Journal articles: 'CW'

1

Cencelj, M., and N. Mramor Kosta. "CW decompositions of equivariant CW complexes." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 65, no. 1 (February 2002): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700020049.

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we discuss conditions which ensure that a G-CW complex is G-homotopy equivalent to a CW complex with cellular action with respect to some CW decomposition of the compact Lie group G. For G = SU (2), we prove that for every G-CW complex X, there exists a CW complex Y which is G-homotopy equivalent to X, such that the action G × Y → Y is a cellular map.

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2

Balas, A., L. Bustamante, F. García-Sánchez, and J. L. Vicario. "Sequencing of four new HLA-C alleles, Cw*070403, Cw*0757, Cw*1705, and Cw*0223." Tissue Antigens 73, no. 6 (June 2009): 618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01234.x.

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3

Arasu, K. T., and Ali Nabavi. "Nonexistence of CW(154,36) and CW(170,64)." Discrete Mathematics 311, no. 8-9 (May 2011): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2011.01.005.

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4

Hammond, L., J. Street, J. Johnson, J. Pepperall, and C. Darke. "A new HLA-Cw*03 variant ? Cw*031102." Tissue Antigens 68, no. 5 (November 2006): 455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00691.x.

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Endres, R. O., H. Redman, A. Baumbach, and J. Capper. "A novel HLA-Cw*05 allele, Cw*0517." Tissue Antigens 70, no. 6 (December 2007): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00937.x.

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Kushawaha, V., and Y. Chen. "CW and quasi-CW diode-laser-pumped Nd:SSGM." Applied Physics B Laser and Optics 60, no. 1 (January 1995): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01082075.

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7

Cox, S. T., H. Ogilvie, E. M. Bohan, R. Holman, H. G. Prentice, M. Potter, J. A. Madrigal, and A. M. Little. "Sequence of two new HLA-Cw alleles: HLA-Cw*0313 and HLA-Cw*1208." Tissue Antigens 59, no. 1 (January 2002): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.590110.x.

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8

Strassler, Yoseph. "New circulant weighing matrices of prime order in CW(31,16), CW(71,25), CW(127,64)." Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 73, no. 1-2 (September 1998): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3758(98)00067-6.

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9

Yan, Dengming, Xinshan Song, Baisha Weng, Zhilei Yu, Wuxia Bi, and Junfeng Wang. "Bioelectricity generation from air-cathode microbial fuel cell connected to constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 9 (November 14, 2018): 1990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.471.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the different performance of bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment between constructed wetland (CW) respectively coupled with air-cathode microbial fuel cell (ACMFC) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) under a fed-batch mode. During a 75-day-operation, the voltage of CW-ACMFC and CW-MFC ranged from 0.36 to 0.52 V and from −0.04 to 0.07 V, indicating that the bioenergy output of CW-ACMFC was significantly higher than that of CW-MFC system. In addition, the maximum of power density of CW-ACMFC and CW-MFC was 4.21 and 0.005 mW m−2. Notably, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH3-N removal efficiency of CW-ACMFC was slightly higher than that in CW-MFC, which resulted from a higher voltage accelerating the transport of electron donors and the growth of microorganisms and plants. This study possesses a probability of using ACMFC coupled with CW to enhance the pollutant removal performance in CW system.

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10

Bengtsson, M., F. Danielsson, I. E. Jansson, E. Jidell, and U. Johansson. "Two new HLA Cw* alleles, Cw*0105 and Cw*1405, detected by sequence based typing." Tissue Antigens 59, no. 3 (March 2002): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.590309.x.

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11

Lebedeva, T. V., M. Ohashi, A. Huang, S. Vasconcellos, S. M. Alosco, J. Kempenich, and N. Yu. "HLA-Cw*1214 allele arisen via recombination between HLA-Cw*070201 and HLA-Cw*120201." Tissue Antigens 64, no. 6 (December 2004): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00331.x.

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12

Sugimoto, Kyoko, Makoto Murata, Seitaro Terakura, and Tomoki Naoe. "Characterization of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Clones Isolated from Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient with HLA-Cw-Mismatched Donor." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1247.1247.

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Abstract HLA-Cw disparity in a donor that can occur even in recipient/donor pairs that are matched for HLA-A, B and DRB1, increases the risk of severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation. Acute GVHD is mediated by donor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, the immunogenicity of HLA-Cw antigens is considered to be low as a consequence of their low level of cell surface expression. In fact, HLA-Cw-specific CTLs generated in post-transplant recipients who develop acute GVHD have not been characterized in detail. Here, we characterized CTL clones isolated from a recipient at the onset of grade II acute GVHD who was transplanted from an HLA-A, B and DRB1-matched, HLA-Cw-mismatched (recipient, Cw*0303/Cw*0702; donor, Cw*0801/Cw*0702) and killer immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand-matched unrelated donor. All of seven isolated CTLs lysed Epstein Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cells (B-LCL) from the recipient, but not B-LCL from the donor. Four CTLs were CD8- positive, one was CD4-positive, and two were CD4/CD8-double positive. Three of those including a CD8-positive CTL, a CD4-positive CTL and a CD4/CD8-double positive CTL had exactly the same nucleotide sequences in the CDR3 region of their T cell receptors, suggesting these three CTLs with variable phenotypes originated from a single clone. To identify the genes encoding the antigen recognized by the isolated CTLs, we initially focused on the CD8-positive CTLs. Two CD8-positive clones lysed all of 15 B-LCL lines from unrelated individuals that shared HLA-Cw*0303 with the recipient, but not B-LCL from 17 unrelated individuals that shared class I HLA molecules other than HLA-Cw* 0303. These data indicated that both CTL clones recognize HLA-Cw*0303 molecule as an alloantigen. We transfected donor B-LCL with a full-length HLA-Cw*0303 cDNA construct and examined their cytotoxicity. Both CTL clones lysed donor B-LCL transfected with the HLA-Cw*0303 cDNA as well as recipient B-LCL. Five other CTLs also lysed HLA-Cw*0303-transfected donor B-LCL. Thus, all CTLs recognized HLA-Cw*0303 as an alloantigen. The sequences of Cw*0303 and Cw*0801 differ by 16 amino acids. To determine which residue affects recognition of the Cw*0303 molecule by Cw*0303- specific Cw*0801-positive CTLs, we generated 16 Cw*0303 mutants in which individual amino acids were substituted with the corresponding amino acid in Cw*0801. COS cells transfected with Cw*0303 mutants in which amino acids constituting peptide-binding pockets (aa position: 114, 116, 152, or 163) were substituted with Cw*0801-amino acids could not stimulate IFN-γ production by any CTLs, whereas COS cells transfected with Cw*0303 mutants bearing Cw*0801-amino acids outside the positions constituting peptidebinding pockets stimulated all CTLs as well as the wild-type Cw*0303 construct. These data indicated that peptides bound to Cw*0303 molecules influence the allorecognition of Cw*0303-specific CTLs. Taken together, our findings suggest HLA-Cw-specific CTL clones with a variable phenotype can naturally arise in post-transplant recipients and cause acute GVHD through recognition of the peptides bound to Cw molecules. This is consistent with a recent statistical study showing a significant association between some specific amino acid substitutions at positions constituting peptide-binding pockets of the HLA-Cw molecule and the occurrence of severe acute GVHD after unrelated bone marrow transplantation (Blood. 2007;110:2235–2241). Further efforts to identify the peptides recognized by isolated CTLs should help to elucidate the mechanism of GVHD development in recipients with HLA-Cw-mismatched donors.

