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Journal articles on the topic 'Cylindrospermopsin'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Cheng, Xiaoliang, Honglan Shi, Craig D. Adams, Terry Timmons, and Yinfa Ma. "Effects of oxidative and physical treatments on inactivation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and removal of cylindrospermopsin." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.385.

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The presence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms (or blue-green algae) in water bodies used either as drinking water or for recreational purposes may present serious health risks for the human population. In this study, the removal of the chemical toxin, cylindrospermopsin, via free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, permanganate, ozone, and UV irradiation was studied. Ozone and free chlorine were found to be highly effective for cylindrospermopsion removal while the other disinfectants were ineffective. Ozone and free chlorine were also determined to be highly effective for the inactivation of the cyanobacteria, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, at typical water treatment exposures, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, and permanganate were only marginally effective at inactivation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
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2

Mazmouz, Rabia, Florence Chapuis-Hugon, St�phane Mann, Val�rie Pichon, Annick M�jean, and Olivier Ploux. "Biosynthesis of Cylindrospermopsin and 7-Epicylindrospermopsin in Oscillatoria sp. Strain PCC 6506: Identification of the cyr Gene Cluster and Toxin Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 15 (June 4, 2010): 4943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00717-10.

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ABSTRACT Cylindrospermopsin is a cytotoxin produced by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and other cyanobacteria that has been implicated in human intoxications. We report here the complete sequence of the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of this toxin in Oscillatoria sp. strain PCC 6506. This cluster of genes was found to be homologous with that of C. raciborskii but with a different gene organization. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an optimized liquid chromatography analytical method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, we detected 7-epicylindrospermopsin, cylindrospermopsin, and 7-deoxycylindrospermopsin in the culture medium of axenic Oscillatoria PCC 6506 at the following relative concentrations: 68.6%, 30.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. We measured the intracellular and extracellular concentrations, per mg of dried cells of Oscillatoria PCC 6506, of 7-epicylindrospermopsin (0.18 μg/mg and 0.29 μg/mg, respectively) and cylindrospermopsin (0.10 μg/mg and 0.11 μg/mg, respectively). We showed that these two toxins accumulated in the culture medium of Oscillatoria PCC 6506 but that the ratio (2.5 � 0.3) was constant with 7-epicylindrospermopsin being the major metabolite. We also determined the concentrations of these toxins in culture media of other Oscillatoria strains, PCC 6407, PCC 6602, PCC 7926, and PCC 10702, and found that, except for PCC 6602, they all produced 7-epicylindrospermopsin and cylindrospermopsin, with the former being the major toxin, except for PCC 7926, which produced very little 7-epicylindrospermopsin. All the cylindrospermopsin producers studied gave a PCR product using specific primers for the amplification of the cyrJ gene from genomic DNA.
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3

Mihali, Troco Kaan, Ralf Kellmann, Julia Muenchhoff, Kevin D. Barrow, and Brett A. Neilan. "Characterization of the Gene Cluster Responsible for Cylindrospermopsin Biosynthesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 3 (December 7, 2007): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01988-07.

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ABSTRACT Toxic cyanobacterial blooms cause economic losses and pose significant public health threats on a global scale. Characterization of the gene cluster for the biosynthesis of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (cyr) in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii AWT205 is described, and the complete biosynthetic pathway is proposed. The cyr gene cluster spans 43 kb and is comprised of 15 open reading frames containing genes required for the biosynthesis, regulation, and export of the toxin. Biosynthesis is initiated via an amidinotransfer onto glycine followed by five polyketide extensions and subsequent reductions, and rings are formed via Michael additions in a stepwise manner. The uracil ring is formed by a novel pyrimidine biosynthesis mechanism and tailoring reactions, including sulfation and hydroxylation that complete biosynthesis. These findings enable the design of toxic strain-specific probes and allow the future study of the regulation and biological role of cylindrospermopsin.
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4

González-Blanco, Carlos, Felipe Augusto Dörr, Renata Albuquerque, Janice Onuki, and Ernani Pinto. "Alternative Isolation Protocol for Desulfo and Zwitterionic Cylindrospermopsin Alkaloids and Comparison of Their Toxicity in HepG2 Cells." Molecules 25, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133027.

