Journal articles on the topic 'Cyberphysical systems and internet of things'

Purpose of research. The aim of the research is to form modules of organizational and technical systems (OTS) using a cognitive approach to solve problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. Currently, there is a rapid development of elements of the Internet of things. New tasks related to self-organization and adaptation in a rapidly changing external environment are brought to the fore. These tasks occur when new elements appear in the telecommunications computer network, they fail, change the mode, new tasks occur, etc. To work out these tasks, the possibilities of approaches to support and decision-making such as situational, cognitive, and semiotic are considered. The authors consider the cognitive approach in more detail. Within the framework of the cognitive paradigm, the article describes the use of the cognitive approach for solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. To solve this problem on the basis of an agent-based approach, the structure of a cyberphysical system with the possibility of adaptation is presented and the functions of its agents are described. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. An adaptation algorithm using the planning mechanism is presented. The demo example shows a knowledge base for solving the problem of adapting cyberphysical systems using a cognitive planning mechanism.Materials and methods of research. New approaches and methods are required to address adaptation issues in planning. The cognitive approach is one of the developing directions in solving many problems of the Internet of things. One of these tasks is the ability to adapt OTS modules in a rapidly changing external environment based on the planning mechanism. To solve the planning problem, we use the algorithm described by Aristotle more than 2,350 years ago and implemented in the GPS program. This algorithm can be considered the first description of the cognitive mechanism that a person uses. The knowledge base uses an integrated approach to knowledge representation. When developing OTS modules, an agent-based approach was used to solve the problem of adaptation.Results. The existing and developing approaches and methods for decision support and decision-making are considered for decisionmaking in newly emerging situations in OTS modules. The main provisions of such significant approaches as situational, cognitive and semiotic are presented. A cognitive approach to the adaptation of intelligent systems is proposed. The solution of the problem of adaptation of cyberphysical systems is considered within the framework of the cognitive paradigm. The structure of a cyberphysical system capable of solving adaptation problems is shown. The functions of OTS modules based on agent-oriented technology are described. A description of the adaptation algorithm using the cognitive planning mechanism is given. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. A demo example of solving the problem of adaptation by a cyberphysical system-a cooking robot – is shown.Conclusion. Using the modular architecture of an intelligent system allows you to solve many problems. One of these tasks is to configure elements of the Internet of things when they deviate from their main function. The planning mechanisms proposed for parametric adaptation can be repeatedly applied in OTS modules as separate agents. This approach is relevant for elements of the Internet of things. In the case of expanding the functionality of the OTS modules of Internet of things, it is advisable to apply machine learning with fixing the results in the knowledge base of planning agents.

The content of the cyberphysical approach to the creation, functioning and improvement of transport and production systems is analyzed. It was found out how, on the basis of the approach, cyberphysical transport and production systems are created as the integration of special technologies of the Internet of Things; embedded systems; ubiquitous and cloud computing. It was revealed that cyberphysical transport and production systems have a trinitarian concept and are defined by three entities: communication, computation and control, which unites information. It is determined that the main functions of cyberphysical transport and production systems are: information processing, intelligent communications, performance and process control. A component model of such a system has been built, which includes two groups of components - evolutionary and technological. The evolutionary group of components includes subsystems: digital; integrated; robotic, intelligent distributed. These components are a kind of basis for the presence of prerequisites for the creation of transport and production systems. It is noted that the technology group of components is the basis for concrete implementations of the Internet of Things, embedded systems and ubiquitous and cloud computing. A cyberphysical system of technical service is proposed as a specific implementation of cyberphysical transport and production systems. It was determined that the modes of the proposed functional cyber system are: high adaptability; an appropriate level of efficiency; intelligence of management; high level of reliability; the use of a new on-net online simulation type; using a new type of self-verifying models; internal online optimization, etc. It is shown that the presence of intelligent models in the cyberphysical model of technical service makes the system resistant to cyberattacks and increases the degree of safety when ensuring traffic in transport and the development of an occupational safety system during maintenance and repair operations.

The article deals with the key technological trends underlying cyberphysical systems. The questions of constructing the smart industry as a cyber-physics system are described in their context the, barriers and risks are described in the transition to smart technologies in the economy and ways of overcoming them. The combination of the Internet and material things forms new opportunities for managing the physical world, including devices, factories and infrastructure that determine the modern economic landscape. The next 10 years of Internet of Things can radically change the manufacturing industry, energy, agriculture, transport and other sectors of the real economy, accounting for almost two thirds of world GDP. Due to the processes of digitization, such transformations will have far-reaching consequences in terms of redistribution of resources and markets of the present world. Technically, the smart industry integrates advances in the field of physical devices with advances in the field of information and communication technologies, which results in the formation of cyber-physics systems. For Ukraine, the special significance of smart industry is also determined by the fact that its traditional industry is currently in crisis, and the new “smart” industry has not received enough attention from the state. In the developed plan, the government’s priority actions in the Ukrainian economy for the period up to 2020 are smart industry (Industry 4.0, Internet industry, advanced digital production, etc.), unlike US, China, EU countries and other industrial leaders in general not considered, especially as a national strategic investment. The possibilities of using cyber-physics systems in various branches of economy and socially important systems are described. Examples of smart manufacturing are presented in modern conditions of Ukraine.

In this research work analyzes and compares existing methods for describing data from cyberphysical systems, methods for detecting network attacks targeting cyberphysical systems, analyzes fundamental approaches and solutions in the field of cyberphysical systems security, and makes recommendations for supplementing existing approaches using new algorithms. The considered application of the neuroevolutionary algorithm of NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topology using a hypercube for the analysis of multivariate time series describing the state of cyberphysical systems in order to identify abnormal conditions. After the modification, the algorithm allows almost completely configuring the target neural network without user intervention according to the specified parameters, including additionally creating intermediate network layers that were previously unavailable in the primary version of the algorithm. The method is verified on the TON_IOT DATASETS dataset. The system topology is the structure of the Internet of Things. The data are relevant, verified and correct, which allows them to be used for analysis and assessment of the accuracy of the approach under consideration. The obtained overall accuracy, proximity of solutions, values of False Positive Rate and False Negative Rate indicate the lack of retraining of the model and the high reliability of this method for detecting attacks in cyberphysical systems

Nowadays, the concept of the industrial Internet of things is considered by researchers as the basis of Industry 4.0. Its use is aimed at creating a single information space that allows to unite all the components of production, starting from the processed raw materials to the interaction with suppliers and users of completed goods. Such a union will allow to change the established business processes of production to increase the customization of end products for the consumer and to reduce the costs for its producers. Each of the components is described using a digital twin, showing their main characteristics, important for production. The heterogeneity of these characteristics for each of the production levels makes it very difficult to exchange information between them. To solve the problem of interaction between individual components this paper proposes to use the ontological approach to model the components of industrial socio-cyberphysical systems. The paper considers four scenarios of interaction in the industrial Internet of things, based on which the upper-level ontology is formed, which describes the main components of industrial socio-cyberphysical systems and the connections between them.