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Mezgebo, G. B., F. J. Monahan, M. McGee, E. G. O’Riordan, I. R. Richardson, and A. P. Moloney. "Effect of carcass weight/age on the compositional and sensory qualities of bull beef." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, s1 (October 2017): s6—s9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017001595.

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This study aimed to compare the quality of beef from suckler bulls raised on a high-energy concentrate ration and slaughtered at different carcass weights (CW)/ages. In total, 42 spring-born, Charolais and Limousin-sired, weaned suckler bulls were provided with a finishing diet of ad libitum concentrates and grass silage until they reached target CW of 340, 380 and 420 kg. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content tended (P<0.06) to be higher for 420 kg CW than for 380 and 340 kg CW. Sensory tenderness was lower (P<0.001) for 420 kg CW than for 380 and 340 kg CW. Juiciness was higher (P<0.05) for 420 kg CW than for 380 kg CW. Flavour liking was higher (P<0.05) for 420 and 380 kg CW (which did not differ) than for 340 kg CW. Overall, an increase in CW resulted in a slight increase in IMF content which could be responsible for the increase in juiciness and flavour liking of the beef. An increase in CW led to a decrease in the tenderness of the beef even though the overall liking of the beef was not affected.

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14

Yang, Qiao, Chao Gao, Zhen-Xing Wu, Sheng-Na Liang, and Min-Hui Liu. "Activated carbon clogging analysis in an integration of constructed wetland with microbial fuel cell." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185301025.

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Constructed wetland (CW) is a low cost and easy operation process for wastewater treatment, while filler clogging is one of the disadvantages for this technology. Using activated carbon as the filler, a regular CW and an integration of constructed wetland with microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) were constructed. After continuous operation of four months, specific surface area and pore size distribution of the activated carbon were analyzed. The specific surface area of the fresh activated carbon was 133.8 m2/g, while the filler in the CW and CW-MFC systems had specific surface area of 38.1 m2/g and 58.2 m2/g. The surface decrease of the CW-MFC filler was 21% lower than that of CW filler. Comparing with the regular CW, the filler in the CW-MFC was more clogging resistant. The alleviation of the filler clogging in CW-MFC may be caused by the micro-electric field as the function of MFC. CW-MFC is a promising microbial electrochemical technology for wastewater treatment and filler clogging resistant, there are some detailed issues deserve to be further researched.

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15

Adetunji, Ademola Emmanuel, Sershen, Boby Varghese, and Norman W. Pammenter. "Effects of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Vigour, Viability, Oxidative Metabolism and Germination Enzymes in Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds." Plants 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091164.

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This study assessed the potential of pre-hydration treatment with aqueous solutions (electrolysed [cathodic water; CW] and non-electrolysed) prepared from four different inorganic ion combinations: 1 mM CaCl2, 1 µm CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 (CaMg, hereafter), 1 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM NaCl to invigorate controlled deteriorated (CDd) Brassicaoleracea (cabbage) and Lactucasativa (lettuce) seeds by assessing germination, vigour and biochemical markers (electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonylation, and defence and germination associated enzymes) of oxidative stress. Additionally, the possible effects of pH of electrolysed CaMg and NaCl solutions were assessed. The inorganic salt solutions were applied to fresh seeds and seeds deteriorated to 75% viability (P75), 50% viability (P50) and 25% viability (P25); deionised water served as control. The pre-hydration treatment did not enhance normal seedling production in cabbage. However, Ca-containing and CW hydration treatments (CaCl2 CW, CaMg and CaMg CW [6.5], MgCl2 CW, NaCl CW and NaCl CW [6.5]) promoted normal seedling production of CDd lettuce seeds, while seedling vigour was enhanced by CaMg, CaMg CW (6.5), NaCl CW and NaCl CW (6.5) in CDd cabbage seeds, and CaCl2, CaCl2 CW, CaMg, CaMg CW (6.5), MgCl2 CW, NaCl CW and NaCl CW (6.5) in CDd lettuce seeds. The supplementation of Ca, a component of the ionised solutes, and/or the reducing potential of CW contributed to increased normal seedling production in lettuce seeds irrespective of the pH of treatment solutions or degree of deterioration. Overall, the pre-hydration treatments enhanced endogenous antioxidants leading to reduced levels of electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and enhanced germination enzyme activities in lettuce seeds. The study concluded that pre-hydration with selected inorganic salt solutions can invigorate debilitated lettuce seeds.

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YANG, HUQING, XIA LI, and GUOQUAN LU. "Effect of Carnauba Wax–Based Coating Containing Glycerol Monolaurate on Decay and Quality of Sweet Potato Roots during Storage." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 10 (September 11, 2018): 1643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-017.

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ABSTRACT Because of high water loss and rot observed in postharvest sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) roots, a carnauba wax (CW)–based nanoemulsion without or with glycerol monolaurate (CW-GML) was developed by a high-energy emulsification approach. The effects of the two coatings on decay, respiration rate, weight loss, surface color, total soluble sugar, and starch content as well as the sensory quality of sweet potato roots were investigated during storage at 20°C for 50 days. Compared with the control treatment (water) and CW coating alone, CW-GML coating exhibited higher emulsion stability and antifungal activity, and treatment resulted in a uniform and continuous coating on roots. The CW-GML and CW coatings both effectively reduced root weight loss and respiration rate and inhibited decay incidence compared with control roots during storage. The CW-GML coating showed markedly stronger inhibition of root rot than the CW coating. Both the CW-GML and CW coatings promoted an increase in root sweetness but did not negatively impact perceived flavor. The overall results demonstrate that the CW-GML coating holds great promise as an effective postharvest technology to preserve food quality and extend shelf life of sweet potato roots.

