Journal articles: 'Cycling Events'

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Martinez, John M. "Medical Coverage of Cycling Events." Current Sports Medicine Reports 5, no. 3 (June 2006): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.csmr.0000306301.80201.3d.

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Rauter, Samo, and Mojca Doupona Topič. "Differences in travel behaviors of small and large cycling events participants." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2013/1/14.

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Tourism has been and will continue to be one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the world. Sport is obviously a very important aspect of society in many different ways: culturally, economically and socially. Like in the past, local authorities continue to regard all sporting events as a way of promoting and positioning their destination. Participation in sport events relates to tourism because it also involves travelling to host destinations. Therefore, the aim of our study is to compare participation in small and large sport-for-all events in relation to tourism in Slovenia. We analysed the factors determining differences in the travel behaviours of sport event participants and certain aspects of participation (travel behaviour, frequency of sport event participation, reasons for participation) at the largest cycling event in Slovenia (the Franja cycling marathon) and two smaller cycling events (the “Three hearts Radenci” recreational cycling marathon and the “Around the region of Prlekija” recreational cycling marathon). The study analysed the active participants of different cycling sport events. The sample of respondents consisted of 382 participants. We found that over the third of the participants take on the role of a sport tourist in their travels. They are also very sport-active in their leisure time. The majority of them are engaged in sport activities more than three times a week. The results indicate differences in travel behaviour and sport-active lifestyles among the participants of different types of small and larger sport events.

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Stevenson, J. Herbert. "Medical Coverage of Mass Cycling Events." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00153.

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Stevenson, J. Herbert. "Medical Coverage of Mass Cycling Events." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00294.

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Montalto, Norman J., and Thomas B. Janas. "Medical Coverage of Recreational Cycling Events." Clinics in Sports Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 1994): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30367-7.

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Helešic, Jiří. "LOCALISATION OF CYCLING EVENTS - CASE STUDY." Acta academica karviniensia 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25142/aak.2016.031.

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Holden, Matt, Richard Shipway, and Matthew Lamont. "Bridging the divide." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 10, no. 3 (December 2, 2019): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-04-2019-0026.

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Purpose In sport tourism, an undeniable recent participation trend is the gravitation of amateur athletes to participatory sport events, particularly cycling sport tourism events. This trend presents numerous policy, applied, and scholarly opportunities and challenges. Contemporary trends are identified to guide future research addressing cycling sport tourism events. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This is a collaborative initiative between a major global sport event management organisation and established sport tourism scholars. Industry data are drawn upon to identify contemporary sport event participation trends and thus inform a future research agenda. Findings This paper draws upon industry data and insights to tease out five emerging trends in the participatory sport event sector which scholars should engage with. Research limitations/implications Due to the confidential nature of the company data, there were restrictions in the detail which could be reported. Practical implications Increasing growth in premium quality, physically challenging cycling sport tourism events is analysed. A five-pronged future research agenda is proposed to address contemporary sport event management issues around measuring event impacts; strategic management of events; and leveraging globalisation and emerging markets. Originality/value Based on trends identified in this paper, theoretical concepts are drawn upon to propose a timely, industry-relevant future research agenda into cycling sport tourism events.

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Malchrowicz-Mośko, Ewa, Maciej Młodzik, Patxi León-Guereño, and Katarzyna Adamczewska. "Male and Female Motivations for Participating in a Mass Cycling Race for Amateurs. The Skoda Bike Challenge Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 24, 2019): 6635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236635.

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The purpose of our research was twofold: to investigate the motivations for participating in a mass cycling event for amateurs and the motivational differences between men and women in cycling. This empirical study involving 385 cyclists was conducted during the fifth edition of the Skoda Bike Challenge held in Poznań in 2018. The event forms part of the UCI Gran Fondo World Series of events organized around the world, which are sanctioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). A diagnostic survey method with a standardized interviewing technique was used to interview cyclists. The interview questionnaire was divided according to the MPAM-R scale (Motives for Physical Activity Measure–Revised). This scale assesses people’s motives for participating in physical activities. The following motivations were examined: appearance, fitness, social, competence/challenge, and enjoyment. Descriptive statistics were used. A chi-square test was used to determine characteristics between responses. Cramer’s φ for statistically significant scores was indicated. The research results show some differences between male and female motives for competitive amateur cycling. Statistically significant differences were found between the following motives: interest/enjoyment, competence/challenge, and fitness. This is important information from the point of view of promoting cycling and for organizers of cycling events in regions wishing to promote sports tourism as a form of sustainable development. An understanding of mass cycling motivations is needed, as such knowledge can be used to encourage cycling, which has a potentially positive effect on future cyclists’ physical and mental health. Learning about cycling motivations also allows us to determine which physical and mental health functions are fulfilled by mass sporting events and how to prepare for them. The motives for participating in mass cycling events for amateurs in Europe constitute an interesting field of research. The first part of the paper presents the literature review related to cycling in the context of motivations, sporting events, tourism, event management, and sustainable development, and the second part presents the results of our empirical study.

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Knechtle, Beat, and Pantelis T. Nikolaidis. "Sex differences in pacing during ‘Ultraman Hawaii’." PeerJ 4 (September 27, 2016): e2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2509.

