Journal articles: 'Cycling practices'

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Larsen, Jonas. "The making of a pro-cycling city: Social practices and bicycle mobilities." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 4 (December 6, 2016): 876–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16682732.

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This article explores the contemporary co-production of bicycle practices in Copenhagen and the heterogeneous work involved in making a city pro-cycling. Attention is given as much to the sayings and doings of everyday commuters, as to planners, physical designs and campaigns. I ask: why, and how, are cycling practices continually (re)produced in Copenhagen and how can they attract so many practitioners? The first section discusses and employs practice theory, as it is well suited for examining practices of cycling. The second section explores how Copenhagen Municipality designed and scripted a cycle-friendly space by installing bike infrastructure, promoting cultural meanings and nourishing user competences. I argue that this is done through a heterogeneous process of normalizing and mainstreaming cycling and making alliances with other commuters. The third section shows how cyclists co-produce cycling practices by performing cycling and by enlisting and passing on knowledge to new practitioners. The concluding section highlights the potentials of practice theory to fully understand cycling, and it unravels some of the problems of Copenhagenizing low-cycling cities.

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Scheurenbrand, Klara, Elizabeth Parsons, Benedetta Cappellini, and Anthony Patterson. "Cycling into Headwinds: Analyzing Practices That Inhibit Sustainability." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 37, no. 2 (November 2018): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743915618810440.

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Using the example of cycling, the authors contribute to public policy debates surrounding sustainability. They employ practice theory to shift the debate away from consumer choice and agency to examine instead why sustainable practices are not always available to consumers. Therefore, rather than asking, “Why don’t people cycle?” the authors ask, “Why isn’t the practice of cycling thriving?” Practice theory focuses on material, meanings, and competences as the components of a practice, positing that a practice can thrive and grow only when these elements come together. By looking at how practices compete for the same set of elements, the authors demonstrate how some practices (e.g. driving, schooling, policing) come to dominate or inhibit others (i.e., cycling). In terms of the theme of this special issue, then, instead of excavating anticonsumption as a precursor to practices (i.e., a choice not to engage in those practices), by unpacking practices, the authors examine the mechanisms through which this choice is restricted.

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Cox, Peter. "Cycling." Transfers 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020113.

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The mechanized mobility practices that came to dominate road use in the twentieth century—using cars, motorbikes, and bicycles—have been notable for the concurrent development of accompanying print literatures in the form of magazines and newspapers. The developmental history of each mode can be told through a number of distinct lenses, each revealing a part of the story of the mobility technology in use. In the context of a renaissance in cycling, there is an emergence of a new style of bicycle magazine that breaks the mould of previous journals.

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Werrett, Simon. "Cycling and recycling: histories of sustainable practices." Journal of Contemporary European Studies 24, no. 4 (October 2016): 557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2016.1249672.

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Brewer, Benjamin D. "Commercialization in Professional Cycling." Sociology of Sport Journal 19, no. 3 (September 2002): 276–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.19.3.276.

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The rediscovery in the past three years of the widespread and highly organized use of performance-enhancing drugs—known as “doping”—in professional cycling has thrown the sport into a period of turmoil. Through a critical historical analysis, the article argues that profound institutional changes introduced into professional cycling by the sport’s governing body both facilitated and reflected the increasing commercial penetration of the sport. These institutional transformations put new pressures on team managers and racers, leading to significant changes in team organizations and rider preparation, in part fostering a new social organization of doping practices.

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Oldenziel, Ruth, and Adri Albert de la Bruhèze. "Cycling in a Global World." Transfers 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020203.

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During their transnational circulation, bicycles became glocalized as local users tailored them to fit local laws, customs, user preferences and cultures. Bicycles thus acquired many different local meanings as users incorporated them into daily lifes and practices in diverse global settings. To show the importance of 'normalized use', i.e. rural bicycle use, in which cycling became enduring, sustainable, new, old and new again, we need globally grounded histories of mobility.

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Wilson, Oliver, Nicole Vairo, Melissa Bopp, Dangaia Sims, Katherine Dutt, and Brooke Pinkos. "Best practices for promoting cycling amongst university students and employees." Journal of Transport & Health 9 (June 2018): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.02.007.

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Merz, Liana R., David K. Warren, Marin H. Kollef, and Victoria J. Fraser. "Effects of an Antibiotic Cycling Program on Antibiotic Prescribing Practices in an Intensive Care Unit." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 8 (August 2004): 2861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.8.2861-2865.2004.

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ABSTRACT Various interventions have been proposed to combat the increase of antibiotic resistance and influence antibiotic prescribing practices. A prospective cohort study in a medical intensive care unit was conducted to determine the effect of an antibiotic cycling program on patterns of antibiotic use and to determine patient factors associated with cycling adherence. Four major classes of antibiotics for empirical therapy of suspected gram-negative bacterial infections were rotated at 3- and 4-month intervals. During the study, 1,003 patients received antibiotic therapy with at least one of the study drugs; of the 792 receiving cycle antibiotics during the cycling period, 598 (75.5%) received an on-cycle drug. Compared to the baseline, cycling recommendations increased the use of the target cycle agent: the use of cephalosporins increased during cycle 1 (56 to 64% of total antibiotic days, P < 0.001), fluoroquinolone use increased in cycle 2 (24 to 55%, P < 0.001), carbapenem use increased during cycle 3 (14 to 38%, P < 0.001), and use of extended-spectrum penicillins increased in cycle 4 (5 to 36%, P < 0.001). Overall, 48% of total cycle antibiotic days were compliant with the cycling protocol. On average, 8.8 days per patient were spent receiving on-cycle drugs (range, 1 to 109). Cycle periods that specified carbapenem and fluoroquinolone use had the highest number of off-cycle days (62 and 64%). Predictors of on-cycle antibiotic use were increased severity of illness, as measured by an acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score, and greater length of intensive care unit stay. In conclusion, the successful implementation of this cycling protocol increased antibiotic heterogeneity over time in the study unit.