Health informatization as an urgent problem has not yet been resolved. Quality medical care, intellectual level, communication infrastructure, management process, control of equipment, sensors are presented as a “smart-digital hospital” cyberphysical system with modern information technologies. The most important condition for “smart-digital” hospitals is that health workers inform patients about patients using the Internet of Things and mobile applications, and ensure their comfort.

The current stage of technology development is characterized by an increase in the complexity of the created anthropogenic systems, a constant expansion of the scope of information technologies, an increase in the intelligence level of the created systems, and the appearance of new paradigms for building information-oriented systems such as cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, and cloud and fog systems. Modern information-oriented systems very often have dynamic structure, implement complex adaptive behavior, and can be considered as systems with agile architecture. The article discusses one of the possible approaches for building cyberphysical systems with agile architecture on fog platforms. The idea of the proposed approach is to accumulate knowledge about the current state of the observed cyberphysical systems in the form of knowledge graphs. As a model, it is proposed to use multilevel relatively finite state operating automaton at the upper level and knowledge graphs at the lower level. A distinctive feature of the developed approach is that models that describe the current state of the observed system can be built automatically.

Establishing mass-customization practices, in a sustainable way, at a time of increased market uncertainty, is a pressing challenge for modern producing companies and one that traditional automation solutions cannot cope with. Industry 4.0 seeks to mitigate current practice’s limitations. It promotes a vision of a fully interconnected ecosystem of systems, machines, products, and many different stakeholders. In this environment, dynamically interconnected autonomous systems support humans in multifaceted decision-making. Industrial Internet of Things and cyberphysical systems (CPSs) are just two of the emerging concepts that embody the design and behavioral principles of these highly complex technical systems. The research within multiagent systems in manufacturing, by embodying most of the defining principles of industrial CPSs (ICPSs), is often regarded as a precursor for many of today’s emerging ICPS architectures. However, the domain has been fuzzy in specifying clear-cut design objectives and rules. Designs have been proposed with different positioning, creating confusion in concepts and supporting technologies. This paper contributes by providing clear definitions and interpretations of the main functional traits spread across the literature. A characterization of the defining functional requirements of ICPSs follows, in the form of a scale, rating systems according to the degree of implementation of the different functions.

The rapid development of mobile Internet technologies LTE (Long-Term Evolution) not only predetermined the further development of cyber-physical systems, which are based on the synthesis of technologies of classical computer systems and LTE technologies, as well as integration with Internet-of-Things technologies. As a result, the emergence of sociocyberphysical systems predetermines further development based on this integration. The creation of mesh- and sensor networks also allows the development of smart technologies and systems based on their conglomeration. The development and creation of a quantum computer, on the one hand, will make it possible to make a technical breakthrough in computing resources, use artificial intelligence, and on the other hand, it can lead to “chaos” in ensuring the security of modern technologies and systems. So, based on the algorithms of Shor and Grover quantum cryptography, symmetric cryptosystems based on traditional cryptography algorithms, as well as asymmetric cryptosystems, including systems based on elliptic curve cryptography, can be broken. The paper proposes to use a new approach to building security systems based on the concept of internal and external security contours. At the same time, security contours of continuous business processes are considered. This approach provides an objective assessment of the current state of security of the socio-cyber system as a whole.

The effectiveness of the functioning of cyberphysical systems is based primarily on the use of powerful methods of obtaining and processing information. The complexity of the structures and properties of cybernetic systems, as well as the conditions of their functioning, determine special requirements for measurement methods and computing, performed in such systems. As a rule, the uncertainty of CPS models, as well as the uncertainty of the influence of environmental factors and their interrelations with the properties of systems, primarily define the requirements for the intellectualization of measurements and computational processing of information. In this article, methods and tools of Bayesian intelligent measurements (BII) are proposed to ensure the effectiveness of management of cyberphysical systems under conditions of uncertainty. The concept and methodology of creating an intelligent industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is proposed, the distinctive feature of which is the intellectualization of measurement methods and data preprocessing. For this purpose, IIoT includes an intelligent DATALAKE, which is built on the basis of a Bayesian intelligent measurement systems that implements not only measurement and data integration functions, but also management decision support. Examples of real cyberphysical systems with control based on Bayesian intelligent measuring instruments are given. The prospects of using the proposed solutions based on BII in various modern technologies based on the principles of BIG DATA, DATA SCIENCE, neural networks, IIoT, DATA MINING and others are considered.

Abstract The cyber-physical production base technologies are control, computing and connection being applied altogether in the industrial object technological processes automatic regulation systems. They use control technologies in multi-loops and multi-channel regulation systems forming a hierarchy structure. Automatics functional elements unite in the intermediary regulation scheme stabilizing hierarchy control objects, which states are detected with sensors. Computing technologies are used in the cyber-physical production imitation virtual environment and provide processes simulation based on control models and cyber-physical systems digital twins structured in hierarchy levels. The regulation accuracy increase is provided with physical and model processes results comparison detecting non-definition factors acting production processes accuracy. The communication technology is used for the cyber-physical systems net information exchange given with the Internet of Things parameters. The cyber-physical systems continuous work in the non-ideal communication net regulation interval is provided with preventive control signals compensating operation and information delay of automatic conveyor lines. There is a scheme given of multi-loop and multi-channel automatic cyber-physical production using control objects hierarchy based on cyber-physical systems hierarchy and item manufacturing technological tasks.

Modern systems are increasingly dependent on the integration of physical processes and information technologies. This trend is remarkable in applications involving sensor networks, cyberphysical systems, and Internet of Things. Despite its complexity, such integration results in physical context information that can be used to improve security, especially authentication. In this paper, we show that entities sharing the same physical context can use it for establishing a secure communication channel and protecting each other against external attacks. We present such approach proposing a theoretical model for generating unique bitstreams. Two different protocols are suggested. Each one is evaluated using probabilistic analysis and simulation. In the end, we implement the authentication mechanism in a case study using networks radio signal as physical event generator. The results demonstrate the performance of each of the protocols and their suitability for applications in real world.

Industry 4.0 enables intelligent manufacturing that focuses on designing, creating and delivering products and services tailored to individual customer requirements. This industry encourages the integration of various intelligent manufacturing systems and advanced information technologies, such as cyberphysical systems, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Services. The aim of this paper is to prove, on the basis of analysis of selected academic sources and examples from business practice, that Industry 4.0, as a global transformation of production and other business segments based on digitalization and the Internet, increasingly transforms existing supply chains into supply chains 4.0 and affects their business performance. There are three key parts of this paper. The first part presents the conceptual and business framework of Industry 4.0, as well as its dependence on certain digital technologies. The second part points to the business relevance of supply chains 4.0 and the technological conditionality of their adaptation to customer expectations. The last part proves the fact that Industry 4.0 enables the company to be transformed into a digital supply chain (supply chain 4.0) that can successfully respond to changes in the environment.

