Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cycling efficiency

Academic literature on the topic 'Cycling efficiency'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cycling efficiency"

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Ettema, Gertjan, and Håvard Wuttudal Lorås. "Efficiency in cycling: a review." European Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 1 (February 20, 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1008-7.

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de Koning, J., D. Noordhof, A. Lucia, and C. Foster. "Factors Affecting Gross Efficiency in Cycling." International Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (June 15, 2012): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1306285.

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Murray, J. B., and R. Kram. "EFFICIENCY OF BELOW-KNEE AMPUTEE CYCLING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01766.

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H. HODGES, ALASTAIR N., BRENNA M. LYNN, JONATHAN E. BULA, MEGHAN G. DONALDSON, MARC O. DAGENAIS, and DONALD C. MCKENZIE. "Effects of Pseudoephedrine on Maximal Cycling Power and Submaximal Cycling Efficiency." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, no. 8 (August 2003): 1316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000078925.30346.f8.

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Moysi, Joaquin Sanchis, Jerónimo Carmelo Garcia-Romero, José Ramón Alvero-Cruz, Germán Vicente-Rodriguez, Ignacio Ara, Cecillia Dorado, and José A. L. Calbet. "Effects of Eccentric Exercise on Cycling Efficiency." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-119.

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The aim of this study was to find out whether the efficiency of concentric muscle contraction is impaired by eccentric squatting exercise. The study involved 25 male physical education students in two experiments. In the first experiment 14 subjects undertook cycling exercise at 65% [Formula: see text]max until exhaustion on two occasions. During the experimental condition their cycling was interrupted every 10 min so they could perform eccentric squatting exercise, whereas in the control condition they rested seated on the bike during the interruptions. Eccentric squatting consisted of 10 series of 25 reps with a load equivalent to 150% of the subject's body mass on the shoulders. During the first experiment gross efficiency decreased (mean ± SE) from 17.1 ± 0.3 to 16.0 ± 0.4%, and from 17.2 ± 0.3 to 16.5 ± 0.4%, between the 2nd and 9th cycling bouts of the experimental and control conditions, respectively (both p < 0.05). The reduction in cycling efficiency was similar in both conditions (p = 0.10). Blood lactate concentration [La] was higher during the experimental than in the control condition (p < 0.05), but substrate oxidation was similar. MVC was decreased similarly (25-28%) in both conditions. The 11 subjects participating in the second experiment undertook 25 reps of eccentric squatting exercise only, each with a load equivalent to 95% of his maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), repeated every 3 min until exhaustion. One hour after the end of the eccentric squatting exercise series cycling, [Formula: see text] and gross cycling efficiency were comparable to the values observed before the eccentric exercise. Both experimental protocols with eccentric exercise elicited similar muscle soreness 2 days later; however, at this time cycling efficiency was similar to that observed prior to eccentric exercise. The interposition of cycling exercise between the eccentric exercise bouts accelerated the recovery of MVC. We conclude that eccentric exercise does not alter or has only a marginal effect on gross cycling efficiency even in presence of marked muscle soreness. Key words: performance, fatigue, muscle soreness, lactate, triathlon
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Arkesteijn, M., J. Hopker, S. Jobson, and L. Passfield. "The Effect of Turbo Trainer Cycling on Pedalling Technique and Cycling Efficiency." International Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 06 (November 23, 2012): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1327658.

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Ericson, M., and R. Nisell. "Efficiency of Pedal Forces During Ergometer Cycling." International Journal of Sports Medicine 09, no. 02 (April 1988): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024991.

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Böning, Dieter, and Axel R. Pries. "Pitfalls of efficiency determination in cycling ergometry." Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 12 (December 15, 2013): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01021.2013.

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Reger, M., J. E. Peterman, R. Kram, and W. C. Byrnes. "Exercise efficiency of low power output cycling." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 23, no. 6 (March 29, 2012): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01448.x.

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Dünger, H. J., G. Hambitzer, and W. Lutter. "Lithium-cycling efficiency in inorganic electrolyte solution." Journal of Power Sources 44, no. 1-3 (April 1993): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(93)80181-n.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cycling efficiency"

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Hopker, James G. "An Investigation of efficiency within Cycling." Thesis, University of Kent, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504668.

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Zamparo, Paola. "Optimization and transmission efficiency in human locomotion." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251301.

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Harper, Sara Anne. "The influence of lateral foot displacement on cycling efficiency and maximal cycling power." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1394551229.

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Saunders, S. C. "The effect of body mass change on cycling efficiency." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/15091/.