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BackgroundTo date, little is known for pacing in ultra-endurance athletes competing in a non-stop event and in a multi-stage event, and especially, about pacing in a multi-stage event with different disciplines during the stages. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of age, sex and calendar year on triathlon performance and variation of performance by events (i.e., swimming, cycling 1, cycling 2 and running) in ‘Ultraman Hawaii’ held between 1983 and 2015.MethodsWithin each sex, participants were grouped in quartiles (i.e., Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) with Q1 being the fastest (i.e., lowest overall time) and Q4 the slowest (i.e., highest overall time). To compare performance among events (i.e., swimming, cycling 1, cycling 2 and running), race time in each event was converted inzscore and this value was used for further analysis.ResultsA between-within subjects ANOVA showed a large sex × event (p= 0.015,η2= 0.014) and a medium performance group × event interaction (p= 0.001,η2= 0.012). No main effect of event on performance was observed (p= 0.174,η2= 0.007). With regard to the sex × event interaction, three female performance groups (i.e., Q2, Q3 and Q4) increased race time from swimming to cycling 1, whereas only one male performance group (Q4) revealed a similar trend. From cycling 1 to cycling 2, the two slower female groups (Q3 and Q4) and the slowest male group (Q4) increased raced time. In women, the fastest group decreased (i.e., improved) race time from swimming to cycling 1 and thereafter, maintained performance, whereas in men, the fastest group decreased race time till cycling 2 and increased it in the running.ConclusionIn summary, women pace differently than men during ‘Ultraman Hawaii’ where the fastest women decreased performance on day 1 and could then maintain on day 2 and 3, whereas the fastest men worsened performance on day 1 and 2 but improved on day 3.

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Polanco, Alejandra P., Luis E. Muñoz, Alberto Doria, and Daniel R. Suarez. "Selection of Posture for Time-Trial Cycling Events." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 6546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186546.

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Cyclists usually define their posture according to performance and comfort requirements. However, when modifying their posture, cyclists experience a trade-off between these requirements. In this research, an optimization methodology is developed to select the posture of cyclists giving the best compromise between performance and comfort. Performance was defined as the race time estimated from the power delivery capacity and resistive forces. Comfort was characterized using pressure and vibration indices. The optimization methodology was implemented to select the aerobars’ height for five cyclists riding on 20-km time-trial races with different wind speed and road grade conditions. The results showed that the reduction of the aerobars’ height improved the drag area (−10.7% ± 3.1%) and deteriorated the power delivery capacity (−9.5% ± 5.4%), pressure on the saddle (+16.5% ± 11.5%), and vibrations on the saddle (+6.5% ± 4.0%) for all the tested cyclists. It was observed that the vibrations on the saddle imposed the greatest constraint for the cyclists, limiting the feasible exposure time and, in some cases, modifying the result obtained if the posture was selected considering only performance. It was concluded that optimal posture selection should be performed specifically for each cyclist and race condition due to the dependence of the results on these factors.

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Wood, Jo. "Visualizing Personal Progress in Participatory Sports Cycling Events." IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 35, no. 4 (July 2015): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2015.71.

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Danylchuk, Karen, Jelmer Stegink, and Katie Lebel. "Doping scandals in professional cycling: impact on primary team sponsor’s stock return." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-02-2016-003.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of doping scandals (n=25) in professional cycling Grand Tour events on the primary team sponsor’s daily stock return. Design/methodology/approach – Event study methodology. Findings – Overall it was found that during the time period and events under examination in this study doping scandals had no significant impact on the primary team sponsor’s stock returns. Originality/value – There is limited research to explain the economic impact of widespread doping in cycling and its commercial shareholders. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between doping scandals in professional cycling and the daily stock return of the involved team’s primary sponsor.

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Werneke, Julia, Marco Dozza, and MariAnne Karlsson. "Safety–critical events in everyday cycling – Interviews with bicyclists and video annotation of safety–critical events in a naturalistic cycling study." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 35 (November 2015): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.004.

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MALKOFF-SCHWARTZ, S., E. FRANK, B. P. ANDERSON, S. A. HLASTALA, J. F. LUTHER, J. T. SHERRILL, P. R. HOUCK, and D. J. KUPFER. "Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 5 (September 2000): 1005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799002706.

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Background. An association between social rhythm disruption (SRD) and onset of manic episodes has recently been observed. Whether other types of bipolar (depressive and cycling) or unipolar depressive episodes are similarly related to SRD is unclear, as is the association between severely threatening life events and onset of bipolar manic, depressed and cycling episodes.Methods. Bipolar patients with purely manic (N = 21), purely depressed (N = 21) and cycling (N = 24) episodes, and 44 patients with recurrent unipolar depression, were interviewed with the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. The presence of severe and SRD events during the year prior to index episode onset was then determined.Results. More manic than cycling and unipolar subjects experienced SRD events during 8- and 20-week pre-onset periods, and severe events during 20-week pre-onset periods. Controlling for age and prior number of episodes left most findings unchanged. An earlier finding of more manic subjects with SRD events in an 8-week pre-onset versus control period was also replicated.Conclusions. It appears that manic onsets are influenced by stressful life events, especially those involving SRD, in a unique manner compared to onsets of other types of bipolar and unipolar episodes. Onset of bipolar cycling episodes, in contrast, seems to be relatively unaffected by SRD or severe life events. These findings refine the hypothesis that SRD may precipitate onset of affective episodes to be specific to manic onsets.

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Fullagar, Simone, and Adele Pavlidis. "“It's all about the journey”: women and cycling events." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 3, no. 2 (June 2012): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17582951211229708.

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Pfeiffer, Beate. "Nutritional and Metabolic Struggles During Multi-Stage Cycling Events." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000354386.67746.3a.

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Mykletun, Reidar J., and Krista Himanen. "Volunteers at biking race events." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 6, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 246–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-12-2014-0051.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents of volunteer commitment and intention to remain volunteering for the same event in the future, in the context of two annually held Norwegian cycling race events. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional design was used, applying a questionnaire that was developed and distributed to the cycling events volunteers both in hard copies and as online format by QuestBack. Findings – The volunteers were motivated by egoistic, altruistic, connection to the sport, and external factors. They were highly committed and intended to remain as a volunteers in the future events. Older age; satisfaction from their own contribution and type of work, from recognition; and motivation as personal connections to the sport predicted commitment. Higher levels of education, commitment, and motivation by personal connections to the sport predicted intention to remain as a volunteer for future events. A factor-based structure of sport event volunteer satisfaction was presented, which, to the best of the knowledge is the first of its kind. Research limitations/implications – The study should be replicated across several events to test the external validation of the models. Practical implications – This understanding of motivation and satisfaction can be beneficial for the management of volunteers in order to retain the experienced and motivated volunteers and to ensure the continuation of the event in the future. Originality/value – The study adds new knowledge to the research field by presenting an extensive, updated literature review, development of a fist factor-analysed scale for volunteer satisfaction, and the first application of the model including volunteer demographics, satisfaction, motivation, and commitment in predicting intention to remain volunteers for the biking event in the future.