AbstractCurrently we are saying that we are at the dawn of the fourth revolution, which is marked by using cyberphysical systems and the Internet of Things. This is marked as Industry 4.0 (I4.0). With Industry 4.0 is also closely linked concept Logistics 4.0. The highly dynamic and uncertain logistic markets and huge logistic networks require new methods, products and services. The concept of the Internet of Things and Services (IoT&S), Big Data/ Data Mining (DM), cloud computing, 3D printing, Blockchain and cyber physical system (CPS) etc. seem to be the probable technical solution for that. However, associated risks hamper its implementation and lack a comprehensive overview. In response, the paper proposes a framework of risks in the context of Logistics 4.0. They are here economic risks, that are associated e.g. with high or false investments. From a social perspective, risks the job losses, are considered too. Additionally, risks can be associated with technical risks, e.g. technical integration, information technology (IT)-related risks such as data security, and legal and political risks, such as for instance unsolved legal clarity in terms of data possession. It is therefore necessary to know the potential risks in the implementation process.

The development of the IT industry and computing resources allows the formation of cyberphysical social systems (CPSS), which are the integration of wireless mobile and Internet technologies and the combination of the Internet of things with the technologies of cyberphysical systems. To build protection systems, while minimizing both computing and economic costs, various sets of security profiles are used, ensuring the continuity of critical business processes. To assess/compare the level of CPSS security, various assessment methods based on a set of metrics are generally used. Security metrics are tools for providing up-to-date information about the state of the security level, cost characteristics/parameters from both the defense and attack sides. However, the choice of such sets is not always the same/understandable to the average person. This, firstly, leads to the absence of a generally accepted and unambiguous definition, which means that one system is more secure than another. Secondly, it does not take into account the signs of synergy and hybridity of modern targeted attacks. Without this knowledge, it is impossible to show that the metric measures the security level objectively. Thirdly, there is no universal formal model for all metrics that could be used for rigorous analysis. The paper explores the possibility of defining a basic formal model (classifier) for analyzing security metrics. The proposed security assessment model takes into account not only the level of secrecy of information resources, the level of provision of security services, but also allows, based on the requirements put forward, forming the necessary set of security assessment metrics, taking into account the requirements for the continuity of business processes. The average value of the provision of security services to CPSS information resources is 0.99, with an average value of the security level of information resources of 0.8

The processes of transformation of global information infrastructure and large-scale automation of production lead to the actual merger of automated production, data exchange and production technologies into a single self-regulatory system with minimal or no human intervention in the production process. Currently, there is a mass introduction of cyberphysical systems into production with the simultaneous application of the results obtained in the fields of artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things and so on. Implementing the goal of developing methods for organizing production processes of metal processing at machine-building enterprises using neural networks, the processes of global transformation of IT infrastructure were studied against the background of mass introduction of cyberphysical systems and breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and technological processes. The characteristics of the behavior of complex technical systems that implement the property of functional stability of such systems are studied. The processes of metal processing by cutting are characterized taking into account the peculiarities of the influence of deformation hardening, plastic deformations, self-oscillations and chaotic dynamics that occur in machining centers. Methods of application of neural networks in modeling of processes of mechanical processing of metals by cutting are described. A universal technique for constructing neural network models of the machining process on the basis of an artificial counter-propagation neural network is given. Based on the analysis, an intelligent system of analysis and forecasting of the dynamic stability of the technological process of cutting using parallel calculations, which guarantees the fulfillment of the necessary conditions to ensure the functional stability of the production process.

The article is based on reports and discussions held during three online events organized by the Russian Research Center for the Internet of Things together with the Department of Philosophy and Sociology of South-West State University during 2021: an open discussion with the famous transhumanist philosopher David Pearce dedicated to the birthday of Jeremiah Bentham on February 15, a round table dedicated to the World Internet of Things Day on April 9, and a session within the first IoT Hot Spots conference on June 16.The main topics for discussion this year were the consideration of the following philosophical and socio-cultural problems and concepts in the light of the development of cyberphysical systems: anthropological differences between the «posthuman» and «metahuman» projects, epistemological aspects of bio- and cybersemiotics in modern hybrid techno-social networks, the cultural dimension of remote proximity in the digital age, the ontology of the quantum complexity of the digital multiverse, the ethical dimensions of the digital economy in the post-covid period, the aesthetics of metamodernism in the smart city, the anthropocene effects of silicon addiction and the race of computing, socio-philosophical problems of management in situations of high uncertainty, political strategies for sustainable development.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing computational paradigm where all kinds of everyday objects are interconnected, forming a vast cyberphysical environment at the edge between the virtual and the real world. Since the emergence of the IoT, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) technology has been successfully applied in this area, proving itself to be an appropriate paradigm for developing distributed, intelligent systems containing sets of IoT devices. However, this technology still lacks effective mechanisms to integrate the enormous diversity of existing IoT devices systematically. In this context, this paper introduces the concept of the IoT artifact as a new interface abstraction for the development of MAS based on IoT devices. The IoT artifact strictly conforms to the Agents and Artifacts (A&A) meta-model, and it also adopts the programming model of the SPADE multi-agent platform, providing both a consistent theoretical framework and a practical model for real-world applications.

Multimode fibers are regarded as the key technology for the steady increase in data rates in optical communication. However, light propagation in multimode fibers is complex and can lead to distortions in the transmission of information. Therefore, strategies to control the propagation of light should be developed. These strategies include the measurement of the amplitude and phase of the light field after propagation through the fiber. This is usually done with holographic approaches. In this paper, we discuss the use of a deep neural network to determine the amplitude and phase information from simple intensity-only camera images. A new type of training was developed, which is much more robust and precise than conventional training data designs. We show that the performance of the deep neural network is comparable to digital holography, but requires significantly smaller efforts. The fast characterization of multimode fibers is particularly suitable for high-performance applications like cyberphysical systems in the internet of things.

