Academic literature on the topic 'Cyclic temporal data'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cyclic temporal data"
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Phillips, Josh. "Cyclic tense: Discontinuous temporal reference in Djambarrpuyŋu." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 1 (December 29, 2022): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v1i0.5408.
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This paper presents a formal proposal for the semantics of Djambarrpuyŋu tense and temporal reference in Djambarrpuyŋu, a Yolŋu (Pama-Nyungan) variety spoken in northern Australia. On the basis of novel data, elicited in the field, it comprises the first formal treatment of “cyclic tense” phenomena, where formal devices encoding temporal remoteness are ostensibly “recycled” and posits a hypothesis about the diachronic development of cyclic tense systems.
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GAO, CHUNMING, CHANGHUI LI, GUANGHUA TAN, SONGRUI GUO, and KE XIAO. "ADAPTIVE SEGMENTATION APPROACH FOR HUMAN ACTION DATA." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 28, no. 08 (December 2014): 1455012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800141455012x.
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Temporal segmentation of human motion data is an essential preparation process for action recognition. Due to the variability in the temporal scale of human action and the complexity of representing articulated motion, the research of it encounters many difficulties. Especially, when the number of behaviors contained in the motion sequences is unknown in advance, traditional algorithms cannot segment sequences successfully. In this paper, we extend previous works on change-points detection by probabilistic principle component analysis (PPCA). Based on it, an algorithm which is an extension of PCA and Maximum Mean Discrepancy between samples is proposed for estimating the cluster number. Finally, we optimize our approach and detect cyclic units of each action by aligned cluster analysis. We evaluate and compare the approach with the state-of-the-art methods on Synthetic data, Motion Capture Dataset and Kinect data. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
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De León-Lomelí, R., J. S. Murguía, I. Chouvarda, M. O. Méndez, E. González-Galván, and A. Alba. "Scaling analysis of heart beat fluctuations data and its relationship with cyclic alternating pattern data during sleep." International Journal of Modern Physics C 27, no. 07 (May 24, 2016): 1650071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183116500716.
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During sleep there exists a nonlinear dynamic phenomenon, which is called cyclic alternating pattern. This phenomenon is generated in the brain and is composed of a series of events of short duration known as A-phases. It has been shown that A-phases can be found in other physiological systems such as the cardiovascular. However, there is no evidence that shows the temporal influence of the A-phases with the cardiovascular system. For this purpose, we consider the scaling method known as detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). The analysis was carried out in well sleepers and insomnia people, and the numerical results show an increment in the scaling parameter for the insomnia subjects compared with the normal ones. In addition, the results of the heart dynamics suggests a persistent behavior toward the [Formula: see text]-noise.
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Lai, Michael W., Nathan Chow, Antonio Checco, Balvir Kunar, David Redmond, Shahin Rafii, and Sina Y. Rabbany. "Systems Biology Analysis of Temporal Dynamics That Govern Endothelial Response to Cyclic Stretch." Biomolecules 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121837.
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Endothelial cells in vivo are subjected to a wide array of mechanical stimuli, such as cyclic stretch. Notably, a 10% stretch is associated with an atheroprotective endothelial phenotype, while a 20% stretch is associated with an atheroprone endothelial phenotype. Here, a systems biology-based approach is used to present a comprehensive overview of the functional responses and molecular regulatory networks that characterize the transition from an atheroprotective to an atheroprone phenotype in response to cyclic stretch. Using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we determined the role of the equibiaxial cyclic stretch in vitro, with changes to the radius of the magnitudes of 10% and 20%, which are representative of physiological and pathological strain, respectively. Following the transcriptome analysis of next-generation sequencing data, we identified four key endothelial responses to pathological cyclic stretch: cell cycle regulation, inflammatory response, fatty acid metabolism, and mTOR signaling, driven by a regulatory network of eight transcription factors. Our study highlights the dynamic regulation of several key stretch-sensitive endothelial functions relevant to the induction of an atheroprone versus an atheroprotective phenotype and lays the foundation for further investigation into the mechanisms governing vascular pathology. This study has significant implications for the development of treatment modalities for vascular disease.
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Chalyi, Serhii, Volodymyr Leshchynskyi, and Irina Leshchynska. "METHOD OF FORMING RECOMMENDATIONS USING TEMPORAL CONSTRAINTS IN A SITUATION OF CYCLIC COLD START OF THE RECOMMENDER SYSTEM." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 31, 2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2019.00952.
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The problem of the formation of the recommended list of items in the situation of cyclic cold start of the recommendation system is considered. This problem occurs when building recommendations for occasional users. The interests of such consumers change significantly over time. These users are considered “cold” when accessing the recommendation system. A method for building recommendations in a cyclical cold start situation using temporal constraints is proposed. Temporal constraints are formed on the basis of the selection of repetitive pairs of actions for choosing the same objects at a given level of time granulation. Input data is represented by a set of user choice records. For each entry, a time stamp is indicated. The method includes the phases of the formation of temporal constraints, the addition of source data using these constraints, as well as the formation of recommendations using the collaborative filtering algorithm. The proposed method makes it possible, with the help of temporal constraints, to improve the accuracy of recommendations for “cold” users with periodic changes in their interests.
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Panzhin, Andrei, and Nataliia Panzhina. "Applying primary data from permanent stations for geodynamic zoning." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-1-54-62.
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Introduction. The article focuses on present-day geodynamic motion in order to carry out geodynamic zoning of territories. Geodynamic monitoring may be both regional, for instance, of the Russian Federation, Ural region, geological rock mass, and it may also be local, i.e. covering a deposit and enclosing rock mass. Permanent stations of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have been used as a source of data for deformation monitoring. Methodology included the method of visualizing geodynamic motions according to the results of cyclic geodetic measurements which makes it possible to single out active geological structures, blocks, and tectonic faults on reasonable grounds. Results. It has been shown that it is advisable to use not modules of observation station displacement vector values but their velocities reduced to an annual cycle as a key source of information on geodynamic motion at large spatial-temporal bases. It has been indicated that an important characteristic of geodynamic motion vector field is divergence which characterizes the degree of convergence or divergence of a vector flux. Summary. Basic theses have been identified of the method of present-day geodynamic motions monitoring and visualization in the form of a vector field according to the results of cyclic geodetic measurements. Based on experimental data, it has been determined that the present-day geodynamic motion is vortical being the indicator of active tectonic faulting.
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de Mello Gallep, Cristiano, and Daniel Robert. "Are cyclic plant and animal behaviours driven by gravimetric mechanical forces?" Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 1093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab462.