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The term cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) refers to a structurally related class of cyanobacterial metabolites comprised of a tricyclic guanidine group and a hydroxymethyluracil moiety. Most reports in environmental aquatic samples refer to cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and reports on other CYN alkaloids are scarce, due, in part, to a lack of versatile isolation protocols. Thus, using commercially available solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, we optimized an isolation protocol for the complete recovery of CYN, 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (7D-CYN) and 7-deoxy-desulfo-cylindrospermopsin (7D-desulfo-CYN) from the same aliquot. The isolation protocol was adaptable depending on the nature of the sample (solid biomass, culture broth or environmental water sample) and tolerates up to 4 L of dense culture broth or 400 mg of lyophilized biomass. To quantitate the CYN alkaloids, we validated an LC-DAD-MS2 method, which takes advantage of the UV absorption of the uracil group (λ 262 nm). Using electrospray ionization (ESI) in a positive ion mode, the high-resolution MS1 data confirms the presence of the protonated alkaloids, and the MS2 fragment assignment is reported as complementary proof of the molecular structure of the CYNs. We isolated three CYN alkaloids with different water solubility using the same lyophilized sample, with a purity that ranged from 95% to 99%. The biological activity of the purified CYNs, along with a synthetic degradation product of CYN (desulfo-cylindrospermopsin), was evaluated by assessing necrosis and apoptosis in vitro using flow cytometry. CYN’s lethal potency in HepG2 cells was greater than the other analogs, due to the presence of all four functional groups: guanidine, uracil, C-7 hydroxyl and the sulfate residue.
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5

Yilmaz, Mete, and Edward J. Phlips. "Diversity of and Selection Acting on CylindrospermopsincyrBGene Adenylation Domain Sequences in Florida." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 7 (February 4, 2011): 2502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02252-10.

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ABSTRACTAphanizomenon ovalisporumis the only confirmed cylindrospermopsin producer identified in the United States to date. On the other hand,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiiis a prominent feature of many lakes in Florida and other regions of the United States. To see the variation in cylindrospermopsincyrBgene adenylation domain sequences and possibly discover new cylindrospermopsin producers, we collected water samples for a 3-year period from 17 different systems in Florida. Positive amplicons were cloned and sequenced, revealing that approximately 92% of sequences wereA. ovalisporum-like (>99% identity). Interestingly, 6% of sequences were very similar (>99% identity) tocyrBsequences ofC. raciborskiifrom Australia and ofAphanizomenonsp. from Germany. Neutrality tests suggest thatA. ovalisporum-likecyrBadenylation domain sequences are under purifying selection, with abundant low-frequency polymorphisms within the population. On the other hand, when compared between species by codon-based methods, amino acids of CyrB also seem to be under purifying selection, in accordance with the one proposed amino acid thought to be activated by the CyrB adenylation domain.
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6

Saker, Martin L., and Dilwyn J. Griffiths. "Occurrence of blooms of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya and Subba Raju in a north Queensland domestic water supply." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 6 (2001): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00110.

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This paper describes seasonally recurring blooms of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in relation to some limnological characteristics of Lake Julius, a large man-made water impoundment in Australia’s semi-arid tropics. These blooms have occurred each year since 1991, with subsurface concentrations of >50 000 cells mL–1. Periods of greater cyanobacterial abundance are characterized by reduced rates of vertical mixing of the water column, reduced mixed:euphotic depth ratios and high epilimnetic temperatures (>25˚C). Surface scums were not observed and, in general, this species displays a fairly uniform distribution throughout the euphotic zone and below. An isolate of C. raciborskii taken from Lake Julius during a bloom in November 1995 and grown in pure culture produced no symptoms of poisoning when tested by mouse bioassay, and absence of detectable concentrations of the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin was confirmed by HPLC/MS-MS. Low concentrations of cylindrospermopsin (~1–2 g L–1) were detected in the lake during blooms of C. raciborskii.
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7

Li, R., W. W. Carmichael, S. Brittain, G. K. Eaglesham, G. R. Shaw, A. Mahakhant, N. Noparatnaraporn, W. Yongmanitchai, K. Kaya, and M. M. Watanabe. "Isolation and identification of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from a Thailand strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria)." Toxicon 39, no. 7 (July 2001): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00236-1.

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8

Davis, Timothy W., Philip T. Orr, Gregory L. Boyer, and Michele A. Burford. "Investigating the production and release of cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii over a natural growth cycle." Harmful Algae 31 (January 2014): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.09.007.

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9

Ohtani, Ikuko, Richard E. Moore, and Maria T. C. Runnegar. "Cylindrospermopsin: a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Journal of the American Chemical Society 114, no. 20 (September 1992): 7941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a067.

