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Journal articles on the topic 'CVD liquid injection'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Papadimitropoulos, G., and D. Davazoglou. "Copper metallization based on direct-liquid-injection hot-wire CVD." Microelectronic Engineering 84, no. 5-8 (May 2007): 1148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2007.01.012.

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2

Manole, Claudiu Constantin, Olivier Marsan, Cedric Charvillat, Ioana Demetrescu, and Francis Maury. "Evidences for liquid encapsulation in PMMA ultra-thin film grown by liquid injection Photo-CVD." Progress in Organic Coatings 76, no. 12 (December 2013): 1846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.05.027.

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3

Jones, Anthony C., Hywel O. Davies, Timothy J. Leedham, Peter J. Wright, Penelope A. Lane, Michael J. Crosbie, Dennis J. Williams, Jason C. Jones, and Christopher L. Reeves. "Precursor design for liquid Injection CVD of lead scandium tantalate thin films." Integrated Ferroelectrics 30, no. 1-4 (October 2000): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580008222249.

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4

Morales, J., L. M. Apátiga, and V. M. Castaño. "Synthesis of diamond films from organic compounds by Pulsed Liquid Injection CVD." Surface and Coatings Technology 203, no. 5-7 (December 2008): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.05.030.

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5

Maury, F., A. Douard, S. Delclos, D. Samelor, and C. Tendero. "Multilayer chromium based coatings grown by atmospheric pressure direct liquid injection CVD." Surface and Coatings Technology 204, no. 6-7 (December 2009): 983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.04.020.

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6

Avril, L., S. Bourgeois, M. C. Marco de Lucas, B. Domenichini, P. Simon, F. Addou, J. Boudon, V. Potin, and L. Imhoff. "Thermal stability of Au–TiO2 nanocomposite films prepared by direct liquid injection CVD." Vacuum 122 (December 2015): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2015.06.018.

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7

Asmann, M., D. Kolman, J. Heberlein, and E. Pfender. "Experimental confirmation of thermal plasma CVD of diamond with liquid feedstock injection model." Diamond and Related Materials 9, no. 1 (January 2000): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(99)00189-2.

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8

Kelly, P. V., M. B. Mooney, J. T. Beechinor, B. J. O'Sullivan, P. K. Hurley, G. M. Crean, J. Y. Zhang, et al. "Ultraviolet assisted injection liquid source chemical vapour deposition (UVILS-CVD) of tantalum pentoxide." Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 10, no. 3-5 (2000): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0712(200005/10)10:3/5<115::aid-amo418>3.0.co;2-#.

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9

Papadimitropoulos, G., and D. Davazoglou. "Copper Films Deposited by Hot-Wire CVD and Direct Liquid Injection of CupraSelect." Chemical Vapor Deposition 13, no. 11 (November 2007): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200706621.

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10

Li, Ning, Yu-Hsiang A. Wang, Milko N. Iliev, Tonya M. Klein, and Arunava Gupta. "Growth of Atomically Smooth Epitaxial Nickel Ferrite Films by Direct Liquid Injection CVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 17, no. 7-9 (August 31, 2011): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.201106930.

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11

Jenkins, Carol, Melissa Cruz, Jen Depalma, Michael Conroy, Barbara Benardo, Michael Horbachuk, Tom Sadowski, Christine Broadbridge, and Todd C. Schwendemann. "Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Growth via CVD Synthesis from a Liquid Precursor." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 23, no. 01n02 (March 2014): 1420001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156414200018.

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As novel theories and uses of carbon nanotubes (CNT) advance, it becomes increasingly important to characterize the methods of production. One such method of CNT production uses a liquid phase precursor (hydrocarbon with nanoparticle catalyst mix) that is injected into a tube furnace with a flowing carrier gas. The CNTs are grown in high purity and are collected on the surface of the quartz tube. The system allows for a number of variables to be tested such as growth temperatures, flow rate of the carrier gas, precursor injection rates and variations of precursor mix however, here only thermal effects are considered. Under thermal conditions ranging from 500 to 850°C, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are synthesized and characterized to determine inner and outer diameter as well as tube thickness.

