S promoter. The method devised here could be used for the study of tissue-specific gene expression in conifer pollen.
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Heady, R. D., R. B. Cunningham, and P. D. Evans. "Differences in the ultrastructure of their large warts allow white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) to be distinguished from black cypress pine (C. endlicheri)." Wood Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (January 16, 2008): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-007-0174-1.
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Hill, Geoffrey E. "Use of Forested Habitat by Breeding Birds in the Gulf Coastal Plain." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/22.3.133.
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Abstract I compared birds present during the breeding season in four forest types in the Conecuh National Forest located on the Gulf Coastal Plain in Alabama: (1) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) that had been subject to several recent burns, (2) longleaf pine that had been subject to few or no recent burns, (3) planted slash pine (P. elliottii), and (4) various forested wetland habitats ranging from stream-side riparian habitat to cypress (Taxodium distichum) ponds. I found significantly higher total individuals and significantly higher bird species richness in the two natural forest types—burned longleaf pine and riparian habitats—than either unburned longleaf or slash pine. To maintain greatest diversity and abundance of birds, managers of forests on the Gulf Coastal Plain should (1)preserve wetland habitat, (2) not convert stands of longleaf pine to stands of slash pine, and (3) regularly burn longleaf pine stands. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):133-137.
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Mirabello, R. A., A. E. Einert, and G. L. Klingaman. "267 Phytotoxic Effect of Pine Bark Mulch in Landscape Beds." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 488C—488. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.488c.
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The use of shredded bark, wood chips, and other organic mulches to conserve water and moderate soil temperatures is a common practice in landscape maintenance. Four mulch materials (cottonseed hulls, cypress pulp, pine bark, and pine straw) were examined to determine effects on plant growth and soil conditions in annual flower beds during a 1-year rotation of warm season to cool season annuals. Inhibited plant growth was observed in pine bark treatments at the conclusion of the growing season for both plantings. Effects on soil conditions were insignificant over the year-long study in pine bark treatments. To further investigate potential phytotoxic effects of pine bark and other mulch used in the initial study, a seed bioassay was performed to determine the influence of mulch extracts in solution on germination and primary root elongation.
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Eldridge, David J., Ian Oliver, James Val, and Samantha K. Travers. "Limited evidence for the use of livestock for the conservation management of exotic plant cover." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19183.
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Livestock grazing has been used for conservation management in some situations to reduce exotic plant cover, but supporting empirical evidence is scant. This is particularly true for eastern Australian semiarid woodlands and forests. We surveyed 451 sites across three broad semiarid vegetation communities (cypress pine, black box, red gum) in eastern Australia to examine the effects of recent and longer-term (historic) grazing by livestock on exotic (and native) plant cover. Because our focus was the use of domestic livestock for conservation management, our sites were mostly located in conservation reserves, travelling stock routes and native production forests where domestic grazing is approved via permit. We also included recent grazing by kangaroos and rabbits, which occur widely with livestock across the study sites. Structural equation modelling revealed that recent sheep and cattle grazing was associated with increased exotic plant cover in two of the three communities (cypress pine, black box), and historic grazing was associated with lower exotic (and native) plant cover across all communities. Recent cattle grazing-induced reductions in exotic plant cover in the red gum community resulted from declines in the palatable exotic annual grass Ehrharta longiflora. Higher intensity grazing by rabbits, sheep and cattle in the cypress pine community increased exotic plant cover by suppressing the negative effect of native cover on exotic cover. Higher intensity rabbit grazing reinforced the negative effect of nitrogen on native plant cover, resulting in increases in exotic cover. Overall, we found strong evidence that domestic livestock grazing reduces native plant cover either directly or indirectly in all three communities, but limited evidence that it would be a useful conservation management strategy to reduce exotic plant cover in these communities.
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Seniczak, Stanisław, and Anna Seniczak. "Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of various habitats in southern Andalusia (Spain)." Biological Letters 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-009-0015-z.
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Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of various habitats in southern Andalusia (Spain)Oribatid mites were investigated in some habitats (litter under cypress, pine and larch trees, and patches of grasses, mosses and lichens) in southern Andalusia (Spain) in August 2005. The studied communities of oribatid mites were rather poor in terms of abundance and species diversity. The density of mites in cypress litter from the mountains (Granada, Ronda) was distinctly higher than in the coastal area (Benalmádena), which was probably caused by climatic conditions. The Oribatida achieved the highest density in grassy patches in Granada, but most species occurred in cypress litter from Ronda. Among oribatid species,Oribatula frisiaereached the highest density; alsoO. tibialisandHaplochthonius simplexwere relatively abundant. Some species of Oribatida were rich in juveniles, but the age structure of species greatly depended on the kind of litter.