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17

Saito, Satoshi, Satoshi Ota, Kiyotaka Hashizume, Hirofumi Fukushima, Masao Ota, and Eisei Yamada. "Serological definition of HLA-Cw*08alleles and gene frequency of Cw*08 in Japanese population." Major Histocompatibility Complex 4, no. 3 (1998): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12667/mhc.4.138.

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18

Miron, Joshua, and Daniel Ben-Ghedalia. "Digestion of cell-wall monosaccharides of ryegrass and alfalfa hays by the ruminal bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-115.

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The ruminal bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes strains S85 and BL2 were grown in monocultures or in coculture with strain D1 of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and the solubilization of ryegrass and alfalfa cell walls (CW) and digestion of CW monosaccharides were measured. Fibrobacter succinogenes monocultures and cocultures with B. fibrisolvens D1 degraded 58–69% of ryegrass CW, solubilizing 67–78% of CW glucose, 65–71% of CW xylose, 69–75% of hemicellulose, and 68–77% of total CW monosaccharides. When grown on alfalfa CW, those cultures degraded 28–39% of alfalfa CW, solubilizing 42–58% of CW glucose, 30–36% of CW xylose, and 37–45% of hemicellulose. With respect to both substrates, F. succinogenes strains solubilized CW carbohydrates better than did B. fibrisolvens D1. Complementary interaction between B. fibrisolvens D1 and the F. succinogenes strains was identified with respect to the utilization of some solubilized carbohydrates, but not with respect to the extent of CW solubilization, which was determined mainly by the F. succinogenes strains. For both substrates, utilization of solubilized cellulose by F. succinogenes monocultures was high (96–98%), whereas that of hemicellulose was lower (24–26% in ryegrass and 49–50% in alfalfa). Under scanning electron microscopy, F. succinogenes bacterial cells attached to and colonized on CW particles were characterized by the appearance of protuberant surface structures that we have identified as "polycellulosome complexes." Key words: cell wall monosaccharides, ryegrass, alfalfa, ruminal bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens.

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Palacin-Martinez, Cristina, Mercedes Alvarez, Rafael Montes-Garrido, Marta Neila-Montero, Luis Anel-Lopez, Paulino de Paz, Luis Anel, and Marta F. Riesco. "Frequency of Semen Collection Affects Ram Sperm Cryoresistance." Animals 12, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121492.

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The improvement of frozen-thawed sperm quality has been mostly approached from the view of cryopreservation protocol optimization in terms of cryoprotectant solutions, freezing-thawing rates and antioxidant supplementation, while the impact of sperm collection frequency remains unknown in rams. In this work, a multiparametric study was carried out in cooled and frozen-thawed semen to evaluate sperm quality after different semen collection frequencies during a month: zero sperm collection (0 CW), four sperm collections per week (4 CW), and ten sperm collections per week (10 CW). Traditional analyses have been applied, in combination with novel technologies related to redox balance. Frozen-thawed semen quality showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in 0 CW and 10 CW in comparison to 4 CW, concerning motility and kinetics parameters. However, apoptosis showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in 10 CW in comparison to 0 CW and 4 CW. The employment methods related to redox balance provided us with the definitive probe to ensure the influence of collection frequency on balance redox after thawing. Specifically, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in 10 CW compared to 0 CW and 4 CW. The characterization of alternative strategies to sperm cryopreservation based on consideration of male sexual regimes, could improve the quality of frozen-thawed sperm.

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20

Anas, Aryanti Virtanti, Rahmat Hidayat, Rizki Amalia, Muhammad Ramli, Nirmana Fiqra Qaidahiyani, and Yoga Apri Disetia. "Revenue Estimation of Pit Seam 14 Quarter Mine Block Sequence Design Based on Coal Reference Price Prediction at PT Alam Jaya Pratama, East Kalimantan Province." EPI International Journal of Engineering 3, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.082020.01.

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Seam 14 is one of coal prospects owned by PT Alamjaya Bara Pratama (PT ABP) with an estimated coal resources of ±4,022,458.63 tons which is will be produced in 2020 so that required a pit and mine sequence design used as a guideline in carrying out coal production activities. On the other hand, the uncertainty of coal prices caused the mine sequence design to be evaluated within a certain time as the coal reference price (HBA) was altered and company’s production target. The model equation of coal reference price prediction in 2020 was carried out by using multiple linear regression method. Based on that model, prediction of coal reference price was obtained in CW 1 = $80.21, CW 2 = $81.47 and CW 3 = $82.50. The Pit 14 was designed with the consideration of company's geotechnical recommendation which is can be achieved on the conditions of stripping ratio (SR) of 6 and 7. The mine sequence was designed base on the evaluation of coal production in 2019 (CW 1 = SR > 3, CW 2 = 3 ≤ SR ≤ 6 and CW 3 = SR > 6). The calculation results of estimated revenue of Pit 14 with SR = 6 is CW 1 = US$40,131,297.12; CW 2 = US$36,431,457.31; and CW 3 = US$19,601,965.40. Estimated revenue of Pit 14 with SR = 7 is CW 1 = US$41,821,080.50; CW 2 = US$39,204,128.39; and CW 3 = US$31,715,767.60.

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21

Muñoz, C., G. Gómez, A. I. Stefanakis, C. Plaza de los Reyes, I. Vera-Puerto, and G. Vidal. "Aromatic Compounds and Organic Matter Behavior in Pilot Constructed Wetlands Treating Pinus Radiata and Eucalyptus Globulus Sawmill Industry Leachate." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 5046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235046.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate the fate of aromatic compounds and organic matter in pilot constructed wetlands (CW) treating Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus sawmill industry leachate. Six lab-scale surface flow CW were built and fed in batches. Three CW were fed with P. radiata leachate, while the other three CW were fed with E. globulus leachate. Each group of three CW included two CW planted with Phragmites australis and one unplanted CW as control unit. A stable hydraulic retention time of seven days was maintained in each CW. The organic loading rate was gradually increased in three phases in the CW fed with P. radiata leachate (i.e., from 12 to 19 g COD/m2/day) and with E. globulus leachate (i.e., from 14 to 40 g COD/m2/day). The operation of the six CWs lasted 98 days. The CW treating P. radiata and E. globulus leachate had a similar performance. The highest performance was obtained by the unplanted CW (approximately 10–20% higher than the planted CW), without significant differences observed between the P. radiata and E. globulus leachate treatment, regarding the removal efficiencies of organic matter and total phenolic compounds. The planted systems were probably affected by the high concentrations of these compounds applied, which probably created a toxic environment hindering the microbial community growth.