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Larson, Daniel J., and Joel Maxcy. "The Industrial Organization of Sport Coaches: Road Cycling as a Distinguished Case." Journal of Sport Management 27, no. 5 (September 2013): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.5.363.

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The structural components of sports competitions and the characteristics of sport practices vary significantly. These differences may translate into different optimal employment arrangements for the professional coaches (those who prepare teams and athletes for competitions). While there has been academic inquiry into the practice of sport coaching, there has been little apparent research into the industrial organization of sport coaches. This paper presents a formal model of the coaching practice. The coaching roles as strategists and trainers are distinguished, variation in the significance of the connections in the nexus of team to individual relations is identified, and the various methods of sport preparation are classified. Predictions of the employment arrangements based on model parameters are made and related to some established stylized facts and survey results from both cycling training coaches and athletes. The model and data corroborate that cycling coaches be hired by the individual athletes not their cycling teams. JEL classifications: J22, J24, L23, L83

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Hannam, Kevin, Gareth Butler, Alexandra Witte, and Dennis Zuev. "Tourist’s mobilities: Walking, cycling, driving and waiting." Tourist Studies 21, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468797621992931.

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This commentary reviews recent research in terms of tourist’s mobilities in terms practices of walking, cycling and driving. It concludes by reflecting on the contemporary lock down of travel in terms of the global pandemic and its consequences for waiting, stillness and immobility – particularly in terms of flying.

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Soliz, Aryana. "Exploring Cycling Practices in Central Mexico through a Local Repair Shop." Transfers 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2019.090308.

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Formaglio, Greta, Edzo Veldkamp, Muhammad Damris, Aiyen Tjoa, and Marife D. Corre. "Mulching with pruned fronds promotes the internal soil N cycling and soil fertility in a large-scale oil palm plantation." Biogeochemistry 154, no. 1 (May 2021): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00798-4.

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AbstractIntensive management practices in large-scale oil palm plantations can slow down nutrient cycling and alter other soil functions. Thus, there is a need to reduce management intensity without sacrificing productivity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of management practices on gross rates of soil N cycling and soil fertility. In Jambi province, Indonesia, we established a management experiment in a large-scale oil palm plantation to compare conventional practices (i.e. high fertilization rates and herbicide weeding) with reduced management intensity (i.e. reduced fertilization rates and mechanical weeding). Also, we compared the typical management zones characterizing large-scale plantations: palm circle, inter-row and frond-stacked area. After 1.5 years of this experiment, reduced and conventional management showed comparable gross soil N cycling rates; however, there were stark differences among management zones. The frond-stacked area had higher soil N cycling rates and soil fertility (high microbial biomass, extractable C, soil organic C, extractable organic N, total N and low bulk density) than inter-row and palm circle (all p ≤ 0.05). Microbial biomass was the main driver of the soil N cycle, attested by its high correlation with gross N-cycling rates (r = 0.93–0.95, p < 0.01). The correlations of microbial N with extractable C, extractable organic N, soil organic C and total N (r = 0.76–0.89, p < 0.01) suggest that microbial biomass was mainly regulated by the availability of organic matter. Mulching with senesced fronds enhanced soil microbial biomass, which promoted nutrient recycling and thereby can decrease dependency on chemical fertilizers.

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Tamburini, Giovanni, Riccardo Bommarco, Thomas Cherico Wanger, Claire Kremen, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Matt Liebman, and Sara Hallin. "Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eaba1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba1715.

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Enhancing biodiversity in cropping systems is suggested to promote ecosystem services, thereby reducing dependency on agronomic inputs while maintaining high crop yields. We assess the impact of several diversification practices in cropping systems on above- and belowground biodiversity and ecosystem services by reviewing 98 meta-analyses and performing a second-order meta-analysis based on 5160 original studies comprising 41,946 comparisons between diversified and simplified practices. Overall, diversification enhances biodiversity, pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and water regulation without compromising crop yields. Practices targeting aboveground biodiversity boosted pest control and water regulation, while those targeting belowground biodiversity enhanced nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and water regulation. Most often, diversification practices resulted in win-win support of services and crop yields. Variability in responses and occurrence of trade-offs highlight the context dependency of outcomes. Widespread adoption of diversification practices shows promise to contribute to biodiversity conservation and food security from local to global scales.

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Salahin, Nazmus, Md Khairul Alam, Sharif Ahmed, Mohammad Jahiruddin, Ahmed Gaber, Walaa F. Alsanie, Akbar Hossain, and Richard W. Bell. "Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Dark Grey Calcareous Floodplain Soil Is Influenced by Tillage Practices and Residue Retention." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081650.

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Very little is known about the changes that occur in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) under an intensive rice-based cropping system following the change to minimal tillage and increased crop residue retention in the Gangetic Plains of South Asia. The field experiment was conducted for 3 years at Rajbari, Bangladesh to examine the impact of tillage practices and crop residue retention on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. The experiment comprised four tillage practices—conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT), strip-tillage (ST), and bed planting (BP) in combination with two residue retention levels—increased residue (R50%) and low residue (R20%—the current practice). The TN, SOC, and mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3−-N) were measured in the soil at different crop growth stages. After 3 years, ZT, ST, and BP sequestered 12, 11, and 6% more SOC, and 18, 13, and 10% more TN, respectively than the conventional crop establishment practice at 0–5 cm soil depth. The accumulation of SOC and TN was also higher compared to the initial SOC and TN in soil. Among the tillage practices, the maximum SOC and TN sequestration were recorded with ST and with R50% that might be attributed to reduced mineralization of C and N in soil particularly with increased residue retention, since decay rates of potentially mineralizable C was lower in the ST with both the residue retention practices. Increased residue retention and minimum tillage practices after nine consecutive crops has altered the C and N cycling by slowing the in-season turnover of C and N, reducing the level of nitrate-N available to plants in the growing season and increasing retained soil levels of SOC and TN.

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Spinney, Justin. "Performing Resistance? Re-Reading Practices of Urban Cycling on London's South Bank." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 42, no. 12 (January 2010): 2914–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a43149.

