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Journal articles on the topic 'Cylindrospermopsis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Cheng, Xiaoliang, Honglan Shi, Craig D. Adams, Terry Timmons, and Yinfa Ma. "Effects of oxidative and physical treatments on inactivation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and removal of cylindrospermopsin." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.385.

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The presence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms (or blue-green algae) in water bodies used either as drinking water or for recreational purposes may present serious health risks for the human population. In this study, the removal of the chemical toxin, cylindrospermopsin, via free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, permanganate, ozone, and UV irradiation was studied. Ozone and free chlorine were found to be highly effective for cylindrospermopsion removal while the other disinfectants were ineffective. Ozone and free chlorine were also determined to be highly effective for the inactivation of the cyanobacteria, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, at typical water treatment exposures, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, and permanganate were only marginally effective at inactivation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.

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2

Ohtani, Ikuko, Richard E. Moore, and Maria T. C. Runnegar. "Cylindrospermopsin: a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Journal of the American Chemical Society 114, no. 20 (September 1992): 7941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a067.

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3

Senogles, P., G. Shaw, M. Smith, R. Norris, R. Chiswell, J. Mueller, R. Sadler, and G. Eaglesham. "Degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin, from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, by chlorination." Toxicon 38, no. 9 (September 2000): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00210-x.

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4

Bakheet, Belal, Md Ashraful Islam, John Beardall, Xiwang Zhang, and David McCarthy. "Electrochemical inactivation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and removal of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin." Journal of Hazardous Materials 344 (February 2018): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.024.

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5

Mihali, Troco Kaan, Ralf Kellmann, Julia Muenchhoff, Kevin D. Barrow, and Brett A. Neilan. "Characterization of the Gene Cluster Responsible for Cylindrospermopsin Biosynthesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 3 (December 7, 2007): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01988-07.

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ABSTRACT Toxic cyanobacterial blooms cause economic losses and pose significant public health threats on a global scale. Characterization of the gene cluster for the biosynthesis of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (cyr) in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii AWT205 is described, and the complete biosynthetic pathway is proposed. The cyr gene cluster spans 43 kb and is comprised of 15 open reading frames containing genes required for the biosynthesis, regulation, and export of the toxin. Biosynthesis is initiated via an amidinotransfer onto glycine followed by five polyketide extensions and subsequent reductions, and rings are formed via Michael additions in a stepwise manner. The uracil ring is formed by a novel pyrimidine biosynthesis mechanism and tailoring reactions, including sulfation and hydroxylation that complete biosynthesis. These findings enable the design of toxic strain-specific probes and allow the future study of the regulation and biological role of cylindrospermopsin.

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6

Costa, I. A. S., S. M. F. O. Azevedo, P. A. C. Senna, R. R. Bernardo, S. M. Costa, and N. T. Chellappa. "Occurrence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria blooms in a Brazilian semiarid reservoir." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 1b (February 2006): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000200005.

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We report the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and the presence of cyanotoxins in water samples from the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir (06° 08’ S and 37° 07’ W), located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The cyanobacterial species were identified and quantified during the rainy and dry seasons in the year 2000. Cyanotoxins such as microcystins, saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins were analyzed and quantified using HPLC and ELISA methods. The mixed toxic blooms of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis spp (M. panniformis, M. protocystis, M. novacekii) and Aphanizomenon spp (Aphanizomenon gracile, A. cf. manguinii, A. cf. issastschenkoi) were persistent and represented 90-100% of the total phytoplankton species. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms from the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir were analyzed and found to have three phases in relation to the annual cycle. During the rainy season, an intense toxic bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was recorded along with saxitoxins (3.14 µg.L-1). During the transition period, between the rainy and dry seasons, different species of Microscytis occurred and microcystin as high as 8.8 µg.L-1 was recorded. In the dry season, co-dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis spp and Aphanizomenon spp occurred and the concentrations of saxitoxin remained very low. Our results indicate the presence of microcystins (8.8 µg.L-1) and saxitoxins (3.14 µg.L-1) into the crude water, with increasing concentrations from the second fortnight of April to late May 2000. The occurrence of toxic blooms in this reservoir points to a permanent risk of cyanotoxins in supply waters, indicating the need for the implementation of bloom control measures to improve the water quality. Exposure of the local population to cyanotoxins through their potential accumulation in fish muscle must also be considered.

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7

Kim, Yong-Jin, Hae-Kyung Park, and In-Soo Kim. "Assessment of the Appearance and Toxin Production Potential of Invasive Nostocalean Cyanobacteria Using Quantitative Gene Analysis in Nakdong River, Korea." Toxins 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050294.