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Miranda, Suymara Toledo, Antonio Teixeira de Matos, Gheila Corrêa Ferres Baptestini, and Alisson Carraro Borges. "Evaluation of unclogging aspects in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 7 (August 3, 2016): 1594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.369.

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In horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs), the main operational problem is clogging of the porous medium. In this study, the unclogging of HSSF-CWs was evaluated, at rest, by adding a nitrogen-based nutrient solution to the influent. For this, six HSSF-CWs were used, consisting of two uncultivated (CW-C), two cultivated with Tifton 85-grass (Cynodon spp.) (CW-T) and two cultivated with alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) (CW-A), which were fully clogged after being used for the treatment of swine wastewater. The results indicated that passage of the nutrient solution for 55 days through the bed of the HSSF-CWs resulted in reductions of 11 and 33%, respectively, in the total volatile solids (TVS) concentration of fine clogging material in the CW-T and CW-A. With regard to the TVS content of the coarse clogging material, the reduction was even greater, being 33% for CW-T and 62% for CW-A. Measurements of K0 made along the beds (thirds 1, 2 and 3) before and after passage of the nutrient solution in the CWs indicated respective increases of 7, 13 and 0.1% in CW-C; 21, 11 and 7% in CW-T; and 52%, 6% and −6% (decrease) in CW-A. Runoff of the nutrient solution decreased gradually over time, presenting at the beginning of the experiment 26, 35 and 150 cm, and at the end (after 55 days of application) 0, 0 and 50 cm in the flow direction of the CW-C and CW-T and CW-A, respectively.

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Forgo, Bianka, Adam Domonkos Tarnoki, David Laszlo Tarnoki, Daniel Tamas Kovacs, Laszlo Szalontai, Aliz Persely, Anita Hernyes, et al. "Are the Variants of the Circle of Willis Determined by Genetic or Environmental Factors? Results of a Twin Study and Review of the Literature." Twin Research and Human Genetics 21, no. 5 (September 11, 2018): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2018.50.

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Background: Anatomic variants of the circle of Willis (CW) are commonly observed in healthy subjects. Genetic and environmental factors influencing these variants remain unclear. Our aim was to assess the genetic and environmental background affecting variant CW phenotypes. Methods: A total of 122 adult healthy twins from the Hungarian Twin Registry (39 monozygotic (MZ) and 22 dizygotic (DZ) pairs, average age 49.7 ± 13.4 years) underwent Time-of-Flight magnetic resonance angiography and transcranial Doppler sonography. We investigated the anterior and posterior CW according to morphological categories. Prevalence and concordance rates of CW variants were calculated. MZ twins discordant for CW variants were analyzed for cardiovascular risk factors and altered blood flow. Results: Complete CW (45.0%) and bilaterally absent posterior communicating artery (PCoA) (22.5%) were the most prevalent variants in the anterior and posterior CW, respectively. There was no significant difference regarding the prevalence of variants across zygosity except for bilaterally hypoplastic PCoA (p = .02). DZ concordance was higher compared to MZ twins regarding morphological categories of the CW. Cardiovascular risk factors were not significantly associated with variant CW in MZ twins discordant to CW morphology. Flow parameters did not differ significantly among MZ twins discordant to CW variants. Conclusion: CW variants may not be determined by substantial genetic effects and are not influenced by altered blood flow in healthy individuals. Further investigations are needed to identify potential environmental factors affecting these variants.

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Behera, Devi Prasad, Amrit Pal Singh Sethi, Chanchal Singh, Udeybir Singh, and Manju Wadhwa. "Effect of citrus waste on blood parameters of broiler birds with and without cocktail of enzymes." Veterinary World 12, no. 4 (April 2019): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.483-488.

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Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of different levels of citrus waste (CW) with or without enzyme cocktail on blood profile of broilers. Materials and Methods: CW was sun-dried and grounded to powder CW. 256-day-old birds were distributed into eight groups; control (C), CW-supplemented diets (2.5% CW, 5.0% CW, and 7.5% CW), enzyme (E) cocktail supplemented diets (CE, 2.5% CWE, 5.0% CWE, and 7.5% CWE). The diets were fed during starter (0-14 days), grower (15-21 days), and finisher (22-42 days) phases. Blood was collected from the wing vein from four birds per treatment. Serum was separated out after centrifugation and stored at −20°C until further analysis. The samples were analyzed for liver function test (glucose, total protein [TP], albumin [ALB], and globulin), lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride), kidney function test (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and creatinine), and antioxidant levels (catalase, superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid peroxidation [LPx], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione [GSH], and Vitamins E and C). Results: Blood profile data revealed that supplementation of CW showed no effect on TP, ALB, globulin, and BUN levels. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and AST levels decreased linearly with an increase in the levels of CW in the diet. Catalase and SOD activity increased non-significantly with an increase in inclusion level of CW in the diets. LPx, GPx, and GSH activities decreased (p≤0.05) up to 5% CW-fed groups. Vitamin E and C activity were found to be highest (p≤0.05) in birds fed with diet supplemented with 5% CW. GPx and GSH activities and serum Vitamin C levels were observed to be highest (p<0.05) in birds fed CW (at 5%)-based diet supplemented with enzymes. Conclusion: The blood profile showed that supplementation of CW up to 5% decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, and AST levels and improved the antioxidant status. Vitamin C levels were observed to be highest (p<0.05) in birds fed CW (at 5%)- based diet supplemented with enzymes.

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Lachenbruch, Barbara, Fernando Droppelmann, Claudio Balocchi, Miguel Peredo, and Erika Perez. "Stem form and compression wood formation in young Pinus radiata trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 1 (January 2010): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-169.