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12

TAKAHASHI, M. "Preparation of composite and compositionally graded TiC?TiN films by liquid injection plasma-enhanced CVD." Solid State Ionics 172, no. 1-4 (August 2004): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2004.03.015.

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13

Selvakumar, J., V. S. Raghunathan, and K. S. Nagaraja. "Nanocrystalline yttria films by plasma-assisted liquid injection (PA-LI) CVD technique using metallorganic precursors." Materials Letters 63, no. 30 (December 2009): 2710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.09.050.

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14

Shimada, Shiro, and Kenichi Tsukurimichi. "Preparation of SiNx and composite SiNx–TiN films from alkoxide solutions by liquid injection plasma CVD." Thin Solid Films 419, no. 1-2 (November 2002): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(02)00768-x.

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15

Senzaki, Yoshihide. "CVD of Zr-Sn-Ti-O Thin Films by Direct Injection of Solventless Liquid Precursor Mixtures." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 3, no. 9 (1999): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1391171.

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16

Shimada, Shiro, K. Tsukurimichi, Yusuke Takada, and J. Tsujino. "Preparation of TiN-Based Nitride Composite Films from Alkoxide Solution by Liquid Injection Thermal Plasma CVD Method." Key Engineering Materials 264-268 (May 2004): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.49.

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17

Crosbie, M. J., P. J. Wright, D. J. Williams, P. A. Lane, J. Jones, A. C. Jones, T. J. Leedham, P. O'Brien, and H. O. Davies. "Comparison of tantalum precursors for use in liquid injection CVD of thin film oxides, dielectrics and ferroelectrics." Le Journal de Physique IV 09, PR8 (September 1999): Pr8–935—Pr8–942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19998118.

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18

Wasem Klein, Felipe, Jean-Roch Huntzinger, Vincent Astié, Damien Voiry, Romain Parret, Houssine Makhlouf, Sandrine Juillaguet, et al. "Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 15 (March 7, 2024): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.15.26.

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Raman spectroscopy is a widely used technique to characterize nanomaterials because of its convenience, non-destructiveness, and sensitivity to materials change. The primary purpose of this work is to determine via Raman spectroscopy the average thickness of MoS2 thin films synthesized by direct liquid injection pulsed-pressure chemical vapor deposition (DLI-PP-CVD). Such samples are constituted of nanoflakes (with a lateral size of typically 50 nm, i.e., well below the laser spot size), with possibly a distribution of thicknesses and twist angles between stacked layers. As an essential preliminary, we first reassess the applicability of different Raman criteria to determine the thicknesses (or layer number, N) of MoS2 flakes from measurements performed on reference samples, namely well-characterized mechanically exfoliated or standard chemical vapor deposition MoS2 large flakes deposited on 90 ± 6 nm SiO2 on Si substrates. Then, we discuss the applicability of the same criteria for significantly different DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples with average thicknesses ranging from sub-monolayer up to three layers. Finally, an original procedure based on the measurement of the intensity of the layer breathing modes is proposed to evaluate the surface coverage for each N (i.e., the ratio between the surface covered by exactly N layers and the total surface) in DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples.

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19

Senzaki Yoshihide, Senzaki Yoshihide, Glenn B. Alers, Arthur K. Hochberg, David A. Roberts, John A. T. Norman, Robert M. Fleming, and Henry Krautter. "ChemInform Abstract: CVD or Zr-Sn-Ti-O Thin Films by Direct Injection of Solventless Liquid Precursor Mixtures." ChemInform 31, no. 49 (December 5, 2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200049232.

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20

Czok, Gregor S., and Joachim Werther. "Liquid spray vs. gaseous precursor injection — Its influence on the performance of particle coating by CVD in the fluidized bed." Powder Technology 162, no. 2 (March 2006): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.12.011.