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Invasive nostocalean cyanobacteria (INC) were first reported in tropical regions and are now globally spreading rapidly due to climate change, appearing in temperate regions. INC require continuous monitoring for water resource management because of their high toxin production potential. However, it is difficult to analyze INC under a microscope because of their morphological similarity to nostocalean cyanobacteria such as the genus Aphanizomenon. This study calculates the gene copy number per cell for each target gene through quantitative gene analysis on the basis of genus-specific primers of genera Cylindrospermopsis, Sphaerospermopsis, and Cuspidothrix, and the toxin primers of anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. In addition, quantitative gene analysis was performed at eight sites in the Nakdong River to assess the appearance of INC and their toxin production potential. Genera Cylindrospermopsis and Sphaerospermopsis did not exceed 100 cells mL−1 at the maximum, with a low likelihood of related toxin occurrence. The genus Cuspidothrix showed the highest cell density (1759 cells mL−1) among the INC. Nakdong River has potential for the occurrence of anatoxin-a through biosynthesis by genus Cuspidothrix because the appearance of this genus coincided with that of the anatoxin-a synthesis gene (anaF) and the detection of the toxin by ELISA.

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8

Fonseca, A. L., J. Da Silva, E. A. Nunes, S. M. F. O. Azevedo, and R. M. Soares. "In vivo genotoxicity of treated water containing the cylindrospermopsin-producer Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2014): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.087.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an alkaloid commonly produced by some cyanobacteria that has been implicated in outbreaks of human illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cellular content (including CYN) and its byproducts resulting from chlorination during water treatment. DNA damage in blood and liver cells was analysed by the comet assay and micronucleus test (MN). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with the following treatments: (a) physiological saline, (b) treated water, (c) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (d) C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (e) C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain), and (f) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain) extract. After 48 h, samples were taken to perform tests (blood and liver cells to the comet assay and bone marrow to MN test). The CYPO-011 K had a genotoxic and mutagenic effects on liver and bone marrow cells. The group that received chlorine-treated water plus CYPO-011 K also exhibited genotoxic effects in the liver, as well as in the blood, and a mutagenic effect in blood marrow cells. The results emphasise the need of improving CYN monitoring in waters bodies in order to reduce the risk of human exposure.

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9

FUJIMOTO, NAOSHI, SAYAKA KONNO, YUKI YOSHINO, AKIHIRO OHNISHI, MASAHARU SUZUKI, MOTOYUKI MIZUOCHI, and YUHEI INAMORI. "Production of hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin in the batch culture of cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Japanese Journal of Water Treatment Biology 41, no. 3 (2005): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.41.153.

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10

Hoff-Risseti, Caroline, Felipe Augusto Dörr, Patricia Dayane Carvalho Schaker, Ernani Pinto, Vera Regina Werner, and Marli Fatima Fiore. "Cylindrospermopsin and Saxitoxin Synthetase Genes in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Strains from Brazilian Freshwater." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 28, 2013): e74238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074238.

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11

Kinnear, S. H. W., L. J. Duivenvoorden, and L. D. Fabbro. "Sublethal responses in Melanoides tuberculata following exposure to Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing cylindrospermopsin." Harmful Algae 6, no. 5 (October 2007): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.01.004.

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12

Yilmaz, Mete, and Edward J. Phlips. "Diversity of and Selection Acting on CylindrospermopsincyrBGene Adenylation Domain Sequences in Florida." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 7 (February 4, 2011): 2502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02252-10.

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ABSTRACTAphanizomenon ovalisporumis the only confirmed cylindrospermopsin producer identified in the United States to date. On the other hand,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiiis a prominent feature of many lakes in Florida and other regions of the United States. To see the variation in cylindrospermopsincyrBgene adenylation domain sequences and possibly discover new cylindrospermopsin producers, we collected water samples for a 3-year period from 17 different systems in Florida. Positive amplicons were cloned and sequenced, revealing that approximately 92% of sequences wereA. ovalisporum-like (>99% identity). Interestingly, 6% of sequences were very similar (>99% identity) tocyrBsequences ofC. raciborskiifrom Australia and ofAphanizomenonsp. from Germany. Neutrality tests suggest thatA. ovalisporum-likecyrBadenylation domain sequences are under purifying selection, with abundant low-frequency polymorphisms within the population. On the other hand, when compared between species by codon-based methods, amino acids of CyrB also seem to be under purifying selection, in accordance with the one proposed amino acid thought to be activated by the CyrB adenylation domain.

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13

Saker, Martin L., and Dilwyn J. Griffiths. "Occurrence of blooms of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya and Subba Raju in a north Queensland domestic water supply." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 6 (2001): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00110.