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Pollack, John C., and Bruce P. Dancik. "Monoterpene and morphological variation and hybridization of Pinus contorta and P. banksiana in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-023.
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Five xylem oleoresin monoterpenes and 17 morphological characters of trees in four pine stands in Alberta were measured to delineate pure lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) from jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.) in a region where hybridization commonly has been reported. Multivariate analysis determined α-pinene, β-phellandrene, and needle length best separated the taxa. The monoterpene composition of two putative hybrid stands at Onoway and Devon closely resembled that of jack pine. Analysis of the four major monoterpenes in an additional 10 stands allowed the identification of a transition zone between jack pine and lodgepole pine stands, which occurred farther west than previously reported and contained stands of highly variable monoterpene types. Trees in this region morphologically resembled lodgepole pine. The presence of variant monoterpene types in Front Range lodgepole pine stands and their absence from the Cypress Hills provide evidence for introgression of jack pine into lodgepole pine. No evidence of gene flow from lodgepole pine to jack pine was found. The two putative hybrid stands at Onoway and Devon probably consisted mostly of jack pine, with a small complement of hybrids.
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Grbic, Mihailo, Dragana Kalicanin, Matilda Djukic, and Danijela Djunisijevic. "Influence of partial serotiny of Aleppo pine, Italian, and Arizona cypress on seed germination." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 94 (2006): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0694123g.
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The usability of seeds for the production of seedlings, as well as the utilisation potential of seeds for natural regeneration was assessed by the comparative analysis of seed germination from the cones of different ages of three species with partial serotiny (P. halepensis Mill., Cupressus sempervirens L., Cupressus arizonica Greene). In cypress, serotiny is not so expressed as to be a reserve for extraordinary situations (fire). Fouryearold Aleppo pine cones should be collected for production purposes. Serotinous cones up to ten years old are efficient for natural regeneration of Aleppo pine forest after fire.
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Kavanagh, Rodney P., Matthew A. Stanton, and Traecey E. Brassil. "Koalas continue to occupy their previous home-ranges after selective logging in Callitris - Eucalyptus forest." Wildlife Research 34, no. 2 (2007): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06126.
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The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is a charismatic, high-profile species whose conservation needs are commonly perceived to be incompatible with logging. However, koala biology and the results of chronosequence studies elsewhere suggest that this species may tolerate a degree of habitat alteration caused by logging. In this study, 30 koalas, five in each of six areas available for logging within a mixed white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla)–Eucalyptus forest in north-western New South Wales, were radio-tracked for one year during 1997–1998 to determine their movements, home-range sizes and tree preferences. Five months after the study began, three of these areas were logged selectively for sawlogs and thinnings of the white cypress pine, a tree that is important to koalas for daytime shelter. This removed about one-quarter of the stand basal area, but the eucalypt component was unaffected. The remaining three areas were left undisturbed as controls. Radio-tracking continued in all six areas for another seven months. Koalas continued to occupy all or part of their previous home-ranges after selective logging, and home-range sizes remained similar between logged and unlogged areas. Home-ranges for both sexes overlapped and were ~12 ha for males and 9 ha for females. Koala survival and the proportions of breeding females were similar in logged and unlogged areas. The principal food trees of the koala were red gums, mainly Eucalyptus blakelyi and E. chloroclada, and the pilliga box (E. pilligaensis), none of which were logged in this study. These results suggest that selective logging for white cypress pine does not appear to adversely affect koala populations and that koalas may not be as sensitive to logging as previously thought. Further work is required to determine thresholds in the level of retention of koala food trees in logging operations.
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Leggate, William, Robert L. McGavin, and Tom Lewis. "An assessment of native forests in Queensland for the potential supply of small-diameter, peeler logs for spindleless lathe rotary-veneer processing." BioResources 14, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 9485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9485-9499.