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21

Qistina, Omar, Ali Salmiaton, Thomas S. Y. Choong, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap, and Shamsul Izhar. "Optimization of Carbon Nanotube-Coated Monolith by Direct Liquid Injection Chemical Vapor Deposition Based on Taguchi Method." Catalysts 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10010067.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the potential to act as a catalyst support in many sciences and engineering fields due to their outstanding properties. The CNT-coated monolith was synthesized over a highly active Ni catalyst using direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The aim was to study the optimum condition for synthesizing CNT-coated monoliths. The Taguchi method with L9 (34) orthogonal array design was employed to optimize the experimental conditions of CNT-coated monoliths. The design response was the percentage of carbon yield expressed by the signal-to-noise (S/N) value. The parameters including the mass ratio of Ni to citric acid (Ni:CA) (A), the injection rate of carbon source (B), time of reaction (C), and operating temperature (D) were selected at three levels. The results showed that the optimum conditions for CNT-coated monolith were established at A1B2C1D2 and the most influential parameter was D followed by B, C, and A. The ANOVA analysis showed the design was significant with R-squared and standard deviation of the factorial model equal to 0.9982 and 0.22, respectively. A confirmation test was conducted to confirm the optimum condition with the actual values of the average percentage of carbon yield deviated 1.4% from the predicted ones. The CNT-coated monoliths were characterized by various techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy.

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22

Maury, Francis, Jitti Mungkalasiri, Laurent Bedel, F. Emieux, Jeanne Dore, and Francois N. R. Renaud. "Comparative Study of Antibacterial Efficiency of M-TiO₂ (M = Ag, Cu) Thin Films Grown by CVD." Key Engineering Materials 617 (June 2014): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.617.127.

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M-TiO2 (M = Ag, Cu) nanocomposite layers were grown by pulsed direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (DLICVD) on various substrates to produce bactericidal surfaces with long term activity. Monodisperse Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of 5-10 nm are embedded in an anatase matrix. A bactericidal behavior determined by the JIS Z 2801 standard test was found for Ag-TiO2 films for Ag ≤ 1 at. % and above. Higher Ag content is not necessary since efficiency is already at its maximum (relative activity 100%). By contrast, using Cu as antibacterial agent, a larger size distribution of metal particles was found (20 to 400 nm). Cu-TiO2 films exhibit a bactericidal behavior if their thickness is higher than 100 nm and Cu content ≥ 3.5 at. %. These coatings are still antibacterial after 5 months of aging and their efficiency has decreased by only 35%.

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23

Mooney, M. B., P. K. Hurley, B. J. O'Sullivan, J. T. Beechinor, J. Y. Zhang, I. W. Boyd, P. V. Kelly, et al. "Characteristics of tantalum pentoxide dielectric films deposited on silicon by excimer-lamp assisted photo-induced CVD using an injection liquid source." Microelectronic Engineering 48, no. 1-4 (September 1999): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(99)00389-5.

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24

Baggetto, Loïc, Cédric Charvillat, Jérôme Esvan, Yannick Thébault, Diane Samélor, Hugues Vergnes, Brigitte Caussat, Alain Gleizes, and Constantin Vahlas. "A Process-Structure Investigation of Aluminum Oxide and Oxycarbide Thin Films prepared by Direct Liquid Injection CVD of Dimethylaluminum Isopropoxide (DMAI)." Chemical Vapor Deposition 21, no. 10-11-12 (November 10, 2015): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.201507190.

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25

Intaro, Taworn, Thiti Taychatanapat, Pattana Suwanyangyaun, Raju Botta, Noppadon Nuntawong, Jose Hodak, and Sakuntam Sanorpim. "Effect of Chemical Treatment and Thermal Annealing in N2 Atmosphere on Copper Foil Surface for Graphene Growth by Direct-Liquid-Injection Chemical Vapor Deposition Process." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012001.

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Abstract Copper foils are widely used as a substrate for graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition method. The qualities of Cu foils can significantly affect the characters of resulting graphene films. Here, we systematically investigated the effects of chemical treatments and thermal annealing at high temperatures (890-950 °C) in N2 atmosphere. We then compared the graphene quality grown by direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (DLI-CVD) method with cyclohexane (C6H12) precursor on un-treated and treated Cu foil. We found that the chemical treatment conditions can improve surface morphology of the Cu foil. In addition, the annealing process at 920 °C for 10 min in N2 atmosphere can increase the grain size and lead to a favorable crystal orientation of (111) plane. Raman and microscopy analyses of the graphene film, show higher yields of monolayer graphene, while, at other annealing conditions and un-treated Cu foil, multilayer graphene is observed.

