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Journal articles on the topic 'Cycling efficiency'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Ettema, Gertjan, and Håvard Wuttudal Lorås. "Efficiency in cycling: a review." European Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 1 (February 20, 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1008-7.

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2

de Koning, J., D. Noordhof, A. Lucia, and C. Foster. "Factors Affecting Gross Efficiency in Cycling." International Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (June 15, 2012): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1306285.

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3

Murray, J. B., and R. Kram. "EFFICIENCY OF BELOW-KNEE AMPUTEE CYCLING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01766.

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4

H. HODGES, ALASTAIR N., BRENNA M. LYNN, JONATHAN E. BULA, MEGHAN G. DONALDSON, MARC O. DAGENAIS, and DONALD C. MCKENZIE. "Effects of Pseudoephedrine on Maximal Cycling Power and Submaximal Cycling Efficiency." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, no. 8 (August 2003): 1316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000078925.30346.f8.

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5

Moysi, Joaquin Sanchis, Jerónimo Carmelo Garcia-Romero, José Ramón Alvero-Cruz, Germán Vicente-Rodriguez, Ignacio Ara, Cecillia Dorado, and José A. L. Calbet. "Effects of Eccentric Exercise on Cycling Efficiency." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-119.

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The aim of this study was to find out whether the efficiency of concentric muscle contraction is impaired by eccentric squatting exercise. The study involved 25 male physical education students in two experiments. In the first experiment 14 subjects undertook cycling exercise at 65% [Formula: see text]max until exhaustion on two occasions. During the experimental condition their cycling was interrupted every 10 min so they could perform eccentric squatting exercise, whereas in the control condition they rested seated on the bike during the interruptions. Eccentric squatting consisted of 10 series of 25 reps with a load equivalent to 150% of the subject's body mass on the shoulders. During the first experiment gross efficiency decreased (mean ± SE) from 17.1 ± 0.3 to 16.0 ± 0.4%, and from 17.2 ± 0.3 to 16.5 ± 0.4%, between the 2nd and 9th cycling bouts of the experimental and control conditions, respectively (both p < 0.05). The reduction in cycling efficiency was similar in both conditions (p = 0.10). Blood lactate concentration [La] was higher during the experimental than in the control condition (p < 0.05), but substrate oxidation was similar. MVC was decreased similarly (25-28%) in both conditions. The 11 subjects participating in the second experiment undertook 25 reps of eccentric squatting exercise only, each with a load equivalent to 95% of his maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), repeated every 3 min until exhaustion. One hour after the end of the eccentric squatting exercise series cycling, [Formula: see text] and gross cycling efficiency were comparable to the values observed before the eccentric exercise. Both experimental protocols with eccentric exercise elicited similar muscle soreness 2 days later; however, at this time cycling efficiency was similar to that observed prior to eccentric exercise. The interposition of cycling exercise between the eccentric exercise bouts accelerated the recovery of MVC. We conclude that eccentric exercise does not alter or has only a marginal effect on gross cycling efficiency even in presence of marked muscle soreness. Key words: performance, fatigue, muscle soreness, lactate, triathlon

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6

Arkesteijn, M., J. Hopker, S. Jobson, and L. Passfield. "The Effect of Turbo Trainer Cycling on Pedalling Technique and Cycling Efficiency." International Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 06 (November 23, 2012): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1327658.

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7

Ericson, M., and R. Nisell. "Efficiency of Pedal Forces During Ergometer Cycling." International Journal of Sports Medicine 09, no. 02 (April 1988): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024991.

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8

Böning, Dieter, and Axel R. Pries. "Pitfalls of efficiency determination in cycling ergometry." Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 12 (December 15, 2013): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01021.2013.

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9

Reger, M., J. E. Peterman, R. Kram, and W. C. Byrnes. "Exercise efficiency of low power output cycling." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 23, no. 6 (March 29, 2012): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01448.x.

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10

Dünger, H. J., G. Hambitzer, and W. Lutter. "Lithium-cycling efficiency in inorganic electrolyte solution." Journal of Power Sources 44, no. 1-3 (April 1993): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(93)80181-n.

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11

Hirai, Toshiro, Isamu Yoshimatsu, and Jun‐ichi Yamaki. "Effect of Additives on Lithium Cycling Efficiency." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 141, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 2300–2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2055116.