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Abstract The celestial mechanics of the Sun, Moon, and Earth dominate the variations in gravitational force that all matter, live or inert, experiences on Earth. Expressed as gravimetric tides, these variations are pervasive and have forever been part of the physical ecology with which organisms evolved. Here, we first offer a brief review of previously proposed explanations that gravimetric tides constitute a tangible and potent force shaping the rhythmic activities of organisms. Through meta-analysis, we then interrogate data from three study cases and show the close association between the omnipresent gravimetric tides and cyclic activity. As exemplified by free-running cyclic locomotor activity in isopods, reproductive effort in coral, and modulation of growth in seedlings, biological rhythms coincide with temporal patterns of the local gravimetric tide. These data reveal that, in the presumed absence of rhythmic cues such as light and temperature, local gravimetric tide is sufficient to entrain cyclic behaviour. The present evidence thus questions the phenomenological significance of so-called free-run experiments.
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Roche, J. R., L. R. Turner, J. M. Lee, D. C. Edmeades, D. J. Donaghy, K. A. Macdonald, J. W. Penno, and D. P. Berry. "Weather, herbage quality and milk production in pastoral systems. 2. Temporal patterns and intra-relationships in herbage quality and mineral concentration parameters." Animal Production Science 49, no. 3 (2009): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07308.
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Prevailing weather conditions influence herbage growth and quality, and therefore may have a substantial impact on animal production. Before investigating relationships between weather factors, herbage quality, and animal production, it is beneficial to first quantify temporal trends in herbage quality characteristics and mineral concentrations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the existence of temporal trends in herbage quality characteristics and mineral concentrations, and to quantify the intra-dependency among these variables. Weekly herbage quality and mineral concentration data from a research farm were collected from 1995 to 2001, inclusive. Fitted sinusoidal functions demonstrated cyclic temporal trends across herbage quality variables, but there was little cyclic temporal variation in the majority of herbage mineral concentration variables. The repeatability of herbage quality measurements was low to moderate (22% for ether extract to 54% for metabolisable energy). Linear relationships were observed within all herbage quality variables and herbage mineral concentration variables. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre concentrations were strongly positively correlated with each other (r = 0.87), and negatively correlated with herbage digestibility (r = –0.64 and –0.74, respectively), water-soluble carbohydrate concentration (r = –0.52 and –0.68, respectively) and metabolisable energy content (r = –0.60 and –0.75, respectively). The absolute correlations among most herbage minerals were poor (r <0.30). However, magnesium concentration was positively correlated with calcium (r = 0.54), copper (r = 0.56), and manganese (r = 0.37) concentrations, and negatively correlated with zinc (r = –0.56) concentration. Further investigation is required into the relationships between temporal weather and herbage quality trends, and their impact on animal production.
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Liou, T.-M., and D. A. Santavicca. "Cycle Resolved LDV Measurements in a Motored IC Engine." Journal of Fluids Engineering 107, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3242467.
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LDV measurements have been made in an IC engine motored at 1200 rpm. The data rates were sufficiently high to allow the bulk velocity to be characterized in individual cycles. The relative cyclic fluctuation of the bulk velocity was found to be as large as 200 percent. The turbulence intensity was calculated using both the velocity fluctuation with respect to the ensemble average velocity and the velocity fluctuation with respect to the cycle resolved bulk velocity. The former includes both the cyclic fluctuation of the bulk velocity and the turbulence, and therefore gave estimates of the ensemble averaged turbulence intensity which were from 50 to 100 percent greater than that obtained using the in-cycle fluctuation with respect to the bulk velocity. The relative cyclic fluctuation of the time averaged turbulence intensity, calculated over a 64-degree interval in each cycle, was found to be small, i.e., less than 20 percent. The high data rates also made it possible to determine the ensemble averaged temporal autocorrelation function from which the spectral energy distribution and the integral time scale were calculated.
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ROY, DEBORAH R. SAMANTA, and COLIN J. BARNSTABLE. "Developmental expression of intracellular targets of cGMP in rat visual cortex and alteration with dark rearing." Visual Neuroscience 18, no. 1 (January 2001): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523801181101.
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We describe the temporal pattern of mRNA expression of some of the molecular components of the NO/cGMP second messenger system in the developing rat visual cortex and the effect of dark rearing on their expression levels using semiquantitative RT-PCR. mRNA expression for these molecules was altered by dark rearing in one of three ways: (1) no change—rod, olfactory, and cone/testis CNG channels, nonselective cation channels gated by cyclic nucleotides and highly permeable to Ca2+; (2) decrease—cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases which regulate cyclic nucleotide levels, and soluble guanylyl cyclase, the key synthetic enzyme producing cGMP and potently activated by nitric oxide; and (3) increase—cGMP kinase I, a key enzyme activated by cGMP to phosphorylate a variety of intracellular proteins including cytoskeletal elements. These data suggest important and distinct roles for the cGMP system in both early and late developmental events in the rat visual cortex.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cyclic temporal data"
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Meldrum, Mark Brent. "Finding Fertile Time: A Temporal Investigation of Opportunity Using Patent Citation Data." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1248046746.
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Thesis(Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009Title from PDF (viewed on 2009-11-23) Department of Management Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Schröder, Birgit Eva. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of the terrestrial carbon cycle : assimilation of two decades of optical satellite data into a process-based global vegetation model." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1759/.
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This PhD thesis presents the spatio-temporal distribution of terrestrial carbon fluxes for the time period of 1982 to 2002 simulated by a combination of the process-based dynamic global vegetation model LPJ and a 21-year time series of global AVHRR-fPAR data (fPAR – fraction of photosynthetically active radiation). Assimilation of the satellite data into the model allows improved simulations of carbon fluxes on global as well as on regional scales.
As it is based on observed data and includes agricultural regions, the model combined with satellite data produces more realistic carbon fluxes of net primary production (NPP), soil respiration, carbon released by fire and the net land-atmosphere flux than the potential vegetation model. It also produces a good fit to the interannual variability of the CO2 growth rate.
Compared to the original model, the model with satellite data constraint produces generally smaller carbon fluxes than the purely climate-based stand-alone simulation of potential natural vegetation, now comparing better to literature estimates. The lower net fluxes are a result of a combination of several effects: reduction in vegetation cover, consideration of human influence and agricultural areas, an improved seasonality, changes in vegetation distribution and species composition.