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26

Esquenazi, Gibran, Bruce Brinson, and Andrew Barron. "Catalytic Growth of Carbon Nanotubes by Direct Liquid Injection CVD Using the Nanocluster [HxPMo12O40⊂H4Mo72Fe30(O2CMe)15O254(H2O)98-y(EtOH)y]." C 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c4010017.

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27

Luo, Qian, Iuliana Dragomir-Cernatescu, Robert L. Snyder, Will S. Rees, and Dennis W. Hess. "Comparison of Nitrided HfO[sub 2] Films Deposited in O[sub 2] and N[sub 2]O by Direct Liquid Injection CVD." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, no. 1 (2006): F1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2128119.

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28

Simcock, M. N. "Thin film growth of TiO2 and Ti2O3 by the new method of liquid injection CVD investigated using optical interferometry, XRD and AFM." Surface and Interface Analysis 38, no. 7 (2006): 1122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2359.

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29

Hedayati, Ali, Chris Barnett, Gemma Swan, and Alvin Orbaek White. "Chemical Recycling of Consumer-Grade Black Plastic into Electrically Conductive Carbon Nanotubes." C 5, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c5020032.

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The global plastics crisis has recently focused scientists’ attention on finding technical solutions for the ever-increasing oversupply of plastic waste. Black plastic is one of the greatest contributors to landfill waste, because it cannot be sorted using industrial practices based on optical reflection. However, it can be readily upcycled into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a novel liquid injection reactor (LIR) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. In this work, CNTs were formed using black and white polystyrene plastics to demonstrate that off-the-shelf materials can be used as feedstock for growth of CNTs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggests the CNTs from plastic sources improve diameter distribution homogeneity, with slightly increased diameters compared with control samples. Slight improvements in quality, as determined by Raman spectroscopy of the D and G peaks, suggest that plastics could lead to increased quality of CNTs. A small device was constructed as a demonstrator model to increase impact and public engagement.

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30

SHIMADA, Shiro, Kenichi TSUKURIMICHI, Yoshikazu TAKADA, Junichi TAKAHASHI, and Hideaki NAGAI. "Special Issue Ceramics Integration. Preparation of Compositionally Graded TiN-AlN and TiN-SiNx Films from Alkoxide Solutions by Liquid Injection Plasma CVD Method." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 110, no. 1281 (2002): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.110.444.

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31

Krumdieck, Susan, and Rishi Raj. "Conversion Efficiency of Alkoxide Precursor to Oxide Films Grown by an Ultrasonic-Assisted, Pulsed Liquid Injection, Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (Pulsed-CVD) Process." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82, no. 6 (December 21, 2004): 1605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01968.x.

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32

Chen, H. L., S. D. Wilson, and T. G. Monger-McClure. "Determination of Relative Permeability and Recovery for North Sea Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 04 (August 1, 1999): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57596-pa.