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12

Harper, Sara A., Keith Burns, Brandon Pollack, John McDaniel, and Ellen Glickman. "The Influence of Lateral Pedal Displacement on Cycling Efficiency and Maximal Cycling Power." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000496315.49105.bd.

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13

Cui, Baochen, Wei Xiang, Shuzhi Liu, Hongyu Xin, Xianjun Liu, and Stuart Licht. "A long cycle life, high coulombic efficiency iron molten air battery." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 3 (2017): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6se00082g.

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14

Boykiv, M. V., Oleksandr Zhytenko, and R. Z. Matseh. "Analysis of research on the quality of cycling service." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 2(254)’2018 (June 30, 2018): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2018-2-254-19-21.

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15

Dumke, Charles L., David C. Nieman, Alan C. Utter, Michael D. Rigby, John C. Quindry, N. Travis Triplett, Steven R. McAnulty, and Lisa S. McAnulty. "Quercetin’s effect on cycling efficiency and substrate utilization." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 6 (December 2009): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-099.

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Previous evidence suggests that quercetin supplementation increases performance in humans. We examined the effects of 3 weeks of quercetin supplementation on fuel utilization, gross efficiency (GE), and perceived effort during 3 h of cycling over 3 successive days. Forty cyclists were randomized into quercetin and placebo groups and tested for maximal oxygen consumption (53.2 ± 1.2 and 54.7 ± 1.1 mL·kg–1·min–1). For 3 weeks following maximal oxygen consumption testing, subjects supplemented either 1000 mg·day–1 quercetin or placebo during normal training. Following supplementation, subjects cycled at 57% maximum power for 3 h, on 3 successive days, using their own bicycles fitted to CompuTrainer Pro Model trainers (RacerMate, Seattle, Wash.). Metabolic measurements were taken every 30 min for each 3-h ride. Muscle biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis immediately pre-exercise and postexercise on days 1 and 3 were analyzed for muscle glycogen content. Power output remained constant for all 3 exercise trials, but significant decreases over time were measured for GE, cadence, respiratory exchange ratio, blood glucose, and muscle glycogen. Significant increases were measured for heart rate and volume of oxygen consumption over time. No quercetin treatment effect was observed for any of the outcome measures in this study. These data indicate that GE is reduced during an exhausting 3-h bout of exercise. However, quercetin did not significantly affect any outcomes in these already well-trained subjects.

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16

Genovese, Matthew, A. J. Louli, Rochelle Weber, R. J. Sanderson, M. B. Johnson, and J. R. Dahn. "Combinatorial Methods for Improving Lithium Metal Cycling Efficiency." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 13 (2018): A3000—A3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0401813jes.

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17

DELEXTRAT, ANNE, VERONIQUE TRICOT, THIERRY BERNARD, FABRICE VERCRUYSSEN, CHRISTOPHE HAUSSWIRTH, and JEANICK BRISSWALTER. "Drafting during Swimming Improves Efficiency during Subsequent Cycling." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, no. 9 (September 2003): 1612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000084422.49491.2c.

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18

Heselton, Kenneth E. "Cycling Efficiency: A Basis for Replacing Outsized Boilers." Energy Engineering 95, no. 4 (January 1998): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998595.1998.10530426.

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19

Shapiro, A. R., R. M. Otto, J. Wygand, S. Shaughnessy, and K. St. George. "THE EFFECT OF HANDLEBAR POSITION UPON CYCLING EFFICIENCY." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (April 1989): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00050.

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20

Dumke, Charles L., David C. Nieman, J. Mark Davis, E. Angela Murphy, Martin D. Carmichael, Dru A. Henson, Sarah J. Gross, et al. "Quercetin effect on Mitochondrial Capacity and Cycling Efficiency." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000273266.07913.3c.

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21

Reger, Michaela, Rodger Kram, and William Byrnes. "Estimates Of Cycling Efficiency At Low Power Outputs." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000354819.69184.c7.

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22

Eweka, E., J. R. Owen, and A. Ritchie. "Electrolytes and additives for high efficiency lithium cycling." Journal of Power Sources 65, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)02482-8.

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23

HOPKER, JAMES, DAMIAN COLEMAN, and LOUIS PASSFIELD. "Changes in Cycling Efficiency during a Competitive Season." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41, no. 4 (April 2009): 912–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31818f2ab2.

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24

Chavarren, J., and J. A. L. Calbet. "Cycling efficiency and pedalling frequency in road cyclists." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 80, no. 6 (October 1999): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050634.