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Cycling efficiency is a measure of the ability to convert stored energy into power, and is considered a key determinant of cycling performance. Cycling efficiency has recently been manipulated with various techniques, but most prominently with high intensity training in habitual cyclists and using calorie restriction in sedentary obese participants. It was therefore the primary aim of this thesis to explore the efficacy of utilising a short- and medium-term calorie restriction intervention, to manipulate efficiency with participants accustomed to cycling. A secondary aim was to investigate the validity of measuring efficiency in a field-based environment. Male club level cyclists were recruited for the investigations, which comprised of a moderate -500 kcal.day-1 deficit, utilising portion control and measuring efficiency at both absolute and relative steady-state intensities. Seventeen participants completed the short-term, two-week intervention which utilised a randomised cross-over design. Although a significant reduction in body mass was attained, RMR, gross and net efficiency across all intensities and TT power remained stable. Field and laboratory comparisons indicated that prior to statistical correction absolute efficiency was significantly lower in the field, but after accounting for differences in power, cadence and environmental conditions, no differences were present. Twenty-nine participants conducted the medium-term study and were assigned either to calorie restriction or to no dietary intervention. Following a reduction in mass in the calorie restriction group and an increase in the group given no dietary intervention, a significant interaction between mass and efficiency was found across gross and net efficiency workloads. A six week follow-up period indicated that the process of calorie restriction and not absolute body mass reduction was the main mechanism for altering efficiency. This thesis suggests that efficiency can be manipulated both positively and negatively with calorie manipulation, and that these changes are linked to both laboratory and field based performance.
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Wainright, Jesse Sumner. "Polypyrrole deposition and cycling efficiency: Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy studies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1056463837.

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Passfield, Louis. "Gross efficiency, maximal muscle function and cycling endurance exercise." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1998. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3148c501-f2df-4049-8a98-3a05b56af2ca.

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Prolonged moderate intensity cycle exercise is associated with a gradual and progressive reduction in gross efficiency (GE). It was speculated that this loss of GE might reflect a reduction in maximal muscle function and result in a parallel decline in aerobic performance. The effect of prolonged moderate intensity cycle exercise on maximal muscle function and anaerobic performance has not been clearly established. This thesis examined the impact of 1-2 h of cycling exercise at 60-65% maximal aerobic power in well-trained cyclists on subsequent changes in aerobic and anaerobic performance, GE and maximal muscle function.
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Li, Jing. "Duty Cycling for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1349110340.

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Vergara, Gallego Maria Isabel. "Smarter Radios for Energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENM020/document.