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The crooked stems of some individuals of radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) can hinder volume recovery and wood quality. To infer causes of crookedness and to learn how lean angle affects compression wood (CW) formation we studied 5-year-old trees in southern Chile. Eight initially straight and eight initially crooked trees were tethered initially to angles of 15° or 30° or were left untethered for 131 days (48 trees total). There were no significant differences between straight and crooked trees in the extent of CW in pretreatment wood or in the relationship between stem angle and CW extent. Crooked trees, however, righted themselves more quickly than did straight trees at angles <15°, a result that supports the overcompensation hypothesis for the development of crooked stems. Stem angle had a complex effect on CW extent. In 2- to 3-year-old wood there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. One-year-old wood produced less CW at stem angles <10° than at stem angles >10°, but above or below that threshold, there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. The intertree differences in CW extent, as well as the correlation of leader CW extent with bole CW in the best individuals, suggests that CW assays could be used for early screening for wood quality.

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Hassan, Ikrema, Saidur R. Chowdhury, Perdana K. Prihartato, and Shaikh A. Razzak. "Wastewater Treatment Using Constructed Wetland: Current Trends and Future Potential." Processes 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111917.

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Constructed wetlands (CW) is an environmentally friendly technique for removing pollutants from wastewater and has been applied to municipal wastewater, petroleum refinery wastewater, agriculture drainage, acid mine drainage, etc. The past decade has seen a remarkable number of innovations in the exponentially growing field of microbiology. This manuscript covers a critical review of key aspects of CW, such as various types of CW, the contaminants and their removal mechanisms, degradation pathways, challenges and opportunities, materials, applications, and theory with a focus on recent advances in the last three decades. In addition, an attempt has been taken to project future advances in the field of CW and facilitate these advances by framing key unsolved problems in CW. Guidelines are prepared for the fast-growing CW field through the standardization of key design aspects. This review covers the evaluation of the current state-of-the-art of CW technology and provides definitions and performance metric nomenclature in an effort to unify the fast-growing CW community. It also contains an outlook on the emerging trends in CW and proposes future research and development directions.

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Mouro, I., Y. Colin, P. Sistonen, PY Le Pennec, JP Cartron, and C. Le Van Kim. "Molecular basis of the RhCW (Rh8) and RhCX (Rh9) blood group specificities." Blood 86, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 1196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v86.3.1196.1196.

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Abstract The Rh blood group antigens are encoded by two highly related genes, RHD and RHCE, and the sequence of the common alleles (D, Ce, CE, ce, and cE) of these genes has been previously elucidated. In this report, Rh transcripts and gene fragments have been amplified using polymerase chain reaction from the blood of donors with the CW+ andCX+ phenotypes. Sequence analysis indicated that the expression of the CW (Rh8) and CX (Rh9) antigens are associated with point mutations in the RHCE gene, which provides the definitive evidence that the CW and CX specificities are encoded by the same gene as the Cc and Ee antigens. As compared with the common (CW- and CX-) transcripts of the RHCE gene, the CW+ and CX+ cDNAs exhibited A122G and G106A transitions that resulted in Gln41Arg and Ala36Thr amino acid substitutions in the CW+ and CX+ polypeptides, respectively. Therefore, although the CW and CX specificities behave serologically as if they were allelic, they cannot not be considered, stricto sensu, as the products of antithetical allelic forms of the RHCE gene. Based on the CW-/CW+ nucleotide polymorphism, a polymerase chain reaction assay useful for diagnosis purposes has been developed that detects the presence of the CW+ allele by the use of an allele-specific primer.

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Mouro, I., Y. Colin, P. Sistonen, PY Le Pennec, JP Cartron, and C. Le Van Kim. "Molecular basis of the RhCW (Rh8) and RhCX (Rh9) blood group specificities." Blood 86, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 1196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v86.3.1196.bloodjournal8631196.

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The Rh blood group antigens are encoded by two highly related genes, RHD and RHCE, and the sequence of the common alleles (D, Ce, CE, ce, and cE) of these genes has been previously elucidated. In this report, Rh transcripts and gene fragments have been amplified using polymerase chain reaction from the blood of donors with the CW+ andCX+ phenotypes. Sequence analysis indicated that the expression of the CW (Rh8) and CX (Rh9) antigens are associated with point mutations in the RHCE gene, which provides the definitive evidence that the CW and CX specificities are encoded by the same gene as the Cc and Ee antigens. As compared with the common (CW- and CX-) transcripts of the RHCE gene, the CW+ and CX+ cDNAs exhibited A122G and G106A transitions that resulted in Gln41Arg and Ala36Thr amino acid substitutions in the CW+ and CX+ polypeptides, respectively. Therefore, although the CW and CX specificities behave serologically as if they were allelic, they cannot not be considered, stricto sensu, as the products of antithetical allelic forms of the RHCE gene. Based on the CW-/CW+ nucleotide polymorphism, a polymerase chain reaction assay useful for diagnosis purposes has been developed that detects the presence of the CW+ allele by the use of an allele-specific primer.

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Negriff, Sonya, Bistra Dilkina, Laksh Matai, and Eric Rice. "Using machine learning to determine the shared and unique risk factors for marijuana use among child-welfare versus community adolescents." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 21, 2022): e0274998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274998.

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Objective This study used machine learning (ML) to test an empirically derived set of risk factors for marijuana use. Models were built separately for child welfare (CW) and non-CW adolescents in order to compare the variables selected as important features/risk factors. Method Data were from a Time 4 (Mage = 18.22) of longitudinal study of the effects of maltreatment on adolescent development (n = 350; CW = 222; non-CW = 128; 56%male). Marijuana use in the past 12 months (none versus any) was obtained from a single item self-report. Risk factors entered into the model included mental health, parent/family social support, peer risk behavior, self-reported risk behavior, self-esteem, and self-reported adversities (e.g., abuse, neglect, witnessing family violence or community violence). Results The ML approaches indicated 80% accuracy in predicting marijuana use in the CW group and 85% accuracy in the non-CW group. In addition, the top features differed for the CW and non-CW groups with peer marijuana use emerging as the most important risk factor for CW youth, whereas externalizing behavior was the most important for the non-CW group. The most important common risk factor between group was gender, with males having higher risk. Conclusions This is the first study to examine the shared and unique risk factors for marijuana use for CW and non-CW youth using a machine learning approach. The results support our assertion that there may be similar risk factors for both groups, but there are also risks unique to each population. Therefore, risk factors derived from normative populations may not have the same importance when used for CW youth. These differences should be considered in clinical practice when assessing risk for substance use among adolescents.