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Spindleless lathes have shown great potential for the efficient conversion of small native forest logs in Australia. However, a major impediment to the further commercial adoption of this processing approach for native forest small-diameter logs is the absence of reliable and available data on the quantities of logs possibly available and suitable for this purpose. This study undertaken in hardwood and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) native forests and at sawmills in Queensland, Australia, demonstrated that there are potentially substantial quantities (up to 10.5 m3 per hectare of Crown native hardwood, 14 m3 per hectare of private forest hardwood and 75,000 m3 per year of Crown white cypress pine) logs suitable for spindleless lathe rotary veneer processing. However, access to and utilization of these logs will depend on many factors including accommodating Government policies and log supply agreements; potential alterations in the code of practice for native forest harvesting, silviculture, tree marking and sales practices; diversion of logs from other uses; and development of appropriate log specifications.
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Pickett, Karolyne N., David S. Hik, Alan E. Newsome, and Roger P. Pech. "The influence of predation risk on foraging behaviour of brushtail possums in Australian woodlands." Wildlife Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03098.
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The potential effects of predation risk on common brushtail possums were investigated in south-eastern Australian woodlands. Patterns of habitat use, foraging costs using giving-up density (GUD) experiments, and indices of body condition and reproductive success were examined at eight sites in two habitat types (eucalypt- or cypress-pine–dominated stands), within three areas of different red fox abundance (high, moderate and low fox density). In cypress-pine–dominated stands, possums travelled further on the ground, visited more feeding stations and had lower GUDs at feeders where foxes were removed than did possums in high-fox-density sites. In contrast, there was no effect of fox removal on the behaviour of possums in eucalypt-dominated stands. Fox removal also had no effect on indices of body condition and reproduction. Minor effects of microhabitat were detected with trackplot and GUD experiments, but, overall, the results suggest that habitat at the stand-level was more important. The non-lethal effects of foxes in different habitats may need to be taken into account when developing conservation strategies for native marsupials.
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Crownover, S. H., N. B. Comerford, D. G. Neary, and J. Montgomery. "Horizontal Groundwater Flow Patterns Through a Cypress Swamp-Pine Flatwoods Landscape." Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, no. 4 (July 1995): 1199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900040036x.
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Heady, R. D., R. B. Cunningham, C. F. Donnelly, and P. D. Evans. "Morphology of Warts in the Tracheids of Cypress Pine (Callitris Vent.)." IAWA Journal 15, no. 3 (1994): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000607.
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A high-resolution SEM examination of the warty layer in tracheids of the Australasian softwood genus Callitris Vent. has revea1ed that warts in 12 of the 16 species have variable, complex morphology and nodule-like projections, giving them a 'nodulated' or 'branched' appearance similar to those described for certain hardwoods. Pairs of warts were occasionally anastomosed. Warts could be categorised into two types; large and no dulated, or small and hemispherical. In the four Callitris species native to high rainfall environments, warts were invariably of the latter type and were morphologically distinct from the mixed populations of small hemispherical and large nodulated warts found in species from dry habitats. This suggests that large nodulated warts are of adaptive value in waterstress conditions. Wart morphology was useful as an indicator of Callitris species although intra-specific variation limited the accuracy of diagnosis.
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Kunegel-Lion, Mélodie, Rory L. McIntosh, and Mark A. Lewis. "Management assessment of mountain pine beetle infestation in Cypress Hills, SK." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 2 (February 2019): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0301.
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Insect epidemics such as the mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak have a major impact on forest dynamics. In Cypress Hills, Canada, the Forest Service Branch of the Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment aims to control as many new infested trees as possible by conducting ground-based surveys around trees infested in previous years. Given the risk posed by MPB, there is a need to evaluate how well such a control strategy performs. Therefore, the goal of this study is to assess the current detection strategy compared with competing strategies (random search and search based on model predictions via machine learning), while taking management costs into account. Our model predictions via machine learning used a generalized boosted classification tree to predict locations of new infestations from ecological and environmental variables. We then ran virtual experiments to determine control efficiency under the three detection strategies. The classification tree predicts new infested locations with great accuracy (AUC = 0.93). Using model predictions for survey locations gives the highest control efficiency for larger survey areas. Overall, the current detection strategy performs well but control could be more efficient and cost-effective by increasing the survey area, as well as adding locations given by model predictions.
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Arthur, A. D., R. P. Pech, A. Drew, E. Gifford, S. Henry, and A. McKeown. "The effect of increased ground-level habitat complexity on mouse population dynamics." Wildlife Research 30, no. 6 (2003): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02071.