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Les contraintes présentes dans les réseaux de capteurs impliquent l'introduction de techniques d'optimisation à différents niveaux de conception : du matériel au logiciel et dans la pile de communication. En effet, le déploiement des réseaux de capteurs, à faible consommation énergétique, exige une conception conjointe du matériel et du logiciel adaptée à l'application visée. Étant donné la nature évènementielle et multitâche des applications dans les réseaux de capteurs, nous pourrions penser à rajouter différentes unités de traitement qui coopèrent pour gérer les évènements et les tâches de manière optimale. Ainsi, la complexité des tâches accomplies par le processeur principal peut être réduite, ce qui contribue à atteindre l'efficacité énergétique. Dans cette thèse nous étudions un ensemble de protocoles qui facilitent l'implémentation des smart radios. L'idée principale des smart radios est l'introduction de l'intelligence dans la puce radio de manière à ce qu'elle soit capable de prendre des décisions ainsi que d'exécuter plusieurs tâches de manière autonome et sans l'intervention du processeur principal. Cette dernière sera responsable du bootstrap du réseau et, après qu'un état stable est atteint, le processeur peut rester inactif la plupart du temps, alors que la puce radio continue à fournir un ensemble de services. Le protocole proposé est appelé Wake on Idle et il fournit la maintenance de voisinage intégrée avec une méthode d'accès au canal. Ces services sont basés sur des transmissions analogiques qui sont codées dans le temps. De cette manière, dès que le réseau entre dans l'état stable (c.à.d. la topologie est formée et les noeuds sont associés et synchronisés), le traitement numérique de trames n'est pas nécessaire. Puisque Wake on Idle est basé sur des informations de bas niveau, il peut être facilement intégré dans la puce radio et fonctionner comme un coprocesseur qui fournit des services de haut niveau au processeur principal, comme la maintenance du voisinage et l'accès au canal. Grâce à une analyse théorique et une implémentation préliminaire, nous démontrons la faisabilité du protocole et nous montrons plusieurs caractéristiques intéressantes qui aident à atteindre l'efficacité énergétique et de bonnes performances. Ensuite, nous exploitons la signalisation analogique afin d'optimiser le duty-cycle des protocoles d'accès au canal existants. Nous proposons également un mécanisme appelé Sleep on Idle qui est basé sur l'échange de signaux analogiques ou busy tones. Sleep on Idle peut être intégré dans la radio et il peut décider quand le processeur doit être réveillé. Enfin, nous avons intégré le mécanisme de notification dans le standard IEEE802.15.4 et nous avons évalué ce mécanisme par des simulations et expérimentations. Les résultats montrent un gain important en termes de consommation en énergie et de réactivité du réseau
The constraints of Wireless Sensor Networks scenarios require the introduction of optimization techniques at different design levels: from the hardware to the software and communication protocol stack. In fact, the design of energy efficient WSNs involves an appropriate hardware/software co-design oriented to the concerned application. Given the event driven and multitasking nature of WSNs applications, one could think of adding different processing units that cooperate to manage events and tasks in an optimal way. Then, the complexity of tasks performed by the main processing unit can be reduced and energy efficiency can be achieved. In this PhD thesis we study protocols that leverage the implementation of smart radios. The idea of smart radios is introducing intelligence into the radio chip; in this way, it will be able to take decisions and perform several tasks in an autonomous way and without any intervention of the main processing unit. The processing unit will be in charge of bootstrapping the network and, after a stable state is reached, it can remain inactive most of the time while the radio chip provides a given set of services. The proposed protocol is called Wake on Idle and it provides integrated neighborhood maintenance and low duty-cycle medium access control. These services are provided based on analog transmissions that are time encoded; then, as soon as the network enters the stable state (i.e. the topology is formed and nodes are associated and synchronized) digital processing of frames is not needed. Since it relies on low-level information, Wake on Idle can be easily implemented on hardware and integrated into the radio chip; then, it works as a coprocessor that provides high-level services (i.e. neighborhood maintenance and medium access) to the main processing unit. Through theoretical analysis and a preliminary implementation we demonstrate the feasibility of the protocol and we show several interesting characteristics that help achieving energy efficiency and good performance. Then, we further exploit analog signaling to optimize duty cycle of existing medium access control protocols. We propose a mechanism called Sleep on Idle and it is based on the exchange of analog busy tones. Sleep on Idle can also be integrated into the smart radio to take decisions about whether the main processing unit has to be woken up. We apply the decision mechanism to the slotted ieee802.15.4 standard and validate it through simulations and experimentations. The results show an important gain in terms of energy consumption and network reactivity
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Leib, Daniel J. "The effects of cleat placement of muscle mechanics and metabolic efficiency in prolonged sub-maximal cycling." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1427389.

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This study quantified the changes in pedaling mechanics and energy expenditure accompanying a posterior shift in cleat placement during prolonged cycling. Six male competitive cyclists participated. Each subject was asked to complete two separate hour long rides using traditional cleat placement and a novel heel placement, respectively. Expired gasses, kinematics, and EMG from 7 lower limb muscles were collected at three time intervals during each ride. No significant difference in O2 utilization was seen (p=0.905). A significant difference was seen in sagittal plane knee angle (p=0.008) and angular velocity (p=0.003) in the heel condition, demonstrating a more extended knee and lower peaks in angular velocity. Musculo-tendon kinematic data showed no differences. Tibialis anterior (TA) iEMG was higher in the heel condition, and SOL and TA showed differences in timing between conditions. These results demonstrate changes in ankling patterns and knee joint kinematics as adaptations to heel pedaling.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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O'Hara, Christiane Rose. "Effects of chainring design on performance in competitive cyclists." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/625.

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The development of noncircular chainrings to improve cycling performance has been in progress since the 1980’s and continues apace. The aim of this study was to compare performance time and physiological responses in cycling using a standard circular chainring versus a noncircular chainring developed in 2005: the Rotor Q-Ring. Eight competitive male cyclists were pre-tested using the original circular chainrings and also on the initial week of testing. The intervention consisted of cycling with Rotor Q-Rings for four weeks. Post-testing occurred with the original chainrings for the final week of testing. Testing consisted of a maximal or submaximal graded exercise test followed by a 1 k time trial. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide output, heart rate, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, and perceived exertion were continuously measured during the tests. Blood lactate concentration was measured during the last 30 s of each three minute stage. Five minutes after the submaximal test, participants performed an “all out” 1 k trial for time as well as maximum and average power. The main findings were: 1) Participants were on average 1.6 seconds faster in the 1 k time trial with Rotor Q-Rings compared to a circular chainrings. 2) There was a significant increase in average power (26.7 watts) and average speed (0.7 kph) during the 1 k time trial with Rotor Q-Rings. 3) Oxygen consumption (during weeks 2-4) and heart rate (weeks 1-3) were significantly lower with Rotor Q-Rings during submaximal testing when compared to circular chainrings. However, in contrast to our hypotheses no benefits were observed for other submaximal dependent measures (i.e., CO2, VE, RER, RPE, GE, DE, and lactate).
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Books on the topic "Cycling efficiency"

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Hagerman, Gene R. Efficiency cycling. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.