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Tremblay, Élodie, Camille Gosselin, Vicky Mai, Annie C. Lajoie, Roubi Kilo, Jason Weatherald, Yves Lacasse, Sebastien Bonnet, Jean-Christophe Lega, and Steeve Provencher. "Assessment of Clinical Worsening End Points as a Surrogate for Mortality in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Circulation 146, no. 8 (August 23, 2022): 597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.121.058635.

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Background: Clinical worsening (CW) is a composite end point commonly used in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) trials. We aimed to assess the trial-level surrogacy of CW for mortality in PAH trials, and whether the various CW components were similar in terms of frequency of occurrence, treatment-related relative risk (RR) reduction, and importance to patients. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (January 1990 to December 2020) for trials evaluating the effects of PAH therapies on CW. The coefficient of determination between the RR for CW and mortality was assessed by regression analysis. The frequency of occurrence, RR reduction, and importance to patients of the CW components were assessed. Results: We included 35 independent cohorts (9450 patients). PAH therapies significantly reduced CW events (RR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.55–0.73]), including PAH-related hospitalizations (RR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.47–0.79]), treatment escalation (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.38–0.84]) and symptomatic progression (RR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.48–0.69]), and modestly reduced all-cause mortality when incorporating deaths occurring after a primary CW-defining event (RR, 0.860 [95% CI, 0.742–0.997]). However, the effects of PAH-specific therapies on CW only modestly correlated with their effects on mortality ( R 2 trial , 0.35 [95% CI, 0.10–0.59]; P <0.0001), and the gradient in the treatment effect across component end points was large in the majority of trials. The weighted proportions of CW-defining events were hospitalization (33.5%) and symptomatic progression (32.3%), whereas death (6.7%), treatment escalation (5.6%), and transplantation/atrioseptostomy (0.2%) were infrequent. CW events were driven by the occurrence of events of major (49%) and mild-to-moderate (37%) importance to patients, with 14% of the events valued as critical. Conclusions: PAH therapies significantly reduced CW events, but study-level CW is not a surrogate for mortality in PAH trials. Moreover, components of CW largely vary in frequency, response to therapy, and importance to patients and are thus not interchangeable. Registration: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO ; Unique identifier: CRD42020178949.

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Cui, Lele, Huijun Xie, Shiwen Zhang, Zhen Hu, Shuang Liang, and Jian Zhang. "Microscale Constructed Wetlands with Different Particulate Matters in their Substrates Exhibit Opposite Nitrogen Removal Performances." Water 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030434.

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Excess suspended particulate matter (PM) in constructed wetland (CW) substrates may reduce the substrate porosity and thus affect pollutant removal performance. However, it remains unclear how different PMs affect the nitrogen removal performance in CWs. In this study, kaolin and polystyrene (PS) were selected as two model PMs added to CW substrates at a concentration of 100 mg/L. Four CWs were constructed, designated as C-CW without PM addition, K-CW with kaolin addition, M-CW with mixed addition of kaolin and PS, and PS-CW with PS addition. The CWs with or without PM addition showed no significant difference in terms of NH4+-N removal efficiency (p > 0.05), while the removal efficiency of NO3--N and TN was significantly improved in PS-CW but, in contrast, was considerably inhibited in K-CW and M-CW (p < 0.05). The CWs with PM addition reduced the porosity of the substrates. There was no significant difference in the total solid quality among the CWs with PM addition (p < 0.05), but PS-CW had the highest volatile solid content. The addition of 100 mg/L PS significantly increased the activities of nitrite reductase (NIR) and nitrate reductase (NAR) with a much higher relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria, but it inhibited ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and nitrite oxidoreductase (NXR) activities (p < 0.05). The activities of the four enzymes were improved to different degrees in K-CW and M-CW, in which the abundance of nitrifying bacteria was higher than that in C-CW. In conclusion, it was noteworthy that the effect of the PMs on the NO3--N and TN removal performance were qualitatively different (i.e., enhanced vs. inhibited) with different types of PMs. This interesting and important new finding could provide valuable information for a better understanding and evaluation of the role of PMs in the nitrogen removal process during CW operation.

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Al-Khayri, Jameel M., Feng H. Huang, Teddy E. Morelock, and Tahani A. Busharar. "Spinach Tissue Culture Improved with Coconut Water." HortScience 27, no. 4 (April 1992): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.4.357.

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A preliminary study has shown that the addition of 15% (v/v) coconut water (CW) to the culture medium significantly improved callus growth, shoot-regenerative capacity, and shoot growth in leaf disk cultures of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Subsequently, the influence of a range of CW concentrations, 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% (v/v), was examined. Callus weight obtained after 5 weeks showed direct relationship to the concentration of CW. This stimulator action was observed in both cultivars tested in this study, `High Pack' and `Baker'. On CW-containing medium, shoot regeneration was expedited to 4 to 5 weeks compared with 8 to 12 weeks on a CW-free medium. Callus of `Baker' induced on a CW-free medium exhibited a significant increase in shoot regeneration frequency when transferred to a regeneration medium enriched with CW, suggesting that the addition of CW to the regeneration medium only is sufficient to achieve improved regeneration.

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33

Mitsunaga, M., R. Kachru, E. Xu, and M. K. Kim. "cw photon echo." Physical Review Letters 63, no. 7 (August 14, 1989): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.63.754.

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SPLINTER, ROBERT, LASZLO LITTMANN, ROBERT H. SVENSON, JAN R. TUNTELDER, CHI HUI CHUANG, MICHELLE THOMPSON, and GEORGE P. TATSIS. "Can CW Nd." Journal of Clinical Engineering 17, no. 5 (September 1992): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004669-199209000-00020.

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35

Graydon, Oliver. "Long CW operation." Nature Photonics 6, no. 2 (February 2012): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.16.

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36

Pinheiro, Marcelo Antonio Amaro, and Gustavo Yomar Hattori. "Relative growth of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ocypodidae) at Iguape, São Paulo, Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 5 (September 2006): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000600016.