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Männistö-Funk, Tiina. "The Prime, Decline, and Recalling of Rural Cycling." Transfers 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020205.

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The article studies rural cycling in Finland in the 1920s and 1930s through a folklore survey conducted in 1971-1972. Written memories enable a rare insight in the disappeared practices of bicycle use in the countryside. Comparing the role of the bicycle in the remembered time and the time of remembering, the article furthermore scrutinizes the role of historical narratives in the cultural constructions of the bicycle. Instead of demonstrating a linear, universal decline in the face of motorization, changes in bicycle use and redefinitions of the bicycle are linked to fundamental societal changes.

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Aguilar-Fernández, Rocío, Mayra E. Gavito, Marielos Peña-Claros, Mirjam Pulleman, and Thomas W. Kuyper. "Exploring Linkages between Supporting, Regulating, and Provisioning Ecosystem Services in Rangelands in a Tropical Agro-Forest Frontier." Land 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120511.

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Rangeland management in former tropical rainforest areas may affect ecosystem services. We hypothesized that management practices like burning and overgrazing reduce supporting (soil quality) and consequently also provisioning (forage productivity and quality) and regulating (nutrient cycling) ecosystem services. We established 31 exclosures in two landscape categories (alluvial soils, low-hills), documented management practices, and assessed 18 soil quality indicators, litter decomposition as a proxy for nutrient cycling, and forage quantity and quality during one year in grasslands of the Lacandon region, southeast Mexico. Path analysis was used to explore direct and indirect effects of livestock management practices on soil-based ecosystem services. Landscape position had direct effects on management practices, and direct and indirect effects on soil properties. Altitude (a proxy for the soil catena, ranging from alluvial soils along the Lacantún river to Cambisols and Acrisols in the low-hills) was the variable showing most significant negative relations with soil quality and forage production. Decomposition rate was site-specific and had no relation with landscape position and management. Our study suggests that position on the landscape, which relates to nutrient and water availability, had stronger effects than management practices on forage productivity and quality and drives farmers management practices.

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Нарбеков and M. Narbekov. "Complete Street Maintenance and Road Safety Improvement (Canada and USA Practices)." Safety in Technosphere 5, no. 3 (June 25, 2016): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21721.

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The article represents North American practices of sustanable transportation modes prevalence, including pedestrian and bycicle travel choices. This publication also adduces the definition of “Complete Streets”, describes the structure of Multimodal Transportation Corridors, discloses the streetscaping advantages and environmental improuvements, subject to economy, soicial and ecology сomponents, safety enhancement of community residences of all ages and abilities. Maximizing the safety and security of all road users and mode-shifters is a fundamental objective of the urban planners and enironmental designers. While transportation facilities are initially built to optimize safety, operating environments and user expectations can change over time. Without additional preventative measures, undesirable conditions and behaviours can lead to property damages, injuries and fatalities. These risks can be mitigated through multidisciplinary road safety strategies that use infrastructure, operations and services to address road users, road environments and vehicles. Facilities and services for walking, cycling and transit can also be made safer and more secure for users. Outreach can help travellers reduce their exposure to risk by shifting to a safer mode, or by adopting safer behaviour. Perceptions related to safety can influence individuals’ choice of travel modes, and safety initiatives can help the cities achieve its objectives for walking, cycling and transit use.

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GRUSON, D., G. HILBERT, F. VARGAS, R. VALENTINO, J. CARDINAUD, and G. GBIKPIBENISSAN. "Impact des nouvelles stratégies dutilisation des antibiotiques en réanimationUsual practices of antibiotic cycling." Réanimation 11, no. 3 (May 2002): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1624-0693(02)00232-3.

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Gerschultz, Kelly L., Gina S. Sucato, Teresa R. Hennon, Pamela J. Murray, and Melanie A. Gold. "Extended Cycling of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives in Adolescents: Physician Views and Prescribing Practices." Journal of Adolescent Health 40, no. 2 (February 2007): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.013.

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Blanco, Juan A., Miguel A. Zavala, J. Bosco Imbert, and Federico J. Castillo. "Sustainability of forest management practices: Evaluation through a simulation model of nutrient cycling." Forest Ecology and Management 213, no. 1-3 (July 2005): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.042.

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King, Jemma, Richard Franklin, and Peter Leggat. "Cycling Overseas: Decisions regarding helmet use." Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety 30, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jacrs-d-18-00295.

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Background: Cycling engagement in tourists is increasing; yet, bicycle helmet usage is not widely mandated internationally. Exploring hypothetical helmet use intentions when cycling in a foreign location for residents were the ability to decide in their home setting is removed presents a novel enquiry into the relationship between habit and tourist safety behaviour intentions. Methods: Queensland Social Survey (phone survey) of Queensland (Australia) residents (n=1,256) exploring current cycling participation, hypothetical cycling and helmet use whilst travelling overseas. Ethics approval was obtained. Backward logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the socio-economic and health characteristics that were significantly associated with hypothetical cycling and helmet use overseas. Results: One-third (39.6%) of respondents indicated they might cycle overseas and this was related to recent cycling engagement at home (p < 0.01). Helmet usage at home was related to hypothetical helmet use overseas (p < 0.01); with self-reported helmet use every time’ cycle a positive predictor of hypothetical helmet use overseas (OR=10.78; 95%CI=2.04-47.67). Conclusions: Safety habits from a home setting, which likely exist due to legislation, might transfer to a foreign non-legislated settings. Promoting of safe cycling practices regardless of location has utility and warrants discussion within the disciplines of travel medicine and road safety. It is recommended before cycling overseas that individuals familiarise themselves with road rules, right of way, cycling infrastructure and the general conduct of other cyclists. Route planning will also likely be faciliated by this familiarisation and enable strategic sightseeing opportunities.

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Sims, J. T., N. Goggin, and J. McDermott. "Nutrient management for water quality protection: integrating research into environmental policy." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0558.