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Biggins, Sue, Lee Hartwell, and David Toczyski. "Fifty years of cycling." Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, no. 26 (December 15, 2020): 2868–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e20-07-0495.

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Fifty years ago, the first isolation of conditional budding yeast mutants that were defective in cell division was reported. Looking back, we now know that the analysis of these mutants revealed the molecular mechanisms and logic of the cell cycle, identified key regulatory enzymes that drive the cell cycle, elucidated structural components that underly essential cell cycle processes, and influenced our thinking about cancer and other diseases. Here, we briefly summarize what was concluded about the coordination of the cell cycle 50 years ago and how that relates to our current understanding of the molecular events that have since been elucidated.

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Bazzanella, Filippo, Nunzio Muratore, Philipp Alexander Schlemmer, and Elisabeth Happ. "How the Covid-19 Pandemic Influenced the Approach to Risk Management in Cycling Events." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14070296.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us to live in social isolation and has brought an important element of social life, the events industry, to a complete standstill. In resurrecting the events industry, the most urgent focus is on managing the risk of any crowd-control measures with a view to reducing to zero the danger of the virus spreading. This research focuses on the main issue of the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the organization of sports events (SEs), and in particular, cycling competitions. This study, therefore, aims to provide deeper insights into (a) the measures introduced to face the health emergency situation in cycling events, (b) the comparison of these measures with previous experiences in similar SE contexts, and (c) the possible evolution of organizational models for cycling events in the post-pandemic era. Fifteen semi-structured interviews with cycling athletes, managers, and officials constitute the methodological basis for this study. The results show that countermeasures have been taken that are effective in dealing with pandemic characteristics and are likely to be applied in the future, while others will be phased out or used again only when necessary. This study enhances scientific knowledge by analyzing a renewed approach to risk management for SEs, with a specific focus on pandemics and medical risks. Finally, the study shows that cycling events need to adapt the specifics of such a new approach to the standards projected on future scenarios for which the COVID-19 pandemic has paved the way.

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MEXIA, R., L. VOLD, B. T. HEIER, and K. NYGÅRD. "Gastrointestinal disease outbreaks in cycling events: are preventive measures effective?" Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 3 (May 16, 2012): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812000817.

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SUMMARYIn 2009, following a bike race, a gastrointestinal illness outbreak affected many participants. A cohort study showed an attack rate of 16·3% with the main risk factor being mud splashes to the face. Considering these findings, in 2010 recommendations to participants in the bike race were issued and environmental control measures were implemented. In 2010, a retrospective cohort study using web-based questionnaires was conducted to measure the use of preventive measures and to assess risk factors associated with gastrointestinal illness. A 69% response rate was achieved and 11721 records analysed, with 572 (attack rate 4·9%) matching the case definition, i.e. participants reporting diarrhoea within 10 days of race. There was a clear increase in the use of mudguards (96·7% reported access to/receiving information on preventive measures) and a significant decrease in gastrointestinal illness. This may indicate that the measures have been effective and should be considered, both in terms of environmental control measures as well as individual measures.

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Northrup, Kristy, Margaret Capooci, and Angelia L. Seyfferth. "Effects of Extreme Events on Arsenic Cycling in Salt Marshes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 123, no. 3 (March 2018): 1086–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jg004259.

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Fan, Yunshan, Todd J. Anderson, and Bo Zhang. "Single-molecule electrochemistry: From redox cycling to single redox events." Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 7 (January 2018): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2017.11.002.

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Hinchcliffe, Edward H., Grizzel O. Cassels, Conly L. Rieder, and Greenfield Sluder. "The Coordination of Centrosome Reproduction with Nuclear Events of the Cell Cycle in the Sea Urchin Zygote." Journal of Cell Biology 140, no. 6 (March 23, 1998): 1417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.140.6.1417.

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Centrosomes repeatedly reproduce in sea urchin zygotes arrested in S phase, whether cyclin-dependent kinase 1–cyclin B (Cdk1-B) activity remains at prefertilization levels or rises to mitotic values. In contrast, when zygotes are arrested in mitosis using cyclin B Δ-90, anaphase occurs at the normal time, yet centrosomes do not reproduce. Together, these results reveal the cell cycle stage specificity for centrosome reproduction and demonstrate that neither the level nor the cycling of Cdk1-B activity coordinate centrosome reproduction with nuclear events. In addition, the proteolytic events of the metaphase–anaphase transition do not control when centrosomes duplicate. When we block protein synthesis at first prophase, the zygotes divide and arrest before second S phase. Both blastomeres contain just two complete centrosomes, which indicates that the cytoplasmic conditions between mitosis and S phase support centrosome reproduction. However, the fact that these daughter centrosomes do not reproduce again under such supportive conditions suggests that they are lacking a component required for reproduction. The repeated reproduction of centrosomes during S phase arrest points to the existence of a necessary “licensing” event that restores this component to daughter centrosomes during S phase, preparing them to reproduce in the next cell cycle.

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Schleinitz, Katja, Tibor Petzoldt, Luise Franke-Bartholdt, Josef F. Krems, and Tina Gehlert. "Conflict partners and infrastructure use in safety critical events in cycling – Results from a naturalistic cycling study." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 31 (May 2015): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.002.

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Liang, Dongxu, Nong Zhang, Lixiang Xie, Guangming Zhao, and Deyu Qian. "Damage and fractal evolution trends of sandstones under constant-amplitude and tiered cyclic loading and unloading based on acoustic emission." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 7 (July 2019): 155014771986102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719861020.