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10

Senogles, P., G. Shaw, M. Smith, R. Norris, R. Chiswell, J. Mueller, R. Sadler, and G. Eaglesham. "Degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin, from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, by chlorination." Toxicon 38, no. 9 (September 2000): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00210-x.

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11

Bakheet, Belal, Md Ashraful Islam, John Beardall, Xiwang Zhang, and David McCarthy. "Electrochemical inactivation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and removal of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin." Journal of Hazardous Materials 344 (February 2018): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.024.

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12

Fonseca, A. L., J. Da Silva, E. A. Nunes, S. M. F. O. Azevedo, and R. M. Soares. "In vivo genotoxicity of treated water containing the cylindrospermopsin-producer Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2014): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.087.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an alkaloid commonly produced by some cyanobacteria that has been implicated in outbreaks of human illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cellular content (including CYN) and its byproducts resulting from chlorination during water treatment. DNA damage in blood and liver cells was analysed by the comet assay and micronucleus test (MN). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with the following treatments: (a) physiological saline, (b) treated water, (c) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (d) C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (e) C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain), and (f) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain) extract. After 48 h, samples were taken to perform tests (blood and liver cells to the comet assay and bone marrow to MN test). The CYPO-011 K had a genotoxic and mutagenic effects on liver and bone marrow cells. The group that received chlorine-treated water plus CYPO-011 K also exhibited genotoxic effects in the liver, as well as in the blood, and a mutagenic effect in blood marrow cells. The results emphasise the need of improving CYN monitoring in waters bodies in order to reduce the risk of human exposure.
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13

FUJIMOTO, NAOSHI, SAYAKA KONNO, YUKI YOSHINO, AKIHIRO OHNISHI, MASAHARU SUZUKI, MOTOYUKI MIZUOCHI, and YUHEI INAMORI. "Production of hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin in the batch culture of cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Japanese Journal of Water Treatment Biology 41, no. 3 (2005): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.41.153.

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14

Hoff-Risseti, Caroline, Felipe Augusto Dörr, Patricia Dayane Carvalho Schaker, Ernani Pinto, Vera Regina Werner, and Marli Fatima Fiore. "Cylindrospermopsin and Saxitoxin Synthetase Genes in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Strains from Brazilian Freshwater." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 28, 2013): e74238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074238.

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15

Kinnear, S. H. W., L. J. Duivenvoorden, and L. D. Fabbro. "Sublethal responses in Melanoides tuberculata following exposure to Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing cylindrospermopsin." Harmful Algae 6, no. 5 (October 2007): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.01.004.

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16

Wimmer, Katie M., Wendy K. Strangman, and Jeffrey L. C. Wright. "7-Deoxy-desulfo-cylindrospermopsin and 7-deoxy-desulfo-12-acetylcylindrospermopsin: Two new cylindrospermopsin analogs isolated from a Thai strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Harmful Algae 37 (July 2014): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.06.006.

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17

Williams, R., R. Looper, and M. Runnegar. "Synthesis of Cylindrospermopsin." Synfacts 2006, no. 10 (September 2006): 0981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-949334.

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18

Burgoyne, David L., Thomas K. Hemscheidt, Richard E. Moore, and Maria T. C. Runnegar. "Biosynthesis of Cylindrospermopsin." Journal of Organic Chemistry 65, no. 1 (January 2000): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo991257m.

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19

Everson, Sally, Larelle Fabbro, Susan Kinnear, Geoff Eaglesham, and Paul Wright. "Distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a stratified lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 1 (2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08115.

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This paper describes the vertical water column distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a water body containing the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. The study site was Cobaki Village Lake, a small stratified anthropogenic lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Water quality analysis indicated that stratification and oxygenation of the water column were significant in both the distribution of the cyanobacterial populations and their associated toxin concentrations. Toxin was distributed throughout the entire water column, but the highest concentrations were recorded in the hypolimnion. Maximum toxin concentrations were detected in February 2007 (38.2 μg L–1 cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 42.2 μg L–1 deoxy-CYN). The relative distribution of CYN and deoxy-CYN paralleled the distribution of NH3H and NOX within the water column, with oxygenated chemical species dominating above 15 m and de-oxygenated chemical species dominating below 15 m. Cyanobacterial cell concentrations were highest in the oxic, warm and low conductivity waters of the epilimnion and cyanobacterial species succession was associated with nutrient and trace-metal depletion in this surface layer. These research findings are directly relevant to the management of water supplies affected by toxic blue-green algal blooms, particularly with respect to the considered placement of off-take devices to avoid layers of cyanobacterial cell and toxin concentrations.
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20

Yılmaz, Mete, Edward J. Phlips, Nancy J. Szabo, and Susan Badylak. "A comparative study of Florida strains of Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon for cylindrospermopsin production." Toxicon 51, no. 1 (January 2008): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.013.