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Agriculture's impacts on water quality have been the focus of basic and applied research in Delaware for more than 25 years. Research has examined nutrient cycling in soils, nutrient transport from soils to water, and the environmental consequences of ground water contamination and surface water eutrophication by nutrients. Much of the research has specifically been oriented towards the development of agricultural management practices to prevent the degradation of water quality by nutrients. Other research has focused on increasing our understanding of the chemical, physical, and biological processes that control nutrient cycling and transport and improving the monitoring techniques needed to document how changing management practices affects water quality. Agencies responsible for water quality protection have sought to integrate this research into environmental policy, but have often been frustrated by the fragmented and sometimes contradictory nature of the information provided to them. This paper reviews key advances in research on nutrient management and water quality in Delaware and discusses the obstacles faced in translating research into widely accepted management practices and environmental policies.

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Louro, Ana, Pedro Franco, and Eduarda Marques da Costa. "Determinants of Physical Activity Practices in Metropolitan Context: The Case of Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 10104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810104.

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Physical activity is an important health determinant for people’s quality of life and well-being. This study intends to (1) identify how the practice of physical activity fits into families’ daily lives; and (2) verify to what extent the practice of physical activity is influenced by the urban model, family composition, and family perceptions. A survey was applied to 410 families (corresponding to 1006 individuals) in Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), Portugal, focusing on different physical activities—gym, swimming, walking/trekking/hiking, and cycling. Results are based on descriptive and bivariate data analysis and show the existence of asymmetries in the practice of physical activity in LMA. The urban context impacts the choice and frequency of physical activity practices. The typology of family and age proved to be more differentiating factors than income, being reinforced by daily lives (e.g., daily movements, transport modes, etc.). Positive self-perceptions of quality of life and health levels are also conducive to more active practices, contrary to negative perceptions of the neighborhood that are related to practices in peripheral destinations. Conclusions highlight the need for differentiated measures of physical activity promotion according to the territories and communities’ characteristics in a multilevel approach.

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Bennett, George. "Heating systems through the lens of the boiler: Detailed case studies to inform current and future heating system design." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 3 (December 4, 2019): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419893662.

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Boilers in hydronic heating systems are the norm in the UK. Through case study analysis, covering four houses with gas central heating systems for over one year and utilising novel monitoring of the on-board diagnostic data of the boilers, performance issues were identified in this mature technology. ON/OFF cycling behaviour and oversizing were prevalent with boilers consistently unable to modulate low enough to match the building space heating demand. Cycling behaviour resulted, known to be detrimental to efficiency, with the majority of boiler operations lasting less than 10 min. Targeted case study analysis of incumbent technologies, such as boilers, utilising the latest in data collection techniques and connected appliances provides a cost effective insight to broader issues. Implications for domestic energy demand range from incremental improvements in boiler system efficiency by addressing cycling to the updating of building energy assessment models (e.g. Standard Assessment Procedure) to reflect and reward the benefits of good installation practices. An improved understanding of boiler operation may support improved product design and installation practices and are beneficial to the next generation of domestic heat, such as heat pumps. By undertaking continued in situ analysis of the incumbent technology, a more thorough foundation for the future can be ascertained. Fundamental issues of oversizing and detrimental cycling behaviour are persisting in the industry. Practical steps can be taken immediately to avoid oversizing of boilers. Building an awareness of performance penalties associated with poorly planned heating installations will have added benefit for more dynamically sensitive technologies in the future, such as heat pumps.

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Cochoy, Franck, Johan Hagberg, Daniel Normark, Hélène Ducourant, Ulrika Holmberg, and Cédric Calvignac. "Bicycles, cyclists and loads: a comparative analysis of cycling practices in Gothenburg and Toulouse." Applied Mobilities 4, no. 1 (July 17, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23800127.2017.1347026.

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Sakonnakhon, S. Promsakha Na, B. Toomsan, G. Cadisch, E. M. Baggs, P. Vityakon, V. Limpinuntana, S. Jogloy, and A. Patanothai. "Dry season groundnut stover management practices determine nitrogen cycling efficiency and subsequent maize yields." Plant and Soil 272, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-4780-5.

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Ramalingam, Vinodhkumar, Cheong Soon Keng, and Poh Foong Lee. "A NARRATIVE REVIEW ON MINDFULNESS PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE AMONG SPORTS INDIVIDUALS." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, Spl-1- GCSGD_2020 (March 25, 2021): S62—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(spl-1-gcsgd_2020).s62.s70.

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Mindfulness practice has become an increasingly popular intervention in optimizing athletic performance in sports. Numerous studies have reported on applying mindfulness for improving the performance of various sports such as tennis, table tennis, shooting, cricket, archery, golf, running, hockey, swimming, and cycling. This narrative review addresses different existing mindfulness programs that enhance sports performance, the outcome measures of mindfulness therapy, and identifies the anxiety and depression that affect the performance of sports individuals. To cope with the issues, the efficacy of mindfulness in performance enhancement and future research directions on mindfulness needs attention.

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Morgan, Nickele B. "The role of portable electric fencing in biodiversity-friendly pasture management." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 1 (April 8, 2015): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000058.

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AbstractWorld population is growing, and with it, the demand for food. In order to feed the world and attempt to slow the biodiversity crisis on the planet, farming practices must be altered to preserve species richness and ecological health. The fertile soil found in grassland biomes throughout the world provides a base for rich microorganism biodiversity, carbon sequestration, as well as water and nutrient cycling. Diverse biological communities are found in both natural and semi-natural grasslands; habitat destruction as a result of agricultural practices is a threat to biodiversity in these regions. While critics often blame modernized farming practices for agricultural pollution and habitat fragmentation, 21st century technology will likely be a means for updating farming practices to address both biodiversity conservation and enhanced efficiency for increased food demand. Recently developed portable electric fences, made of plastic netting and stainless steel, have made eco-agricultural practices, such as rotational grazing (RG) and multi-species pasture systems, easier and less expensive for farmers to put into practice than traditional electric fencing. Conflicting literature exists regarding whether or not RG systems outperform continuous grazing systems. Many studies suggest that more research is needed to observe the ecological benefits of RG on active farmland. Portable electric fences could be a valuable tool for completing additional research.