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McComb, Stephen James. Cycling efficiency training software (Project Lance). [s.l: The Author], 2004.

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Gasperoni, Franco. Efficient algorithms for cyclic scheduling. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1991.

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Miller, Robert T. Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency: Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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The effect of transverse pedal spacing on cycling efficiency. 1992.

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The effect of induced cardiac-locomotor coupling on metabolic efficiency as measured on a bicycle ergometer. 1991.

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The effect of induced cardiac-locomotor coupling on metabolic efficiency as measured on a bicycle ergometer. 1990.

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United States. Federal Highway Administration, ed. Bicycle and pedestrian provisions under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991: A summary. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1993.

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Rau, Jochen. Processes and Responses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595068.003.0007.

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Thermodynamic processes involve energy exchanges in the forms of work, heat, or particles. Such exchanges might be reversible or irreversible, and they might be controlled by barriers or reservoirs. A cyclic process takes a system through several states and eventually back to its initial state; it may convert heat into work (engine) or vice versa (heat pump). This chapter defines work and heat mathematically and investigates their respective properties, in particular their impact on entropy. It discusses the roles of barriers and reservoirs and introduces cyclic processes. Basic constraints imposed by the laws of thermodynamics are considered, in particular on the efficiency of a heat engine. The chapter also introduces the thermodynamic potentials: free energy, enthalpy, free enthalpy, and grand potential. These are used to describe energy exchanges and equilibrium in the presence of reservoirs. Finally, this chapter considers thermodynamic coefficients which characterize the response of a system to heating, compression, and other external actions.
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Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota: Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency. [St. Paul, Minn.]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cycling efficiency"

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De Bruyne, Guido, Jean-Marie Aerts, and Daniel Berckmans. "Efficiency of Cycling Pads in Reducing Seat Pressure During Cycling." In Advances in Ergonomics in Design, 38–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94706-8_5.

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Rana, Bharti, and Yashwant Singh. "Duty-Cycling Techniques in IoT: Energy-Efficiency Perspective." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 505–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8248-3_42.

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Pilbeam, C. J., A. M. McNeill, D. Court, H. C. Harris, and R. S. Swift. "Efficiency of fertilizer use by a rain-fed wheat crop following split-application of fertilizer nitrogen." In Progress in Nitrogen Cycling Studies, 251–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5450-5_42.

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Sargeant, Anthony J., and Arno C. H. J. Rademaker. "Human Muscle Fibre Types and Mechanical Efficiency During Cycling." In The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Exercise Tolerance, 247–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5887-3_36.

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Thorup, Nils. "Environmental Impact Assessment (LCA) Energy and Re-cycling for a Circulator." In Energy Efficiency Improvements in Electronic Motors and Drives, 285–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59785-5_24.

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Galkovskaya, Galina A., and Vadim V. Arapov. "Spatial structure and ecological efficiency in the summer zooplankton of a glacial lake." In Eutrophication in Planktonic Ecosystems: Food Web Dynamics and Elemental Cycling, 303–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1493-8_25.

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Bibbo, D., S. Conforto, I. Bernabucci, M. Schmid, and T. D’Alessio. "A wireless integrated system to evaluate efficiency indexes in real time during cycling." In IFMBE Proceedings, 89–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89208-3_23.

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Vymazal, Jan. "Does the Presence of Weedy Species Affect the Treatment Efficiency in Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Subsurface Flow?" In The Role of Natural and Constructed Wetlands in Nutrient Cycling and Retention on the Landscape, 315–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08177-9_21.

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Saurer, Matthias, and Steve Voelker. "Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency Derived from Stable Carbon Isotopes of Tree-Rings." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 481–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_17.