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21

OHTANI, I., R. E. MOORE, and M. T. C. RUNNEGAR. "ChemInform Abstract: Cylindrospermopsin: A Potent Hepatotoxin from the Blue-Green Alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." ChemInform 24, no. 3 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199303263.

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22

Xie, Chaoyu, Maria T. C. Runnegar, and Barry B. Snider. "Total Synthesis of (±)-Cylindrospermopsin." Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 21 (May 2000): 5017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja000647j.

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23

Merel, Sylvain, Michel Clément, Annick Mourot, Valérie Fessard, and Olivier Thomas. "Characterization of cylindrospermopsin chlorination." Science of The Total Environment 408, no. 16 (July 15, 2010): 3433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.033.

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24

Rigamonti, N., L. Aubriot, F. Martigani, S. Bonilla, and C. Piccini. "Effect of nutrient availability on cylindrospermopsin gene expression and toxin production in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 82, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01877.

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25

Pierangelini, Mattia, Rati Sinha, Anusuya Willis, Michele A. Burford, Philip T. Orr, John Beardall, and Brett A. Neilan. "Constitutive Cylindrospermopsin Pool Size in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii under Different Light and CO2Partial Pressure Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 9 (February 27, 2015): 3069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03556-14.

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ABSTRACTCylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (dCYN) are potent hepatotoxic alkaloids produced by numerous species of cyanobacteria, including the freshwaterCylindrospermopsis raciborskii.C. raciborskiiis an invasive cyanobacterium, and the study of how environmental parameters drive CYN production has received significant interest from water managers and health authorities. Light and CO2affect cell growth and physiology in photoautotrophs, and these are potential regulators of cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated how light and CO2affect CYN and dCYN pool size as well as the expression of the key genes,cyrAandcyrK, involved in CYN biosynthesis in a toxicC. raciborskiistrain. For cells growing at different light intensities (10 and 100 μmol photons m−2s−1), we observed that the rate of CYN pool size production (μCYN) was coupled to the cell division rate (μc) during batch culture. This indicated that CYN pool size under our experimental conditions is constant and cell quotas of CYN (QCYN) and dCYN (QdCYN) are fixed. Moreover, a lack of correlation between expression ofcyrAand total CYN cell quotas (QCYNs) suggests that the CYN biosynthesis is regulated posttranscriptionally. Under elevated CO2(1,300 ppm), we observed minor effects on QCYNand no effects on expression ofcyrAandcyrK. We conclude that the CYN pool size is constitutive and not affected by light and CO2conditions. Thus,C. raciborskiibloom toxicity is determined by the absolute abundance ofC. raciborskiicells within the water column and the relative abundance of toxic and nontoxic strains.
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26

Burford, Michele A., Anusuya Willis, Ann Chuang, Xiao Man, and Philip T. Orr. "Recent insights into physiological responses to nutrients by the cylindrospermopsin producing cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 36, no. 4 (July 2018): 1032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-7179-5.

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27

Shaw, G., and P. K. S. Lam. "Health aspects of freshwater cyanobacterial toxins." Water Supply 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.054.

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Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins are known to cause poisoning in humans, livestock and wild animals. Based on their toxic mechanisms, cyanobacterial toxins are generally categorized as neurotoxins, hepatotoxins or cytotoxins. The acute oral toxicities of these toxins vary substantially, with the saxitoxins being the most toxic having an LD50 of 60 μg/kg. By comparison, the acute oral LD50 for microcystin LR (the most toxic congener) and cylindrospermopsin are approximately 5,000 to 10,000 μg/kg and 6,000 μg/kg over 5 days, respectively. There are well known adverse health issues of cyanobacterial toxin poisonings. The most serious health consequences have occurred in Brazil with the reported deaths of people from gastrointestinal symptoms associated with exposure to microcystins and cylindrospermopsin. Increased number of symptoms has also been reported via exposure to cyanobacterial toxins through water-based recreational activities. Toxins may also be present in drinking water and thus guideline values are necessary to protect the health of the population. Guideline values are available for microcystins but not for saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsin or deoxycylindrospermopsin. Considerable research is being undertaken currently on more fully understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of cylindrospermopsin to enable relevant guidelines to be established.
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28

Jiang, Yongguang, Youxin Chen, Shimin Yang, and Renhui Li. "Phylogenetic relationships and genetic divergence of paralytic shellfish toxin- and cylindrospermopsin- producing Cylindrospermopsis and raphidiopsis." Harmful Algae 93 (March 2020): 101792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101792.