The research is devoted to the modern development of digital transformation in the Russian economy, including in the Khabarovsk Territory; the difficulties of implementing the directions of the “Digital Economy”. In this study, an attempt is made to compare the strategic goals of the development of the “Digital Economy”, modern processes of digital transformation and such an important component of it as "Integration 4.0" related to the “industrial Internet”, digital production, intelligent components, including the collection of large amounts of data, cyberphysical systems, remote monitoring and maintenance. “Industry 4.0” accelerates production processes, increases its efficiency and the quality of manufactured goods, reduces the cost of delivery, tracks production chains, etc. Currently, the industry of Western countries uses Industry 4.0 standards at the production management level. In developed countries, such as Germany, South Korea, etc., they realize the importance of automation and computerization, which became the main tool of the third industrial revolution, and its tools for the transition to “Industry 4.0”. International standards are developed for industries that use computer algorithms to monitor and control physical things, such as equipment, robots and vehicles. Standards that work on the basis of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and cyber—physical systems — intelligent autonomous systems that define all components of the supply chain, transforming production processes into “smart” - from smart manufacturing and factories to smart warehouses and logistics. And, the same systems are associated with the previous stage of industrial production, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP). All this ensures a high level of transparency and control over the activities of the organization. At the present stage, there are excellent opportunities for the development of Industry 4.0 in Russia, but there are also difficulties, overcoming which are significant directions of the digitalization processes of the modern economy. The authors devoted their research to the analysis of such difficulties.

The new type of economic management, which begins to be built nowadays and is based on the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT), has been named the «digital economy». The use of ICT and digital systems carries great advantages, comprehensively changes the national economies. The transition to digital economy is objective and irrevocable, so one needs to clearly understand this new essence, its features and development tendencies. The publication is aimed at outlining a modern understanding of the essence, determining the features, characteristics and peculiarities of digital economy, as well as defining tendencies in its development in the context of globalization of the world economy. The article explains the importance of ICT in economics, the creation of digital systems, the Internet of people and things, cyberphysical systems, various equipment and devices. The main results of widespread use of ICT, especially the development of the Internet, are formulated. Explanations of digitalization and digital transformation are provided. In general, the consequences of the use of ICT at the intra-organization, meso-economic and macro-economic levels are specified. The essence features of digital economy and the general bases of its emergence with an emphasis on the role of the Internet are distinguished. In this context, a number of characteristics of digital economy are defined. Four major approaches to determining the essence of digital economy (political-economic, technological, resource-factor, entrepreneurial) are substantiated. To disclose the structure of digital economy, its main types are distinguished, including the auxiliary ones (designing the websites, Internet marketing, analytics, etc.). The importance of payment transactions is emphasized. The use of ICT to ensure the activities of industrial enterprises and the creation of «smart» things, cities, infrastructure, etc. are taken into account. It is proposed to consider digital economy as a modernization and a new paradigm for the development of socio-economic systems. In this context, structural, organizational, managerial, institutional-legal, social, spatial features of such an economy are distinguished. The need to study the global aspects of the development of digital economy is emphasized, within terms of which the relevant tendencies are determined, taking into account the development of e-business, industries and market segments, the transformation of digital economy into a source of economic growth and development.

The need to promptly identify problems with the simultaneous production of the necessary corrective actions, which are aimed at optimizing the productivity of the entire production system, justifies the relevance of the study of the effectiveness of the introduction of industry 4.0 technologies in industry. The article provides a review of analytical studies of the concept of "industry 4.0" in foreign scientific literature to identify characteristics and distinguish from related concepts, such as "4th Industrial Revolution", "cyberphysical systems", "Internet of Things". The main key factors for the success of digitalization are people, strategy, technologies that will allow the development of intelligent algorithms to improve operational efficiency; contribute to the efficient use of resources, reduce product quality costs, introduce automation; contribute to increasing the efficiency and productivity of operations. The main directions of the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies proposed by the Boston Consulting Company on the efficiency of production systems are presented. It is concluded that the use of digital technologies in industry 4.0 makes it possible for large-scale technological transformation of production and is aimed at increasing the innovative potential of industrial enterprises.

With the increase of population density and the rural exodus to cities, urbanization is assuming extreme proportions and presents a tremendous urban problem related to waste generation. The increase of waste generation has been considered a significant challenge to large urban centers worldwide and represents a critical issue for countries with accelerated population growth in cities. The Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing offer an automation possibility through cyberphysical systems that will change the way solid waste management is performed. Considering IoT requirements, a review analysis of waste management models available in the literature is performed in detail in this paper. Then, a deep review is undertaken of the related literature based on IoT infrastructure for efficient handling of waste generated in urban scenarios, focusing on the interaction among concessionaires and waste generators (citizens) from the perspective of a shorter collection time with reduced costs, as well as citizenship promotion. An IoT-based reference model is described, and a comparison analysis of the available solutions is presented, with the goal to highlight the most relevant approaches and identify open research issues on the topic.

Substantial advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) bring out novel concepts, solutions, trends, and challenges to integrate intelligent and autonomous systems in critical infrastructures. A new generation of ICT environments (such as smart cities, Internet of Things,edge-fog-social-cloudcomputing, and big data analytics) is emerging; it has different applications to critical domains (such as transportation, communication, finance, commerce, and healthcare) and different interconnections via multiple layers of public and private networks, forming a grid of critical cyberphysical infrastructures. Protecting sensitive and private data and services in critical infrastructures is, at the same time, a main objective and a great challenge for deploying secure systems. It essentially requires setting up trusted security policies. Unfortunately, security solutions should remain compliant and regularly updated to follow and track the evolution of security threats. To address this issue, we propose an advanced methodology for deploying and monitoring the compliance of trusted access control policies. Our proposal extends the traditional life cycle of access control policies with pertinent activities. It integrates formal and semiformal techniques allowing the specification, the verification, the implementation, the reverse-engineering, the validation, the risk assessment, and the optimization of access control policies. To automate and facilitate the practice of our methodology, we introduce our systemSVIRVROthat allows managing the extended life cycle of access control policies. We refer to an illustrative example to highlight the relevance of our contributions.

Every so often, a confluence of novel technologies emerges that radically transforms every aspect of the industry, the global economy, and finally, the way we live. These sharp leaps of human ingenuity are known as industrial revolutions, and we are currently in the midst of the fourth such revolution, coined Industry 4.0 by the World Economic Forum. Building on their guideline set of technologies that encompass Industry 4.0, we present a full set of pillar technologies on which Industry 4.0 project portfolio management rests as well as the foundation technologies that support these pillars. A complete model of an Industry 4.0 factory which relies on these pillar technologies is presented. The full set of pillars encompasses cyberphysical systems and Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and big data, robots and drones, cloud computing, 5G and 6G networks, 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, and blockchain technology. These technologies are based on a set of foundation technologies which include advances in computing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials, energy, and finally cube satellites. We illustrate the confluence of all these technologies in a single model factory. This new factory model succinctly demonstrates the advancements in manufacturing introduced by these modern technologies, which qualifies this as a seminal industrial revolutionary event in human history.