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This paper describes seasonally recurring blooms of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in relation to some limnological characteristics of Lake Julius, a large man-made water impoundment in Australia’s semi-arid tropics. These blooms have occurred each year since 1991, with subsurface concentrations of >50 000 cells mL–1. Periods of greater cyanobacterial abundance are characterized by reduced rates of vertical mixing of the water column, reduced mixed:euphotic depth ratios and high epilimnetic temperatures (>25˚C). Surface scums were not observed and, in general, this species displays a fairly uniform distribution throughout the euphotic zone and below. An isolate of C. raciborskii taken from Lake Julius during a bloom in November 1995 and grown in pure culture produced no symptoms of poisoning when tested by mouse bioassay, and absence of detectable concentrations of the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin was confirmed by HPLC/MS-MS. Low concentrations of cylindrospermopsin (~1–2 g L–1) were detected in the lake during blooms of C. raciborskii.

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14

Yılmaz, Mete, Edward J. Phlips, Nancy J. Szabo, and Susan Badylak. "A comparative study of Florida strains of Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon for cylindrospermopsin production." Toxicon 51, no. 1 (January 2008): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.013.

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15

OHTANI, I., R. E. MOORE, and M. T. C. RUNNEGAR. "ChemInform Abstract: Cylindrospermopsin: A Potent Hepatotoxin from the Blue-Green Alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." ChemInform 24, no. 3 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199303263.

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16

Abbas, Feras, Cristina Porojan, Maxine A. D. Mowe, Mary Lehane, Simon M. Mitrovic, Richard P. Lim, Darren C. J. Yeo, and Ambrose Furey. "Sample extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method development and validation for the quantitative detection of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins in Singapore's reservoirs." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 5 (2020): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19157.

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Cyanobacterial blue–green algal toxins are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Most species of phytoplankton are not harmful, but excessive amounts of certain HAB taxa can cause harm to human and animal health, aquatic ecosystems and local economies. To investigate the prevalence of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin-a (ANA) in Singapore’s reservoirs, a hazard analysis was initiated to profile the CYN and ANA levels present. Water samples from 17 reservoirs were monitored monthly over a 12-month period (November 2012–October 2013). Analyses were conducted by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer with a turbo-assisted ion spray source. CYN was more prevalent than ANA. Intracellular CYN concentrations exceeded 0.4μgL–1 in 6 of 17 man-made reservoirs surveyed, and slightly exceeded the provisional CYN drinking water guidelines of 1μgL–1 (National Health and Medical Research Council and National Resource Management Ministerial Council 2011) on one occasion (1.1μgL–1, July 2013) in one reservoir. The dominant cyanobacteria genera during that period were Cylindrospermopsis, Planktolyngbya, Pseudanabaena and Microcystis. For ANA, all 17 reservoirs had concentrations below 0.1μgL–1. Based on random forest analysis, the most important environmental factors affecting CYN concentrations were total nitrogen (most important), nitrate, total phosphorus and Cylindrospermopsis counts (least important). The findings of this study indicate that reducing total nitrogen concentrations may be useful in minimising CYN concentrations in tropical reservoirs.

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17

Li, R., W. W. Carmichael, S. Brittain, G. K. Eaglesham, G. R. Shaw, A. Mahakhant, N. Noparatnaraporn, W. Yongmanitchai, K. Kaya, and M. M. Watanabe. "Isolation and identification of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from a Thailand strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria)." Toxicon 39, no. 7 (July 2001): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00236-1.

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18

Davis, Timothy W., Philip T. Orr, Gregory L. Boyer, and Michele A. Burford. "Investigating the production and release of cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii over a natural growth cycle." Harmful Algae 31 (January 2014): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.09.007.

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19

Mazmouz, Rabia, Florence Chapuis-Hugon, StÃ¯Â¿Â½phane Mann, ValÃ¯Â¿Â½rie Pichon, Annick MÃ¯Â¿Â½jean, and Olivier Ploux. "Biosynthesis of Cylindrospermopsin and 7-Epicylindrospermopsin in Oscillatoria sp. Strain PCC 6506: Identification of the cyr Gene Cluster and Toxin Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 15 (June 4, 2010): 4943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00717-10.