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Cox, Peter. "The Future of Rickshaws." Transfers 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2013.030308.

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The contributions to this special section, together with the Introduction, serve a valuable role in bringing to attention a frequently overlooked mobility practice. Particularly welcome is the presence of scholarship from local perspectives within the Western academic context. Between them, these papers begin to put fl esh on what is all too easily framed from European perspectives as an exotic practice of the “other.” Yet it is this very possibility of “strangeness” that should alert us to a number of important issues for further consideration. My own perspective here is as an interdisciplinary scholar, working day to day as a sociologist and a researcher into cycling practices, both historical and contemporary. Th e considerations range between the conceptual and practical, the historical past and the imagined future.

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Bhusal, Daya Ram. "Free living soil Nematodes as Ecological Indicators." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 3, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v3i1.30866.

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Free living Nematodes communities used as bioindicators of soil health because their composition well correlates with, two critical ecological processes i.e. nitrogen cycling and decomposition in soil . Nematodes indices withstand statistical rigor better than abundances, proportions, or ratios of trophic groups. Nematodes indices respond to a variety of land-management practices, based largely on life history characteristics of families.

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J. Tranter, Paul. "Motor Racing in Australia: Health Damaging or Health Promoting?" Australian Journal of Primary Health 9, no. 1 (2003): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py03006.

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Motor racing, as it is currently practiced in Australia, may have a range of implications for public health. These effects are not limited to the active participants. The health of spectators and the wider community may also be influenced. Motor racing presents some positive public health messages; for example, some Australian motor racing personalities have promoted safe driving practices, including limiting alcohol consumption while driving. However, motor racing may also impact negatively on public health. The negative health impacts of motor racing relate to road accidents, alcohol and tobacco sponsorship, noise and air pollution, and the disruption of "healthy" modes of transport such as walking and cycling. Motor racing on city street circuits can also have negative impacts on the efficient functioning of hospitals, medical practices and emergency services. Some changes in the way that motor sport is conducted in Australia may provide some high profile opportunities for the promotion of healthier lifestyles.

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Blumrodt, Jens, and Philip J. Kitchen. "The Tour de France: corporate sponsorships and doping accusations." Journal of Business Strategy 36, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-04-2014-0046.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is show how sponsors in a major sponsored event may react when facing a potential doping affair. The Tour de France cycling competition is a premier global sporting event – broadcast worldwide – and thus attracts very significant sponsorship. Cycling teams are named after their team sponsors. Recent global news has, however, shown that there are doping scandals involved in this event which impact both teams and team sponsors. When a doping scandal occurs in a team, the sponsors have to react rapidly and expeditiously to protect their brand reputation. Design/methodology/approach – To ascertain potential reactions, team sponsors are interviewed in depth and their reactions to a doping affair assessed. The sponsors represent different brands and their commitment as team sponsors also varies. Findings – Research shows that sponsors react similarly when a doping scandal occurs in their team and adopt similar communication strategies in that situation. While best practice is apparent, doping policies put into place by sponsors nevertheless differ. These practices are more than just preventative in nature, i.e. they anticipate and try to prevent doping affairs. Practical implications – The teams and sponsors are engaged in a long-term relationship to build brand heritage. Undoubtedly, doping is taken very seriously, as consequences can be severe. In this sense, the sport, the teams and the sponsors share the same vision and objectives. Originality/value – Team sponsors reactions while facing a potential doping affair have not yet been assessed. Best practices become visible which might serve as guidelines in other global sporting events, also generating significant sponsorships.

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Sefiha, Ophir. "Now’s When We Throw Him Under the Bus: Institutional and Occupational Identities and the Coverage of Doping in Sport." Sociology of Sport Journal 27, no. 2 (June 2010): 200–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.27.2.200.

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This article explicates the processes by which sports news is constructed by analyzing the case of performance enhancing drug use coverage. An ethnographic study was conducted of a North American cycling news journal and website. Investigating fundamental tasks of the journalist profession illuminates the labor practices of sport media. Contextualized within institutional, economic and cultural conditions of production, these practices serve to frame not only what but how, texts are constructed. Results indicate that while performance enhancing drug use in sport is considered highly newsworthy, investigative costs, public fatigue, and lack of medical and legal knowledge account for the limited coverage.

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Mohyla, Ihor, and Artem Bezuhlyy. "STANDARDIZATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF CYCLING INFRASTRUCTURE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 2 (258) ’ 2019 (June 27, 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2019-2-258-37-45.

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Cycle movement and cycle infrastructure as inherent part of modern city are growing intensively in Ukraine. There are adopted National Transport Strategy on the state level to promote and develop cycle movement. On local level for the same reason more than 15 Ukrainian cities have their own programs or strategies. But based on research results, there is considerable latent demand on cycle movement, which cannot be expressed because of lack of cycling infrastructure, its fragmentation or low design quality. In this article basic requirements and principles of planning and design of cycle infrastructure, particularly for cities with progressing cycle movement, are analyzed. There is also shown that requirements of valid state documents and updated building norms provide presence of cycling infrastructure, but these requirements are not enough for high level of its quality. All outlined is a reason for developing and implementation of new state standard DSTU xxxx:20xx “Planning and designing of cycling infrastructure”, project of which has been developed based on better practices of countries with well-grown cycle movement. It has requirements for planning of cycle network, designing of cycle infrastructure on urban streets and roads (included different street types, narrowed sites, public transport stops, yield, signalized and roundabout intersections), highways and rural roads, requirements for fencing poles, restraining bicycle fences, bicycle racks and parking and constructive requirement for pavement. Project of standard contains also more than 40 schemes to help designers and other stakeholders to work with this standard by visualization of its requirements. Usage of DSTU xxxx:20xx “Planning and designing of cycling infrastructure” during designing of urban streets, highways, rural roadsand spatial development in general will promote development of cycle movement, rising of road safety level, decreasing of traffic volume and negative influence of motorized transport (especially in cities) on environment. Keywords: cycling movement, cycling infrastructure, state building guidelines.