The third and fourth industrial revolutions are developing on the basis of information technology. The main technologies within the fourth industrial revolution, which began at the turn of the 21st century, are cyberphysical systems, the Internet of things and cloud computing. Any industrial revolution implies a rapid increase in labor productivity. However, in most countries, the average annual growth rate of gross value added per person employed in industry, including energy, has been steadily declining over the past 30 years, and in a number of countries in the 2010s, they were negative. Those states that in the 2000s, accelerated the growth rate of gross value added per employed person compared to the 1990s, in the 2010s they reduced them to a level less than in the 1990s. The average annual GDP growth rate at PPP per hour worked also showed a slowdown in the 21st century. The fourth industrial revolution has as its main consequence increased digital control over citizens and enterprises. In industry and agriculture, a decrease in production volumes and a reduction in employment is predicted. The discourse of the fourth industrial revolution seems to have as its goal the formation of a positive perception of digitalization technologies and total control by humanity.

Topicality. In the conditions of total digitalization in the world, the use of the latest technologies and their implementation in all spheres of human life, conducting business processes under the influence of cyber-physical systems, switching thinking to the formation of a "social society", new approaches to the management of physical and living labor, the development of adaptive management mechanisms business processes, which requires a new understanding of the economic activity itself and the participation of human potential in this process, the management of business processes acquires special importance.Aim and tasks. The purpose of this work is the formation of a system characteristic of business process management of entrepreneurial structures under the influence of cyber-physical systems at the meso-level. This goal made it possible to formulate the following tasks: to determine the management of business processes at three levels: enterprise, territorial organization (region), state; carry out modeling of business processes by chains: "Subject-Subject", "Subject-Market of resource-raw material base, products and services", "Subject-State"; consider modern technologies that are the basis of cyber-physical systems.Research results. This article determines that modern authors have not sufficiently developed the issue of managing business processes under the influence of cyber-physical systems at the regional level. It has been proven that the region as a socio-economic system is identified with the formation of a business process, since sub-processes, operations; functions are performed, which occur sequentially, interact with each other and must be balanced. The economic justification of business processes is given, based on the following provisions: creation of value, target receipt of results, definition of business process boundaries, interaction of participants and their adaptation, responsibility and delegation of powers within the process, involving the latest information and communication technologies, functional support and savings of existing potential. The system vision of business process management at the meso-level is considered from the position of: the enterprise; territorial organization; of the state, which will allow to more clearly and concretely carry out economic processes of entrepreneurial activity and adapt to external influences.A conceptual approach to the management of business processes at the meso-level, based on the system-activity approach and under the influence of cyber-physical systems, is proposed and substantiated according to three models: "Subject-Subject", where processes, sub-processes, functions, operations are defined from the point of view of the enterprise , tasks; "Subject-Market of the resource base, products and services", where administrative regulations, regulation and coordination of the economic activity of all subjects of the territorial entity are formed from the point of view of the territorial organization; "Subject-State", where, from the position of the state, relationships are established with all participants in business processes and state authorities, business processes between regions and countries are formed.The types of technologies used in the implementation of business processes are given, namely: Big data and analytics, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, Block chain, cloud solutions, simulations and stimulators, 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, robotics.Conclusion. Interrelationships arise between the subjects of business processes at the meso-level, in which there is a clearly defined coordinator (head, center, regional and local bodies) of management and, accordingly, participants, whose interaction allows: to carry out the transformation of the value proposition (development of technologies, software, modeling and prognostication); improve the operational model (implementation of systems, robots, devices); change the internal infrastructure (data processing based on analytical knowledge and implementation of New Practices); to build relationships with clients at a higher quality level (upgrading staff qualifications and acquiring new competencies); reduce costs (Big data, cloud solutions, 3D printing); increase productivity (collection and exchange of data, analysis, calculation, evaluation of options). The impact of cyber-physical systems on the management of business processes allows changing some elements and the process itself to adapt to today's requirements.

Увеличение количества пользователей социокиберфизических систем, умных пространств, систем интернета вещей актуализирует проблему выявления деструктивных действий пользователей, таких как агрессия. При этом, деструктивные действия пользователей могут быть представлены в различных модальностях: двигательная активность тела, сопутствующее выражение лица, невербальное речевое поведение, вербальное речевое поведение. В статье рассматривается нейросетевая модель многомодального распознавания человеческой агрессии, основанная на построении промежуточного признакового пространства, инвариантного виду обрабатываемой модальности. Предлагаемая модель позволяет распознавать с высокой точностью агрессию в условиях отсутствия или недостатка информации какой-либо модальности. Экспериментальное исследование показало 81:8% верных распознаваний на наборе данных IEMOCAP. Также приводятся результаты экспериментов распознавания агрессии на наборе данных IEMOCAP для 15 различных сочетаний обозначенных выше модальностей. Growing user base of socio-cyberphysical systems, smart environments, IoT (Internet of Things) systems actualizes the problem of revealing of destructive user actions, such as various acts of aggression. Thereby destructive user actions can be represented in different modalities: locomotion, facial expression, associated with it, non-verbal speech behavior, verbal speech behavior. This paper considers a neural network model of multi-modal recognition of human aggression, based on the establishment of an intermediate feature space, invariant to the actual modality, being processed. The proposed model ensures high-fidelity aggression recognition in the cases when data on certain modality are scarce or lacking. Experimental research showed 81.8% correct recognition instances on the IEMOCAP dataset. Also, experimental results are given concerning aggression recognition on the IEMOCAP dataset for 15 different combinations of the modalities, outlined above.

Hyperconnectivity via modern Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has recently driven us to envision “digital twin”, in which physical attributes are all embedded, and their latest updates are synchronized on digital spaces in a timely fashion. From the point of view of cyberphysical system (CPS) architectures, the goals of digital twin include providing common programming abstraction on the same level of databases, thereby facilitating seamless integration of real-world physical objects and digital assets at several different system layers. However, the inherent limitations of sampling and observing physical attributes often pose issues related to data uncertainty in practice. In this paper, we propose a learning-based data management scheme where the implementation is layered between sensors attached to physical attributes and domain-specific applications, thereby mitigating the data uncertainty between them. To do so, we present a sensor data management framework, namely D2WIN, which adopts reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to manage the data quality for CPS applications and autonomous systems. To deal with the scale issue incurred by many physical attributes and sensor streams when adopting RL, we propose an action embedding strategy that exploits their distance-based similarity in the physical space coordination. We introduce two embedding methods, i.e., a user-defined function and a generative model, for different conditions. Through experiments, we demonstrate that the D2WIN framework with the action embedding outperforms several known heuristics in terms of achievable data quality under certain resource restrictions. We also test the framework with an autonomous driving simulator, clearly showing its benefit. For example, with only 30% of updates selectively applied by the learned policy, the driving agent maintains its performance about 96.2%, as compared to the ideal condition with full updates.