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It is of significance to study the damage and destruction of rock under cyclic loading in geotechnical engineering. We determined the trends in damage evolution of sandstone under constant-amplitude and tiered cyclic loading and unloading under uniaxial compression. The results of the study show that (1) the variation of acoustic-emission events was consistent with the stress curves and 89% of all acoustic-emission events occurred during the cycling stages. The observed Kaiser effect was more notable in tiered cycling. (2) The damage variable increased sharply in the cycling stages and its increment was 0.07 higher for tiered cycling than constant-amplitude cycling. Sandstone exhibited greater damage under tiered cyclic loading and unloading. (3) Equations for the evolution of the damage variable under the two cycle modes were obtained by fitting of experimental data. (4) The fractal dimensions of the constant-amplitude cycle were larger than those of the tiered cycle. The process of damage and destruction presents a trend of reducing fractal dimension. The damage accumulation of sandstone under tiered cycling was faster than under constant-amplitude cycling. These results provide references for damage and early warning of rock under both constant-amplitude and tiered cyclic loading and unloading.

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Lepers, Romuald, Paul J. Stapley, and Thomas Cattagni. "Variation of Age-Related Changes in Endurance Performance Between Modes of Locomotion in Men: An Analysis of Master World Records." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0222.

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Background: Age-related declines in sport performance are characteristic of all endurance and sprinting disciplines. However, it is not known if the mode of locomotion (ie, swimming, cycling or running) influences the age-related decline in sport performance in sprinting and endurance events. Methods: To examine the age-related decline in 3 different modes of locomotion (ie, swimming, cycling, and running) for endurance and sprint events, the world-best performances achieved for men in the age groups 18–39, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, and 80–84 y were compared in swimming (1500 and 50 m), cycling (1 h and 200 m), and running (10 and 100 m). Each performance was considered as an average speed (throughout the distance), and the age-related decline in performance was expressed as a percentage of the world record (regardless of age group) for that discipline. Results: The age-related decline in 1-h track cycling is less pronounced than in 1500-m swimming and 10-km running after 60 y. In contrast, the age-related decline was similar among the 3 locomotion modes for the sprinting events. Conclusion: The data show that the maintenance of high performance in cycling persists longer into old age than in running and swimming.

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Levia Jr., Delphis F., and Stanley R. Herwitz. "Physical properties of water in relation to stemflow leachate dynamics: implications for nutrient cycling." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-244.

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Stemflow leachate chemistry from a deciduous canopy tree species monitored during late winter and early spring precipitation events demonstrated significant chemical enrichment. By considering stemflow volume and chemical concentration in relation to the quantity that would be expected in a rain gage occupying an area equivalent to the trunk basal area, manganese was found to be enriched by a mean factor of 1450 and potassium by a mean factor of 580. The most pronounced enrichment was documented during a late winter rain-on-snow event characterized by temperature oscillations near the freezing point. During this event, manganese was enriched by a factor of 4400 and potassium by 1715. We conclude that mixed precipitation events with multiple freeze-melt cycles can generate significantly more leachate than spring rainfall events because of lower air temperatures and increased kinematic viscosity and surface tension of stemflow drainage. These physical properties lengthen the residence time of intercepted precipitation on the woody frame of the tree and promote its funneling from inclined branches. Stemflow represents a spatially localized and enriched point input that may affect tree vigor in early spring. The influence of localized aqueous chemical fluxes to the forest floor on forest biogeochemistry and ecophysiological functioning are discussed.

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Kawamata, Shin, Hitoshi Sakaida, Toshiyuki Hori, Michiyuki Maeda, and Takashi Uchiyama. "The Upregulation of p27Kip1 by Rapamycin Results in G1 Arrest in Exponentially Growing T-Cell Lines." Blood 91, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.2.561.

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Abstract An immunosuppressant Rapamycin (Rap) has been reported to cause G1 arrest by inhibiting p70 S6 kinase and G1 cyclin/cdks kinase activities when added to quiescent cells with mitogens. However, antiproliferative effects of Rap on exponentially growing cells have been poorly investigated. We examined the intracellular events after the treatment of Rap in exponentially growing T cells and found that Rap upregulated a cdks inhibitor, p27Kip1 at both mRNA and protein levels in Rap-sensitive cells. Antiproliferative effect of Rap was mainly ascribed to the inhibition of cyclin E/cdk2 kinase activity through the formation of cyclin E/cdk2-p27Kip1 complex rather than inhibition of p70 S6 kinase activity. Furthermore, we showed that Rap-sensitive cells with elevated p27Kip1 expression lost sensitivity to Rap when antisense p27Kip1 was introduced, which indicates that the basal level of p27Kip1 is one of the limiting factors that determine the sensitivity to Rap in already cycling cells. These data suggest the presence of a putative threshold level of p27Kip1 at late G1 phase in already cycling cells. Rap may cause G1 arrest by upregulating the amount of p27Kip1 beyond the threshold in some Rap-sensitive cells that are exponentially growing.

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Kawamata, Shin, Hitoshi Sakaida, Toshiyuki Hori, Michiyuki Maeda, and Takashi Uchiyama. "The Upregulation of p27Kip1 by Rapamycin Results in G1 Arrest in Exponentially Growing T-Cell Lines." Blood 91, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.2.561.561_561_569.

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An immunosuppressant Rapamycin (Rap) has been reported to cause G1 arrest by inhibiting p70 S6 kinase and G1 cyclin/cdks kinase activities when added to quiescent cells with mitogens. However, antiproliferative effects of Rap on exponentially growing cells have been poorly investigated. We examined the intracellular events after the treatment of Rap in exponentially growing T cells and found that Rap upregulated a cdks inhibitor, p27Kip1 at both mRNA and protein levels in Rap-sensitive cells. Antiproliferative effect of Rap was mainly ascribed to the inhibition of cyclin E/cdk2 kinase activity through the formation of cyclin E/cdk2-p27Kip1 complex rather than inhibition of p70 S6 kinase activity. Furthermore, we showed that Rap-sensitive cells with elevated p27Kip1 expression lost sensitivity to Rap when antisense p27Kip1 was introduced, which indicates that the basal level of p27Kip1 is one of the limiting factors that determine the sensitivity to Rap in already cycling cells. These data suggest the presence of a putative threshold level of p27Kip1 at late G1 phase in already cycling cells. Rap may cause G1 arrest by upregulating the amount of p27Kip1 beyond the threshold in some Rap-sensitive cells that are exponentially growing.