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29

Kim, Yong-Jin, Hae-Kyung Park, and In-Soo Kim. "Assessment of the Appearance and Toxin Production Potential of Invasive Nostocalean Cyanobacteria Using Quantitative Gene Analysis in Nakdong River, Korea." Toxins 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050294.

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Invasive nostocalean cyanobacteria (INC) were first reported in tropical regions and are now globally spreading rapidly due to climate change, appearing in temperate regions. INC require continuous monitoring for water resource management because of their high toxin production potential. However, it is difficult to analyze INC under a microscope because of their morphological similarity to nostocalean cyanobacteria such as the genus Aphanizomenon. This study calculates the gene copy number per cell for each target gene through quantitative gene analysis on the basis of genus-specific primers of genera Cylindrospermopsis, Sphaerospermopsis, and Cuspidothrix, and the toxin primers of anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. In addition, quantitative gene analysis was performed at eight sites in the Nakdong River to assess the appearance of INC and their toxin production potential. Genera Cylindrospermopsis and Sphaerospermopsis did not exceed 100 cells mL−1 at the maximum, with a low likelihood of related toxin occurrence. The genus Cuspidothrix showed the highest cell density (1759 cells mL−1) among the INC. Nakdong River has potential for the occurrence of anatoxin-a through biosynthesis by genus Cuspidothrix because the appearance of this genus coincided with that of the anatoxin-a synthesis gene (anaF) and the detection of the toxin by ELISA.
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30

Chichova, Mariela, Oskan Tasinov, Milena Shkodrova, Milena Mishonova, Iliyana Sazdova, Bilyana Ilieva, Dilyana Doncheva-Stoimenova, et al. "New Data on Cylindrospermopsin Toxicity." Toxins 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010041.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a widely spread cyanotoxin that can occur in fresh water and food. This research aims to investigate CYN toxicity by studying the effects of drinking 0.25 nM of CYN-contaminated water from a natural source, and of the direct application of moderate concentrations of CYN on different animal targets. The chosen structures and activities are rat mitochondria inner membrane permeability, mitochondrial ATP synthase (ATPase) and rat liver diamine oxidase (DAO) activities (EC 1.4.3.22.), the force of the contraction of an excised frog heart preparation with functional innervation, and the viability of a human intestinal epithelial cell line (HIEC-6). The oral exposure to CYN decreased the reverse (hydrolase) activity of rat liver ATPase whereas its short-term, in vitro application was without significant effect on this organelle, DAO activity, heart contractions, and their neuronal regulation. The application of CYN reduced HIEC-6 cells’ viability dose dependently. It was concluded that CYN is moderately toxic for the human intestinal epithelial cells, where the regeneration of the epithelial layer can be suppressed by CYN. This result suggests that CYN may provoke pathological changes in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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31

Looper, Ryan E., Maria T. C. Runnegar, and Robert M. Williams. "Syntheses of the cylindrospermopsin alkaloids." Tetrahedron 62, no. 18 (May 2006): 4549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2006.02.044.