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Summary Coreflood experiments on gas condensate flow behavior were conducted for two North Sea gas condensate reservoirs. The objectives were to investigate the effects of rock and fluid characteristics on critical condensate saturation (CCS), gas and condensate relative permeabilities, hydrocarbon recovery and trapping by water injection, and incremental recovery by subsequent blowdown. Both CCS and relative permeability were sensitive to flow rate and interfacial tension. The results on gas relative permeability rate sensitivity suggest that gas productivity curtailed by condensate dropout can be somewhat restored by increasing production rate. High interfacial tension ultimately caused condensate relative permeability to decrease with increasing condensate saturation. Condensate immobile under gas injection could be recovered by water injection, but more immediate and efficient condensate recovery was observed when the condensate saturation prior to water injection exceeded the CCS. Subsequent blowdown recovered additional gas, but incremental condensate recovery was insignificant. Introduction Reservoirs bearing gas condensates are becoming more commonplace as developments are encountering greater depths, higher pressures, and higher temperatures. In the North Sea, gas condensate reservoirs comprise a significant portion of the total hydrocarbon reserves. Accuracy in engineering computations for gas condensate systems (e.g., estimating reserves, sizing surface facilities, and predicting productivity trends) depends upon a basic understanding of phase and flow behavior interrelationships. For example, gas productivity may be curtailed as condensate accumulates by pressure depletion below the dew point pressure (Pd). Conceptual modeling on gas condensate systems suggests that relative permeability (kr) curves govern the magnitude of gas productivity loss.1,2 Unfortunately, available gas and condensate relative permeability (krg and krc) results for gas condensates are primarily limited to synthetic systems. Such results show that higher CCS and less krg reduction were observed for a conventional gas/oil system compared to a gas condensate system.3,4 If condensate accumulates as a continuous film due to low interfacial tension (IFT), then high IFT gas/oil and water/oil kr data may not be applicable to gas condensates.5 Water invasion of gas condensate reservoirs may enhance hydrocarbon recovery or trap potential reserves. Laboratory results suggest water invasion of low IFT gas condensates may not be represented using high IFT water/oil and water/gas displacements.6 Subsequent blowdown may remobilize hydrocarbons trapped by water invasion. The presence of condensate may hinder gas remobilization, thus conventional gas/water blowdown experiments may not be appropriate in evaluating the feasibility of depressurization for gas condensates.7,8 Other laboratory evaluations of gas condensate flow behavior indicate measured results depend upon experimental procedures, fluid properties, and rock properties.3,9–20 Factors to consider include the history of condensate formation (i.e., imbibition or drainage), how condensate was introduced (i.e., in-situ dropout versus external injection or inflowing gas), flow rate, differential pressure, system pressure, IFT, connate water saturation, core permeability, and core orientation. Experiments performed to evaluate the consequences of water invasion suggest optimum conditions depend upon IFT, initial gas saturation, and core permeability.7,21,22 Reported blowdown experiments imply gas recovery depends upon the degree of gas expansion.7,8 The kr results obtained in this study represent gas condensate flow between the far-field and the near-wellbore region. The results are useful input for numerical simulation, especially to test rate- or IFT-sensitive relative permeability functions. Results on hydrocarbon recovery and trapping from water injection and blowdown are beneficial in evaluating improved recovery options for gas condensates. Experimental Procedures Coreflooding experiments were performed under reservoir conditions using rock and fluid samples from two distinct North Sea gas condensate reservoirs. A detailed description of the experimental methods is provided in the Appendix. Briefly, the experiments were conducted in a horizontal coreflood apparatus equipped with in-line PVT and viscosity measuring devices. The entire system experienced in-situ condensate drop out by constant volume depletion (CVD) from above Pd to either the pressure corresponding to CCS, or to the pressure of maximum condensate saturation Scmax Steady-state krg was measured by injecting equilibrated gas (before CCS). Steady-state krg and krc were measured by injecting gas condensate repressurized to above Pd (after CCS). The gas/oil fractional flow rate was defined by the pressure level in the core which was controlled by the core outlet back-pressure regulator. During krg measurements, the injection rate was varied to access rate effects. After the krg or krg and krc measurements to Scmax were completed, water injection was performed to quantify hydrocarbon trapping and recovery. Blowdown followed to evaluate additional hydrocarbon recovery. Recombined Reservoir Fluid Properties. Two North Sea gas condensate reservoir fluids were recombined using separator oil and synthetic gas. Tables 1 and 2 list compositions and PVT properties for the reconstituted fluids. The Pd was 7,070 psig at 250°F for Reservoir A, and 6,074 psig at 259°F for Reservoir B (Table 2). The maximum liquid dropout under constant composition expansion (CCE) was 31.7% for Reservoir A, and 42.5% for Reservoir B (Fig. 1). Reservoir B is a richer gas condensate and exhibits more near-critical phase behavior than Reservoir A.