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Tsandev, I., and C. P. Slomp. "Modeling phosphorus cycling and carbon burial during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286, no. 1-2 (August 2009): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.016.

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Perić, Marko, and Vanja Vitezić. "Socio-Economic Impacts of Event Failure: The Case of a Cancelled International Cycling Race." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2019): 5028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185028.

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The organization of large-scale sporting events implies different benefits and costs for hosting communities. However, little effort has been devoted to studying the impacts of event failures or postponed or cancelled events from the perspective of local residents. This paper is therefore concerned with the range of local residents’ perceived impacts resulting from the cancellation of the 2019 edition of the international men’s cycling race Tour of Croatia. In addition, it also examines if any significant differences exist between local residents familiar with the race and cancelling and local residents not familiar with the race, regarding the perceived impacts of this cancelled event on the hosting community. The number of perceived impacts was reduced by Exploratory Factor Analysis. Differences between local residents familiar with and those not familiar with the race and its cancelation were examined using the two-independent-samples Mann-Whitney U test. The results suggest that local residents not familiar with the event and its cancelation, when compared with local residents familiar with the event and its cancellation, perceive the majority of negative impacts as being weaker and most of the positive impacts as being stronger.

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Lund, Adam, Sheila A. Turris, Peter Wang, Justin Mui, Kerrie Lewis, and Samuel J. Gutman. "An Analysis of Patient Presentations at a 2-Day Mass-participation Cycling Event: The Ride to Conquer Cancer Case Series, 2010-2012." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 4 (August 2014): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14000776.

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AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the unique factors involved in providing medical support for a long-distance, cross-border, cycling event, and to describe patient presentations and event characteristics for the British Columbia (BC) Ride to Conquer Cancer from 2010 through 2012.MethodsThis study was a 3-year, descriptive case series report. Medical encounters were documented, prospectively, from 2010-2012 using an online registry. Data for event-related variables also were reported.ResultsProviding medical support for participants during the 2-day ride was complicated by communication challenges, weather conditions, and cross-border issues. The total number of participants for the ride increased from 2,252 in 2010 to 2,879 in 2011, and 3,011 in 2012. Patient presentation rates (PPRs) of 125.66, 155.26, and 198.93 (per 1,000 participants) were documented from 2010 through 2012. Over the course of three years, and not included in the PPR, an additional 3,840 encounters for “self-treatment” were documented.ConclusionsThe Ride to Conquer Cancer Series has shown that medical coverage at multi-day, cross-national cycling events must be planned carefully to face a unique set of circumstances, including legislative issues, long-distance communication capabilities, and highly mobile participants. This combination of factors leads to potentially higher PPRs than have been reported for noncycling events. This study also illuminates the additional workload “self-treatment” visits place on the medical team.LundA, TurrisSA, WangP, MuiJ, LewisK, GutmanSJ. An analysis of patient presentations at a 2-day mass-participation cycling event: The Ride to Conquer Cancer Case Series, 2010-2012. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-8.

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Sousa, Caio Victor, Beat Knechtle, and Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis. "Longitudinal Performance Analysis in Ultra-Triathlon of the World’s 2 Best Master Triathletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 1480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0805.

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Purpose: To analyze the performances of 2 ultra-triathletes who competed in ultra-triathlon events (double Iron ultra-triathlon and triple Iron ultra-triathlon) for the past 3 decades. Longitudinal data of the performance development in ultra-triathlon athletes spanning many years are rare. Prediction of age-related performance declines in the different disciplines in triathlon events (swimming, cycling, and running) are needed for race directors to set realistic goals (time limits) for master athletes in these events. Methods: Athletes A and B had 34 and 53 participations in double Iron at 35–55 and 40–69 y of age, respectively, and 26 and 20 participations in triple Iron at 33–51 and 40–61 y of age, respectively. Nonlinear regression analyses were performed with split and overall performance against age. Results: The average declines in performance in triple Iron ultra-triathlon for athlete A were 0.62%/y, 0.19%/y, and 0.98%/y for swimming, cycling, and running, respectively. For athlete B, a positive change was identified for swimming (0.19%/y) and cycling (1.12%/y) but negative change for running (1.34%/y). Conclusion: Running is the discipline with the greatest performance-decline rate for both athletes, in both double and triple Iron distances. The race time limit of double Iron competitions seems too short, making it difficult for master athletes older than 55 y to finish the race within the event regulations.

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Trenchard, Hugh, Andrew Renfree, and Derek M. Peters. "A Computer Model of Drafting Effects on Collective Behavior in Elite 10,000-m Runners." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 3 (March 2017): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0026.

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Purpose:Drafting in cycling influences collective behavior of pelotons. Although evidence for collective behavior in competitive running events exists, it is not clear if this results from energetic savings conferred by drafting. This study modeled the effects of drafting on behavior in elite 10,000-m runners.Methods:Using performance data from a men’s elite 10,000-m track running event, computer simulations were constructed using Netlogo 5.1 to test the effects of 3 different drafting quantities on collective behavior: no drafting, drafting to 3 m behind with up to ~8% energy savings (a realistic running draft), and drafting up to 3 m behind with up to 38% energy savings (a realistic cycling draft). Three measures of collective behavior were analyzed in each condition: mean speed, mean group stretch (distance between first- and last-placed runner), and runner-convergence ratio (RCR), which represents the degree of drafting benefit obtained by the follower in a pair of coupled runners.Results:Mean speeds were 6.32 ± 0.28, 5.57 ± 0.18, and 5.51 ± 0.13 m/s in the cycling-draft, runner-draft, and no-draft conditions, respectively (all P < .001). RCR was lower in the cycling-draft condition but did not differ between the other 2. Mean stretch did not differ between conditions.Conclusions:Collective behaviors observed in running events cannot be fully explained through energetic savings conferred by realistic drafting benefits. They may therefore result from other, possibly psychological, processes. The benefits or otherwise of engaging in such behavior are as yet unclear.