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Scholz, Roland, and Friedrich-Wilhelm Wellmer. "Cycling and Anthropogenic Use of Phosphorus in the 21st Century: Geoscientific and Geosocial Foundations of Agriculture." Better Crops with Plant Food 103, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24047/bc10319.

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The global P cycle is considered from the perspective of geologic and historic timescales to help in the understanding of whether and when fundamental changes in agricultural practices for sustainable P may be needed.

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Muneer, Muhammad Atif, Xiaoman Huang, Wei Hou, Yadong Zhang, Yuanyang Cai, Muhammad Zeeshan Munir, Liangquan Wu, and Chaoyuan Zheng. "Response of Fungal Diversity, Community Composition, and Functions to Nutrients Management in Red Soil." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070554.

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Soil fungi play a critical role in plant performance and soil nutrient cycling. However, the understanding of soil fungal community composition and functions in response to different nutrients management practices in red soils remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the responses of soil fungal communities and functions under conventional farmer fertilization practice (FFP) and different nutrient management practices, i.e., optimization of NPK fertilizer (O) with soil conditioner (O + C), with lime and mushroom residue (O + L + M), and with lime and magnesium fertilizer (O + L + Mg). Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used for fungal identification, while the functional groups were inferred with FUNGuild. Nutrient management practices significantly raised the soil pH to 4.79–5.31 compared with FFP (3.69), and soil pH had the most significant effect (0.989 ***) on fungal communities. Predominant phyla, including Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were identified in all treatments and accounted for 94% of all fungal communities. The alpha diversity indices significantly increased under nutrients management practices compared with FFP. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed the keystone fungal species in the red soil, i.e., Ascomycota (54.04%), Basidiomycota (7.58%), Rozellomycota (4.55%), and Chytridiomycota (4.04%). FUNGuild showed that the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi was higher, while pathogenic fungi were lower under nutrient management practices compared with FFP. Our findings have important implications for the understanding of improvement of acidic soils that could significantly improve the soil fungal diversity and functioning in acidic soils.

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Gerding, Dale N. "Antimicrobial Cycling: Lessons Learned From the Aminoglycoside Experience." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 21, S1 (January 2000): S12—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503168.

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AbstractSeveral discrete strategies have been suggested to prevent or reduce microbial resistance to antimicrobials, including optimal use of the agents (also known as good stewardship); control, removal, or restriction of antimicrobials; use of antimicrobials in combination; and rotational or cyclic use of antimicrobials. The latter strategy is attractive because it periodically removes from the institutional environment certain classes or specific agents that could induce or select resistance. Hospitalwide studies of aminoglycoside substitution employed from the late 1970s through the early 1990s, although not originally intended to test cycling or rotation of aminoglycosides, serendipitously provided data that may be useful in designing future studies. In particular, one 10-year study at the Minneapolis Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (MVAMC) rotated amikacin and gentamicin use over cycles of 12 to 51 months' duration. Significantly reduced resistance to gentamicin was found when amikacin was used, but resistance to gentamicin returned with the first gentamicin recycle. This was followed by reintroduction of amikacin a second time with decreased resistance to gentamicin and, finally, a second reintroduction of gentamicin without resistance to it recurring. Thus, some evidence of proof of principal can be garnered, albeit subject to considerable criticism. Critical examination of the design of the aminoglycoside rotation study and the unforeseen pitfalls is provided as a 13-element guidance list for design of future rotational studies. Rotational usage practices are likely to be most appropriate for drugs active against gram-negative bacilli because of the wide choices available for rotation. Future availability of new agents active against resistant gram-positive organisms will present the opportunity to cycle these agents as vancomycin substitutes. Careful monitoring of clinical outcomes and resistance will be required. Multicenter controlled trials that follow carefully designed protocols are most likely to produce statistically significant and clinically meaningful results.

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Candipan, Jennifer. "“Change Agents” on Two Wheels: Claiming Community and Contesting Spatial Inequalities through Cycling in Los Angeles." City & Community 18, no. 3 (September 2019): 965–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12430.

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This study uses participant observation to examine how an all–female collective in Los Angeles uses urban cycling culture as a way to contest inequalities and advocate for social change in communities of color. Bridging the literatures on gentrification and social movements, I examine how the collective uses the bicycle as a unifying tool to draw disparate individuals together and, through the group's practices and rituals, generates a shared sense of collective identity and politicized consciousness embedded within the uneven spatial development of Los Angeles. I demonstrate how this politicized consciousness drives a collective spirit of resistance that challenges gentrification by reimagining and re–embodying space through organized actions and everyday practices. I find that organized anti–gentrification resistance is not merely reactionary, but rather entails pre–figurative action and visioning for space and community. Overall, findings speak more broadly to how communities of color facing exclusion and marginalization make claims to space and community.

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Eichler, Roman. "The Resistance of Fun: Fixed-Gear Cycling in Urban Public Spaces." Space and Culture 20, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331217697140.

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Even though it seems that riding a fixed-gear bike is to take the line of least resistance in search for the optimal flow in between cars, or with respect to traffic arrangements in general, in doing so, fixed-gear cyclists simultaneously reject social conventions of interaction with and within the urban space. Hence, the question emerges: how far can resistance, practical critique, or even social change be detected in fixed-gear cycling and related practices? A motto like “you own a car, not the road” indicates that some fixed-gear cyclists insist on a specific “right to the city”; a claim that particularly criticizes the relationship between drivers and cyclists and also touches upon the further issue of personal mobility centered on the term “urban cycling.” Two practical examples will be discussed to show that such claims are inherently “critical” meanings of the idealized—still bodily enacted—fixed-gear rider and to show the ambivalence and limits of such a critique’s potential.