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25

Bertucci, William M., Andrew C. Betik, Sebastien Duc, and Frederic Grappe. "Gross Efficiency and Cycling Economy Are Higher in the Field as Compared with on an Axiom Stationary Ergometer." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 28, no. 6 (December 2012): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.6.636.

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This study was designed to examine the biomechanical and physiological responses between cycling on the Axiom stationary ergometer (Axiom, Elite, Fontaniva, Italy) vs. field conditions for both uphill and level ground cycling. Nine cyclists performed cycling bouts in the laboratory on an Axiom stationary ergometer and on their personal road bikes in actual road cycling conditions in the field with three pedaling cadences during uphill and level cycling. Gross efficiency and cycling economy were lower (–10%) for the Axiom stationary ergometer compared with the field. The preferred pedaling cadence was higher for the Axiom stationary ergometer conditions compared with the field conditions only for uphill cycling. Our data suggests that simulated cycling using the Axiom stationary ergometer differs from actual cycling in the field. These results should be taken into account notably for improving the precision of the model of cycling performance, and when it is necessary to compare two cycling test conditions (field/laboratory, using different ergometers).

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26

Gaesser, Glenn A., Wesley J. Tucker, Brandon J. Sawyer, Dharini M. Bhammar, and Siddhartha S. Angadi. "Cycling efficiency and energy cost of walking in young and older adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 124, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2017.

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To determine whether age affects cycling efficiency and the energy cost of walking (Cw), 190 healthy adults, ages 18–81 yr, cycled on an ergometer at 50 W and walked on a treadmill at 1.34 m/s. Ventilation and gas exchange at rest and during exercise were used to calculate net Cw and net efficiency of cycling. Compared with the 18–40 yr age group (2.17 ± 0.33 J·kg−1·m−1), net Cw was not different in the 60–64 yr (2.20 ± 0.40 J·kg−1·m−1) and 65–69 yr (2.20 ± 0.28 J·kg−1·m−1) age groups, but was significantly ( P < 0.03) higher in the ≥70 yr (2.37 ± 0.33 J·kg−1·m−1) age group. For subjects >60 yr, net Cw was significantly correlated with age ( R2 = 0.123; P = 0.002). Cycling net efficiency was not different between 18–40 yr (23.5 ± 2.9%), 60–64 yr (24.5 ± 3.6%), 65–69 yr (23.3 ± 3.6%) and ≥70 yr (24.7 ± 2.7%) age groups. Repeat tests on a subset of subjects (walking, n = 43; cycling, n = 37) demonstrated high test-retest reliability [intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 0.74–0.86] for all energy outcome measures except cycling net energy expenditure (ICC = 0.54) and net efficiency (ICC = 0.50). Coefficients of variation for all variables ranged from 3.1 to 7.7%. Considerable individual variation in Cw and efficiency was evident, with a ~2-fold difference between the least and most economical/efficient subjects. We conclude that, between 18 and 81 yr, net Cw was only higher for ages ≥70 yr, and that cycling net efficiency was not different across age groups. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study illustrates that the higher energy cost of walking in older adults is only evident for ages ≥70 yr. For older adults ages 60–69 yr, the energy cost of walking is similar to that of young adults. Cycling efficiency, by contrast, is not different across age groups. Considerable individual variation (∼2-fold) in cycling efficiency and energy cost of walking is observed in young and older adults.

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27

Hopker, James G., Damian A. Coleman, Hannah C. Gregson, Simon A. Jobson, Tobias Von der Haar, Jonathan Wiles, and Louis Passfield. "The influence of training status, age, and muscle fiber type on cycling efficiency and endurance performance." Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2013.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of age, training status, and muscle fiber-type distribution on cycling efficiency. Forty men were recruited into one of four groups: young and old trained cyclists, and young and old untrained individuals. All participants completed an incremental ramp test to measure their peak O2 uptake, maximal heart rate, and maximal minute power output; a submaximal test of cycling gross efficiency (GE) at a series of absolute and relative work rates; and, in trained participants only, a 1-h cycling time trial. Finally, all participants underwent a muscle biopsy of their right vastus lateralis muscle. At relative work rates, a general linear model found significant main effects of age and training status on GE ( P < 0.01). The percentage of type I muscle fibers was higher in the trained groups ( P < 0.01), with no difference between age groups. There was no relationship between fiber type and cycling efficiency at any work rate or cadence combination. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that muscle fiber type did not influence cycling performance ( P > 0.05). Power output in the 1-h performance trial was predicted by average O2 uptake and GE, with standardized β-coefficients of 0.94 and 0.34, respectively, although some mathematical coupling is evident. These data demonstrate that muscle fiber type does not affect cycling efficiency and was not influenced by the aging process. Cycling efficiency and the percentage of type I muscle fibers were influenced by training status, but only GE at 120 revolutions/min was seen to predict cycling performance.