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ABSTRACT Cylindrospermopsin is a cytotoxin produced by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and other cyanobacteria that has been implicated in human intoxications. We report here the complete sequence of the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of this toxin in Oscillatoria sp. strain PCC 6506. This cluster of genes was found to be homologous with that of C. raciborskii but with a different gene organization. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an optimized liquid chromatography analytical method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, we detected 7-epicylindrospermopsin, cylindrospermopsin, and 7-deoxycylindrospermopsin in the culture medium of axenic Oscillatoria PCC 6506 at the following relative concentrations: 68.6%, 30.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. We measured the intracellular and extracellular concentrations, per mg of dried cells of Oscillatoria PCC 6506, of 7-epicylindrospermopsin (0.18 μg/mg and 0.29 μg/mg, respectively) and cylindrospermopsin (0.10 μg/mg and 0.11 μg/mg, respectively). We showed that these two toxins accumulated in the culture medium of Oscillatoria PCC 6506 but that the ratio (2.5 Ã¯Â¿Â½ 0.3) was constant with 7-epicylindrospermopsin being the major metabolite. We also determined the concentrations of these toxins in culture media of other Oscillatoria strains, PCC 6407, PCC 6602, PCC 7926, and PCC 10702, and found that, except for PCC 6602, they all produced 7-epicylindrospermopsin and cylindrospermopsin, with the former being the major toxin, except for PCC 7926, which produced very little 7-epicylindrospermopsin. All the cylindrospermopsin producers studied gave a PCR product using specific primers for the amplification of the cyrJ gene from genomic DNA.

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20

Rigamonti, N., L. Aubriot, F. Martigani, S. Bonilla, and C. Piccini. "Effect of nutrient availability on cylindrospermopsin gene expression and toxin production in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 82, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01877.

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21

Pierangelini, Mattia, Rati Sinha, Anusuya Willis, Michele A. Burford, Philip T. Orr, John Beardall, and Brett A. Neilan. "Constitutive Cylindrospermopsin Pool Size in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii under Different Light and CO2Partial Pressure Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 9 (February 27, 2015): 3069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03556-14.

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ABSTRACTCylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (dCYN) are potent hepatotoxic alkaloids produced by numerous species of cyanobacteria, including the freshwaterCylindrospermopsis raciborskii.C. raciborskiiis an invasive cyanobacterium, and the study of how environmental parameters drive CYN production has received significant interest from water managers and health authorities. Light and CO2affect cell growth and physiology in photoautotrophs, and these are potential regulators of cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated how light and CO2affect CYN and dCYN pool size as well as the expression of the key genes,cyrAandcyrK, involved in CYN biosynthesis in a toxicC. raciborskiistrain. For cells growing at different light intensities (10 and 100 μmol photons m−2s−1), we observed that the rate of CYN pool size production (μCYN) was coupled to the cell division rate (μc) during batch culture. This indicated that CYN pool size under our experimental conditions is constant and cell quotas of CYN (QCYN) and dCYN (QdCYN) are fixed. Moreover, a lack of correlation between expression ofcyrAand total CYN cell quotas (QCYNs) suggests that the CYN biosynthesis is regulated posttranscriptionally. Under elevated CO2(1,300 ppm), we observed minor effects on QCYNand no effects on expression ofcyrAandcyrK. We conclude that the CYN pool size is constitutive and not affected by light and CO2conditions. Thus,C. raciborskiibloom toxicity is determined by the absolute abundance ofC. raciborskiicells within the water column and the relative abundance of toxic and nontoxic strains.

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22

Burford, Michele A., Anusuya Willis, Ann Chuang, Xiao Man, and Philip T. Orr. "Recent insights into physiological responses to nutrients by the cylindrospermopsin producing cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 36, no. 4 (July 2018): 1032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-7179-5.

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23

Gugger, Muriel, Renato Molica, Brigitte Le Berre, Philippe Dufour, Cécile Bernard, and Jean-François Humbert. "Genetic Diversity of Cylindrospermopsis Strains (Cyanobacteria) Isolated from Four Continents." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 2 (February 2005): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.2.1097-1100.2005.

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ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of Cylindrospermopsis strains (cyanobacteria) was examined using mainly the 16S-23S internally transcribed spacer (ITS1) sequences. Strains were grouped in three clusters: (i) America, (ii) Europe, and (iii) Africa and Australia. These results suggested a recent spread of Cylindrospermopsis across the American and European continents from restricted warm refuge areas instead of exchanges between continents. On the other hand, they also suggested a recent colonization of Australia by African strains.

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24

Li, Shao Xiu, De Jun Zhao, Wen Qin Xia, Xiu Li Yuan, and Bao Hong Xie. "The Effect of Killing Algae with Chlorine Dioxide and Reaction Kinetics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1398.

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The effects of killing Chlamydomonas, Microcystis Aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis, Chlorella and Tetraedron by chlorine dioxide were studied. The reaction orders and rate constants of algae oxidated by chlorine dioxide were determined. The results show that these algae can be killed effectively by chlorine dioxide in raw water. the efficiencies of killing Microcystis Aeruginosa, Tetraedron and Cylindrospermopsis are 89.44%～92.48% during 10 to 15 Minutes. The efficiency of killing Chlamydomonas is high to 98.26%, but the efficiency of killing Chlorella is low, only 60.90%. The reaction orders for various algae are different. The reaction orders of Chlamydomonas, Microcystis Aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis, Chlorella and Tetraedron are 1.3, 2, 2.5, 6 and 2, respectively. The apparent rate constants are 2.1×10-3 μg-0.3L 0.3s-1, 5.6×10-3μg -1Ls -1, 8.3×10-4μg -1.5L 1.5s -1, 1.0×10-5μg -5 L 5s -1 and 3.8×10-3 μg -1Ls -1 , respectively.