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AbstractStable carbon isotopes in tree-rings are not only useful to derive climatic information of the past. Based on the isotope fractionations during uptake and fixation of CO2, physiological information can be retrieved, namely the ratio of assimilation to stomatal conductance, which is termed the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). This crucial plant physiological trait varies among species and environments and is characteristic of how much water is lost from leaves for a certain carbon gain. iWUE is of great importance at the scale of individual plants because it can determine plant performance and survival. iWUE also contributes how closely canopy- or ecosystem-scale carbon and water fluxes are coupled or divergent, which has implications for understanding biogeochemical cycling. Carbon isotopes in tree-rings can be used to estimate how iWUE of trees has changed in the past, e.g. due to increasing CO2, nitrogen or other factors. Accordingly, many applications have explored this tool for various forest ecosystems across the globe, often reporting a strong increase in iWUE over the twentieth century. Explicit comparisons of tree-ring iWUE to growth-data obtained from the same rings can help distinguish among strategies plants employ under various environmental impacts, like increasing CO2, light limitation, drought or too much water. In this chapter, we describe the theory behind iWUE, show some limitations of the method, give examples of the combined application of iWUE and tree-ring width, discuss photosynthetic limitations of iWUE and finally show how the method has been applied in large-scale tree-ring networks.
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Volenec, Jeffrey J., Sylvie M. Brouder, and T. Scott Murrell. "Broadening the Objectives of Future Potassium Recommendations." In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 385–415. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_14.

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AbstractPotassium (K) fertilizer recommendations for annual crops in the USA are generally founded in soil test results. The goal of this chapter is to highlight additional plant-related traits that may impact crop responses to K fertilization. This includes the role of tissue testing, the influence of luxury consumption, genetic improvement of K use efficiency, genotype × environment × management interactions on K uptake and yield, response to foliar K fertilization, intraplant K cycling, fungal associations and K uptake, the influence of K on crop quality, and the role of K in abiotic stress tolerance. Recognizing the potential role of these plant factors may help reconcile response inconsistencies based solely on soil test information, and improve future K recommendations. Finally, we hope to highlight knowledge gaps and opportunities for additional integrated soil–plant K research.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cycling efficiency"

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Kolbikov, Sergey Valentine. "Gas-Condensate Recovery For The Low Permeable Sands, Gas Cycling Efficiency." In SPE Russian Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/136380-ms.

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Secco, R. A. "Load cycling and pressure efficiency in a large volume cubic press." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46389.

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Kolbikov, Sergey Valentine. "Gas-Condensate Recovery For The Low Permeable Sands, Gas Cycling Efficiency (Russian)." In SPE Russian Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/136380-ru.

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Beaudaux, Julien, Antoine Gallais, and Thomas Noel. "Localized MAC duty-cycling adaptations for global energy-efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks." In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2013.6755046.

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Fulton, Alexander B., Genevieve M. Lipp, Jeffrey D. Reid, and Brian P. Mann. "Cycling Aerodynamics: The Effect of Rider Position on Aerodynamic Drag." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63488.

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Competitive cyclists seek to maximize their efficiency by minimizing the influence of resistive forces. At the high speeds maintained during competition, aerodynamic drag is the primary resistive force. This paper investigates the influence of a cyclist’s body position using models of aerodynamic drag and elucidates the time benefit of various body positions. Mathematical models from prior work, which use cyclist mass and body position angles, have been used to determine the projected frontal area of a cyclist and the aerodynamic drag. Graphical representation of the non-linear relationship between aerodynamic drag and an increasing velocity are also provided. Finally, simulations are produced for a 40 km time trial course, and the results indicate a maximum performance increase of 20.71% due entirely to rider body position when exerting 400 W. We conclude aerodynamic efficiency is crucial in competitive cycling, and its significant correlation with rider body position should not be ignored.
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Chen, Yi, Vojtěch Šíma, Weiyang Lin, Jeff Sterniak, and Stanislav V. Bohac. "Lean HCCI/Rich SACI Gasoline Combustion Cycling and Three-Way Catalyst for Fuel Efficiency and NOx Reduction." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5592.

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Multi-mode combustion (MMC) concepts using homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) gasoline combustion at low loads and spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) gasoline combustion at medium loads have the potential for improved fuel efficiency relative to spark ignition (SI) gasoline combustion. Two MMC concepts are compared in this paper with respect to fuel efficiency and tailpipe NOx emissions. The first concept uses stoichiometric HCCI and SACI to allow standard three-way catalyst (TWC) operation. The second concept also uses HCCI and SACI, but cycles between lean and rich combustion and uses a TWC with increased oxygen storage capacity (OSC) for potentially even greater fuel efficiency improvement. This paper performs a preliminary comparison of the two MMC concepts by analyzing two scenarios: 1) cycling between stoichiometric HCCI at 2 bar BMEP (brake mean effective pressure) and stoichiometric SACI at 3 bar BMEP, and 2) cycling between lean HCCI at 2 bar BMEP and rich SACI at 3 bar BMEP. The effects of excess oxygen ratio during HCCI operation and the frequency of oxygen depletion events on TWC performance and fuel efficiency are investigated. Results show that MMC lean/rich cycling can achieve better fuel efficiency than stoichiometric HCCI/SACI cycling. NOx emissions are moderately higher, but may still be low enough to meet current and future emission regulations.
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Kawai, Hiroyuki, Matthew J. Bellman, Ryan J. Downey, and Warren E. Dixon. "Tracking control for FES-cycling based on force direction efficiency with antagonistic bi-articular muscles." In 2014 American Control Conference - ACC 2014. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2014.6859197.