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28

Hintzy, Frédérique, Laurent Mourot, Stéphane Perrey, and Nicolas Tordi. "Effect of Endurance Training on Different Mechanical Efficiency Indices During Submaximal Cycling in Subjects Unaccustomed to Cycling." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-138.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate different efficiency indices, i.e., gross (GE: no baseline correction), net (NE: resting metabolism as baseline correction), and work (WE: unloaded exercise as baseline correction), to reveal the effect of endurance training on mechanical efficiency. Nine healthy sedentary women undertook an incremental test and submaximal cycling exercise, at an intensity corresponding to 50% of the pretraining peak oxygen uptake, before and after 6 weeks of endurance training (18 sessions of 45 min). The training effects on efficiency indices were tested by comparisons based on GE, NE, and WE as well as by the differences between the percentage changes of all indices (% GE, % NE, % WE). Endurance training resulted in significantly higher GE (+ 11.1%; p < 0.001) and NE (+ 9.1%; P < 0.01). Only minor significant improvement (+ 2.4%; p < 0.05) was observed with the WE index because the value used for baseline subtraction was significantly reduced by the training sessions, due perhaps to improvement in pedaling skill. As a consequence, % WE was significantly lower than % GE (p < 0.01) and % NE (p < 0.05), while % GE and % NE were not significantly different. We conclude that mechanical efficiency of cycling increases with training in women previously unfamiliar with cycling, and that the WE index is less sensitive to this training effect than GE and NE indices. Key words: gross efficiency, net efficiency, work efficiency, internal work, cycle ergometer

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29

Louis, Julien, Christophe Hausswirth, François Bieuzen, and Jeanick Brisswalter. "Vitamin and mineral supplementation effect on muscular activity and cycling efficiency in master athletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35, no. 3 (June 2010): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h10-014.

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The influence of vitamin and mineral complex supplementation on muscular activity and cycling efficiency was examined in elderly endurance-trained master athletes during a heavy cycling trial. Master athletes were randomly assigned in a double-blind process to 1 of 2 treatment groups: antioxidant supplementation (n = 8: As group) or placebo (n = 8: Pl group) for 21 days. After that time, each subject had to perform a 10-min session of cycling on a cycloergometer at a heavy constant intensity. Twenty-four to 48 h after this session, subjects performed an isometric maximal voluntary contraction before and immediately after a fatiguing strength training (leg press exercise) and the same 10-min cycling test after fatigue. Isometric maximal voluntary force (MVF) of knee extensors was assessed before and after fatigue. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis, the vastus lateralis (VL), and the biceps femoris was recorded with surface EMG. The knee-extensors MVF after the fatiguing exercise was reduced in similar proportions for both groups (As, –10.9%; Pl, –11.3%, p < 0.05). This MVF loss was associated with a significant reduction in EMG frequency parameters for both groups, with a lower decrease for the As group. Muscular activity and cycling efficiency during the cycling bouts were affected by the treatment. Cycling efficiency decreased significantly and the oxygen uptake slow component was higher after the fatiguing exercise for both groups. Furthermore, a decrease in cycling efficiency was associated with an increase in VL activity. However, these changes were significantly lower for the As group. The results of the present study indicate an overall positive effect of vitamin and mineral complex supplementation on cycling efficiency after fatigue, in the endurance-trained elderly.

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30

Bennett, George, and Cliff Elwell. "Effect of boiler oversizing on efficiency: a dynamic simulation study." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 6 (May 22, 2020): 709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624420927352.