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Keenan, Rodney J., and J. P. (Hamish) Kimmins. "The ecological effects of clear-cutting." Environmental Reviews 1, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a93-010.

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Clear-cutting is a controversial practice that is widely applied in forests managed for wood production in many parts of the world. This paper aims to provide an objective synthesis of the ecological effects of clear-cutting as a basis for more informed discussion of its merits and disadvantages. A definition of clear-cutting is put forward, and its place in modern productive forestry is described. Effects on microclimate, water, soil, nutrient cycling, and the diversity and composition of plant and animal species are reviewed. The effects of clear-cutting vary considerably depending on site conditions (such as climate, geology, and topography) and on the structure and composition of the forest, the extent and distribution of harvesting, the method used to extract the logs, and the length of time before the forest is removed again. However, it is evident that many of the ecological impacts commonly ascribed to clear-cutting, in fact, result from other stages of the wood-production process, such as the quality and intensity of roading, site preparation practices (such as mechanical disturbance or slash burning), and the intensity of control of noncrop vegetation. Situations where clear-cutting is inappropriate are described. It is argued that in the right situations, with appropriate safeguards, it is an environmentally sound practice that offers many advantages in terms of the production of wood fibre.Key words: clear-cutting, environmental impacts, microclimate, hydrology, soil, forest production, nutrient cycling, wildlife.

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Baker, Lucy. "Rational versus Fashionable: Youth Identity, Play and Agency in Namibian Cycling Mobilities." Progress in Development Studies 21, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14649934211018519.

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The bicycle has been prescribed as an ‘intermediate mode of transport’ intended as a low-cost approach to address mobility inequality and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Within this framework, the bicycle is commonly intended to technologically advance head portage for those who cannot access motorized transport. The singular vision of the bicycle as a load-carrying device has sought to encourage industrious activities over alternative practices, such as play, embodied sensory experiences of mobility and conspicuous consumption for identity performance that are important aspects of youth agency. This article alternatively demonstrates the complexity of mobility and consumer behaviour among young Namibians as they negotiate multiple identities embodied in their mobility. In doing so, the article examines the limitations of youth agency expressed in play, mobility and subject formation, given the normative understandings of gender.

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Misebo, Amisalu Milkias. "The Role of Agronomic Practices on Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia; Implication for Climate Change Adaptation: A Review." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p227.

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Now, soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, and land degradation due to climate change has been pushing to search for more sustainable systems. Soil and water conservation practice contribute high in the long term agricultural sustainability and sustainable agricultural farming. The objective of this paper is to review the major agronomic practices and their role in soil and water conservation. The review revealed that the major agronomic soil and water conservations practices in Ethiopia are strip cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping, fallowing, mulching, contour ploughing, crop rotation, conservation tillage and agroforestry. The plant canopies, litter and mulching intercept rain by decreasing the amount, intensity and the spatial distribution of the precipitation reaching the soil surface and this protects the soil surface from the direct impact of raindrops which can cause a splash and sheet erosion. In soil and water conservation, this practice is higher than others, because crops and leguminous woody perennials improve and enrich soil conditions by atmospheric nitrogen fixation, an addition of organic matter through litterfall and dead and decaying roots, nutrient cycling, modification of soil porosity and contribution to infiltration rates. It also alleviates and maintains salinity, alkalinity, acidity and waterlogging problems. Hence, the use agronomic practices for soil and water conservation is vital for climate change adaptation and mitigation because it can give both productive role (producing food, fodder, fuel, wood) and protective role (soil conserving functions, windbreaks and shelterbelts).

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Bennett, George, and Cliff Elwell. "Effect of boiler oversizing on efficiency: a dynamic simulation study." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 6 (May 22, 2020): 709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624420927352.

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Gas boilers dominate domestic heating in the UK, and significant efficiency improvements have been associated with condensing boilers. However, the potential remains for further efficiency improvement by refining the control, system specification and installation in real dwellings. Dynamic building simulation modelling, including detailed heating system componentry, enables a deeper analysis of boiler underperformance. This paper explores the link between the space heat oversizing of boilers and on/off cycling using dynamic simulation, and their subsequent effect on boiler efficiency and internal temperatures. At plant size ratio (PSR) 8.5 daily cycles numbered over 50, similar to median levels seen in real homes. Simulations show that typical oversizing (PSR >3) significantly increases cycling behaviour and brings an efficiency penalty of 6–9%. There is a clear link between raising PSR, increased cycling and an associated decreased efficiency; however, in the UK, boilers are regularly oversized with respect to space heating, especially combination boilers to cover peak hot water demand. Current legislation and labelling (ErP and SAP) overlook PSR as a determinant of system efficiency, failing to incentivise appropriate sizing. Reducing boiler oversizing through addressing installation practices and certification has the potential to significantly improve efficiency at low cost, decreasing associated carbon emissions. Practical application: This research provides the basis for a practical and cost effective means of assessing the potential for underperformance of boiler heating systems at the point of installation or refurbishment. By assessing the oversizing of the boiler with respect to space heating, unnecessary cycling and the associated efficiency penalty can be avoided. Plant size ratio, as an indicator of cycling potential, can be implemented in energy performance certificates (EPCs), through the standard assessment procedure (SAP), using existing data. The potential for real carbon savings in the existing boiler stock is considerable, and the findings have wider implications for next generation heating systems.

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Zarraonaindia, Iratxe, Xabier Simón Martínez-Goñi, Olaia Liñero, Marta Muñoz-Colmenero, Mikel Aguirre, David Abad, Igor Baroja-Careaga, Alberto de Diego, Jack A. Gilbert, and Andone Estonba. "Response of Horticultural Soil Microbiota to Different Fertilization Practices." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111501.