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25

Pinheiro Menescal, Maria Teresa Araujo, Edna dos Santos Almeida, Emerson Andrade Sales, Annick Méjean, and Claude Yéprémian. "Identification of Cyanobacteria and Its Potential Toxins in the Joanes I Reservoir, Bahia, Brazil." Toxins 15, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010051.

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The Joanes I Reservoir is responsible for 40% of the drinking water supply of the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. For water sources such as this, there is concern regarding the proliferation of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria, which can cause environmental and public health impacts. To evaluate the presence of cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins in the water of this reservoir, the cyanobacteria were identified by microscopy; the presence of the genes of the cyanotoxin-producing cyanobacteria was detected by molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing); and the presence of toxins was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The water samples were collected at four sampling points in the Joanes I Reservoir in a monitoring campaign conducted during the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms, and the water quality parameters were also analysed. Ten cyanobacteria species/genera were identified at the monitoring sites, including five potentially cyanotoxin-producing species, such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Cylindrospermopsis cf. acuminato-crispa, Aphanocapsa sp., Phormidium sp., and Pseudanabaena sp. A positive result for the presence of the cylindrospermopsin toxin was confirmed at two sampling points by LC-MS/MS, which indicated that the populations are actively producing toxins. The analysis of the PCR products using the HEPF/HEPR primer pair for the detection of the microcystin biosynthesis gene mcyE was positive for the analysed samples. The results of this study point to the worrisome condition of this reservoir, from which water is collected for public supply, and indicate the importance of the joint use of different methods for the analysis of cyanobacteria and their toxins in reservoir monitoring.

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26

Jiang, Yongguang, Youxin Chen, Shimin Yang, and Renhui Li. "Phylogenetic relationships and genetic divergence of paralytic shellfish toxin- and cylindrospermopsin- producing Cylindrospermopsis and raphidiopsis." Harmful Algae 93 (March 2020): 101792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101792.

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27

Dyble, Julianne, Hans W. Paerl, and Brett A. Neilan. "Genetic Characterization of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Isolates from Diverse Geographic Origins Based on nifH and cpcBA-IGS Nucleotide Sequence Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2567-2571.2002.

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ABSTRACT Isolates of the toxic, N2-fixing species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from various geographic locations were analyzed with respect to their genetic diversity based on the nifH and cpcBA-IGS genes. Gene sequences clustered according to their geographic origin, with the nifH sequences separating into European, Australian, and American groups and the cpcBA-IGS sequences separating into American and European or Australian groups. PCR primers for both genes were designed to exclusively amplify DNA from Cylindrospermopsis species, and an additional primer set for cpcBA-IGS was designed to specifically amplify the American C. raciborskii strains.

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28

Menezes, Carina, Elisabete Valério, Maria João Botelho, and Elsa Dias. "Isolation and Characterization of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Strains from Finished Drinking Water." Toxins 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010040.

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In the summer of 2015, an intense cyanobacterial bloom producing geosmin/2-methylisoborneol (MIB) occurred in the Roxo freshwater reservoir in Alentejo, Portugal. The drinking water supplied from the Roxo water treatment plant (WTP) exhibited an unpleasant odor/taste and a significant cyanobacteria density was detected in the finished water at the exit of the WTP. Cyanobacteria were not evaluated downstream of the WTP, namely, at the city reservoir. The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize viable cyanobacteria present in finished water (exit of the WTP and city reservoir) that withstand conventional water treatment. Treated water samples collected at both sites were inoculated in Z8 culture medium to provide the conditions for putative cyanobacterial growth. After 30 days, filamentous cyanobacteria were observed in cultures inoculated with samples from the exit point of the WTP. Viable trichomes were isolated and identified as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii by morphometric and molecular analysis. None of the isolates were cylindrospermopsin/microcystin producers, as confirmed by ELISA and amplification of corresponding genes (PS/PKS and mcyA-cd/mcyAB/mcyB). ELISA results were positive for saxitoxin, but saxitoxin and derivatives were not detected by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD), nor were their related genes (sxtA/sxtA4/sxtB/sxtM/sxtPer/sxtI). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the establishment of cultures of C. raciborskii that resisted water treatment processes.

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A.L., Fonseca, Lankoff A., Azevedo S.M.F.O., and Soares R.M. "Effects on DNA and cell viability of treated water contaminated with Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii extract including cylindrospermopsin." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/eec.2013.01.020.