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Taira, Hirotoshi, Takashi Sato, Takao Kakizaki, and Masahito Oguma. "Enhanced Ground Source Heat Pump System With Thermal Storage System." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7330.

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The short-cycling operation of a heat pump decreases energy consumption efficiency. Short-cycling operations of GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump System) occur when the ON / OFF control of a heat pump is used a partial load condition. It is considered effective that GSHP with capacity controls installs to suppress short-cycling operations. However, there is no report on any continuous operations by capacity control GSHP in actual operations. We confirmed that GSHP (water to water) with capacity control operates short-cycling in the residence. Short-cycling operations were occurred a sudden load fluctuation due to opening or closing of the valves. We conducted effective verification experiments of the thermal storage device at the artificial heat load fluctuations condition. When the thermal storage device installed upstream brine circulation line of the heat pump with the capacity control, continuous operations are performed. It was under the condition at the heating heat load of 5 kW is turned ON / OFF every 20 minutes. In this case, energy consumption efficiency of a heat pump is 13% higher than the efficiency without the thermal storage device.
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Layton, Astrid, John Reap, and Bert Bras. "A Correlation Between Thermal Efficiency and Biological Network Cyclicity." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54787.

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This article investigates a correlation between the thermal efficiency of ideal power cycles and a structural measure of the degree of interactions in networks known as cyclicity. Efficient design of networks that reuse materials and energy motivates the work. Corporate “take-back” plans, multi-company industrial symbioses and public recycling programs recover products, components and materials using partially closed loop networks. As resources become scarcer and more expensive, the prevalence of these networks is likely to increase, and the importance of designing efficient networks grows. Multiple structural and material flow metrics that one might use to aid network design exist. One novel approach to network design involves patterning industrial networks on ecological ones. This latter idea lays at the heart of industrial symbiosis efforts. However, neither the materials metric approach nor the bioinspired ecological patterns approach stands upon a strong theoretical base. As a test of both approaches, this work uses a structural cycling metric, cyclicity, previously used to quantify patterns in ecosystems, to quantify energy flow in ideal thermodynamic cycles. The objective is not to learn about thermodynamic cycles. Rather, the intent of the comparison is to reveal whether trends in network structure as given by cyclicity relate to the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Familiar ideal power cycles are first redrawn as energy flow networks. Cyclicity values are then calculated for these networks. A comparison shows that thermal efficiency increases with increasing cyclicity for fixed source and sink temperatures within a cycle. This results from the practice of adding cyclical energy paths (i.e. a regenerator) to an ideal power cycle, to increase thermal efficiency. The remainder of the article comments on the potential ramifications of this finding for the design of cycling industrial networks.
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Chen, Chienchih, Jeffrey C. Suhling, and Pradeep Lall. "Improved Approaches for FEA Analyses of PBGA Packages Subjected to Thermal Cycling." In ASME 2018 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2018-8398.

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The study of solder joint reliability is one of the priority issues in electronic packaging. Solder alloys experience a highly nonlinear material behavior when subject to thermal cycling. It is a time consuming and difficult task to study the behavior of solder joints using experimental approaches. Finite element analysis provides a more efficient way to better understand the behavior of solder joints when accurate material models are available. With the developments of FEA algorithms and computer resources, the analysis approaches used for electronic packaging assemblies have evolved from 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional analyses, with far fewer assumptions needed in the fully 3D case. In this paper, we compare different FEA approaches covering various 2D and 3D modeling techniques to understand their advantages and drawbacks, especially as related to simulation accuracy and efficiency. Several models for a typical BGA assembly were prepared and analyzed including traditional mesh continuity models (2D slice model, 3D slice model, and 3D quarter model), as well as advanced models that employ Multi-Point Constraints (MPCs) and submodeling (global/local models). The Anand viscoplastic model was used for the solder joint material behavior in all of the FEA approaches. For the 3D mesh continuity models, an optimal analysis approach has been proposed to achieve the best balance between the accuracy of the simulation result and numerical efficiency of the simulation. Mesh transitions were used to maintain mesh continuity between regions of different mesh densities. A best choice of load step size was also found to reduce overall simulation time. For the analysis using MPCs to to bond different meshes, two improved modeling strategies have been proposed including a suggested ratio of contacting elements and the use of multiple-MPC contact pairs to reduce overall mesh density of the FE model. An improved simulation simulation strategy using submodeling has also been developed to obtain the best compromise in the global and local models between the mesh quality and load step size. An improved geometric simplification of the solder joint for use with energy based fatigue criteria was developed. Finally, comparisons and suggestions were made for the best analysis approach when using FEA techniques to predict the behavior of solder joints in PBGA packages.
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Reports on the topic "Cycling efficiency"