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Environmentally friendly agricultural production necessitates manipulation of microbe–plant interactions, requiring a better understanding of how farming practices influence soil microbiota. We studied the effect of conventional and organic treatment on soil bacterial richness, composition, and predicted functional potential. 16S rRNA sequencing was applied to soils from adjacent plots receiving either a synthetic or organic fertilizer, where two crops were grown within treatment, homogenizing for differences in soil properties, crop, and climate. Conventional fertilizer was associated with a decrease in soil pH, an accumulation of Ag, Mn, As, Fe, Co, Cd, and Ni; and an enrichment of ammonia oxidizers and xenobiotic compound degraders (e.g., Candidatus Nitrososphaera, Nitrospira, Bacillus, Pseudomonas). Soils receiving organic fertilization were enriched in Ti (crop biostimulant), N, and C cycling bacteria (denitrifiers, e.g., Azoarcus, Anaerolinea; methylotrophs, e.g., Methylocaldum, Methanosarcina), and disease-suppression (e.g., Myxococcales). Some predicted functions, such as glutathione metabolism, were slightly, but significantly enriched after a one-time manure application, suggesting the enhancement of sulfur regulation, nitrogen-fixing, and defense of environmental stressors. The study highlights that even a single application of organic fertilization is enough to originate a rapid shift in soil prokaryotes, responding to the differential substrate availability by promoting soil health, similar to recurrent applications.

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Starry, O. S. "Ecosystem ecology as a framework for organizing and advancing greenroof research." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2016): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1031470.

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This paper explores the application of an ecosystem ecology framework to greenroof systems. It investigates how aspects of greenroof design or structure relate to functions such as rates of nutrient and energy cycling. Three main sections include energy budgets, cycling of nutrients and water, and ecosystem response to disturbance. Comparisons between greenroofs and other systems indicated that, functionally, greenroofs may be very different from ecosystem analogs. A further assessment of the greenroof energy budget called into question how food webs are supported. An evaluation of factors predicting system response to disturbance identified ways in which greenroofs may be less resilient to disturbance. One challenge with the ecosystem approach is a lack of sufficient data for fully holistic models, especially with respect to management practices. Ecosystem ecology is nevertheless shown to be a valuable framework for integrating existing greenroof research as well as targeting areas for future research and model development.

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Said-Pullicino, Daniel, Eleonora F. Miniotti, Marcella Sodano, Chiara Bertora, Cristina Lerda, Enrico A. Chiaradia, Marco Romani, Sandra Cesari de Maria, Dario Sacco, and Luisella Celi. "Linking dissolved organic carbon cycling to organic carbon fluxes in rice paddies under different water management practices." Plant and Soil 401, no. 1-2 (November 26, 2015): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2751-7.

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Li, Zheng, and Alison M. Cupples. "Diversity of nitrogen cycling genes at a Midwest long-term ecological research site with different management practices." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 10 (May 2021): 4309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11303-0.

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Fisher, Matthew R. "Wastewater Treatment Provides for Authentic Inquiry-Based Experiences in the Lab and Beyond." American Biology Teacher 78, no. 9 (November 1, 2016): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2016.78.9.739.

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Efforts to reform science education focus on implementing constructivist pedagogy to engage students in scientific practices, promote critical thinking, and provide students with relevant research experiences. In this spirit, this article presents authentic, inquiry-based activities utilizing the real-world bioscience behind wastewater treatment. The activities begin with a tour of a wastewater treatment facility, followed by a guided inquiry activity in which students enumerate E. coli levels from wastewater samples collected from different steps of the treatment process. Students then participate in an open-inquiry experiment to test a unique hypothesis. Learning about wastewater treatment introduces students to important biology content such as bioremediation, microbiology, and nutrient cycling. Additionally, students engage in science practices such as inquiry and constructing evidence-based explanations.

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Friedman, Steven Marc, Matthew Adamson, Paula Cleiman, Tamara Arenovich, Karolina Oleksak, Ishmael Michael Mohabir, Robert Ta, and Kimberley Reiter. "Helmet-Wearing Practices and Barriers in Toronto Bike-Share Users: a Case-Control Study." CJEM 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2015.22.

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AbstractBackgroundHelmet use among bike-share users is low. We sought to characterize helmet-use patterns, barriers to helmet use, and cycling safety practices among bike-share users in Toronto.MethodsA standardized survey of public bike-share program (PBSP) users at semi-random distribution of PBSP stations was undertaken. By maintaining a ratio of one helmet-wearer (HW): two non-helmet-wearers (NHW) per survey period, we controlled for location, day, time, and weather.ResultsSurveys were completed on 545 (180 HW, 365 NHW) unique users at 48/80 PBSP locations, from November 2012 to August 2013. More females wore helmets (F: 41.1%, M: 30.9%,p=0.0423). NHWs were slightly younger than HWs (NHW mean age 34.4 years vs HW 37.3,p=0.0018). The groups did not differ by employment status, education, or income.Helmet ownership was lower among NHWs (NHW: 62.4% vs HW: 99.4%,p<0.0001), as was personal bike ownership (NHW: 65.8%, vs HW: 78.3%,p=0.0026). NHWs were less likely to always wear a helmet on personal bikes (NHW: 22.2% vs HW: 66.7%,p<0.0001), and less likely to wear a helmet always or most of the time on PBSP (NHW: 5.8% vs HW: 92.3%,p<0.0001). Both groups, but more HWs, had planned to use PBSP when leaving their houses (HW: 97.2% vs NHW: 85.2%,p<0.0001), primarily to get to work (HW: 88.3% vs NHW: 84.1%,p=0.19). NHWs were more likely to report that they would wear a helmet more (NHW: 61.4% vs HW: 13.9%,p<0.0001), and/or cycle less (NHW: 22.5% vs HW: 4.4%) if helmet use was mandatory.ConclusionsPBSP users surveyed appear to make deliberate decisions regarding helmet use. NHWs tended to be male, slightly younger, and less likely to use helmets on their personal bikes. As Toronto cyclists who do not wear helmets on PBSP generally do not wear helmets on their personal bikes, interventions to increase helmet use should target both personal and bike-share users. Legislating helmet use and provision of rental helmets could improve helmet use among bike-share users, but our results suggest some risk of reduced cycling with legislation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cycling practices'

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