Purpose of research. The aim of the study is the use of cognitive technologies for the formation of speech dialogue management models. At present, for the development of the Internet of things, the expansion of communicative opportunities for their interaction, it is important to improve speech dialogue management models in many areas. The need for dialogue can arise between cyber-physical systems, between a person and cyber-physical systems, between users, developers, and administrators. The speech dialogue management models covers many issues related to processing a speech signal, semantic analysis, understanding the meaning of speech, using cognitive mechanisms for interaction, and some others. A special place among them is occupied by the problem of building a speech dialogue between users, developers, and cyberphysical systems. This article is devoted to the consideration of the use of speech dialogue management models of intelligent systems, as well as users, developers, administrators.Materials and methods of research. New approaches and methods are required to solve the problems within the framework of the Industry 4.0. The industry 4.0 concept represents a variety of technologies, including the creation of cyber-physical systems, a variety of different protocols for their interaction. One of its main directions is the Internet of things. Cognitive mechanisms associated with the formation and application of concrete sensory images, concepts-representations, concepts-frames are used to solve the problems of model formation. To form the abilities and speech skills for the communicative activities of the participants of the interaction within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, the methods associated with mastering foreign language technologies were used. The ultimate goal of their use is to achieve the ability to master spontaneous speech in both everyday and professional situations. Mastering a foreign language involves the use of cognitive technologies, which allows you to develop the structure of mental operations.Results. Some features of the formation of a voice dialogue management model for intelligent systems and the preparation of interaction participants in the framework of the concept — users, developers, and industrial system administrators – are considered. The application of cognitive mechanisms for organizing and using the model of speech dialogue management is shown. The use of conceptual representations and scripting concepts in intelligent systems allows us to develop the structure of the world model. The application of cognitive mechanisms for training interaction participants, within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, improves their training by improving understanding of the material being studied by building logical connections and a mental model of the material. Using concepts allows you to build mental models of your own thoughts. At the end of all mental operations, participants in the interaction acquire the ability to form speech dialogue management models.Conclusion. The use of cognitive technologies makes it possible, both for intelligent systems and for interaction participants, to use generalized static structures of concepts, situations, and dynamic structures for real and mental operations. The active use of such structures makes it possible to better understand the current situation and successfully formulate and use voice dialogue management models for solving problems arising during the development of the Industry 4.0 concept.

The article investigates the role of digital transformation processes and their impact on enterprise management. It is emphasized that the introduction of innovative technologies in the enterprise will open new opportunities for further effective development and implementation of positive changes. The need to optimize management processes in the enterprise by adapting them to the conditions of digitalization, which requires the use of qualitatively new approaches to digital transformation of economic entities. The essence and meaning of the term “digitalization” is revealed, the main goals and directions of digital development are defined. The importance of digitalization of the economy as an innovative dynamic process, which is based on the active introduction of innovations and information and communication technologies in the economic activity of enterprises, is substantiated. The main components of the digital economy (support infrastructure, e-business, e-commerce) are identified and their impact on innovative business development is studied. The classification of enterprises according to the level of digitalization is carried out and the necessity of their orientation in the direction of introduction of cyberphysical systems, the Internet of Things, big data, 3D-modeling and 3D-graphics into their own activity is substantiated. The state of digital transformation at domestic enterprises is analyzed, the ratio of the use of digital technologies in business activity is revealed. The main problems faced by enterprises on the way to the introduction of innovative technologies are identified. The presence of the necessary conditions for the implementation of the domestic digital breakthrough and technological transition of enterprises to a higher level has been determined. It is concluded that the digitalization of business is a condition for improving its competitive position in the market and the driving force of the country’s economy and its investment attractiveness.

Abstract In recent years, the importance of production in cyberphysical systems – CPS characteristic of the new industry concept, which is Industry 4.0 – I 4.0, is gaining importance. Industry 4.0 enforces modification of traditional perception of production. The basis for changes in Industry 4.0 has become Internet of Things – IoT, which gives the opportunity to connect and communicate with each other such areas as mobile solutions, cloud computing, sensors, analytics and cyber security. By new technology, areas that previously operated in enterprises as separate systems can be combined and create new opportunities for industrial production (modernization of production methods and reduce employment). Industry 4.0 brings with it a number of new challenges for producers in the field of environmental protection, and related to the inclusion of cybernetic technology in physical production processes as well as distribution. Production starts and ends on the customer. Industry 4.0 is a collective term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization. The United Nations Organization for Industrial Development indicates the following environmental aspects in the perspective of the development of Industry 4.0, such as: climate change and limited access to resources, primarily to clean energy. It is assumed that changes in the production and functioning of economies will result in a decrease in the emission of harmful compounds into the atmosphere and increase the flexibility of activities for environmental protection. The purpose of this work is to present general directions of changes in the field of environmental protection in Industry 4.0. Authors present the following areas of change: energy management and material management. These areas are opportunities for environmental. In the category of threats, the growing costs of environmental protection and household expenses are pointed out. The work is based on a literature study and statistical data. Statistical data are used: integrated technologies, expenditure and costs of environmental protection, recycling of secondary raw materials and energy consumption for the EU and Poland.