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Everson, Sally, Larelle Fabbro, Susan Kinnear, Geoff Eaglesham, and Paul Wright. "Distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a stratified lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 1 (2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08115.

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This paper describes the vertical water column distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a water body containing the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. The study site was Cobaki Village Lake, a small stratified anthropogenic lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Water quality analysis indicated that stratification and oxygenation of the water column were significant in both the distribution of the cyanobacterial populations and their associated toxin concentrations. Toxin was distributed throughout the entire water column, but the highest concentrations were recorded in the hypolimnion. Maximum toxin concentrations were detected in February 2007 (38.2 μg L–1 cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 42.2 μg L–1 deoxy-CYN). The relative distribution of CYN and deoxy-CYN paralleled the distribution of NH3H and NOX within the water column, with oxygenated chemical species dominating above 15 m and de-oxygenated chemical species dominating below 15 m. Cyanobacterial cell concentrations were highest in the oxic, warm and low conductivity waters of the epilimnion and cyanobacterial species succession was associated with nutrient and trace-metal depletion in this surface layer. These research findings are directly relevant to the management of water supplies affected by toxic blue-green algal blooms, particularly with respect to the considered placement of off-take devices to avoid layers of cyanobacterial cell and toxin concentrations.

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Wimmer, Katie M., Wendy K. Strangman, and Jeffrey L. C. Wright. "7-Deoxy-desulfo-cylindrospermopsin and 7-deoxy-desulfo-12-acetylcylindrospermopsin: Two new cylindrospermopsin analogs isolated from a Thai strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Harmful Algae 37 (July 2014): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.06.006.

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32

Mohamed, Zakaria, Fadel Ali, Medahat Abdel-Lateef, and Asmaa Hosny. "Growth inhibition of the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields." Acta botanica Croatica 79, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37427/botcro-2020-022.

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This study investigates the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on the growth and antioxidant defence enzymes of the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya et Subba Raju. To determine resonance frequency of growth inhibition of C. raciborskii, cells were subjected to ELF square amplitude modulated waves (QAMW) with a range of frequencies (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 Hz) at single intensity of 100 V m–1 for 30 minutes. The results revealed that the highest growth inhibition of Cylindrospermopsis occurred upon exposure to 0.7 Hz QAMW for 30 min. ELF-EMF-exposed cultures exhibited a marked decrease in cell number, chlorophyll-a content and activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to control cultures, and this effect increased with the prolongation of exposure time. Moreover, ELF-EMF induced morphological changes in Cylindrospermopsis cells upon exposure to 0.7 Hz QAMW for 120 min, including shrinking and disintegration of cytoplasmic contents, and thickening of the cell wall. Changes in dielectric properties, as a measure of interaction of cellular constituents (e.g., plasma membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm), with electromagnetic fields were also observed for treated cells. Our results provide a new possibility for using ELF-EMFs to eliminate toxic cyanobacteria from drinking and recreational water sources.

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Saker, Martin L., and Geoff K. Eaglesham. "The accumulation of cylindrospermopsin from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in tissues of the Redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus." Toxicon 37, no. 7 (July 1999): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00240-2.

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Rzymski, Piotr, Barbara Poniedziałek, Mikołaj Kokociński, Tomasz Jurczak, Dawid Lipski, and Krzysztof Wiktorowicz. "Interspecific allelopathy in cyanobacteria: Cylindrospermopsin and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii effect on the growth and metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa." Harmful Algae 35 (May 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.03.002.

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LI, XIAO-CHUANG, SHOU-LIANG HUO, FANG-FANG CAI, YI-MING YANG, BEI-DOU XI, and REN-HUI LI. "The taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Cylindrospermopsis (Cyanobacterium) evaluated by adding five new records from China." Phytotaxa 316, no. 3 (August 8, 2017): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.3.2.

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The diversity of the genus Cylindrospermopsis was underestimated, and the species in majority were described from natural populations, and not evaluated genetically except for the widely reported C. raciborskii. In the study, five new records (C. catemaco, C. philippinensis, C. taverae, C. africana and C. helicoidea) were herein described from Chinese freshwater bodies. By isolating their unialgal cultures, they were taxonomically evaluated based on phenotypic and genetic characters (16S rRNA, ITS-L, cpcBA-IGS and rpoC1). New insights into the Cylindrospermopsis taxonomy were obtained that different species within the genus could not be fully distinguished. The present result suggested that morphospecies based taxonomy within cyanobacterial genera will still be used, waiting for further verification and taxonomic revision at species level based on the modern approaches.

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Veal, Cameron James, Catherine Neelamraju, T. Wolff, A. Watkinson, D. Shillito, and A. Canning. "Managing cyanobacterial toxin risks to recreational users: a case study of inland lakes in South East Queensland." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (December 8, 2017): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.233.