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Gas boilers dominate domestic heating in the UK, and significant efficiency improvements have been associated with condensing boilers. However, the potential remains for further efficiency improvement by refining the control, system specification and installation in real dwellings. Dynamic building simulation modelling, including detailed heating system componentry, enables a deeper analysis of boiler underperformance. This paper explores the link between the space heat oversizing of boilers and on/off cycling using dynamic simulation, and their subsequent effect on boiler efficiency and internal temperatures. At plant size ratio (PSR) 8.5 daily cycles numbered over 50, similar to median levels seen in real homes. Simulations show that typical oversizing (PSR >3) significantly increases cycling behaviour and brings an efficiency penalty of 6–9%. There is a clear link between raising PSR, increased cycling and an associated decreased efficiency; however, in the UK, boilers are regularly oversized with respect to space heating, especially combination boilers to cover peak hot water demand. Current legislation and labelling (ErP and SAP) overlook PSR as a determinant of system efficiency, failing to incentivise appropriate sizing. Reducing boiler oversizing through addressing installation practices and certification has the potential to significantly improve efficiency at low cost, decreasing associated carbon emissions. Practical application: This research provides the basis for a practical and cost effective means of assessing the potential for underperformance of boiler heating systems at the point of installation or refurbishment. By assessing the oversizing of the boiler with respect to space heating, unnecessary cycling and the associated efficiency penalty can be avoided. Plant size ratio, as an indicator of cycling potential, can be implemented in energy performance certificates (EPCs), through the standard assessment procedure (SAP), using existing data. The potential for real carbon savings in the existing boiler stock is considerable, and the findings have wider implications for next generation heating systems.

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31

Park, Sunhee, Heeran Lee, and Yejin Lee. "Development and Efficiency Evaluation of 3D Cycling Wrist Protector." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 44, no. 04 (September 30, 2020): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2020.44.4.739.

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32

Ridgway, Paul, Honghe Zheng, Gao Liu, Xianguin Song, Philip Ross, and Vince Battaglia. "Effect of Vinylene Carbonate on Graphite Anode Cycling Efficiency." ECS Transactions 19, no. 25 (December 18, 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3247065.

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33

Duffell, L. D., N. de N. Donaldson, and D. J. Newham. "Why is the Metabolic Efficiency of FES Cycling Low?" IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 17, no. 3 (June 2009): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2009.2016199.

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34

Hudson, Jeff J., William D. Taylor, and David W. Schindler. "Planktonic nutrient regeneration and cycling efficiency in temperate lakes." Nature 400, no. 6745 (August 1999): 659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/23240.

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35

Groot, Sjors, Lars H. J. van de Westelaken, Dionne A. Noordhof, Koen Levels, and Jos J. de Koning. "Recovery of Cycling Gross Efficiency After Time-Trial Exercise." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 1028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0429.

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Background: Research has shown that gross efficiency (GE) declines during high-intensity exercise, but the time course of recovery of GE after high-intensity exercise has not yet been investigated. Purpose: To determine the time course of the recovery of GE after time trials (TTs) of different lengths. Methods: Nineteen trained male cyclists participated in this study. Before and after TTs of 2000 and 20,000 m, subjects performed submaximal exercise at 55% of the power output attained at maximal oxygen uptake (PVO2max). The postmeasurement continued until 30 min after the end of the TT, during which GE was determined over 3-min intervals. The magnitude-based-inferences approach was used for statistical analysis. Results: GE decreased substantially during the 2000-m and 20,000-m TTs (−11.8% [3.6%] and −6.2% [4.0%], respectively). A most likely and very likely recovery of GE was found during the first half of the submaximal exercise bout performed after the 2000-m, with only a possible increase in GE during the first part of the submaximal exercise bout performed after the 20,000-m. After both distances, GE did not fully recover to the initial pre-TT values, as the difference between the pre-TT value and average GE value of minutes 26–29 was still most likely negative for both the 2000- and 20,000-m (−6.1% [2.8%] and −7.0% [4.5%], respectively). Conclusions: It is impossible to fully recover GE after TTs of 2000- or 20,000-m during 30 min of submaximal cycling exercise performed at an intensity of 55% PVO2max.

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36

PASSFIELD, LOUIS, and JONATHON H. DOUST. "Changes in cycling efficiency and performance after endurance exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 32, no. 11 (November 2000): 1935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200011000-00018.

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37

Rowland, T., J. Staab, V. Unnithan, J. Rambusch, and S. Siconolfi. "Mechanical Efficiency During Cycling in Prepubertal and Adult Males." International Journal of Sports Medicine 11, no. 06 (December 1990): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024836.

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38

Jeffries, Owen, Daniel Thomas Evans, Mark Waldron, Adam Coussens, and Stephen David Patterson. "Seven-day ischaemic preconditioning improves muscle efficiency during cycling." Journal of Sports Sciences 37, no. 24 (September 9, 2019): 2798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1664537.