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33

Wong, Kai Chung, Tony Chen, David E. Connor, Masud Behnia, and Kurosh Parsi. "Computational Fluid Dynamics of Liquid and Foam Sclerosant Injection in a Vein Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 553 (May 2014): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.553.293.

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The aim of this study was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the injection of liquid and foam sclerosants into a varicose vein. The CFD model results were compared with sclerosant flow in an experimental model of a straight or a branched vein. The effects of injection angle, injection velocity and tubing contents (blood, saline) on sclerosant spreading were assessed by CFD. The simulation of liquid sclerosants injection was able to provide a good representation of forward flow, but underrepresented sclerosant backflow. Due to the complex nature of computational modelling of foams, CFD modelling of foam sclerosants injection was less accurate and provided only limited information on foam spreading. CFD modelling can be used as a representation of liquid and foam sclerosant injection, but further research is required to provide a more accurate analysis.

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34

Song, Moon-Kyun, Sang-Woo Kang, and Shi-Woo Rhee. "Growth of Hafnium Aluminate Thin Films by Direct Liquid Injection Metallorganic CVD Using Hf [N(C[sub 2]H[sub 5])[sub 2]][sub 4] and Al(O[sup i]C[sub 3]H[sub 7])[sub 3]." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 152, no. 2 (2005): C108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1851058.

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35

Seehanam, Wirapan, Kulachate Pianthong, Wuttichai Sittiwong, and Brian Milton. "Injection pressure and velocity of impact-driven liquid jets." Engineering Computations 31, no. 7 (September 30, 2014): 1130–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-09-2012-0218.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a procedure to simulate impact-driven liquid jets by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The proposed CFD model is used to investigate nozzle flow behavior under ultra-high injection pressure and jet velocities generated by the impact driven method (IDM). Design/methodology/approach – A CFD technique was employed to simulate the jet generation process. The injection process was simulated by using a two-phase flow mixture model, while the projectile motion was modeled the moving mesh technique. CFD results were compared with experimental results from jets generated by the IDM. Findings – The paper provides a procedure to simulate impact-driven liquid jets by CFD. The validation shows reasonable agreement to previous experimental results. The pressure fluctuations inside the nozzle cavity strongly affect the liquid jet formation. The average jet velocity and the injection pressure depends mainly on the impact momentum and the volume of liquid in the nozzle, while the nozzle flow behavior (pressure fluctuation) depends mainly on the liquid volume and the impact velocity. Research limitations/implications – Results may slightly deviate from the actual phenomena due to two assumptions which are the liquid compressibility depends only on the rate of change of pressure respected to the liquid volume and the super cavitation process in the generation process is not taken into account. Practical implications – Results from this study will be useful for further designs of the nozzle and impact conditions for applications of jet cutting, jet penetration, needle free injection, or any related areas. Originality/value – This study presents the first success of employing a commercial code with additional user defined function to calculate the complex phenomena in the nozzle flow and jet injection generated by the IDM.

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36

Li, Xinhai, Yong Cheng, Shaobo Ji, Xue Yang, and Lu Wang. "Sensitivity Analysis of Fuel Injection Characteristics of GDI Injector to Injector Nozzle Diameter." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030434.

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The accuracy of a nozzle diameter directly affects the difference of the injection characteristics between the holes and productions of a GDI (gasoline direct injection) injector. In order to reduce the difference and guarantee uniform injection characteristics, this paper carried out a CFD simulation of the effect of nozzle diameter which fluctuated in a small range on single-cycle fuel mass. The sensitivity of the fuel injection quantity to the injector nozzle diameter was obtained. The results showed that the liquid phase ratio at the nozzle outlet decreased and the velocity of the outlet increased with the increase of the nozzle diameter. When fluctuating in a small range of nozzle diameters, the sensitivity of the single-hole fuel mass to the nozzle diameter remained constant. The increase of the injection pressure lead to the increase of the sensitivity coefficient of the single-hole fuel mass to the nozzle diameter. The development of cavitation in the nozzle and the deviation of the fuel jet from the axis were aggravated with the increase of the injection pressure. However, the fluctuation in a small range of nozzles had little effect on the near-nozzle flow.