This study presents a way to assess terrestrial carbon fluxes and elucidates the processes contributing to interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon exchange. Process-based terrestrial modelling and satellite-observed vegetation data are successfully combined to improve estimates of vegetation carbon fluxes and stocks. As net ecosystem exchange is the most interesting and most sensitive factor in carbon cycle modelling and highly uncertain, the presented results complementary contribute to the current knowledge, supporting the understanding of the terrestrial carbon budget.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird anhand der Kombination eines dynamischen globalen Vegetationsmodells mit einer Zeitreihe von 21 Jahren optischer Satellitendaten eine realistische Abschätzung der terrestrischen Quellen und Senken von CO2 ermöglicht. Grundlage des hier vorgestellten neuen Modells stellt das dynamische globale Vegetationsmodell LPJ dar, ein prozessorientiertes Vegetationsmodell, das basierend auf ökophysiologischen Grundlagen die Vegetationsverteilung und -dynamik, Störungen (z.B. Feuer) und den Kohlenstoff- sowie den Wasserkreislauf modelliert. Die Kopplung des LPJ-DGVM erfolgte mit einer Zeitreihe globaler AVHRR-fPAR Daten (fPAR – Anteil photosynthetisch aktiver Strahlung), für den Zeitraum 1982 bis 2002 in einer räumlichen Auflösung von 0.5°. Als Ergebnis liegt nun eine globale raum-zeitliche Verteilung aller relevanten Kohlenstoffflüsse vor: Nettoprimärproduktion, Bodenrespiration, Nettoökosystemproduktion, durch Feuer und Ernte emittierter Kohlenstoff, sowie der in Biomasse und Boden gespeicherte Kohlenstoff. Verglichen mit dem Originalmodell haben sich durch die Einspeisung der Satellitendaten alle relevanten Kohlenstoffkomponenten verringert und zeigen nun bessere Übereinstimmung mit Literaturwerten. Die geringeren Kohlenstoffflüsse resultieren aus einer Kombination verschiedener Effekte: geringere Vegetationsbedeckung, Berücksichtigung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche, realistischere Abbildung der Saisonalität, Veränderung der Vegetationsverteilung und Verschiebung der Artenzusammensetzung. Die globalen Kohlenstoffflüsse werden mit dem vorgestellten Modell realistischer abgebildet als mit Ansätzen, die nur die potentiell natürliche Vegetation simulieren. Insbesondere die Quellen- und Senkendynamik unterliegt vielfältigen Prozessen, die mit einem Modell, dass auch die Bodenrespiration prozessorientiert berücksichtigt, verlässlich geschätzt wird.
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Ait, ballagh Fatima Ezzahra. "Dynamique du phosphore dans les sédiments à l’interface fleuve-mer : couplage modèle – données." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV020.
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Le phosphore (P) est un nutriment essentiel à la vie, suite à son rôle clé dans la régulation de la production primaire à l'interface fleuve-mer, et au lien étroit de son cycle avec les cycles du carbone et de l'azote. L'enfouissement du phosphore dans les sédiments de l'interface fleuve-mer se fait en association avec la matière organique et des minéraux. Cet enfouissement est la voie d'élimination du P à long terme. Cependant, le rôle des sédiments dans le recyclage du phosphore inorganique dissous (DIP) est mal quantifié dans les estuaires eutrophes. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'affiner la compréhension sur la réponse des sédiments au recyclage du DIP dans les sédiments des estuaires de l'Elorn et de l'Aulne (France). De plus, nous visons à la mettre en contraste avec les sédiments deltaïques (delta du Rhône) dans la mer Méditerranéenne oligotrophe. Deuxièmement, ces écosystèmes sont dynamiques, caractérisés par des charges intenses de matière organique et de nutriments (N, P), entraînant leur enfouissement sous l'interface eau-sédiment (IES) et leur minéralisation. Par conséquent, les processus biogéochimiques peuvent modifier en grande partie la chimie de la couche supérieure de ces sédiments. Nous visons à quantifier les processus diagénétiques, contrôlant le devenir de la matière organique, la transformation du phosphore et les flux de DIP vers l'eau de fond. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des données de terrain couplées avec un modèle existant (OMEXDIA), étendu au cycle benthique du phosphore, pour évaluer aussi la capacité des sédiments à servir de puits ou de sources de P. Le modèle OMEXDIA-P a été adapté aux données d'eau interstitielle (oxygène, nitrate, ammonium, unités de demande en oxygène (Mn2+, Fe2+ et H2S; ODU) et de DIP) et de solides (P organique, P lié au fer et P lié au calcium) de quatre saisons en 2009 dans les stations amont, milieu et aval des deux estuaires. Ensuite, le modèle a été ajusté aux mêmes variables d'état, en plus des sulfates et carbone inorganique dissous (DIC) pour neuf stations dans l'exutoire du Rhône, son prodelta et son plateau continental adjacent, et échantillonnées en Mai 2018. Les deux applications du modèle ont montré une bonne concordance avec la distribution verticale des phases dissoutes et solides dans toutes les stations et les saisons. L'utilisation combinée de ces bases de données avec ce modèle a révélé que les flux de C organique à l’IES des estuaires de l'Elorn et de l'Aulne (23 à 98 mmol m-2 j-1) et dans le prodelta du Rhône (10 à 160 mmol m-2 j-1) étaient intenses, en particulier à l'exutoire du fleuve. Ainsi, la minéralisation en P organique a représenté la principale source de DIP produit dans les deux estuaires (77%) et dans le prodelta du Rhône (>90%). La contribution des voies de minéralisation a mis en évidence une augmentation de la contribution de la minéralisation anoxique due au gradient salin de l'amont vers l'aval des estuaires. Alors que ces voies ont montré une diminution de l'écoulement du Rhône vers le plateau continental, en fonction de la diminution des apports de matière organique avec la distance. Le calcul du bilan du P par le modèle a indiqué que le P lié au fer joue un rôle clé dans le cycle du P, en retenant le DIP dans les sédiments et en favorisant la précipitation de P lié au Ca. De plus, le P lié au fer représente une source supplémentaire de DIP dans les sédiments des deux estuaires. La plus grande proportion du DIP produit a été recyclée dans l'eau de fond de ces sédiments estuariens (85%) et deltaïques (72%), tandis que l'enfouissement sous forme de P lié au Ca était une fraction mineure. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats du modèle présentés ont démontré que ces sédiments estuariens et deltaïques jouaient un rôle essentiel dans le cycle benthique du P et constituaient des sources de DIP dans la colonne d'eau. De plus, les apports de DIP produits dans les sédiments de l'Elorn et de l'Aulne étaient plus élevés que les apports externesPhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for life, playing a key role in the primary production regulation at the river-sea interface, and closely to carbon and nitrogen global cycles. The burial of phosphorus in sediments of the river-sea interface occurs in association with organic matter and mineral particles. This burial represents the long-term removal pathway for the phosphorus. However, sediments role in dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) recycling, is poorly quantified in eutrophic estuaries. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to refine our understanding about sediments response to DIP recycling in Elorn and Aulne estuarine sediments (Brittany, France). In addition, we aim to contrast it with deltaic sediments (Rhône River delta) in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea. Secondly, all these ecosystems are highly dynamic, characterized by intense loads of organic matter and nutrients (N, P), leading to their intense fall on the sea floor, burial below the sediment-water interface (SWI) and mineralization. Therefore, involved biogeochemical processes can change largely the chemistry of upper layer of these sediments. We aim to clarify and to quantify the depth sequences of diagenetic processes, controlling the fate of sedimentary organic matter, transformation of phosphorus and induced DIP fluxes to the overlying water. To this end, we used a coupled field data with an existing model (OMEXDIA), extended with phosphorus (P) benthic cycle, to study P dynamics and to evaluate the sediments capacity as sinks or sources of P in the eutrophic Elorn and Aulne estuaries and the Rhône River prodelta. First of all, the OMEXDIA-P model was fitted to the porewater (oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, Oxygen Demand Units (Mn2+, Fe2+ and H2S, reduced during the anoxic mineralization; ODU) and DIP) and solid (organic P, Fe-bound P and Ca-bound P) data from four seasons (February, May, July and October 2009) in upstream, midstream and downstream stations of Elorn and Aulne estuaries. Secondly, the model was fitted to the same state variables, in addition to sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for nine stations located in Rhône River outlet, prodelta and its adjacent continental shelf and sampled in May 2018. Both model’s applications showed a good agreement with the vertical distribution of porewater and solid phases in all stations and seasons. The combined use of these two datasets with the present model revealed that organic C fluxes deposited in the SWI of Elorn and Aulne estuaries (23 to 98 mmol m-2 d-1) and Rhône River prodelta (10 to 160 mmol m-2 d-1) were intense, especially in the River outlet. Therefore, the organic P mineralization represented the main source of internally produced DIP in both estuaries (77% of total DIP production) and in Rhône River prodelta (>90%). The contribution of mineralization pathways highlighted an increase of anoxic mineralization contribution due to saline gradient from upstream to downstream estuaries. While this mineralization pathways showed a decrease from Rhône River outlet to the continental shelf, as a function of the decrease of organic matter inputs with distance. The model’s calculation of sedimentary P budget indicated also that Fe-bound P played a key role in the P cycle, by retaining DIP in sediments from diffusion to overlying water and promoting the Ca-bound P precipitation. Moreover, Fe-bound P represented an additional source of DIP in sediments, especially in Elorn and Aulne estuaries. The largest proportion of released DIP was recycled to overlying water in these estuarine (85%) and deltaic (72%) sediments, while the burial as an authigenic Ca-bound P was a minor fraction. Overall, the model’s results presented here also demonstrated that these estuarine and deltaic sediments played a key role in the benthic P cycle and acted as sources of DIP to the water column. Moreover, the internally produced DIP inputs in Elorn and Aulne sediments was higher the external inputs
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Schröder, Birgit [Verfasser]. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of the terrestrial carbon cycle : assimilation of two decades of optical satellite data into a process-based global vegetation model / Birgit Schröder." 2007. http://d-nb.info/989064379/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Cyclic temporal data"
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El-Bushra, Judy. How Should We Explain the Recurrence of Violent Conflict, and What Might Gender Have to Do with It? Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.5.
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This chapter examines the factors behind the lack of progress in minimizing conflict, building peace, and improving security for women in conflict-affected environments. It reviews how cycles of conflict have been described in mainstream conflict analysis, which often include ill-conceived and temporary approaches to conflict management. The chapter explores where gender has been situated in these analyses, as well as the impact of adding gender data in operationalizing conflict responses, as opposed to engaging in a more thorough feminist analysis. This chapter then offers suggestions for broadening the mainstream approach by integrating a more fruitful gender analysis that addresses integrating holistic understandings of gendered relationships within society as a whole. The chapter ends with a call to conceptualize both conflict and gender as complex and fluid in order to create a more accurate analysis and more nuanced responses.
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Andrle, Michal, Andrew Berg, R. Armando Morales, Rafael Portillo, and Jan Vlcek. On the Sources of Inflation in Kenya. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0015.
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The authors develop a semi-structural, New Keynesian open-economy model with separate food and non-food inflation dynamics to study the sources of inflation in Kenya in recent years. They filter international and Kenyan data through the model to recover a model-based decomposition of most variables into trends (or potential values) and temporary movements (or gaps), including for the international and domestic relative price of food. The filtration exercise helps recover the sequence of domestic and foreign macroeconomic shocks that account for business cycle dynamics in Kenya over the last few years, with a special emphasis on the various factors (international food prices, monetary policy) driving inflation. The authors find that while imported food price shocks have been an important source of inflation, both in 2008 and more recently, accommodating monetary policy has also played a role, most notably through its effect on the nominal exchange rate.
Book chapters on the topic "Cyclic temporal data"
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Chen, Tao, Deke Guo, Honghui Chen, and Xueshan Luo. "Utilizing Temporal Highway for Data Collection in Asynchronous Duty-Cycling Sensor Networks." In Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, 110–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14654-1_14.
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Jaeger, Florian Ansgar, Cornelia Sonntag, Jörn Hartung, and Katrin Müller. "Dynamic and Localized LCA Information Supports the Transition of Complex Systems to a More Sustainable Manner Such as Energy and Transport Systems." In Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 61–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_6.
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AbstractThe paper gives a snapshot of the potential of LCA (life cycle assessment) data-based optimizations in control systems. The environmental burden of existing infrastructure can be significantly reduced during use phase. Four Siemens’ applications in different fields with different lead indicators show how LCA assessments can be adapted to fulfil the requirements of such applications. The applications are power and air quality management use cases in the field of eMobility, building management, industrial process control and traffic management. The main methodological challenge solved is the provision of the necessary temporal and special resolution, as well as forecasting of parameters for scheduling of processes.
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Honea, Jon M. "Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment." In Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment, edited by Robert J. Naiman, James M. Helfield, Krista K. Bartz, and Deanne C. Drake. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874080.ch26.