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We investigated experimentally the influence of habitat structure on the population dynamics of house mice. Three habitat types were used. In one, dense stands of regenerating cypress pine were felled and left in situ to cover at least 40% of experimental plots, providing high complexity at ground level; in another, dense stands of regenerating pine were left intact, providing low complexity at ground level; in the third, open grassland adjacent to dense stands of regenerating pine also provided low complexity at ground level. Mouse populations occurred at higher densities in felled pine plots compared with both the standing pine and grassland plots, consistent with the hypothesis that the presence of increased habitat complexity at ground level reduced the impact of predation. Even though populations responded to the felled pine, they dropped to very low densities over winter, suggesting that the habitat was still marginal for the persistence of mice, probably due to a lack of food. The results are discussed with reference to their implications for the influence that habitat structure may have on the impact of introduced predators on native species.
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Cregg, Bert M., and Robert Schutzki. "Weed Control and Organic Mulches Affect Physiology and Growth of Landscape Shrubs." HortScience 44, no. 5 (August 2009): 1419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1419.
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Landscape mulches are widely promoted to improve soil moisture retention, suppress weeds, and improve the growth of landscape plants. The objective of this project was to determine the effect of common landscape mulches (pine bark, hardwood fines, cypress mulch, color-enhanced ground pallets) on soil moisture, soil pH, weed control, and physiology and growth of landscape shrubs. Two additional treatments were not mulched: no mulch + no weed control and no mulch + weed control. Growth was measured on eight taxa (Euonymus alatus ‘Compactus’, Spiraea ×bumalda ‘Goldflame’, Weigela florida ‘Java red’, Taxus ×media ‘Runyan’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Golden Globe’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Tardiva’, Viburnum dentatum ‘Synnestvedt’, Viburnum trilobum ‘Compactum’). Leaf gas exchange [net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (g s)] were measured on Hydrangea paniculata, V. dentatum, and V. trilobum only. All mulches increased soil moisture compared with no mulch + weed control. There was no difference in soil pH or foliar nitrogen among treatments. All mulches, except cypress mulch, increased plant growth of most shrub taxa compared with no mulch without weed control. Mulches increased g S relative to no mulch without weed control. Photosynthetic rates of plants mulched with cypress mulch were less than the other mulches and not different from no mulch. Overall, the result suggests that, except for cypress mulch, the organic mulches tested are equally effective in improving growth of landscape plants. Reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth of shrubs with cypress mulch suggest potential allelopathic effects.
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Park, Se-Yeong, Jong-Hwa Kim, Jong-Chan Kim, Sang-Yun Yang, Hwanmyeong Yeo, and In-Gyu Choi. "Classification of softwoods using wood extract information and near infrared spectroscopy." BioResources 16, no. 3 (June 4, 2021): 5301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5301-5312.
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Three kinds of softwoods (Douglas fir, radiata pine, and Sugi) were used to test the possibility of their classification via near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. In a previous study, the authors presented that the content of Korean softwood extractives (larix, red pine, Korean pine, cedar, and cypress) influenced wood classification. For expanding the extent of wood species to be considered in the analysis, three foreign wood species were newly introduced. Prior to comparing the NIR spectra obtained from the three softwoods, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate the possibility of discriminating the three foreign softwoods. The three species were also divided into three groups based on PCA, and a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) test improved the reliability of NIR-based wood classification via extractive contents. A similar pattern was obtained for alcohol-benzene eluted extractive compounds between same wood species.
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Bouket, Ali Chenari, Abolfazl Narmani, Alireza Tavasolee, Ghorban Elyasi, Akbar Abdi, Shahram Naeimi, Kasra Sharifi, Tomasz Oszako, Faizah N. Alenezi, and Lassaad Belbahri. "In Vitro Evaluation of Wood Vinegar (Pyroligneous Acid) VOCs Inhibitory Effect against a Fungus-like Microorganism Ovatisporangium (Phytopythium) Isolate Recovered from Tomato Fields in Iran." Agronomy 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071609.