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37

Zhang, Jia Fang, Zong Qing Lu, Zhao Wang, Qing Ke Yuan, and Guang Kai Wang. "Research on Intelligent Inspection Machine Based on Linear CCD." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3819.

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This paper introduces new equipment for injection liquid inspection. The Intelligent Inspection Machine is based on linear CCD. The inspection platform, holding device and rotating and abruptly stopping station of this equipment are introduced, and the operating principle is illustrated. Image preprocessing is demonstrated in details, including filtering, segmentation and the calculated of particles. The experiments demonstrated that the intelligent inspection machine for injection liquid inspection based on linear CCD is feasible.

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Zhang, Yu, Qifan Wang, Ruomiao Yang, Yuchao Yan, Jiahong Fu, and Zhentao Liu. "Numerical investigation of the effect of injection timing on the in-cylinder activity of a gasoline direct injection engine." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 3 (March 2022): 168781322210828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221082873.

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GDI (Gasoline direct injection) technology is used in downsized engines for its economy and low emissions. However, if the injection strategy is not set properly, GDI will produce more emissions than conventional gasoline engines. In this paper, the effect of injection timing on GDI engine emissions under optimal phasing conditions was analyzed by using a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) GDI engine numerical model. The results showed that at medium engine speed and medium load advancing the injection timing from −300 to −290 CAD ATDC resulted in a more efficient and cleaner combustion process, as evidenced by the higher power output, the increased thermal and combustion efficiencies, and the reduced CO, UHC, soot emissions. The raised NOx emissions at advanced injection timing operation corresponded to the high combustion quality. There was a trade-off relation for advancing injection timing strategy. Specifically, an advanced injection timing operation would increase the amount of liquid film formed on the piston and liner, which is not favorable to clean combustion. However, advancing injection timing also provides more time for fuel-air mixing, which is beneficial for the formation of a more homogeneous mixture. The numerical simulations suggested that the advantages of earlier injection timing outweighed the disadvantages and improved engine efficiency, at least for the conditions and the engine investigated here. Moreover, the comparison indicated that changing injection timing also altered the chemical reaction pathways for pollutant species formation. Overall, all of these findings demonstrated that more fundamental work is still needed to understand the effect of injection timing on engine performance.

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Vernardou, D., M. E. Pemble, and D. W. Sheel. "Tungsten-Doped Vanadium Oxides Prepared by Direct Liquid Injection MOCVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 13, no. 4 (April 2007): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200606527.

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Ugarte, Orlando, Neel Busa, Bikram Konar, Tyamo Okosun, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "Impact of Injection Rate on Flow Mixing during the Refining Stage in an Electric Arc Furnace." Metals 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2024): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14020134.

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During the refining stage of electric arc furnace (EAF) operation, molten steel is stirred to facilitate gas/steel/slag reactions and the removal of impurities, which determines the quality of the steel. The stirring process can be driven by the injection of oxygen, which is carried out by burners operating in lance mode. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform is used to simulate the liquid steel flow dynamics in an industrial-scale scrap-based EAF. The CFD platform simulates the three-dimensional, transient, non-reacting flow of the liquid steel bath stirred by oxygen injection to analyze the mixing process. In particular, the CFD study simulates liquid steel flow in an industrial-scale EAF with three asymmetric coherent jets, which impacts the liquid steel mixing under different injection conditions. The liquid steel mixing is quantified by defining two variables: the mixing time and the standard deviation of the flow velocity. The results indicate that the mixing rate of the bath is determined by flow dynamics near the injection cavities and that the formation of very low-velocity regions or ‘dead zones’ at the center of the furnace and the balcony regions prevents flow mixing. This study includes a baseline case, where oxygen is injected at 1000 SCFM in all the burners. Two sets of cases are also included: The first set considers cases where oxygen is injected at a reduced and at an increased uniform flow rate, 750 and 1250 SCFM, respectively. The second set considers cases with non-uniform injection rates in each burner, which keep the same total flow rate of the baseline case, 3000 SCFM. Comparison between the two sets of simulations against the baseline case shows that by increasing the uniform flow rate from 1000 to 1250 SCFM, the mixing time is reduced by 10.9%. Moreover, all the non-uniform injection cases reduce the mixing time obtained in the baseline case. However, the reduction in mixing times in these cases is accompanied by an increase in the standard deviations of the flow field. Among the non-uniform injection cases, the largest reduction in mixing time compared to the baseline case is 10.2%, which is obtained when the largest flow rates are assigned to coherent jets located opposite each other across the furnace.