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<em>Abstract</em>.-We review the current understanding of major pathways, mechanisms, and consequences of salmon-borne marine-derived nutrients (MDN) in estuarine, freshwater, and riparian ecosystems. Semelparous Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. acquire most of their body mass while at sea before returning to spawn and die in natal streams. The annual spawning migrations transport substantial quantities of MDN from the fertile North Pacific Ocean to relatively nutrient-poor coastal freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. People have been long aware of the importance of salmon-borne MDN for the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in western North America, and the rapidly increasing knowledge base supports this notion. Nevertheless, many details associated with nutrient pathways, cycling processes, and the ecosystem-scale consequences of MDN transfer remain to be elucidated. The collective data suggest that freshwater portions of the salmon production system, as well as the dynamics of local terrestrial plant and animal communities, are intimately linked to MDN in complex ways. At the same time, the ecological importance of MDN, relative to other major nutrient sources, is temporally and spatially dependent and influenced by the life histories and abundances of salmonid stocks. Although interactions among climate cycles, salmon, riparian vegetation, predators, and MDN flowpaths and feedbacks are complex, they also form a wonderfully integrated ecological system with a high degree of resilience and productivity. Understanding this complex system and its inherent temporal and spatial variability requires a holistic scientific perspective that values important interactions among the salmonid life cycle, the physical setting, and the numerous linkages to other ecosystem components.
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Albrecht, Urs-Vito, Dennis Lawin, Sebastian Kuhn, and Ulf Kulau. "Time Bias Awareness in ECG-Based Multiple Source Data Matching." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220668.
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For cardiological datasets acquired via different methodologies, ECG signals that are recorded in parallel allow for relatively accurate matching. Some research issues, e.g., the identification of timings of the cardiac cycle in seismocardiography, require higher temporal resolutions. Therefore, we introduce a method derived from a feasibility study to determine deviations and factors influencing the merging of signals simultaneously recorded with different modalities.
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Budhiraja, Bakul, Prasad Avinash Pathak, and Debopam Acharya. "Studying Surface and Canopy Layer Urban Heat Island at Micro-Scale Using Multi-Sensor Data in Geographic Information Systems." In Geospatial Intelligence, 389–410. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8054-6.ch018.
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Variations of Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect within urban areas cannot be studied in detail using traditional combination of satellite images with thermal infrared (IR) bands and local weather station data due to their limited spatio-temporal scale. In this article, a system has been built to supplement the current infrastructure and enhance the high spatio-temporal scale. The article progresses from initially traversing through the city of Greater Noida to continuous manual data collection on an academic campus and later by automating it with integrated sensors on a microcontroller while achieving the objective of the collection of continuous high spatio-temporal scale data. Geographic information systems (GISs) were used to integrate and visualize these data with land surface temperature (LST) and air temperature data. The system provided the diurnal cycle of urban materials and insights into nighttime UHI at micro-scale. Overall the low-cost sensing technology presented has the potential to monitor citywide UHI.
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Massarelli, Carmine, Claudia Campanale, and Vito Felice Uricchio. "Artificial Intelligence and Water Cycle Management." In Ubiquitous Computing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97385.
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Artificial intelligence applications play a crucial role in improving environmental quality from all points of view. Digital technologies have revolutionized our way of life as they are permeated to a capillary level in our daily life. On the other hand, the data produced every second cannot be managed by a human mind due to a certain physical and temporal impossibility, so artificial intelligence, algorithms written by men to perform human reasoning, they can accomplish this arduous task. In this chapter we will address the potential of artificial intelligence to process important amounts of data and analyze existing relationships also through a focus on the conservation capacity of one of the most precious resources: water.
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Rampino, Michael R. "Does the Earth have a pulse? Evidence relating to a potential underlying ~26–36-million-year rhythm in interrelated geologic, biologic, and astrophysical events." In From the Guajira Desert to the Apennines, and from Mediterranean Microplates to the Mexican Killer Asteroid: Honoring the Career of Walter Alvarez. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2022.2557(17).
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ABSTRACT The existence of an ~26–36 m.y. rhythm in interrelated global tectonism, sea-level oscillations, climate, and resulting sedimentation patterns during Phanerozoic time (the last 541 m.y.) has long been suspected. A similar underlying ~26.4–27.5 m.y. cycle was reported independently in episodes of extinctions of marine and non-marine species. Subsequent spectral analyses of individual geologic events of the last 260 m.y., including changes in seafloor spreading and subduction, times of hotspot initiation and intraplate volcanism, eruptions of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), tectonic events, sea-level fluctuations, oceanic anoxia, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and global climate have revealed evidence for the 26–36 m.y. cycle and the temporal association of events with an apparent overall periodicity of ~27.5 m.y. modulated by an ~8–9 m.y. cycle. The proposed episodes of geologic activity and environmental and biotic change may result from cyclical internal Earth processes that affect changes in mantle convection, plate motions, intraplate stresses, and/or periodic pulses of mantle-plume activity. Recently, the ~30 m.y. cycle has been linked to Earth’s long-term orbital changes within the Solar System, and it may also affect tectonism and climate. I also note considerable evidence for a similar ~30 m.y. cycle in the ages of terrestrial impact craters, which suggests possible astronomical connections. The shared geologic cycle time, formally ranging from ~26 to 36 m.y. (depending partly on varying data sets, geologic timescales, and statistical techniques utilized) is close to the estimated interval (~32 ± 3 m.y.) between our cyclical crossings of the crowded mid-plane region of the Milky Way Galaxy. Here I outline a proposed astrophysical pacing for the apparent pulses of both impact cratering and rhythmic geological episodes.
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Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. "E Groups and the Rise of Complexity in the Southeastern Maya Lowlands." In Maya E Groups. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054353.003.0002.
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How the ancient Maya used E Groups needs to be derived from the archaeological record. Research undertaken in the southeast Petén of Guatemala has revealed a concentration of over 150 E Groups in the area defined by Ceibal on the west, Caracol on the east, Esquipulas on the south, and the Central Petén lakes on the north. Excavated E Groups from Cenote, Uaxactún, Caracol, and Ixtonton can be used to help organize and understand these archaeological data and to show that the E Group structural assemblage is generally early within this region, dating primarily to the Late Preclassic Period (350 BCE-0 CE) and constituting the founding architecture for an unusual number of small communities in the southeast Petén. The size and structure of the eastern platform in these E Groups also appears to serve as a proxy for broader socio-political organization. Data from Caracol also suggests the importance of these architectural assemblages for temporal ritual associated with the 8th and 9th baktun cycles. Tenth cycle ritual use of these assemblages can also be seen at sites such as Ucanal, Seibal, and possibly Yaxha. Thus, E Groups can be linked to both the rise and denouement of Maya civilization.
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Polyak, Ilya. "Second Moments of Rain." In Computational Statistics in Climatology. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099997.003.0010.