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Crop diseases and agricultural pests and pathogens are causing huge economic losses. The actual means for dealing with them involve the use of damaging chemical pesticides that harm the environment, threaten biodiversity, and undermine human health. This research was aimed at developing an environmentally friendly means to cope with emerging oomycete disease from tomato fields in the province of East-Azerbaijan. The oomycete disease causal agent was isolated and identified as Ovatisporangium sp. using a combination of morphological features and molecular methods. Six wood vinegars (pyroligneous acid) belonging to pine, pomegranate, pistachio, almond, walnut, and cypress were produced during this study and examined against Ovatisporangium sp. Their inhibition of volatile metabolites (VOCs) using different dilutions (1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/10) was assessed against the mycelial growth of Ovatisporangium sp. In vitro analysis demonstrated that pistachio, cypress, and almond dilution 1 (D 1) wood vinegar VOCs had the ability to stop the mycelial growth of Ovatisporangium sp. All other treatments including pine, walnut, and pomegranate with relevant dilutions significantly reduced the mycelial growth of Ovatisporangium sp. compared with the control (p ≤ 0.05). Wood vinegar is therefore a potent means to cope with pathogenic infections and allows plant protection against oomycete diseases.
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Briggs, S. V., J. A. Seddon, and S. J. Doyle. "Structures of bird communities in woodland remnants in central New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 1 (2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06064.
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The overall aim of this study was to investigate structures of bird communities in remnants of fragmented box/cypress pine woodlands in central New South Wales, Australia, to guide habitat rehabilitation. The aims of the study were to: (1) determine how bird densities and species richness varied with remnant category; (2) determine how ranked densities of bird species varied by feeding group with remnant category; and (3) provide information on structures of bird communities in box/cypress pine woodlands to guide restoration. Structures of bird communities varied with remnant category. Large remnants had the most species whereas medium-sized and small remnants in low condition had the fewest. Bird densities increased with decreasing remnant area although densities did not differ significantly between remnant categories. Ranked bird densities varied between remnant categories, with relatively even distributions in large remnants in high condition, and uneven distributions in small remnants in low condition. Densities of small insectivores were much lower in small, low-condition remnants than in large, high-condition remnants. Densities of generalists such as noisy miner and galah showed the reverse pattern. The structures of bird communities in large remnants in good condition provide a reference state for assessing recovery of bird communities.
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Kim, Hyun-kwon. "The Emergence and Significance of ‘Pine & Cypress’ and ‘Wintry Days’ Image." Journal of Humanities 47 (May 31, 2021): 429–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35559/tjoh.47.10.
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Bass, Diana, Brian A. Baldo, and Nghia H. Pham. "White cypress pine pollen: an important seasonal allergen source in rural Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 155, no. 8 (October 1991): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93901.x.
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Mirabello, R. A., A. E. Einert, G. L. Klingaman, and R. W. McNew. "Nutrient Availability in Mulched Landscape Plantings." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 603c—603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.603c.
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To examine the effects of mulching and fertilization on nutrient availability and plant growth in landscape beds, plots were established using four mulches (cottonseed hulls, cypress wood, pine bark, pine straw) and three fertilizer application methods (granular, liquid, time-release). Fertilizer was applied either below the mulch on the soil surface or over the mulch surface. Marigolds, Tagetes erecta L., were planted during the summer, followed by pansies, Viola×wittrockiana Gams, during the winter. Applied fertilizers, existing soil nutrients, and water-soluble nutrients from the new mulch provided an adequate supply of nutrients for marigold growth. Placement of fertilizer above or below the mulch did not affect marigold growth. Pansy growth was limited by depletion of soil N during the marigold season and by leaching of applied nutrients in the winter while plants were not actively growing. Mulch lowered soil temperatures and slowed pansy recovery in the spring. Pine straw allowed soil temperatures to rise earlier in the spring and improved pansy growth.
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Chhin, Sophan, E. H. (Ted) Hogg, Victor J. Lieffers, and Shongming Huang. "Influences of climate on the radial growth of lodgepole pine in Alberta." Botany 86, no. 2 (February 2008): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-120.
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We examined a network of 17 lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) sites in Alberta in the cordilleran forests along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and in western Cypress Hills, using a dendrochronological approach to identify the principal climatic factors that have influenced the historical, regional-scale pattern of radial growth of lodgepole pine. Correlation and regression analysis of the regional growth–climate relationships showed that radial growth was negatively associated with late-summer temperatures, and positively related to the late-summer precipitation totals from the previous growth season. Radial growth also responded positively to winter and spring temperatures, and was negatively related to late winter–early spring precipitation. The results suggested that the lag in response to heat and moisture stress, cold and snowy winters, and the length of the current growing season are important determinants of the radial growth of lodgepole pine in Alberta.