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32

Chichova, Mariela, Oskan Tasinov, Milena Shkodrova, Milena Mishonova, Iliyana Sazdova, Bilyana Ilieva, Dilyana Doncheva-Stoimenova, et al. "New Data on Cylindrospermopsin Toxicity." Toxins 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010041.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a widely spread cyanotoxin that can occur in fresh water and food. This research aims to investigate CYN toxicity by studying the effects of drinking 0.25 nM of CYN-contaminated water from a natural source, and of the direct application of moderate concentrations of CYN on different animal targets. The chosen structures and activities are rat mitochondria inner membrane permeability, mitochondrial ATP synthase (ATPase) and rat liver diamine oxidase (DAO) activities (EC 1.4.3.22.), the force of the contraction of an excised frog heart preparation with functional innervation, and the viability of a human intestinal epithelial cell line (HIEC-6). The oral exposure to CYN decreased the reverse (hydrolase) activity of rat liver ATPase whereas its short-term, in vitro application was without significant effect on this organelle, DAO activity, heart contractions, and their neuronal regulation. The application of CYN reduced HIEC-6 cells’ viability dose dependently. It was concluded that CYN is moderately toxic for the human intestinal epithelial cells, where the regeneration of the epithelial layer can be suppressed by CYN. This result suggests that CYN may provoke pathological changes in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Burgoyne, David L., Thomas K. Hemscheidt, Richard E. Moore, and Maria T. C. Runnegar. "ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis of Cylindrospermopsin." ChemInform 31, no. 16 (June 9, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200016231.

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Evans, Daniel M., and Patrick J. Murphy. "ChemInform Abstract: The Cylindrospermopsin Alkaloids." ChemInform 43, no. 18 (April 5, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201218247.

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35

McGregor, Glenn B., Barbara C. Sendall, Lindsay T. Hunt, and Geoffrey K. Eaglesham. "Report of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from Raphidiopsis mediterranea Skuja (Cyanobacteria/Nostocales)." Harmful Algae 10, no. 4 (May 2011): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.02.002.

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36

Stüken, Anke, and Kjetill S. Jakobsen. "The cylindrospermopsin gene cluster of Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6: organization and recombination." Microbiology 156, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 2438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036988-0.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a potent hepatoxin, occurs in freshwaters worldwide. Several cyanobacterial species produce the toxin, but the producing species vary between geographical regions. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a common algae species in temperate fresh and brackish waters, is one of the three well-documented CYN producers in European waters. So far, no genetic information on the CYN genes of this species has been available. Here, we describe the complete CYN gene cluster, including flanking regions from the German Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6 using a full genome sequencing approach by 454 pyrosequencing and bioinformatic identification of the gene cluster. In addition, we have sequenced a ∼7 kb fragment covering the genes cyrC (partially), cyrA and cyrB (partially) of the same gene cluster in the CYN-producing Aphanizomenon sp. strains 10E9 and 22D11. Comparisons with the orthologous gene clusters of the Australian Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains AWT205 and CS505 and the partial gene cluster of the Israeli Aphanizomenon ovalisporum strain ILC-146 revealed a high gene sequence similarity, but also extensive rearrangements of gene order. The high sequence similarity (generally higher than that of 16S rRNA gene fragments from the same strains), atypical GC-content and signs of transposase activities support the suggestion that the CYN genes have been horizontally transferred.
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Liu, Jishan, David R. Greenwood, Lionel Kuntz, L. James Wright, and Naresh Singhal. "Oxidative degradation of cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a by FeIII–B*/H2O2." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 8, no. 2 (2022): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ew00744k.

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Saha, Punnag, Macayla Upright, Dipro Bose, Subhajit Roy, Ayushi Trivedi, Madhura More, Geoff I. Scott, Bryan W. Brooks, and Saurabh Chatterjee. "Subchronic Oral Cylindrospermopsin Exposure Alters the Host Gut Microbiome and Is Associated with Progressive Hepatic Inflammation, Stellate Cell Activation, and Mild Fibrosis in a Preclinical Study." Toxins 14, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120835.

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Epidemiological studies have reported a strong association between liver injury and incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma in sections of humans globally. Several preclinical studies have shown a strong link between cyanotoxin exposure and the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a precursor of hepatocellular carcinoma. Among the emerging threats from cyanotoxins, new evidence shows cylindrospermopsin release in freshwater lakes. A known hepatotoxin in higher concentrations, we examined the possible role of cylindrospermopsin in causing host gut dysbiosis and its association with liver pathology in a mouse model of toxico-pharmacokinetics and hepatic pathology. The results showed that oral exposure to cylindrospermopsin caused decreased diversity of gut bacteria phyla accompanied by an increased abundance of Clostridioides difficile and decreased abundance of probiotic flora such as Roseburia, Akkermanssia, and Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, a signature most often associated with intestinal and hepatic pathology and underlying gastrointestinal disease. The altered gut dysbiosis was also associated with increased Claudin2 protein in the intestinal lumen, a marker of gut leaching and endotoxemia. The study of liver pathology showed marked liver inflammation, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, and activation of toll-like receptors, a hallmark of consistent and progressive liver damage. Hepatic pathology was also linked to increased Kupffer cell activation and stellate cell activation, markers of progressive liver damage often linked to the development of liver fibrosis and carcinoma. In conclusion, the present study provides additional evidence of cylindrospermopsin-linked progressive liver pathology that may be very well-linked to gut dysbiosis, though definitive evidence involving this link needs to be studied further.
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A.L., Fonseca, Lankoff A., Azevedo S.M.F.O., and Soares R.M. "Effects on DNA and cell viability of treated water contaminated with Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii extract including cylindrospermopsin." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/eec.2013.01.020.