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The first part of this chapter presents a description of the GATE rain rate data (Polyak and North, 1995), its two-dimensional spectral and correlation characteristics, and multivariate models. Such descriptions have made it possible to show the concentration of significant power along the frequency axis in the spatial-temporal spectra; to detect a diurnal cycle (a range of variation of which is about 3.4 to 5.4 mm/hr); to study the anisotropy (as the result of the distinction between the north-south and east-west transport of rain) of spatial rain rate fields; to evaluate the scales of the distinction between second-moment estimates associated with ground and satellite samples; to determine the appropriate spatial and temporal scales of the simple linear stochastic models fitted to averaged rain rate fields; and to evaluate the mean advection velocity of the rain rate fluctuations. The second part of this chapter (adapted from Polyak et al., 1994) is mainly devoted to the diffusion of rainfall (from PRE-STORM experiment) by associating the multivariate autoregressive model parameters and the diffusion equation coefficients. This analysis led to the use of rain data to estimate rain advection velocity as well as other coefficients of the diffusion equation of the corresponding field. The results obtained can be used in the ground truth problem for TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellite observations, for comparison with corresponding estimates of other sources of data (TOGA-COARE, or simulated by physical, models), for generating multiple rain samples of any size, and in some other areas of rain data analysis and modeling. For many years, the GATE data base has served as the richest and most accurate source of rain observations. Dozens of articles presenting the results of the GATE rain rate data analysis and modeling have been published, and more continue to be released. Recently, a new, valuable set of rain data was produced as a result of the TOGA-COARE experiment. In a few years, it will be possible to obtain satellite (TRMM) rain information, and a rain statistical description will be needed in the analysis of the observations obtained on an irregular spatial and temporal grid.
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Habacivch, Olivia A., Ryan A. Redilla, and James J. Jozefowicz. "The Convergence Behind the Curtain." In Applied Econometric Analysis, 89–120. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1093-3.ch005.
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This chapter extends applications of unconditional and conditional β-convergence and unconditional σ-convergence analysis to Part I crime rates in a panel data sample of Pennsylvania counties during the period 1990-2015. Temporal structural breaks at specific points in the business cycle during the time frame and spatial breakpoints between rural and urban counties in Pennsylvania are acknowledged in the analysis in order to avoid spurious inferences regarding convergence behavior. Unit-root testing is performed on measures of dispersion as well as directly on the underlying crime-rate series via panel-data tests for non-stationarity. The findings support the existence of both unconditional and conditional β-convergence in the pooled, urban, and rural samples during 1990-2015. Visual and statistical evidence reveals the presence of σ-convergence in the three samples across the time span as well. The comprehensive convergence analysis of appropriately disaggregated data performed in this study offers strong support for the predictions of modernization theory.
Conference papers on the topic "Cyclic temporal data"
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Ghazimirsaied, Ahmad, Mahdi Shahbakhti, and Charles Robert Koch. "Nonlinear Dynamics in Cyclic Variations of Combustion Phasing in an HCCI Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76157.
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Temporal dynamics of cyclic variation in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine near misfire is analyzed using chaotic theory methods. The analysis of variation of consecutive cycles of CA50 (crank angle of 50% fuel burnt) for an n-heptane fueled engine is performed for a test point near the misfire condition. The return map of the time series of CA50 cycle values reveals the deterministic and random portions of dynamics near misfire occurring in an HCCI engine. A symbol-statistic approach is also used to find the occurrence of possible probabilities of the data points under the same operating conditions. These techniques are then used to predict CA50 one cycle-ahead. Simulated data points in phase space have similar dynamical structure to the experimental measurements.
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Mantenoglou, Periklis, Manolis Pitsikalis, and Alexander Artikis. "Stream Reasoning with Cycles." In 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2022}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2022/56.
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Temporal specifications, such as those found in multi-agent systems, often include cyclic dependencies. Moreover, there is an increasing need to evaluate such specifications in an online manner, upon streaming data. Consider, for example, the online computation of the normative positions of the agents engaging in an e-commerce protocol. We present a formal computational framework that deals with cyclic dependencies in an efficient way. Moreover, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on large synthetic and real data streams, from the fields of multi-agent systems and composite event recognition.
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Jawad, Badih A., and Chris Riedel. "Spray Size Evolution of Diesel Sprays." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98433.
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Variations of fuel spray characteristics during cyclic operation is directly correlated to efficient operation of an engine. Measurements of drop size distribution and drop concentration under transient conditions during injection are difficult. A very rapid and synchronized measurement technique is necessary for sectional and temporal analysis of an intermittent spray during approximately 50 ms after each injection. A pulsed-spray sizer based on Fraunhofer diffraction pattern analysis was modified so that the repeatability of each injection can be determined by an obscuration-trace measurement. The sizer with a built-in adjustable delay was synchronized to the needle-lift of the injector and the drop size data were captured over 20 microseconds. For every single injection, the attenuation of the transmitted beam monitoring the arrival, the duration, and the drop concentration in the spray was recorded and stored on a digital scope. A solenoid controlled the position of the rack on the fuel line and ensured single injection. The obscuration-trace was used as a “fingerprint” in testing the reproducibility of successive injections. Drop size measurements were statistically averaged over many reproducible cycles.
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Dai, T., A. S. Fleischer, A. P. Wemhoff, and R. Lee. "Estimating the Agricultural Environmental Burden As Part of a Holistic Life Cycle Assessment of Food." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7564.
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A precise calculation of the environmental burden of food products is a prerequisite for creating food eco-labeling as a strategy for environmental impact mitigation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used for this purpose, and proxy data is traditionally used due to the shortage of data. Uncertainties are introduced in this process since food products contain a variety of origins. In this study, data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is used to examine the temporal and geographic variability of the global warming potential (GWP) of seven kinds of field crops. Artificial neural network (ANN) models are then used to predict the GWP of these products at both product and category levels based on temporal and spatial variables such as soil properties, climate, latitude and elevation. The results show that temporally, a monotonic GWP trend was found in corn, soybean and winter wheat. The average geographic variability is more than 27% and is larger than temporal variability. ANN was proven to be a good prediction tool at the product level, with a coefficient of correlation (CC) of at least 0.78 in the simplest model and higher CCs when the number of neurons increases. Predictions with ANN at the category level shows that the selected variables cannot fully encompass all temporal and geographical variability.
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Chang, Yi, Makoto Yamada, Antonio Ortega, and Yan Liu. "Ups and Downs in Buzzes: Life Cycle Modeling for Temporal Pattern Discovery." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2014.28.
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Pereira, Hernane B. B., and Roberto C. Costa. "MODELING BATTERY LIVE CYCLE DATA WITH TEMPORAL SERIES:A NETWORK THEORY APPROACH." In VI Simpósio Internacional de Inovação e Tecnologia. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/siintec2020-modelingbattery.