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Mirabello, R. M., A. E. Einert, and G. L. Klingaman. "The Effect of Mulch Type and Fertilizer Placement on Marigold (Tagetes erecta `Hybrid Gold') Growth in Landscape Plantings." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 604C—604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.604c.
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The objective of this study was to examine the influence of mulch material and fertilizer application method on nutrient availability in a landscape situation. Beds containing four mulch materials (pine bark, cypress pulp, pine straw, and cottonseed hulls) and three fertilizer application methods (granule, liquid, and time release) were established. Fertilizer placement included application either above or below the mulch horizon. Beds with and without mulch cover and no fertilization were established as controls. Marigolds, Tagetes erecta `Hybrid Gold', were planted within the beds. Plants in unmulched or fertilized control beds had greater dry weights than plants in beds with mulch alone. Only plants grown in the cottonseed hull control demonstrated a slight improvement and cottonseed hulls demonstrated the best plant performance overall. The greater nitrogen content of cottonseed hulls may influence less immobilization of nitrogen in the soil solution during decomposition and reduce competition for nutrients between microorganisms and plants. Fertilization improved plant growth in all treatments except pine bark. Beds using pine bark showed significant reduction in plant dry matter accumulation. Potential toxicity or changes in soil chemistry by pine bark may have influenced these results and will be examined in further experiments. Fertilizer placement had no effect on plant growth.
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Steward, Larry, T. Davis Sydnor, and Bert Bishop. "The Ease of Ignition of 13 Landscape Mulches." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 29, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2003.038.
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The ease of ignition of 13 commonly used landscape mulches was evaluated. Mulches have different ignition potentials based on several factors, including the length of exposure to heat and to the ignition source. Some materials ignited more frequently when exposed to a lit propane torch for 15 seconds. The most to least commonly ignited materials were ground rubber, pine straw, oat straw, shredded hardwood bark, shredded cypress bark, recycled pallets, 2.5 to 5 cm pine bark nuggets, 1.3 to 2.5 cm pine bark nuggets, shredded pine bark, cocoa shells, composted yard waste, bluegrass sod, and brick chips. Not all organic mulches readily ignited, nor were inorganic mulches uniformly ignition resistant. The results of this research show that there are definite differences in the ease of ignition between commonly used mulches. The results demonstrate that landscapers do not have to resort to using inorganic materials such as brick chips and gravel for ignition-resistant mulches. Under high-temperature ignition, one inorganic material, ground rubber was ignited consistently and was difficult to extinguish. Conversely, there are organic materials that are unlikely to ignite. These also are maintenance practices that will prevent or reduce ignition of these mulches.
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Chen, Yan, Ronald E. Strahan, and Regina P. Bracy. "Effects of Mulching and Preemergence Herbicide Placement on Yellow Nutsedge Control and Ornamental Plant Quality in Landscape Beds." HortTechnology 23, no. 5 (October 2013): 651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.5.651.
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Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) is one of the most troublesome and widespread perennial weeds infesting landscape plantings in the United States. Few selective herbicides are available for managing this weed. A combination of organic mulch with preemergence herbicide may improve control efficacy at tuber emergence and reduce the need for subsequent postemergence applications. However, limited information is available on potential interactions between herbicide placement and mulching and their effect on yellow nutsedge control and landscape plant growth and quality. In this study, control efficacy of preemergence herbicide s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) applied at 0, 4, or 6 lb/acre above or under pine straw, pine nuggets, or shredded cypress mulches were evaluated in landscape beds infested with yellow nutsedge and planted with ‘Mystery’ gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), ‘Stella de Oro’ daylily (Hemerocallis), and ‘Big Blue’ liriope (Liriope muscari). Pine nuggets provided greater yellow nutsedge control compared with shredded cypress during the first 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) in mulch-alone plots. All mulch-alone plots had similar yellow nutsedge shoot densities and were 40% to 60% less than untreated bare soil plots from 6 to 12 WAT. Control efficacy was greater when EPTC was applied under mulch compared with above-mulch applications regardless of mulch products. In addition, EPTC at low rate resulted in similar control as high rate when applied under mulch. No injury was observed on any ornamental plants treated with EPTC. Mulching improved growth, flowering, and overall visual quality of gardenia, but reduced number of flowers in daylily and aboveground biomass in liriope at some sample dates though their visual qualities were unaffected. Based on these preliminary data, EPTC applied preemergence before mulching a new landscape bed or replenishing an existing bed can improve yellow nutsedge control without injuring selected ornamental plants.