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Slane, Steven. Measurement of Lithium Cycling Efficiency in Organic Electrolytes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237632.

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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Noam Meiri. Development of Strategic Pre-Natal Cycling Thermal Treatments to Improve Livability and Productivity of Heavy Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593395.bard.

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The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and live performance led to the following hypothesis: Appropriate comprehensive incubation treatments that include significant temperature management changes will promote angiogenesis and will improve acquisition of thermotolerance and carcass quality of heavy broilers through epigenetic adaptation. It was based on the following questions: 1. Can TM during embryogenesis of broilers induce a longer-lasting thermoregulatory memory (up to marketing age of 10 wk) that will improve acquisition of thermotolerance as well as increased breast meat yield in heavy broilers? 2. The improved sensible heat loss (SHL) suggests an improved peripheral vasodilation process. Does elevated temperature during incubation affect vasculogenesis and angiogenesis processes in the chick embryo? Will such create subsequent advantages for heavy broilers coping with adverse hot conditions? 3. What are the changes that occur in the PO/AH that induce the changes in the threshold response for heat production/heat loss based on the concept of epigenetic temperature adaptation? The original objectives of this study were as follow: a. to assess the improvement of thermotolerance efficiency and carcass quality of heavy broilers (~4 kg); b. toimproveperipheral vascularization and angiogenesis that improve sensible heat loss (SHL); c. to study the changes in the PO/AH thermoregulatory response for heat production/losscaused by modulating incubation temperature. To reach the goals: a. the effect of TM on performance and thermotolerance of broilers reared to 10 wk of age was studied. b. the effect of preincubation heating with an elevated temperature during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation in the presence of modified fresh air flow coupled with changes in turning frequency was elucidated; c.the effect of elevated temperature on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis was determined using in ovo and whole embryo chick culture as well as HIF-1α VEGF-α2 VEGF-R, FGF-2, and Gelatinase A (MMP2) gene expression. The effects on peripheral blood system of post-hatch chicks was determined with an infrared thermal imaging technique; c. the expression of BDNF was determined during the development of the thermal control set-point in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” Recently, Piestunet al. (2008) demonstrated for the first time that TM (an elevated incubation temperature of 39.5°C for 12 h/d from E7 to E16) during the development/maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroid axis (thermoregulation) and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis (stress) significantly improved the thermotolerance and performance of broilers at 35 d of age. These phenomena raised two questions that were addressed in this project: 1. was it possible to detect changes leading to the determination of the “set point”; 2. Did TM have a similar long lasting effect (up to 70 d of age)? 3. Did other TM combinations (pre-heating and heating during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation) coupled with changes in turning frequency have any performance effect? The improved thermotolerance resulted mainly from an efficient capacity to reduce heat production and the level of stress that coincided with an increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2008; 2009). The increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2009) suggested an additional positive effect of TM on vasculogenesis and angiogensis. 4. In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of the chorioallantoic membrane development was thought to increase vasculogenesis and angiogenesis providing better vasodilatation and by that SHL post-hatch.
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Muelaner, Jody. The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization. SAE International, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022se1.

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A narrow focus on electrification and elimination of tailpipe emissions is unlikely to achieve decarbonization objectives. Renewable power generation is unlikely to keep up with increased demand for electricity. A focus on tailpipe emissions ignores the significant particulate pollution that “zero emission” vehicles still cause. It is therefore vital that energy efficiency is improved. Active travel is the key to green economic growth, clean cities, and unlocking the energy saving potential of public transport. The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization reviews the urgent need to prioritize active travel infrastructure, create compelling mass-market cycling options, and switch to hybrid powertrains and catenary electrification for long-haul heavy trucks. The report also warns of the potential increase in miles travelled with the advent of personal automated vehicles as well as the pitfalls of fossil-fuel derived hydrogen power.
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Wang, Chih-Hao, and Na Chen. Do Multi-Use-Path Accessibility and Clustering Effect Play a Role in Residents' Choice of Walking and Cycling? Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2011.