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Chan, Dennis, Dhruv Bhate, Ganesh Subbarayan, and Luu Nguyen. "Characterization of Crack Fronts in a WLCSP Package: Experiments and Models for Application of a Multiscale Fracture Theory." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89402.
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Extensive failure analysis was performed on identical, isothermally cycled wafer-level chip scale packages with Sn3.8wt%0.7wt%Ag (SAC387) solder joints. Packages were periodically removed during the cycling process to observe crack front progression. The packages were dipped in liquid nitrogen to reduce solder ductility and then pried apart. The crack areas were observed under an optical microscope. The average crack areas on the corner and mid-edge joints of the package were measured using an image processing software. 50 packages were characterized from 240 to 7200 cycles at every 240 cycles. An average of 20 solder joints per cycle was observed to estimate the crack length and area. A finite element model of this package was constructed in ABAQUS. The solder interconnects of the model were given full plastic and creep properties. Using the failure analysis data and the finite element model, the material constant value in a previously developed hierarchal fracture model was calibrated for SAC387. The ability of the model to predict non-intuitive failure initiation sites due to the under bump metallurgy (UBM) geometry is demonstrated. The hierarchal fracture process model was inspired by information theory and continuum thermodynamics. It was earlier proposed to capture the length-scale and temporal hierarchy inherent in quasi-static fracture processes. This single parameter model allows for a non-empirical, geometry independent approach to predicting crack growth by relating equivalent inelastic dissipations and a material constant to the probability of fracture at a material point.
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Liu, Fengrui, Haiyang Jiang, Zulong Diao, Yanbiao Li, and Gaogang Xie. "CyCo: A Temporal Cycle Consistency Based Labeling Method for Time Series Data." In 2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533633.
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Francis, Andrew, and Chas Jandu. "A New Probabilistic Model for High-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10076.
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Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) poses a threat to integrity of buried pipelines in many parts of the world. In North America there is now a requirement that integrity management plans should address SCC and a direct assessment methodology, SCCDA, for managing the threat due to SCC, is now becoming established. Like general corrosion or fatigue, SCC is a time dependent deterioration process that leads to progressive weakness of the pipe wall eventually causing failure as a leak or rupture, if not managed. There are indeed two known forms of SCC; High-pH and near neutral-pH SCC. The focus of this paper is on High-pH SCC. High-pH SCC involves a number of phases including incubation, initiation, anodic growth, coalescence, mechanical growth and final failure. Factors affecting these processes include temperature, static and cyclic stress, soil conditions, type of coating and level of Cathodic Protection. Some of these factors may vary seasonally. The temporal development of SCC damage is thus both complex and subject to significant uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to describe a detailed probabilistic model that addresses the various phases of High-pH SCC taking account of uncertainty in the relevant influencing factors. The model determines the likely times to coalescence and to grow to a critical size thus providing a time dependent probability of failure. The model gives a clear indication of which parameters should be managed in order to reduce the likelihood of failure to an acceptable level. The model provides the basis of a powerful decision making tool for the purpose of managing High pH SCC. Consequently, the model can be used in conjunction with relevant in-line inspection data and/or above ground survey data to provide an effective SCC integrity management tool. The model is illustrated through a numerical example and the use of the model as an integrity management tool is clearly demonstrated.
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Sengupta, Rahul, Yashaswi Karnati, Anand Rangarajan, and Sanjay Ranka. "TQAM: Temporal Attention for Cycle-wise Queue Length Estimation using High-Resolution Loop Detector Data." In 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564900.
Full textReports on the topic "Cyclic temporal data"
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Day, Christopher M., Hiromal Premachandra, and Darcy M. Bullock. Characterizing the Impacts of Phasing, Environment, and Temporal Factors on Pedestrian Demand at Traffic Signals. Purdue University, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317352.
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There is a need for more and higher quality data on pedestrian demand patterns for a number of applications in planning, transportation engineering, public health, and other areas. It is particularly desirable to better characterize the influence of daily, weekly, and annual variations; the impact of weather and special events; and the effects of changes in pedestrian phasing. This paper proposes and demonstrates a methodology for quantifying the relative demand for pedestrian service at a signalized intersection by using the percent of signal cycles per hour in which the pedestrian phase was actuated. Although this performance measure does not by itself provide a pedestrian count, it can be used as a surrogate to characterize how pedestrian volumes vary due to operating conditions. More importantly, since this technique does not require new sensors, the data can be collected at thousands of intersections across the nation where pedestrian push buttons are in use. This paper documents findings from over a year of data collection at a signalized intersection on a college campus. The effects of daily/weekly/annual variations, special events, weather (temperature and precipitation), seasonal changes in activity patterns, and changes in pedestrian signal phasing are documented. A Tobit model is used to account for the influences of these variables and understand how they co-influence pedestrian activity. The implementation of an exclusive pedestrian phase is associated with a 9% increase in pedestrian phase utilization at the intersection. This change is associated with a decrease in user cost relative to performing midblock crossings. The modeled impact of snowfall events adds further insight by showing that as the user cost of making midblock crossings increases, pedestrian activity at the intersection increases.
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Dudley, J. P., and S. V. Samsonov. SAR interferometry with the RADARSAT Constellation Mission. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329396.
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The RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) is Canada's latest system of C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Earth observation satellites. The system of three satellites, spaced equally in a common orbit, allows for a rapid four-day repeat interval. The RCM has been designed with a selection of stripmap, spotlight, and ScanSAR beam modes which offer varied combinations of spatial resolution and coverage. Using Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques, the growing archive of SAR data gathered by RCM can be used for change detection and ground deformation monitoring for diverse applications in Canada and around the world. In partnership with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) has developed an automated system for generating standard and advanced deformation products and change detection from SAR data acquired by RCM and RADARSAT-2 satellites using DInSAR processing methodology. Using this system, this paper investigates four key interferometric properties of the RCM system which were not available on the RADARSAT-1 or RADARSAT-2 missions: The impact of the high temporal resolution of the four-day repeat cycle of the RCM on temporal decorrelation trends is tested and fitted against simple temporal decay models. The effect of the normalization and the precision of the radiometric calibration on interferometric spatial coherence is investigated. The performance of the RCM ScanSAR mode for wide area interferometric analysis is tested. The performance of the novel RCM Compact-polarization (CP) mode for interferometric analysis is also investigated.
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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.
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We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.
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Suir, Glenn, Molly Reif, and Christina Saltus. Remote sensing capabilities to support EWN® projects : an R&D approach to improve project efficiencies and quantify performance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45241.