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A total of 2,130 individuals of Ucides cordatus (1,255 males and 875 females) were captured in a mangrove forest at Iguape, São Paulo, Brazil. For each crab, the following body structures were measured: carapace (width = CW; length = CL; depth = CD), 5th abdominal somite (AW), major chelar propodus (length = PL; width = PW; depth = PD), and 1st and 2nd gonopod pairs (length = GL1 and GL2). The Student "t" and Snedecor "F" tests were used to verify any changes in growth allometric rates during ontogeny. The relationships CLxCW, PLxCW (for both sexes), GL1xCW and GL2xCW (males) and AWxCW (females), showed a better fit by two equations for the juvenile and adult phases (p<0.01). The inflexion point size between regression lines, indicated by each morphometric relationship, allowed to propose four morphotypes for U. cordatus. Males were classified in juvenile (CW < 32 mm), pre-puberty (32 < CW < 51 mm), sub-adult (51 < CW < 59 mm) and adult (CW > 59 mm). Females showed a similar size interval: (juvenile CW < 39 mm, pre-puberty 39 < CW < 53 mm, sub-adult 53 < CW < 58 mm, adult CW > 58 mm).

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37

Huang, L. Q., T. Boon, and A. Van Pel. "Identification of a novel HLA-Cw*05 allele, Cw*0503." Tissue Antigens 55, no. 5 (May 2000): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.550515.x.

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Johnson, J., J. Street, L. Hammond, C. Iley, and C. Darke. "Two new HLA-C alleles: Cw*0222 and Cw*0434." Tissue Antigens 73, no. 1 (January 2009): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01159.x.

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Redman, H., M. Marlowe, P. Hanavan, D. F. Lake, and R. O. Endres. "Discovery of a novel HLA-Cw*08 allele, Cw*0817." Tissue Antigens 73, no. 6 (June 2009): 620–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01243.x.

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Deng, Z. H., and D. M. Wang. "A novel HLA-Cw*01 variant allele, HLA-Cw*0130." Tissue Antigens 74, no. 6 (December 2009): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01384.x.

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Saito, T., T. Nakano, H. Hoshizuki, K. Sakai, Y. Tatematsu, S. Mitsudo, I. Ogawa, T. Idehara, and V. E. Zapevalov. "Performance Test of CW 300 GHz Gyrotron FU CW I." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 28, no. 12 (October 11, 2007): 1063–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-007-9291-z.

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BOGDANOV, S. F., V. G. BONDARENKO, A. A. FOMICHOV, P. G. KONVISSAR, and S. R. RUSTAMOV. "Effective CW and quasi-CW LBO frequency doubled Nd:YAG lasers." Le Journal de Physique IV 04, no. C4 (April 1994): C4–614—C4–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19944164.

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43

Yeh, Ting-Feng, Barry Goldfarb, Hou-min Chang, Ilona Peszlen, Jennifer L. Braun, and John F. Kadla. "Comparison of morphological and chemical properties between juvenile wood and compression wood of loblolly pine." Holzforschung 59, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.107.

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Abstract In conifers, juvenile wood (JW) is always associated with compression wood (CW). Due to their similar properties, there is a common belief that JW is the same as CW. To resolve whether JW is identical to CW, 24 rooted cuttings of one loblolly pine clone were planted in growth chambers under normal, artificial bending, and windy environments. The results show that the morphology of JW is significantly different from CW. Furthermore, chemical analyses revealed that JW and CW are significantly different in chemical composition. Our results indicate that JW is different from CW, and the wood formed under a controlled windy environment is a mild type of compression wood.

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Milani, Mirco, Simona Consoli, Alessia Marzo, Alessandra Pino, Cinzia Randazzo, Salvatore Barbagallo, and Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli. "Treatment of Winery Wastewater with a Multistage Constructed Wetland System for Irrigation Reuse." Water 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051260.

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This paper reports a study on the performance of a multistage constructed wetland (CW) system adopted for winery wastewater and on the analysis of its suitability for irrigation reuse. The CW system treats about 3 m3·day−1 of wastewater produced by a small winery located in Sicily (insular Italy). Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet for physical–chemical and microbiological quality characterization. CW efficiency was evaluated on the basis of water quality improvement and of the achievement of Italian and EU irrigation reuse regulation limits. The CW system showed Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mean removal rates of about 81% and 69%, and a maximum removal of about 99% (for both COD and TSS) occurred during grape harvest phase. The CW removal efficiencies for nutrients were 56% for TN and 38% for PO4-P, considering their low average concentrations at CW inlet. The CW system evidenced an effluent average quality compatible with the limits imposed by the Italian regulation and EU proposal regulation on the minimum requirement for water reuse. The CW vegetated area showed regular growth and vegetative development; phytotoxicity phenomena were not detected. The results of the study suggest the important role of CW systems in the treatment of winery wastewater and for their subsequent reuse in agriculture.

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Barnas, G. M., K. Yoshino, J. Fredberg, Y. Kikuchi, S. H. Loring, and J. Mead. "Total and local impedances of the chest wall up to 10 Hz." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 1409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.4.1409.

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To understand how bical mechanical chest wall (CW) properties are related to those of the CW as a whole, we measured esophageal and gastric pressures, CW volume changes (measured with a head-out body plethysmograph), and anteroposterior and transverse CW diameter changes (measured with magnetometers attached to the surface) during sinusoidal forcing at the mouth (2.5% vital capacity, 0.5-10 Hz) in four healthy subjects. Total CW resistance decreased sharply as frequency rose to 3-4 Hz and remained relatively constant at higher frequencies. Total CW reactance became less negative with increasing frequency but showed no tendency to change sign. Above 2 Hz, diameters measured at different locations changed asynchronously between and within the rib cage and abdomen. “Local pathway impedances” (ratios of esophageal or gastric pressure to a rate of diameter change) showed frequency dependence similar to that of the total CW less than 3 Hz. Local pathway impedances increased during contraction of respiratory muscles acting on the pathway. We conclude that 1) total CW behavior is mainly a reflection of its individual local properties at less than or equal to 3 Hz, 2) local impedances within the rib cage or within the abdomen can change independently in some situations, and 3) asynchronies that develop within the CW during forcing greater than 3 Hz suggest that two compartments may be insufficient to describe CW properties from impedance measurements.

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Lee, Jin-Lee, and Yeunwoong Kyung. "AP-based CW Synchronization Scheme in IEEE 802.11 WLANs." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.5.2.553.