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The transportation studies literature recognizes the relationship between accessibility and active travel. However, there is limited research on the specific impact of walking and cycling accessibility to multi-use paths on active travel behavior. Combined with the culture of automobile dependency in the US, this knowledge gap has been making it difficult for policy-makers to encourage walking and cycling mode choices, highlighting the need to promote a walking and cycling culture in cities. In this case, a clustering effect (“you bike, I bike”) can be used as leverage to initiate such a trend. This project contributes to the literature as one of the few published research projects that considers all typical categories of explanatory variables (individual and household socioeconomics, local built environment features, and travel and residential choice attitudes) as well as two new variables (accessibility to multi-use paths calculated by ArcGIS and a clustering effect represented by spatial autocorrelation) at two levels (level 1: binary choice of cycling/waking; level 2: cycling/walking time if yes at level 1) to better understand active travel demand. We use data from the 2012 Utah Travel Survey. At the first level, we use a spatial probit model to identify whether and why Salt Lake City residents walked or cycled. The second level is the development of a spatial autoregressive model for walkers and cyclists to examine what factors affect their travel time when using walking or cycling modes. The results from both levels, obtained while controlling for individual, attitudinal, and built-environment variables, show that accessibility to multi-use paths and a clustering effect (spatial autocorrelation) influence active travel behavior in different ways. Specifically, a cyclist is likely to cycle more when seeing more cyclists around. These findings provide analytical evidence to decision-makers for efficiently evaluating and deciding between plans and policies to enhance active transportation based on the two modeling approaches to assessing travel behavior described above.
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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.

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We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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Abhijit Dandekar, Shirish Patil, and Santanu Khataniar. Characterization and Alteration of Wettability States of Alaskan Reserviors to Improve Oil Recovery Efficiency (including the within-scope expansion based on Cyclic Water Injection - a pulsed waterflood for Enhanced Oil Recovery). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/963360.

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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.
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NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF RING-BEAM CONNECTION TO GANGUE CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBULAR COLUMNS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.4.7.

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As a promising composite structure, gangue concrete filled steel tubular (GCFST) column exhibites favarable characteristics including high strength and economic efficiency. This paper conducted numerical investiagations on structural behavior of a ring-beam connection to GCFST column with concrete beam under cyclic loading. Furthermore, finite element models of column-beam connections were developed using ABAQUS and validated against full-scale experimental tests to identify accuracy of selected modeling approaches. Using these validated models, stress distribution of each component was examined to study the force-transferring mechanism among the components and failure modes of the ring-beam connection. Research study indicated that the ring-beam connection showed a reasonable force-transferring mechanism under cyclic loading and the remarkable earthquake-resistant performance with high capacity and acceptable ductility. Finally, parametric studies were performed to assess the influences of beam-to-column stiffness ratio,steel ratio, axial load level, and concrete compressive strength on connection cyclic behaviors. Parametric studies provided some suggestions and references for the application of the ring-beam connection in various engineering projects.
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Effect of Spark Discharge Duration and Timing on the Combustion Initiation in a Lean Burn SI Engine. SAE International, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0478.

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Meeting the increasingly stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards is the primary objective of the automotive research. Lean/diluted combustion is a promising avenue to realize high-efficiency combustion and reduce emissions in SI engines. Under the diluted conditions, the flame propagation speed is reduced because of the reduced charge reactivity. Enhancing the in-cylinder charge motion and turbulence, and thereby increasing the flame speed, is a possible way to harness the combustion process in SI engines. However, the charge motion can have a significant effect on the spark ignition process because of the reduced discharge duration and frequent restrikes. A longer discharge duration can aid in the formation of the self-sustained flame kernel and subsequent stable ignition. Therefore, an empirical study is undertaken to investigate the effect of the discharge duration and ignition timing on the ignition and early combustion in a port fueled SI engine, operated under lean conditions. The discharge duration is modulated from 1 ms to 8 ms through a continuous discharge strategy. The discharge current and voltage measurements are recorded during the engine operation to characterize the discharge process. The in-cylinder charge is diluted using fresh air to achieve lean combustion. The in-cylinder pressure measurement and heat release analysis are used to investigate the ignition and combustion characteristics of the engine. Preliminary results indicate that while the discharge duration has a marginal effect on the ignition delay, cyclic variations are notably impacted.
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