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Engineering With Nature (EWN®) is a US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Initiative and Program that promotes more sustainable practices for delivering economic, environmental, and social benefits through collaborative processes. As the number and variety of EWN® projects continue to grow and evolve, there is an increasing opportunity to improve how to quantify their benefits and communicate them to the public. Recent advancements in remote sensing technologies are significant for EWN® because they can provide project-relevant detail across a large areal extent, in which traditional survey methods may be complex due to site access limitations. These technologies encompass a suite of spatial and temporal data collection and processing techniques used to characterize Earth's surface properties and conditions that would otherwise be difficult to assess. This document aims to describe the general underpinnings and utility of remote sensing technologies and applications for use: (1) in specific phases of the EWN® project life cycle; (2) with specific EWN® project types; and (3) in the quantification and assessment of project implementation, performance, and benefits.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak, and Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.
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Douglas, Gordon, and David Moore. Analyzing the Use and Impacts of Oakland Slow Streets and Potential Scalability Beyond Covid-19. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2152.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents the results of a mixed-methods study of the 2020-2022 Oakland Slow Streets program. An official response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the program used signs and temporary barricades to limit thru-traffic on 21 miles of city streets to create more and safer space for walking, cycling, and outdoor recreation. Researchers collected data throughout the summer of 2021 on seven designated slow streets plus one cross street and one control street for each – a total of 21 street segments representing conditions in seven different neighborhoods across Oakland. Data collection comprised in-person passerby counts, observations and photographs of local conditions, and logged traffic speed data. Findings vary widely across study sites. In certain cases, observed slow streets saw less car traffic or more bicycle/pedestrian use than one or both of their comparison streets, and in at least one case the slow street was clearly embraced by the local community and used as planners intended; in others the slow street was no different than neighboring streets. The study draws on these findings to identify local conditions that seem likely to make slow treet treatments more or less successful. However, acknowledging that all neighborhoods deserve safer streets and greater outdoor recreational opportunities, the authors argue that better community outreach must be implemented to ensure areas not predisposed to make full use of slow streets can have the opportunity to do so. The study also makes suggestions regarding the potential for rapid, low-cost bike and pedestrian street safety improvements going forward.
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Douglas, Gordon, and David Moore. Analyzing the Use and Impacts of Oakland Slow Streets and Potential Scalability Beyond Covid-19. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2152.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents the results of a mixed-methods study of the 2020-2022 Oakland Slow Streets program. An official response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the program used signs and temporary barricades to limit thru-traffic on 21 miles of city streets to create more and safer space for walking, cycling, and outdoor recreation. Researchers collected data throughout the summer of 2021 on seven designated slow streets plus one cross street and one control street for each – a total of 21 street segments representing conditions in seven different neighborhoods across Oakland. Data collection comprised in-person passerby counts, observations and photographs of local conditions, and logged traffic speed data. Findings vary widely across study sites. In certain cases, observed slow streets saw less car traffic or more bicycle/pedestrian use than one or both of their comparison streets, and in at least one case the slow street was clearly embraced by the local community and used as planners intended; in others the slow street was no different than neighboring streets. The study draws on these findings to identify local conditions that seem likely to make slow treet treatments more or less successful. However, acknowledging that all neighborhoods deserve safer streets and greater outdoor recreational opportunities, the authors argue that better community outreach must be implemented to ensure areas not predisposed to make full use of slow streets can have the opportunity to do so. The study also makes suggestions regarding the potential for rapid, low-cost bike and pedestrian street safety improvements going forward.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Development by Polycomb Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695869.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Arabidopsis mutants that we have isolated, encode for fertilization-independent endosperm (fie), fertilization-independent seed2 (fis2) and medea (mea) genes, act in the female gametophyte and allow endosperm to develop without fertilization when mutated. We cloned the FIE and MEA genes and showed that they encode WD and SET domain polycomb (Pc G) proteins, respectively. Homologous proteins of FIE and MEA in other organisms are known to regulate gene transcription by modulating chromatin structure. Based on our results, we proposed a model whereby both FIE and MEA interact to suppress transcription of regulatory genes. These genes are transcribed only at proper developmental stages, as in the central cell of the female gametophyte after fertilization, thus activating endosperm development. To test our model, the following questions were addressed: What is the Composition and Function of the Polycomb Complex? Molecular, biochemical, genetic and genomic approaches were offered to identify members of the complex, analyze their interactions, and understand their function. What is the Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Polycomb Proteins Accumulation? The use of transgenic plants expressing tagged FIE and MEA polypeptides as well as specific antibodies were proposed to localize the endogenous polycomb complex. How is Polycomb Protein Activity Controlled? To understand the molecular mechanism controlling the accumulation of FIE protein, transgenic plants as well as molecular approaches were proposed to determine whether FIE is regulated at the translational or posttranslational levels. The objectives of our research program have been accomplished and the results obtained exceeded our expectation. Our results reveal that fie and mea mutations cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms (Publication 1). Moreover our data show that FIE has additional functions besides controlling the development of the female gametophyte. Using transgenic lines in which FIE was not expressed or the protein level was reduced during different developmental stages enabled us for the first time to explore FIE function during sporophyte development (Publication 2 and 3). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that FIE, a single copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome, represses multiple developmental pathways (i.e., endosperm, embryogenesis, shot formation and flowering). Furthermore, we identified FIE target genes, including key transcription factors known to promote flowering (AG and LFY) as well as shoot and leaf formation (KNAT1) (Publication 2 and 3), thus demonstrating that in plants, as in mammals and insects, PcG proteins control expression of homeobox genes. Using the Yeast two hybrid system and pull-down assays we demonstrated that FIE protein interact with MEA via the N-terminal region (Publication 1). Moreover, CURLY LEAF protein, an additional member of the SET domain family interacts with FIE as well. The overlapping expression patterns of FIE, with ether MEA or CLF and their common mutant phenotypes, demonstrate the versatility of FIE function. FIE association with different SET domain polycomb proteins, results in differential regulation of gene expression throughout the plant life cycle (Publication 3). In vitro interaction assays we have recently performed demonstrated that FIE interacts with the cell cycle regulatory component Retinobalsoma protein (pRb) (Publication 4). These results illuminate the potential mechanism by which FIE may restrain embryo sac central cell division, at least partly, through interaction with, and suppression of pRb-regulated genes. The results of this program generated new information about the initiation of reproductive development and expanded our understanding of how PcG proteins regulate developmental programs along the plant life cycle. The tools and information obtained in this program will lead to novel strategies which will allow to mange crop plants and to increase crop production.
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.