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In this paper, an optimal CW (Contention Window) synchronization scheme is proposed in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. IEEE 802.11 WLANs operates with DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) mode for the MAC (Medium Access Control). In DCF, CW becomes the minimum CW according to the success of data transmissions and increases exponentially due to the collisions. In this situation, the smaller value of the minimum CW can increase the collision probability because stations have higher opportunity to access the medium. On the other hand, the higher value of the minimum CW will delay the transmission, which can result in the network performance degradation. In IEEE 802.11, since the base minimum CW value is a fixed value depending on the hardware or standard, it is difficult to provide the optimal network performance that can be determined by the flexible CW value according to the number of active stations. In addition, the synchronization of optimal CW is required among mobile stations to adapt the network parameters. Especially for the newly joined stations such as moving or turning on stations, they need to adapt the minimum CW value to get the optimal network performance. The shorter the adaptation time is, the better the network performance can maintain. Therefore, in this paper, AP (Access Point) calculates the optimal CW and shares it with mobile stations using beacon and probe response messages for the fast CW synchronization. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the previous schemes in terms of the network throughput and adaptation time.

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SOARES, Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira, Aletheia Moraes ROCHA, Manuella Verdinelli de Paula REIS, Camilla Christian Gomes MOURA, and Carlos José SOARES. "Evaluation of coconut water neutralized by different agents on the viability of human fibroblasts: an in vitro study." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 45, no. 4 (September 1, 2016): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.09216.

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Abstract Objective This study evaluated four types of pH adjustment of the coconut water (CW) on viability of human fibroblasts (HFF). Material and method Natural and industrialized CW were adjusted to pH 7.0 using: (1) Sodium Hidroxide (NaOH), (2) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), (3) Triethanolamine (C6H15NO3), (4) 2-Amino-2-Methil-1-Propanol (C4H11NO). Fibroblasts were plated at 2×104/ well in 96 well plates and maintained in the CW solutions for 2 h and 4 h. Positive control was represented by HFF maintained in DMEM and the negative control by tap water. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT formazan method. Data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s and Dunnet’s test. Result There are no significant effect on the cell viability regarding type of CW, period of evaluation, and the interactions between CW and period of evaluation, CW and pH adjustment method, pH adjustment method and period of evaluation (p>0.05). Conclusion The product used for CW pH adjustment did not influenced HFF viability, thought there are a tendency of better performance in natural CW.

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Huttová, J., MistríkI, M. Ollé-Šimonovičová, and L. Tamás. "Cadmium induced changes in cell wall peroxidase isozyme pattern in barley root tips." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 6 (November 17, 2011): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3437-pse.

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Changes in peroxidase activity as well as isozyme peroxidase pattern were analyzed in five cell wall (CW) fractions of barley roots exposed to 1mM CdCl<sub>2</sub>for 48 and 72 h. Whereas strong inhibition of peroxidase activity was detected in fraction CW I and weak inhibition in fractions CW II, III and IV, strong activation of peroxidase was observed in fraction V after Cd application. Despite the inhibition of enzyme activity in most CW fractions, induction of several isoperoxidases was discovered after separation on PAGE. In fraction CW I inhibition of one cathodic isoperoxidase and activation of two anodic and two cathodic isoperoxidases was detected. Additional two anodic and one cathodic Cd-induced isozyme appeared in CW II and CW III. Strongly activated anodic isoperoxidase was detected in fraction CW V. Our results demonstrate that monitoring the stress modified peroxidase activity in enzyme extracts using guaiacol as a non-specific peroxidase substrate is not sufficient enough. Since some isozymes can be activated and some inhibited, isozyme pattern analysis is recommended.

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Xu, Hongyun, Chengling Huang, Xian Jiang, Jing Zhu, Xiaoye Gao, and Cun Yu. "Impact of Cold Stress on Leaf Structure, Photosynthesis, and Metabolites in Camellia weiningensis and C. oleifera Seedlings." Horticulturae 8, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060494.

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Camellia weiningensis Y. K. Li. sp. nov. (CW) is an endemic oil-tea species in Guizhou province, distributed in the alpine karst area, which exhibits cold resistance and better economic characters than C. oleifera (CO). The mechanism of cold response in CW seedlings has not been studied in depth. Herein, we performed anatomical, physiological, and metabolic analyses to assess the impact of cold stress on leaf structure, photosynthesis, and metabolites in CW and CO seedlings. Anatomical analysis of leaves showed CW seedlings had greater leaf and palisade thicknesses, tissue structure tightness, and palisade-spongy tissue ratio to enhance chilling stress (4 °C) tolerance, but freezing stress (−4 °C) caused loosening of the leaf tissue structure in both CW and CO seedlings. Photosynthetic analysis showed a reduction in the chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic parameters under freezing stress in both CW and CO seedlings. Cold stress increased the abscisic acid (ABA) contents in both the Camellia species, and CW exhibited the highest ABA content under −4 °C treatment. Additionally, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content was also increased in CW in response to cold stress. An obviously distinct metabolite composition was observed for CW and CO under different temperatures, and significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) were enriched under freezing stress. Prenol lipids, organooxygen compounds, and fatty acyls were the main metabolites in the two Camellia species in response to cold stress. The top key SCMs, such as medicoside G, cynarasaponin F, yuccoside C, and methionyl-proline were downregulated under freezing stress in both CW and CO. The contents of some key metabolites associated with sugar metabolism, such as UDP-glucose, UDP-D-apiose, and fructose 6-phosphate, were higher in CW than in CO, which may contribute to enhancing the cold resistance in CW. Our findings are helpful in explaining how CW adapt to alpine karst cold environments, and will provide a reference for cold tolerance improvement and application of stress-resistant breeding of Camellia in alpine and cold areas.

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Wang, Yin-Tung. "Evaluation of Media Consisting of a Cotton Waste for the Production of Tropical Foliage Species." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-9.3.112.

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Abstract Media consisting of composted cotton waste (CW) alone and CW in combination with bark or peat moss or both were evaluated for producing two tropical foliage species. Asian bell tree (Radermachera sinica (Hance) Hemsl.) grew satisfactorily in media with 25% or 50% CW, but had less dry weight when produced in CW-amended media with 50% bark. Australian umbrella tree (Brassaia actinophylla Endl.) had less dry weight when produced in media having 50% or more CW. Australian umbrella tree responded the most favorably to the medium containing 25% CW, 50% bark and 25% peat moss which resulted in the poorest Asian bell tree. Plant response to media consisting of CW appeared to be species dependent. Although there were differences in the initial pH of leachates collected from potting media, the differences were small at the termination of this experiment. The electrical conductivity of the leachate varied considerably among various media.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CW'

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