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Abstract The management of inland waterways to protect recreational users from cyanotoxin exposure is complicated by the common management practice of using proxy indicators of cyanotoxin production (cell counts and biovolumes of potentially toxin species), rather than the cyanotoxin itself. This widely accepted practice is further complicated by a lack of advisory guidelines for non-microcystin-producing cyanotoxins. This study has investigated the effectiveness of this management approach over five and a half years, monitoring 65 different sites in South East Queensland using phycological and toxin-analysis. This study concluded that cell counts of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the most common potentially toxin producing species of cyanobacteria in South East Queensland's inland lakes, was a poor proxy indicator for cylindrospermopsin toxin production. Seqwater, the local water authority responsible for the management of recreational access to drinking water storage lakes, initiated an alternative management approach for recreational cyanobacterial water quality management in December 2016. This new approach is based on cyanobacterial toxin guideline values for five different cyanotoxins, with closures and warning notices issued based on the actual cyanotoxin concentration, not the proxy indicator. We encourage other recreational water management authorities consider this approach to manage recreational access in the future.

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Chiswell, Robyn K., Glen R. Shaw, Geoff Eaglesham, Maree J. Smith, Ross L. Norris, Alan A. Seawright, and Michael R. Moore. "Stability of cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: Effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on decomposition." Environmental Toxicology 14, no. 1 (February 1999): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-7278(199902)14:1<155::aid-tox20>3.0.co;2-z.

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Engström-Öst, Jonna, Ivana Savatijevic Rasic, Andreas Brutemark, Romi Rancken, Gordana Subakov Simić, and Ane T. Laugen. "Can Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii invade the Baltic Sea?" Environmental Reviews 23, no. 2 (June 2015): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2014-0062.

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Management actions against invasive species are usually most efficient during early stages of invasion. Monitoring for early detection is therefore part of many management plans. However, if monitoring efforts do not match suitable habitat areas, detecting the initial stages of an invasion may fail. We highlight this mismatch by assessing which areas have suitable habitats for an invasion of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the Baltic Sea, and compare these with the areas that are currently monitored for algal blooms. Establishment of this potential toxin-producer in the Baltic Sea could have serious socio-economic consequences for tourism and recreation, as well as fisheries and aquaculture in the coastal regions. We estimate the coastal areas of the eastern Gulf of Finland as the most suitable area for establishment because of low salinity and high summer seawater surface temperatures. The species is not yet reported in the Baltic Sea, but in the suitable-habitat areas indicated by our assessment, very little monitoring is currently being done. We suggest several lines of research and monitoring to increase the probability of early detection and better predictions for the future distribution of the species.

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Neilan, B. A., M. L. Saker, J. Fastner, A. Törökné, and B. P. Burns. "Phylogeography of the invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Molecular Ecology 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2002): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01709.x.

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40

Fuentes, M. Soledad, Johannes J. Rick, and Karl H. Hasenstein. "Occurrence of a Cylindrospermopsis bloom in Louisiana." Journal of Great Lakes Research 36, no. 3 (September 2010): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.05.006.

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41

Lu, Zhe, Lamei Lei, Yan Lu, Liang Peng, and Boping Han. "Phosphorus deficiency stimulates dominance of Cylindrospermopsis through facilitating cylindrospermopsin-induced alkaline phosphatase secretion: Integrating field and laboratory-based evidences." Environmental Pollution 290 (December 2021): 117946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117946.

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42

Berry, John P., Patrick D. L. Gibbs, Michael C. Schmale, and Martin L. Saker. "Toxicity of cylindrospermopsin, and other apparent metabolites from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, to the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo." Toxicon 53, no. 2 (February 2009): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.11.016.

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43

Fastner, J., R. Heinze, A. R. Humpage, U. Mischke, G. K. Eaglesham, and I. Chorus. "Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in two German lakes and preliminary assessment of toxicity and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) isolates." Toxicon 42, no. 3 (September 2003): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00150-8.

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44

Lei, Lamei, Liang Peng, Xianghui Huang, and Bo-Ping Han. "Occurrence and dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and dissolved cylindrospermopsin in urban reservoirs used for drinking water supply, South China." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186, no. 5 (January 10, 2014): 3079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3602-8.

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45

Poniedziałek, Barbara, Piotr Rzymski, Mikołaj Kokociński, and Jacek Karczewski. "Toxic potencies of metabolite(s) of non-cylindrospermopsin producing Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolated from temperate zone in human white cells." Chemosphere 120 (February 2015): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.067.