Actual importance of study. At the beginning of the 2020s developed world countries and countries which are the leaders of world economic development faced up the challenges of radical structural reformation of social production (from industry to service system) which is based on digitalization. Digital technologies in world science and business practice are considered essential part of a complex technological phenomenon like ‘Industry 4.0’. Digitalization should cover development of all business processes and management processes at micro-, meso- and microlevels, processes of social production management at national and world economy levels. In general, in the 21st century world is shifting rapidly to the strategies of digital technologies application. The countries which introduce these strategies will gain guaranteed competitive advantages: from reducing production costs and improved quality of goods and services to developing new sales market and making guaranteed super-profits. The countries which stand aside from digitalization processes are at risk of being among the outsiders of socio-economic development. Such problem statement highlights the actual importance of determining the directions, trends and strategic priorities of social production digitalization. This issue is really crucial for all world countries, including Ukraine which is in midst of profound structural reformation of all national production system. Problem statement. Digital economy shapes the ground for ‘Industry 4.0’, information, It technologies and large databases become the key technologies. The main asset of ‘Industry 4.0’ is information, the major tool of production is cyberphysical systems that lead to formation the single unified highly productive environmental system of collecting, analyzing and applying data to production and other processes. Cyberphysical systems provides ‘smart machines’ (productive machines, tools and equipment which are programmed) integration via their connection to the Internet, or creation special network, ‘Industrial Internet’ (IIoT) which is regarded as a productive analogue of ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) that is focused on the consumers. ‘Internet of Things’ can be connected with ‘smart factories’ which use ‘Industrial Internet’ to adjust production processes quickly turning into account the changes in costs and availability of resources as well as demand for production made. One of the most essential tasks for current economics and researchers of systems and processes of organization future maintenance of world production is to determine the main strategic priorities of social production digitalization. Analysis of latest studies and publications. Valuable contribution to the study of the core and directions of strategic priorities concerning social production digitalization was made by such foreign scientists as the Canadian researcher Tapscott D [1], foreigners Sun, L., Zhao, L [2], Mcdowell, M. [3] and others. Yet, the study of issues concerning social production digitalization are mainly done by the team of authors as such issues are complicated and multihierarchical. Furthermore, the problem of social production digitalization is closely linked to the transition to sustainable development, which is reflected in the works by Ukrainian scholars like Khrapkin V., Ustimenko V., Kudrin O., Sagirov A. and others in the monograph “Determinants of sustainable economy development” [4]. The edition of the first in Ukraine inter-disciplinary textbook on Internet economy by a group of scientists like Tatomyr I., Kvasniy L., Poyda S. and others [5] should also be mentioned. But the challenges of social production digitalization are constantly focused on by theoretical scientists, analytics and practitioners of these processes. Determining unexplored parts of general problem. Defining strategic priorities of social production digitalization requires clear understanding of prospective spheres of their application, economic advantages and risks which mass transition of social production from traditional (industrial and post-industrial)to digital technologies bear. A new system of technological equipment (production digitalization, Internet-economy, technology ‘Industry 4.0’, NBIC- technologies and circular economy) has a number of economic advantages for commodity producers and countries, as well as leads to dramatical changes in the whole social security system, changes at labour market and reformation the integral system of social relations in the society. Tasks and objectives of the study. The objective of the study is to highlight the core and define the main strategic priorities of social production digitalization, as they cause the process of radical structural reformation of industrial production, services and social spheres of national economy of world countries and world economy in general. To achieve the objective set in the article the following tasks are determined and solved: - to define the main priorities of digital technologies development, which is radically modify all social production business processes; - to study the essence and the role of circular economy for transition to sustainable development taken EU countries as an example; - to identify the strategic priorities of robotization of production processes and priority spheres of industrial and service robots application; - to define the role of NBIC-technologies in the process of social production structural reformation and its transition to new digital technologies in the 21st century. Method and methodology of the study. While studying strategic priorities of social production digitalization theoretical and empirical methods of study are used, such as historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, abstract and specific, casual (cause-and-effect) ones. All of them helped to keep the track of digital technologies evolution and its impact on structural reformation of social production. Synergetic approach, method of expert estimates and casual methods are applied to ground system influence of digital technologies, ‘Industry 4.0’ and their materialization as ‘circular economy’ on the whole complicated and multihierarchical system of social production in general. Basic material (the results of the study). Digital economy, i.e. economy where it is virtual but not material or physical assets and transactions are of the greatest value, institutional environment in which business processes as well as all managerial processes are developed on the basis of digital computer technologies and information and communication technologies (ICT), lies as the ground for social production digitalization. ICT sphere involves production of electronic equipment, computing, hardware,.software and services. It also provides various information sevices. Information Technology serves as a material basis for digital economy and digital technologies development. Among the basic digital technologies the following ones play the profound role: technology ‘Blockchain’, 3D priniting, unmanned aerial vehicles and flying drones, virtual reality (VR). Augmented reality (AR), Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Internet of Value (IoV) which is founded on IT and blockchain technology, Internet of Everything (IoE), Artificial Intelligence (AI), neuron networks and robots. These basic digital technologies in business processes and management practices are applied in synergy, complexity and system but not in a single way. System combination of digital technologies gives maximal economic effect from their practical application in all spheres of social production-from industry to all kinds of services. For instance, in education digital technologies promote illustrating and virtual supplement of study materials; in tourism trade they promote engagement of virtual guides, transport and logistics security of tourist routes, virtual adverts and trips arrangements, virtual guidebooks, virtual demonstration of services and IT brochures and leaflets. Digital technologies radically change gambling and show businesses, in particular, they provide virtual games with ‘being there’ effect. Digital technologies drastically modify the retail trade sphere, advertisement and publishing, management and marketing, as well as provide a lot of opportunities for collecting unbiased data concerning changes in market conditions in real time. Digital technologies lie as the basis for ‘circular economy’, whose essence rests with non-linear, secondary, circular use of all existing natural and material resources to provide the production and consumption without loss of quality and availability of goods and services developed on the grounds of innovations, IT-technology application and ‘Industry 4.0’. Among priorities of circular economy potential applications the following ones should be mentioned: municipal services, solid household wastes management and their recycling, mass transition to smart houses and smart towns, circular agriculture development, circular and renewable energy, The potential of circular economy fully and equally corresponds to the demands for energy efficiency and rational consumption of limited natural resources, so it is widely applied in EU countries while transiting to sustainable development. In the 21st century processes of social production robotization draw the maximal attention of the society. There is a division between industrial and service robots which combine artificial intelligence and other various digital technologies in synergy. Industrial robots are widely used in production, including automotive industry, processing industry, energetic, construction sectors and agriculture Services are applied in all other spheres and sectors of national and world economies –from military-industrial complex (for instance, for mining and demining the areas, military drones) to robots-cleaners (robots-vacuum cleaners), robots-taxis, robots engaged in health care service and served as nurses (provide the ill person with water, tidy up, bring meals). Social production robotization is proceeding apace. According to “World Robotic Report 2020”, within 2014 – 2019 the total quantity of industrial robots increased by 85 %. By 2020 in the world the share of robots in the sphere of automated industrial production had comprised 34 %, in electronics – 25%, in metallurgy – 10 %. These indicators are constantly growing which results in structural reformation of the whole system of economic and industrial processes, radical changes in world labour market and the social sphere of world economy in general. Alongside with generally recognized types of digital technologies and robotization processes, an innovation segment of digital economy – NBIC – technologies (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology, Cognitive Science) are rapidly spread. Among the priorities of NBIC-technologies development the special place belongs to interaction between information and cognitive technologies. As a material basis for its synergy in NBIC-technologies creation of neuron networks, artificial intelligence, artificial cyber brain for robots are applied. It is estimated as one of the most prospective and important achievements of digital economy which determines basic, innovational vector of social production structural reformations in the 21st century. The sphere of results application. International economic relations and world economy, development of competitive strategies of national and social production digitalization of world economy in general. Conclusions. Digital technologies radically change all spheres of social production and social life, including business and managerial processes at all levels. Digital technologies are constantly developing and modifying, that promotes emergence of new spheres and new business activities and management. 21st century witnessed establishing digital economy, smart economy, circular economy, green economy and other various arrangements of social production which are based on digital technologies. Social production digitalization and innovative digital technologies promotes business with flexible systems of arrangement and management, production and sales grounded on processing large Big Data permanently, on the basis of online monitoring in real time. Grounded on digital technologies business in real time mode processes a massive Big Data and on their results makes smart decisions in all business spheres and business processes management. Radical shifts in social production digitalization provides businesses of the states which in practice introduce digital technologies with significant competitive advantages - from decrease in goods and services production cost to targeted meeting of specific needs of consumers. Whereas, rapid introduction of digital technologies in the countries-leaders of world economic development results in a set of system socio-economic and socio-political challenges, including the following: crucial reformatting the world labour market and rise in mass unemployment, shift from traditional export developing countries’ specialization, breakups of traditional production networks being in force since the end of the 20th century, so called ‘chains of additional value shaping’, breakups of traditional cooperation links among world countries and shaping the new ones based on ‘Industry 4.0’ and ‘Industrial Internet’. Socio-economic and political consequences of radical structural reformation of all spheres in national and world economy in the 21st century, undoubtedly, will be stipulated with the processes of social production digitalization. It will require further systemic and fundamental scientific studies on this complicated and multi hierarchical process.