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39

ARKESTEIJN, MARCO, SIMON A. JOBSON, JAMES HOPKER, and LOUIS PASSFIELD. "Effect of Gradient on Cycling Gross Efficiency and Technique." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 45, no. 5 (May 2013): 920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31827d1bdb.

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40

Green, H. J., B. Roy, S. Grant, R. Hughson, M. Burnett, C. Otto, A. Pipe, D. McKenzie, and M. Johnson. "Increases in submaximal cycling efficiency mediated by altitude acclimatization." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.1189.

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To investigate the hypothesis that respiratory gas exchange and, in particular, the O2 consumption (V˙o 2) response to exercise is altered after a 21-day expedition to 6,194 m, five male climbers (age 28.2 ± 2 yr; weight 76.9 ± 4.3 kg; means ± SE) performed a progressive and prolonged two-step cycle test both before and 3–4 days after return to sea level. During both exercise tests, a depression ( P < 0.05) inV˙o 2 (l/min) and an increase ( P < 0.05) in minute ventilation (V˙e btps; l/min) and respiratory exchange ratio were observed after the expedition. These changes occurred in the absence of changes in CO2 production (l/min). During steady-state submaximal exercise, net efficiency, calculated from the rates of the mechanical power output to the energy expended (V˙o 2) above that measured at rest, increased ( P < 0.05) from 25.9 ± 1.6 to 31.3 ± 1.3% at the lighter power output and from 24.4 ± 1.3 to 29.5 ± 1.5% at the heavy power output. These changes were accompanied by a 4.5% reduction ( P< 0.05) in peak V˙o 2 (3.99 ± 0.17 vs. 3.81 ± 0.18 l/min). After the expedition, an increase ( P < 0.05) in hemoglobin concentration (15.0 ± 0.49 vs. 15.8 ± 0.41 g/100 ml) was found. It is concluded that, because resting V˙o 2 was unchanged, net efficiency is enhanced during submaximal exercise after a mountaineering expedition when the exercise is performed soon after return to sea level conditions.

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Korff, Thomas, Graham Fletcher, David Brown, and Lee M. Romer. "Effect of “Pose” cycling on efficiency and pedaling mechanics." European Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 6 (December 3, 2010): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1745-7.

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Louis, Julien, Christophe Hausswirth, Christopher Easthope, and Jeanick Brisswalter. "Strength training improves cycling efficiency in master endurance athletes." European Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 2 (June 3, 2011): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2013-1.

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Zhang, Peng, Jiajia Zhu, Miao Wang, Nobuyuki Imanishi, and Osamu Yamamoto. "Lithium dendrite suppression and cycling efficiency of lithium anode." Electrochemistry Communications 87 (February 2018): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2017.12.012.

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Tobishima, Shin-Ichi, and Takeshi Okada. "Lithium cycling efficiency and conductivity for ?-lactone-based electrolytes." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 15, no. 3 (May 1985): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00615984.

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Armenta, C. "Cycling efficiency improvement in photovoltaic lead-acid storage batteries." Solar & Wind Technology 6, no. 5 (January 1989): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-983x(89)90089-1.

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HIRAI, T., I. YOSHIMATSU, and J. YAMAKI. "ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Additives on Lithium Cycling Efficiency." ChemInform 25, no. 51 (August 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199451013.

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Muraki, Satoshi, Ché Fornusek, Jacqui Raymond, and Glen Macartney Davis. "Muscle oxygenation during prolonged electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in paraplegics." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-007.