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46

Stüken, Anke, and Kjetill S. Jakobsen. "The cylindrospermopsin gene cluster of Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6: organization and recombination." Microbiology 156, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 2438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036988-0.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a potent hepatoxin, occurs in freshwaters worldwide. Several cyanobacterial species produce the toxin, but the producing species vary between geographical regions. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a common algae species in temperate fresh and brackish waters, is one of the three well-documented CYN producers in European waters. So far, no genetic information on the CYN genes of this species has been available. Here, we describe the complete CYN gene cluster, including flanking regions from the German Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6 using a full genome sequencing approach by 454 pyrosequencing and bioinformatic identification of the gene cluster. In addition, we have sequenced a ∼7 kb fragment covering the genes cyrC (partially), cyrA and cyrB (partially) of the same gene cluster in the CYN-producing Aphanizomenon sp. strains 10E9 and 22D11. Comparisons with the orthologous gene clusters of the Australian Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains AWT205 and CS505 and the partial gene cluster of the Israeli Aphanizomenon ovalisporum strain ILC-146 revealed a high gene sequence similarity, but also extensive rearrangements of gene order. The high sequence similarity (generally higher than that of 16S rRNA gene fragments from the same strains), atypical GC-content and signs of transposase activities support the suggestion that the CYN genes have been horizontally transferred.

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Tonietto, Alessandra Emanuele, Natalia L. Oliveira, Ana Teresa Lombardi, and Adriano Polpo. "Copper and cadmium complexation by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii exudates." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 10 (March 4, 2016): 2544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.111.

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Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic cyanobacterium that excretes organic materials which act as ligands for metals. Metal ligands may be characterized for their strength of association, e.g., stability constants, which can be either thermodynamic (K) or conditional (K’). In this research we examined K and K’ for Cu and Cd complexes with three molecular weight fractions (>30 kDa; 30–10 kDa; 10–3 kDa) of the cyanobacteria EOM. Complexation capacities of the excreted organic materials (EOM) for metals were determined at several ionic strengths (1.0 × 10−2, 5.0 × 10−2, 1.0 × 10−1, and 5.0 × 10−1 mol L−1) at pH 6.6 ± 0.1, with ligands for which no data for their acidity constants are available; these constants are thus conditional for this specific pH. Bayesian statistics showed that with a probability of 95–100% the EOM have two different ligands for Cu but only one for Cd, that ligands for Cu were stronger than for Cd (94–100% probability), and that the smallest EOM fraction had the highest strength of association for Cu (logKCuL 13.5). The lowest affinity was obtained for Cd (logKCdL 8.6) complexed to any molecular weight fraction. The present findings have important ecological implications, since the metal–ligand association is dynamic, and together with a diversity of ligands it can act as an environmental metal buffer. As a result, higher metal loads may be necessary for the detection of toxicity.

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Yılmaz, Mete, Edward J. Phlips, Nancy J. Szabo, and Susan Badylak. "Erratum to “A comparative study of Florida strains of Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon for cylindrospermopsin production” [Toxicon 51 (2008) 130–139]." Toxicon 52, no. 4 (September 2008): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.005.

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Ballot, Andreas, Morten Sandvik, Thomas Rundberget, Christo J. Botha, and Christopher O. Miles. "Diversity of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 2 (2014): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13153.

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The South African Hartbeespoort Dam is known for the occurrence of heavy Microcystis blooms. Although a few other cyanobacterial genera have been described, no detailed study on those cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted. The diversity of cyanobacterial species and toxins is most probably underestimated. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Hartbeespoort Dam, water samples were collected in April 2011. In a polyphasic approach, 27 isolated cyanobacterial strains were classified morphologically and phylogenetically and tested for microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), saxitoxins (STXs) and anatoxin-a (ATX) by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and screened for toxin-encoding gene fragments. The isolated strains were identified as Sphaerospermopsis reniformis, Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides, Cylindrospermopsis curvispora, Raphidiopsis curvata, Raphidiopsis mediterrranea and Microcystis aeruginosa. Only one of the Microcystis strains (AB2011/53) produced microcystins (35 variants). Forty-one microcystin variants were detected in the environmental sample from Hartbeespoort Dam, suggesting the existence of other microcystin producing strains in Hartbeespoort Dam. All investigated strains tested negative for CYN, STXs and ATX and their encoding genes. The mcyE gene of the microcystin gene cluster was found in the microcystin-producing Microcystis strain AB2011/53 and in eight non-microcystin-producing Microcystis strains, indicating that mcyE is not a good surrogate for microcystin production in environmental samples.

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Sinha, Rati, Leanne A. Pearson, Timothy W. Davis, Julia Muenchhoff, Ryanbi Pratama, Aaron Jex, Michele A. Burford, and Brett A. Neilan. "Comparative genomics of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains with differential toxicities." BMC Genomics 15, no. 1 (2014): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-83.

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