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Larouche, Richard, Ulises Charles Rodriguez, Ransimala Nayakarathna, and David R. Scott. "Effect of Major Life Events on Travel Behaviours: A Scoping Review." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 10392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410392.

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The transportation sector accounts for about a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions. Previous research suggests that major life events may be “windows of opportunity” for travel behaviour change. Our scoping review examined the effects of seven events (transitions to secondary school, post-secondary studies, labour market, marriage, parenthood, retirement, and relocation) on travel behaviours. Five databases were searched (MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, SportDISCUS, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) and 80 articles met inclusion criteria. Relocation was the most commonly examined event (with 51 studies). Findings illustrate that moving to compact neighbourhoods (with shorter commute distance/travel time, greater walkability/access to destinations) was associated with shifts towards sustainable travel modes (e.g., walking, cycling, and transit). Relocation might be particularly conducive to implementing scalable sustainable transportation interventions, as all six interventions with appropriate statistical power were effective. Entry into the labour market was generally associated with increased car use and declines in sustainable transportation. Qualitative studies suggested that attitudes towards cycling may become negative during adolescence, while attitudes towards driving improve, highlighting a need for concerted action. Evidence for other events was less consistent. Research in developing countries remain scarce and further intervention research is needed to enhance quality of evidence.

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Vegara-Ferri, José Miguel, José María López-Gullón, Ricardo José Ibanez-Pérez, María Carboneros, and Salvador Angosto. "Segmenting the Older Resident’s Perception of a Major Cycling Event." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 4010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104010.

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The aim of the study is to evaluate the social perception of older adults, resident in the host communities where the stage of “La Vuelta” 2019 starts or ends, identifying the possible existing groups and comparing the results before and during the event. Community support is a critical factor in ensuring the success of a major sports event and in generating a greater sense of community involvement. In order to analyze the social perception of the event, 521 older adults were interviewed using a questionnaire of 27 items. Data were collected online in the pre-event period and face-to-face in the on-site period using tablets. A t-test and cluster analysis was carried out to identify different residents’ opinions. The results showed an improvement in the perception of the positive and negative impacts in the in situ period with respect to the pre-event. Three clusters were identified (Positives, Moderates, Haters) with the Positives group being the most represented in each of the periods. The findings suggest that a high level of future intentions for positive behavior can benefit the intangible characteristics of the event and host communities, and that these population groups can better harness the tangible benefits of sports events.

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Diyan, Muhammad, Murad Khan, Bhagya Nathali Silva, and Kijun Han. "Scheduling Sensor Duty Cycling Based on Event Detection Using Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory and Reinforcement Learning." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 5498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195498.

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A smart home provides a facilitated environment for the detection of human activity with appropriate Deep Learning algorithms to manipulate data collected from numerous sensors attached to various smart things in a smart home environment. Human activities comprise expected and unexpected behavior events; therefore, detecting these events consisting of mutual dependent activities poses a key challenge in the activities detection paradigm. Besides, the battery-powered sensor ubiquitously and extensively monitors activities, disputes, and sensor energy depletion. Therefore, to address these challenges, we propose an Energy and Event Aware-Sensor Duty Cycling scheme. The proposed model predicts the future expected event using the Bi-Directional Long-Short Term Memory model and allocates Predictive Sensors to the predicted event. To detect the unexpected events, the proposed model localizes a Monitor Sensor within a cluster of Hibernate Sensors using the Jaccard Similarity Index. Finally, we optimize the performance of our proposed scheme by employing the Q-Learning algorithm to track the missed or undetected events. The simulation is executed against the conventional Machine Learning algorithms for the sensor duty cycle, scheduling to reduce the sensor energy consumption and improve the activity detection accuracy. The experimental evaluation of our proposed scheme shows significant improvement in activity detection accuracy from 94.12% to 96.12%. Besides, the effective rotation of the Monitor Sensor significantly improves the energy consumption of each sensor with the entire network lifetime.

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Overmayer, Ryan, Francisco Tavares, and Matthew William Driller. "Acute Post-Exercise Recovery Strategies in Cycling: A Review." Journal of Science and Cycling 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/181231.jsc.04.

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Cycling events often include multiple races a day or racing over consecutive days. Congested competition schedules and increased training load have led to the implementation of recovery strategies; with the goal of alleviating post-exercise fatigue and enhancing subsequent performance. This review aims to review the efficacy of recovery strategies used following different cycling events. Compression garments have been shown to improve subsequent 30s – 30min mean cycling power and 5-min max cycling power, while cold water immersion may improve 5-15s sprint cycling power output, 1-15min time trial (TT) total work performed and mean power output in hot and humid conditions. Cold water immersion was also more beneficial than active recovery at improving total work performed. Contrast water therapy could increase 15s – 15min TT work performed and sprint mean and peak power output. Similarly, active recovery has been shown to improve power measures and time to completion. Conversely, hot water immersion appears to be detrimental to sprint power output and TT power output over consecutive days. Thermoneutral water immersion appears beneficial for improving average cycling speed and time to completion during a 20-km TT, where humidification therapy and sports massage are beneficial at improving sprint and middle duration time trial performance. A combination of recovery strategies appear more beneficial than stand-alone strategies and various combinations should be explored further.

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Wallace, Alison E., Douglas A. Gibson, Philippa T. K. Saunders, and Henry N. Jabbour. "Inflammatory events in endometrial adenocarcinoma." Journal of Endocrinology 206, no. 2 (April 20, 2010): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-10-0072.