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40

Zhao, Zhen, Hongda Chen, Lina Ma, Dianjun Liu, and Zhenxin Wang. "A label-free electrochemical impedance aptasensor for cylindrospermopsin detection based on thionine–graphene nanocomposites." Analyst 140, no. 16 (2015): 5570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an00704f.

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41

Xie, Chaoyu, Maria T. C. Runnegar, and Barry B. Snider. "ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+-.)-Cylindrospermopsin." ChemInform 31, no. 37 (September 12, 2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200037252.

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42

Törökné, Andrea, Maria Asztalos, Maria Bánkiné, Heike Bickel, Georg Borbély, Shmuel Carmeli, Geoffrey A. Codd, et al. "Interlaboratory comparison trial on cylindrospermopsin measurement." Analytical Biochemistry 332, no. 2 (September 2004): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.05.036.

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43

Saker, Martin L., and Geoff K. Eaglesham. "The accumulation of cylindrospermopsin from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in tissues of the Redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus." Toxicon 37, no. 7 (July 1999): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00240-2.

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Rzymski, Piotr, Barbara Poniedziałek, Mikołaj Kokociński, Tomasz Jurczak, Dawid Lipski, and Krzysztof Wiktorowicz. "Interspecific allelopathy in cyanobacteria: Cylindrospermopsin and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii effect on the growth and metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa." Harmful Algae 35 (May 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.03.002.

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45

Abbas, Feras, Cristina Porojan, Maxine A. D. Mowe, Mary Lehane, Simon M. Mitrovic, Richard P. Lim, Darren C. J. Yeo, and Ambrose Furey. "Sample extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method development and validation for the quantitative detection of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins in Singapore's reservoirs." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 5 (2020): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19157.

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Cyanobacterial blue–green algal toxins are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Most species of phytoplankton are not harmful, but excessive amounts of certain HAB taxa can cause harm to human and animal health, aquatic ecosystems and local economies. To investigate the prevalence of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin-a (ANA) in Singapore’s reservoirs, a hazard analysis was initiated to profile the CYN and ANA levels present. Water samples from 17 reservoirs were monitored monthly over a 12-month period (November 2012–October 2013). Analyses were conducted by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer with a turbo-assisted ion spray source. CYN was more prevalent than ANA. Intracellular CYN concentrations exceeded 0.4μgL–1 in 6 of 17 man-made reservoirs surveyed, and slightly exceeded the provisional CYN drinking water guidelines of 1μgL–1 (National Health and Medical Research Council and National Resource Management Ministerial Council 2011) on one occasion (1.1μgL–1, July 2013) in one reservoir. The dominant cyanobacteria genera during that period were Cylindrospermopsis, Planktolyngbya, Pseudanabaena and Microcystis. For ANA, all 17 reservoirs had concentrations below 0.1μgL–1. Based on random forest analysis, the most important environmental factors affecting CYN concentrations were total nitrogen (most important), nitrate, total phosphorus and Cylindrospermopsis counts (least important). The findings of this study indicate that reducing total nitrogen concentrations may be useful in minimising CYN concentrations in tropical reservoirs.
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46

Sukenik, Assaf, Claudia Rosin, Ram Porat, Benjamin Teltsch, Roni Banker, and Shmuel Carmeli. "TOXINS FROM CYANOBACTERIA AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY OF LAKE KINNERET, ISRAEL." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, no. 2 (May 13, 1998): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676717.