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This study investigated cardiorespiratory responses and muscle oxygenation during prolonged electrical stimulation (ES)-evoked leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia (PARA). Four PARA and 6 able-bodied (AB) persons participated in this study. Subjects performed 10 min of passive cycling and 40 min of active cycling (PARA, ES cycling; AB, voluntary cycling) at workloads selected to elicit an equivalent oxygen uptake between groups. Cycling power output, cardiorespiratory responses, mechanical efficiency, and quadriceps muscle oxygenation (measured with near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured over the duration of the exercise. Oxygen uptake was similar in both groups during active cycling (PARA, 737 ± 177 mL·min–1; AB, 840 ± 90 mL·min–1). The cycling power output for PARA individuals commenced at 8.8 W, but varied considerably over 40 min. PARA individuals demonstrated markedly lower gross mechanical efficiency (~1.3%) during ES cycling compared with AB individuals performing voluntary exercise (~12.6%). During ES cycling, muscle oxygen saturation (SO2) decreased to approximately 72 ± 19%, whereas SO2 during volitional cycling was unaltered from resting levels. Muscle oxygenated haemoglobin initially decreased (–23%) during ES cycling, but returned to resting levels after 10 min. Deoxygenated haemoglobin initially rose during the first 5 min of ES cycling, and remained elevated by 28% thereafter. Upon cessation of ES cycling, lower-limb muscle oxygenation increased (+93%), suggesting reactive hyperaemia in PARA individuals after such exercise. During ES cycling, muscle oxygenation followed a different pattern to that observed in AB individuals performing voluntary cycling at an equivalent VO2. Equilibrium between oxygen demand and oxygen delivery was reached during prolonged ES cycling, despite the lack of neural adjustments of leg vasculature in the paralyzed lower limbs.

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Delextrat, Anne, Thierry Bernard, Christophe Hausswirth, Fabrice Vercruyssen, and Jeanick Brisswalter. "Port de combinaison et depense energétique lors d'un enchaînement natation-cyclisme." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-026.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of swimming with a wetsuit on energy expenditure during subsequent cycling. Nine well-trained triathletes underwent three submaximal trials. The first trial (SC) consisted of a 750-m swim realised at a competition pace, followed by a 10-min cycling exercise at a power output corresponding to the ventilatory threshold +5%. The two other trials were composed of the same cycling exercise, preceded either by a 750-m swim with a wetsuit (WSC) or by a cycling warm-up (Ctrl). The main results are that the WSC trial was characterised by significantly lower swimming cadence (−14%), heart rate (−11%), and lactate values (−47%) compared to the SC trial, p < 0.05. Moreover, cycling efficiency was significantly higher in the WSC trial compared to the SC trial (12.1% difference, p < 0.05). The lower relative intensity observed during swimming with a wetsuit suggest the relative importance of swimming condition on the total performance in a sprint triathlon. Key words: triathlon, energy cost, cycling efficiency, locomotion

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Williams, Shanay T., Sally Vail, and Melissa M. Arcand. "Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Parent vs. Hybrid Canola under Varying Nitrogen Availabilities." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 2364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112364.

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Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for sustainable agriculture, especially in high-N-demanding crops such as canola (Brassica napus). While advancements in above-ground agronomic practices have improved NUE, research on soil and below-ground processes are limited. Plant NUE—and its components, N uptake efficiency (NUpE), and N utilization efficiency (NUtE)—can be further improved by exploring crop variety and soil N cycling. Canola parental genotypes (NAM-0 and NAM-17) and hybrids (H151857 and H151816) were grown on a dark brown chernozem in Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil and plant samples were collected at the 5–6 leaf stage and flowering, and seeds were collected at harvest maturity. Soil N cycling varied with phenotypic stage, with higher potential ammonium oxidation rates at the 5–6 leaf stage and higher urease activity at flowering. Seed N uptake was higher under higher urea-N rates, while the converse was true for NUE metrics. Hybrids had higher yield, seed N uptake, NUtE, and NUE, with higher NUE potentially owing to higher NUtE at flowering, which led to higher yield and seed N allocation. Soil N cycling and soil N concentrations correlated for improved canola NUE, revealing below-ground breeding targets. Future studies should consider multiple root characteristics, including rhizosphere microbial N cycling, root exudates, and root system architecture, to determine the below-ground dynamics of plant NUE.

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Komolafe, Wagih, Valavan, Ahmed, Stuikys, and Zaghari. "A Smart Cycling Platform for Textile-Based Sensing and Wireless Power Transfer in Smart Cities." Proceedings 32, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019032007.

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This paper proposes an integrated smart cycling system for assisted cycling, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer systems on a bicycle, an enabling platform for autonomous e-textiles-based sensing. The cyclist is assisted by a switched reluctance motor, which also acts as a switched reluctance generator that harvests a peak power of 7.5 W, at 10% efficiency during cycling to power on body sensors. To demonstrate wearable on-body sensing, a thin flexible CO2 gas sensor filament, which can be woven in fabric, is presented and evaluated. Wearable inductive resonant wireless power transfer (WPT) is achieved using textile embroidered coils on the bicycle’s handle and cycling gloves, achieving more than 80% WPT efficiency from the bicycle to the cyclist’s clothing, useful for powering mobile on-body sensors.

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