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Endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common gynaecological malignancy in western countries. Many of the established risk factors for developing endometrial cancer are associated with excess exposure to oestrogen unopposed by progesterone. These include nulliparity, late onset of the menopause, post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy and obesity. However, a number of risk factors also promote inflammation, another feature proposed to influence cancer development. The human cycling endometrium undergoes regular and cyclical episodes of inflammation. Moreover, hormonal and genetic changes that occur early in the development of endometrial adenocarcinoma can exacerbate the local inflammatory environment. Via alterations in the expression of local mediators and immune cell function, these may contribute to the development of endometrial cancer. This review discusses the contribution of inflammation to the initiation and progression of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Manipulation of inflammatory pathways may therefore represent a therapeutic target in endometrial adenocarcinoma.

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Sirna, Karen M. "Road Cycling Over Forty: Fitness, Friends, and Fondos." Sociology of Sport Journal 33, no. 3 (September 2016): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2015-0138.

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The recent growth in the aging population taking up road cycling and participating in Gran Fondo events has gained attention in popular media. However as of yet, little research exists regarding why, at this time, road cycling is drawing this demographic. This paper explores experiences and perspectives of aging cycling enthusiasts, coaches, and bike store employees as well as content analysis and participant observation to better understand the choice of road cycling and its meaning in their lives. Emergent themes of healthy aging, socializing and networking, and bikes, accessories and gear are presented and discussed using Pierre Bourdieu’s (1984, 2000) habitus, field, and capital to understand them as cultural expressions.

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Coghlan, Alexandra. "Cycling Charity Challenge Events: Can They Contribute to the Lifestyle Medicine Movement?" Tourism Review International 18, no. 1 (July 18, 2014): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427214x13990420684608.

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Schellewald, Vera, Jens Kleinert, and Rolf Ellegast. "Introducing a Dynamic Workstation in the Office: Insights in Characteristics of Use and Short-Term Changes of Well-Being in a 12 Week Observational Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112501.

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The present field study evaluates the use of dynamic workstations (cycling devices) in a real-life office environment. Specific characteristics of use were recorded and possible relationships with short-term changes in well-being were investigated. For a period of 12 weeks, 36 employees were given free access to eight devices. Frequency, duration and speed of use were self-determined but registered objectively for every event of use. Immediately before and after using a cycling device, employees rated their well-being with a modified version of the EZ-scale from Nitsch to assess changes in the short-term. In total, 817 events of use were registered. On each day of the intervention period one of the devices was used. Participants used the devices between one day to all days present at the office, for 21.09 (SD 0.58) to 31.58 (SD 2.19) minutes on average per event of use per day. Comparing the pre- and post-measurements, a significant increase in well-being after using a cycling device was found. Results of a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis showed mixed effects for the duration of use, the speed and variation of speed on the probability of reporting positive changes in recovery, calmness and mood. Therefore, using cycling devices in the office might improve short-term well-being.

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Zot, Henry G., P. Bryant Chase, Javier E. Hasbun, and Jose R. Pinto. "Mechanical contribution to muscle thin filament activation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 47 (September 8, 2020): 15913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.014438.

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Vertebrate striated muscle thin filaments are thought to be thermodynamically activated in response to an increase in Ca2+ concentration. We tested this hypothesis by measuring time intervals for gliding runs and pauses of individual skeletal muscle thin filaments in cycling myosin motility assays. A classic thermodynamic mechanism predicts that if chemical potential is constant, transitions between runs and pauses of gliding thin filaments will occur at constant rate as given by a Poisson distribution. In this scenario, rate is given by the odds of a pause, and hence, run times between pauses fit an exponential distribution that slopes negatively for all observable run times. However, we determined that relative density of observed run times fits an exponential only at low Ca2+ levels that activate filament gliding. Further titration with Ca2+, or adding excess regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin, shifted the relative density of short run times to fit the positive slope of a gamma distribution, which derives from waiting times between Poisson events. Events that arise during a run and prevent the chance of ending a run for a random interval of time account for the observed run time distributions, suggesting that the events originate with cycling myosin. We propose that regulatory proteins of the thin filament require the mechanical force of cycling myosin to achieve the transition state for activation. During activation, combinations of cycling myosin that contribute insufficient activation energy delay deactivation.

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Buning, Richard J., and Heather J. Gibson. "Exploring the Trajectory of Active-Sport-Event Travel Careers: A Social Worlds Perspective." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 3 (May 2016): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0213.

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Utilizing a social worlds perspective, the study examined active-sport-event travel career progression in the sport of cycling. Event travel careers are considered potentially lifelong patterns of travel to participate in events that evolve through stages with distinct behaviors and motivations. Quantitative methods were used to test tenets of an inductively derived model of the active-sport-event travel career for cyclists. An international sample of cyclists were surveyed online; N = 1,452 responded. Using general linear modeling, the results depicted an escalation in motivation related to intellectual, social, mastery competence, giving back, and competition against others with career progression. However, while travel behavior related to preferred events characteristics changed with career progression, preferred characteristics related to destinations and travel style remained relatively stagnant. Implications for destination and event management are discussed.

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Alcott, Lewis J., Benjamin J. W. Mills, and Simon W. Poulton. "Stepwise Earth oxygenation is an inherent property of global biogeochemical cycling." Science 366, no. 6471 (December 11, 2019): 1333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6459.

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Oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans occurred across three major steps during the Paleoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, and Paleozoic eras, with each increase having profound consequences for the biosphere. Biological or tectonic revolutions have been proposed to explain each of these stepwise increases in oxygen, but the principal driver of each event remains unclear. Here we show, using a theoretical model, that the observed oxygenation steps are a simple consequence of internal feedbacks in the long-term biogeochemical cycles of carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus, and that there is no requirement for a specific stepwise external forcing to explain the course of Earth surface oxygenation. We conclude that Earth’s oxygenation events are entirely consistent with gradual oxygenation of the planetary surface after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.

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Hitomi, Masahiro, and Dennis W. Stacey. "Cellular Ras and Cyclin D1 Are Required during Different Cell Cycle Periods in Cycling NIH 3T3 Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 4623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.7.4623.