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A number of different species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins of several different types. Cyanobacterial Wooms present a serious health concern when they occur in water bodies that supply potable water. Lake Kinneret, the major water source in Israel, was characterized for many years by relatively stable phytoplankton populations which fluctuated with the seasons in a quite predictable manner. An exceptional bloom of the filamentous cyanobacteriumAphanizomenon ovalisporum, which produces hepatotoxin, was observed for the first time in Lake Kinneret during the fall of 1994. Cylindrospermopsin, a toxin produced byA. ovalisporum, was purified and chemically characterized. The potential implications of cylindrospermopsin-producingA. ovalisporumbloom in Lake Kinneret on water quality is discussed, together with a general description of cyanobacterial toxins and their occurrence in natural waters.
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47

Jos, A., D. Gutiérrez Praena, S. Maisanaba, M. Llana Ruíz Cabello, and A. Cameán. "In vitro study of mutagenicity of cylindrospermopsin and cytotoxic effects of the combination of microcystin and cylindrospermopsin." Toxicology Letters 258 (September 2016): S163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1615.

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48

Cirés, Samuel, Lars Wörmer, Andreas Ballot, Ramsy Agha, Claudia Wiedner, David Velázquez, María Cristina Casero, and Antonio Quesada. "Phylogeography of Cylindrospermopsin and Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Nostocales Cyanobacteria from Mediterranean Europe (Spain)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 4 (December 13, 2013): 1359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03002-13.

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ABSTRACTPlanktonicNostocalescyanobacteria represent a challenge for microbiological research because of the wide range of cyanotoxins that they synthesize and their invasive behavior, which is presumably enhanced by global warming. To gain insight into the phylogeography of potentially toxicNostocalesfrom Mediterranean Europe, 31 strains ofAnabaena(Anabaena crassa,A. lemmermannii,A. mendotae, andA. planctonica),Aphanizomenon(Aphanizomenon gracile,A. ovalisporum), andCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiwere isolated from 14 freshwater bodies in Spain and polyphasically analyzed for their phylogeography, cyanotoxin production, and the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthesis genes. The potent cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was produced by all 6Aphanizomenon ovalisporumstrains at high levels (5.7 to 9.1 μg CYN mg−1[dry weight]) with low variation between strains (1.5 to 3.9-fold) and a marked extracellular release (19 to 41% dissolved CYN) during exponential growth. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) neurotoxins (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and decarbamoylsaxitoxin) were detected in 2Aphanizomenon gracilestrains, both containing thesxtAgene. This gene was also amplified in non-PSP toxin-producingAphanizomenon gracileandAphanizomenon ovalisporum. Phylogenetic analyses supported the species identification and confirmed the high similarity of SpanishAnabaenaandAphanizomenonstrains with other European strains. In contrast,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiifrom Spain grouped together with American strains and was clearly separate from the rest of the European strains, raising questions about the current assumptions of the phylogeography and spreading routes ofC. raciborskii. The present study confirms that the nostocalean genusAphanizomenonis a major source of CYN and PSP toxins in Europe and demonstrates the presence of thesxtAgene in CYN-producingAphanizomenon ovalisporum.
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49

Veal, Cameron James, Catherine Neelamraju, T. Wolff, A. Watkinson, D. Shillito, and A. Canning. "Managing cyanobacterial toxin risks to recreational users: a case study of inland lakes in South East Queensland." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (December 8, 2017): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.233.

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Abstract The management of inland waterways to protect recreational users from cyanotoxin exposure is complicated by the common management practice of using proxy indicators of cyanotoxin production (cell counts and biovolumes of potentially toxin species), rather than the cyanotoxin itself. This widely accepted practice is further complicated by a lack of advisory guidelines for non-microcystin-producing cyanotoxins. This study has investigated the effectiveness of this management approach over five and a half years, monitoring 65 different sites in South East Queensland using phycological and toxin-analysis. This study concluded that cell counts of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the most common potentially toxin producing species of cyanobacteria in South East Queensland's inland lakes, was a poor proxy indicator for cylindrospermopsin toxin production. Seqwater, the local water authority responsible for the management of recreational access to drinking water storage lakes, initiated an alternative management approach for recreational cyanobacterial water quality management in December 2016. This new approach is based on cyanobacterial toxin guideline values for five different cyanotoxins, with closures and warning notices issued based on the actual cyanotoxin concentration, not the proxy indicator. We encourage other recreational water management authorities consider this approach to manage recreational access in the future.
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Chiswell, Robyn K., Glen R. Shaw, Geoff Eaglesham, Maree J. Smith, Ross L. Norris, Alan A. Seawright, and Michael R. Moore. "Stability of cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: Effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on decomposition." Environmental Toxicology 14, no. 1 (February 1999): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-7278(199902)14:1<155::aid-tox20>3.0.co;2-z.

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