The Internet of Battlefield Things is a newly born cyberphysical system and, even though it shares a lot with the Internet of Things and with ad hoc networking, substantial research is required to cope with its scale and peculiarities. This article examines a fundamental problem pertaining to the routing of information, i.e., the calculation of a backbone network. We model an IoBT network as a network with multiple layers and employ the concept of domination for multilayer networks. This is a significant departure from earlier works, and in spite of the huge literature on the topic during the past twenty years, the problem in IoBT networks is different since these networks are multilayer networks, thus making inappropriate all the past, related literature because it deals with single layer (flat) networks. We establish the computational complexity of our problem, and design a distributed algorithm for computing connected dominating sets with small cardinality. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm on generated topologies, and compare it against two—the only existing—competitors. The proposed algorithm establishes itself as the clear winner in all experiments concerning the dominating set from a size-wise and an energy-wise perspective achieving a performance gain of about 15%.

Edge data processing represents the new evolution of the Internet and Cloud computing. Its application to the Internet of Things (IoT) is a step towards faster processing of information from sensors for better performance. In automated systems, we have a large number of sensors, whose information needs to be processed in the shortest possible time and acted upon. The paper describes the possibility of applying Artificial Intelligence on Edge devices using the example of finding a parking space for a vehicle, and directing it based on the segment the vehicle belongs to. Algorithm of Machine Learning is used for vehicle classification, which is based on vehicle dimensions.

This article describes how the Internet of Things (IoT) enables interaction and integration of real world things or objects—such as cars, electronic devices, homes, etc.—using various inter-operable communication protocols. This leads to a digital society of billions of devices that can sense, process, share, track, shop, chat and work in cooperative manner. There exist many challenges in the realization of IoT based distributed systems. This article intends to introduce various aspects of IoT such as views/visions, Architecture and protocols of IoT, communication technology, general requirements and various application domains. This article intends to disseminate the state-of-the-art multi-fold information on IoT to researchers, academicians, and student community.

In the contemporary world, we are surrounded by a complex network of interconnected sensors. These allows us to share, collate, transmit, and store vast amounts of data. These systems are known as the Internet of Things (IoT), and this technological offering has attracted a large amount of interest from academics, researchers, and developers in recent years due to its highly scalable and agile nature. However, while the IoT delivers significant benefits, it also poses some risks. The data that is stored and exchanged via the IoT is extremely valuable to individuals who have malevolent intent. In more recent years, the increasing popularity of the IoT as a means of sharing information has been associated with privacy and security risks that have undermined users' trust in the IoT. This paper examines what these risks are and some of the actions that can be taken to mitigate them.

Blockchain offers a distributed ledger to record data collected from Internet of Thing (IoT) devices as immutable and tamper-proof transactions and securely shared among authorized participants in a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network. Despite the growing interest in using blockchain for securing IoT systems, there is a general lack of systematic research and comprehensive review of the design issues on the integration of blockchain and IoT from the software architecture perspective. This article presents a catalog of architectural tactics for the design of IoT systems supported by blockchain as a result of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on IoT and blockchain to extract the commonly reported quality attributes, design decisions, and relevant architectural tactics for the architectural design of this category of systems. Our findings are threefold:<?brk?> (i) identification of security, scalability, performance, and interoperability as the commonly reported quality attributes; (ii) a catalog of twelve architectural tactics for the design of IoT systems supported by blockchain; and (iii) gaps in research that include tradeoffs among quality attributes and identified tactics. These tactics might provide architects and designers with different options when searching for an optimal architectural design that meets the quality attributes of interest and constraints of a system.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly threatened the health and well-being of humanity. Contact tracing (CT) as an important non-pharmaceutical intervention is essential to containing the spread of such an infectious disease. However, current CT solutions are fragmented with limited use of sensing and computing technologies in a scalable framework. These issues can be well addressed with the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Therefore, we need to overview the principle, motivation, and architecture for a generic IoT-based CT system (IoT-CTS). A novel architecture for IoT-CTS solutions is proposed with the consideration of peer-to-peer and object-to-peer contact events, as well as the discussion on key topics, such as an overview of applicable sensors for CT needs arising from the COVID-19 transmission methods. The proposed IoT-CTS architecture aims to holistically utilize essential sensing mechanisms with the analysis of widely adopted privacy-preserving techniques. With the use of generic peer-to-peer and object-to-peer sensors based on proximity and environment sensing mechanisms, the infectious cases with self-directed strategies can be effectively reduced. Some open research directions are presented in the end.

<p>The Internet of things (IoT) has been used for many applications. These applications are accomplished by numerous sensors that detect and share information. When people use the detected information in an IoT system to improve the performance of services, also called the intelligence of the system, this type of IoT is named artificial intelligence of things. This paper proposes a model for improving the flexibility of sensors to enhance the intelligence of IoT. The model defines the quality levels of events and monitoring data for all types of monitoring. In the model, the data or events with different levels have different transmission priority. To reduce energy consumption of detection and transmission, the detecting period of sensors can be set to be longer when the monitored status is normal. In the model application, the sensors shorten the event detection and reaction times. Therefore, the efficiency of monitoring is enhanced. The evaluation demonstrates that the event detection and response times of the proposed mechanism are better than those of other mechanisms. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Research subject. Adaptive systems in the concept of the Internet of things. Objective. To analyze and present the capabilities of adaptive systems in relation to the eco-system of the Internet of things. Method. In addition to the scientific approach, graph (network) and algebraic methods are used in the work, as well as methods of complex analysis. Core results. The use of adaptive systems will make it possible to predict the values of environmental parameters and perform a series of actions without user intervention. As a result of this adjustment, the system becomes adaptive, learning and adapting to changes in the environment, or to the modes of the commands given. Practical relevance. The article presents an analysis of systems and provides examples of the use of adaptive systems.

The area of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber–physical systems (CPS) has created a great opportunity for interdisciplinary research concerning both fundamental theoretical studies as well as their application in practice [...]