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ABSTRACT Novel techniques were used to determine when in the cell cycle of proliferating NIH 3T3 cells cellular Ras and cyclin D1 are required. For comparison, in quiescent cells, all four of the inhibitors of cell cycle progression tested (anti-Ras, anti-cyclin D1, serum removal, and cycloheximide) became ineffective at essentially the same point in G1 phase, approximately 4 h prior to the beginning of DNA synthesis. To extend these studies to cycling cells, a time-lapse approach was used to determine the approximate cell cycle position of individual cells in an asynchronous culture at the time of inhibitor treatment and then to determine the effects of the inhibitor upon recipient cells. With this approach, anti-Ras antibody efficiently inhibited entry into S phase only when introduced into cells prior to the preceding mitosis, several hours before the beginning of S phase. Anti-cyclin D1, on the other hand, was an efficient inhibitor when introduced up until just before the initiation of DNA synthesis. Cycloheximide treatment, like anti-cyclin D1 microinjection, was inhibitory throughout G1 phase (which lasts a total of 4 to 5 h in these cells). Finally, serum removal blocked entry into S phase only during the first hour following mitosis. Kinetic analysis and a novel dual-labeling technique were used to confirm the differences in cell cycle requirements for Ras, cyclin D1, and cycloheximide. These studies demonstrate a fundamental difference in mitogenic signal transduction between quiescent and cycling NIH 3T3 cells and reveal a sequence of signaling events required for cell cycle progression in proliferating NIH 3T3 cells.

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Williams, R. M., and W. W. Webb. "Single granule pH cycling in antigen-induced mast cell secretion." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 21 (November 1, 2000): 3839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.21.3839.

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The pH cycling of individual granules in secreting (serotonin-loaded) mast cells is quantitatively examined using multicolor multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. A typical exocytosis event consists of maximal calcium rise at time zero, granule alkalization a few seconds later and, finally, complete contents release at a fraction of a second after alkalization. Membrane fusion is either transient, as indicated by subsequent granule reacidification, or ‘full’, as indicated by a granule disappearance with a collapse of its membrane into the plasma membrane. The relative frequency of these two coexisting behaviors (the ‘kiss-to-collapse’ ratio) is approximately 2:1. A typical transiently fusing granule experiences multiple alkalization/acidification cycles after addition of exogenous antigen. Between recycling granules, coalescence events are frequent, with 80% resulting in a collapse of the formed granule complex to the plasma membrane. The full dynamics of secretion encompass a complex combination of these granule activities.

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Wasik, Ewa, Katarzyna Turoń, Piotr Czech, and Grzegorz Sierpiński. "Overview of cycling tourism in the Pomeranian voivodship." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 1278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.266.

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Pomeranian Voivodship thanks to the diversity of nature and terrain - the plains in Żuławy, hills in Kashubia, is a great area for cycling tourism. Pomeranian voivodship offers bicycle routes for both professional cyclists and those who cycle on a recreational trip. Cycling in this province has been developing very rapidly in recent years through the construction of new bicycle paths, organizing events for cyclists such as cycling critical mass, or improving existing road infrastructure, so as to minimize the risk of cyclists from other road users. This article reviews the existing bicycle routes in the Pomeranian Voivodship.

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Glover, Catherine. "The Tweed Run meets Harris Tweed: Stories of a fashionable cycling experience." Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/csfb_00008_1.

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This article explores the relationship between the cloth Harris Tweed and the cycling event, the Tweed Run. It focuses on extrapolating stories as lived and told of those participating in the event, to examine how material objects can lend agency to a fashionable cycling experience. Narrative inquiry methodology is used to explore how a subject emotionally connects with their personal possessions as revealed through storytelling. The aim is to create a new sense of meaning and significance within the research topic, rather than focusing on establishing a grand narrative. It brings specific understandings to how objects can be related to and used by individuals to become symbolic and aesthetic ‘thirds’. This study posits that it is the participatory collective nature and transformative space of events such as the Tweed Run that provide an opportunity for individuals to interact with their material objects, in a manner that supports their transformation to symbolic or aesthetic thirds and initiates satisfactory (life) stories that can advance living action.

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Bruno-Murtha, Lou Ann, John Brusch, David Bor, Wenjun Li, and Deborah Zucker. "A Pilot Study of Antibiotic Cycling in the Community Hospital Setting." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 26, no. 1 (January 2005): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502491.

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AbstractObjective:To assess the feasibility of a quarterly antibiotic cycling program at two community hospitals and to evaluate its safety and impact on antibiotic use, expenditures, and resistance.Design:Nonrandomized, longitudinal cohort study.Setting:Two community hospitals, one teaching and one non-teaching.Patients:Adult medical and surgical inpatients requiring empiric antibiotic therapy.Intervention:We developed and implemented a treatment protocol for the empiric therapy of common infections. Between July 2000 and June 2002, antibiotics were cycled quarterly; quinolones, beta-lactam–inhibitor combinations, and cephalosporins were used. Protocol adherence, adverse drug events, nosocomial infections, antibiotic use and expenditures, resistance among clinical isolates, and length of stay were assessed during eight quarters.Results:Physicians adhered to the protocol for more than 96% of 2,494 eligible patients. No increases in nosocomial infections or adverse drug events were attributed to the cycling protocol. Antibiotic acquisition costs increased 31%; there was a 14.7% increase in antibiotic use. Length of stay declined by 1 day. Quarterly variability in the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ceftazidime resistance among combined gram-negative organisms were noted.Conclusions:Implementation of an antibiotic cycling program is feasible in a community hospital setting. No adverse safety concerns were identified. Antibiotic cycling was more expensive, partly due to an increase in antibiotic use to optimize initial empiric therapy. Quarterly antibiogram patterns suggested that antibiotic cycling may have impacted resistance, although the small number of isolates precluded statistical analysis. Further assessment of this approach is necessary to determine its relationship to antimicrobial resistance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cycling Events'

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