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Carpenter, Chris. "Annular Injection Mixer Approach Improves Evaporation of Heavy Hydrocarbons." Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, no. 04 (April 1, 2024): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0424-0067-jpt.

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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 216883, “How To Evaporate Heavy Hydrocarbon in a Natural Gas Stream Within a Short Distance: The AIM Concept,” by Fariz Maktar and Christian Chauvet, Wood, and John Sabey, SPE, Prosep. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Evaporating heavy hydrocarbons has long been a challenging task, especially in a limited area that requires rapid vaporization of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) fractions within a short distance. A static mixer that the authors call the annular injection mixer (AIM) has demonstrated superior performance in providing immediate and uniform vaporization of LPG fractions into natural gas. The complete paper focuses on the use of AIM in vaporizing heavy hydrocarbon (C4–C9) fractions into natural gas streams and the evaluation of evaporation performance through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Breakup of Droplets The efficacy of the AIM revolves around its capability to generate fine liquid droplets in the main gas stream. In the AIM, droplets generation takes place through a series of primary and secondary breakup processes. As the liquid phase is introduced into the AIM, the liquid phase travels along the conical wall as a thin liquid film. The difference in velocity between the liquid film and the carrier fluid, in this case natural gas, induces instability within the liquid film. Downstream of a sharp rim, called the “knife edge” by the authors, these instabilities grow further and eventually lead to the breakup of liquid film into liquid ligaments. These unstable ligaments experience further atomization and generate droplets. At higher carrier-fluid velocity, these droplets will deform and experience secondary atomization, generating much smaller droplets. This process continues until the droplets are sufficiently small and stable. AIM System Overview The AIM is a static mixer with no moving parts (Fig. 1). It relies on the momentum of the carrier fluid to generate small liquid droplets and enhance their evaporation, resulting in 100% homogenization and full vaporization of the droplets within several pipe diameters downstream. The AIM’s design consists of a convergent conical section and a divergent conical section. Between the sections, at the vena contracta, is the knife edge. LPG in the liquid phase is introduced into the AIM through annular rings consisting of multiple opening channels just upstream of the knife edge. Because of the high natural gas velocity in this area, the LPG is spread along the conical wall, forming a thin liquid film. Once the LPG liquid film reaches the knife edge, the liquid film transforms into liquid ligaments. These liquid ligaments are unstable and experience further breakup into liquid droplets. Additionally, these liquid droplets are subjected to droplet deformation and secondary droplets break up. Challenges Conventional 1D process simulators might be able to assess the evaporation capability of LPG into natural gas; however, such software will not be able to measure the dynamics and kinetics of the evaporation process. This is where 3D CFD simulators hold an advantage over conventional 1D process simulators.

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Grohn, Philipp, Marius Lawall, Tobias Oesau, Stefan Heinrich, and Sergiy Antonyuk. "CFD-DEM Simulation of a Coating Process in a Fluidized Bed Rotor Granulator." Processes 8, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091090.

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Coating of particles is a widely used technique in order to obtain the desired surface modification of the final product, e.g., specific color or taste. Especially in the pharmaceutical industry, rotor granulators are used to produce round, coated pellets. In this work, the coating process in a rotor granulator is investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with the discrete element method (DEM). The droplets are generated as a second particulate phase in DEM. A liquid bridge model is implemented in the DEM model to take the capillary and viscous forces during the wet contact of the particles into account. A coating model is developed, where the drying of the liquid layer on the particles, as well as the particle growth, is considered. The simulation results of the dry process compared to the simulations with liquid injection show an important influence of the liquid on the particle dynamics. The formation of liquid bridges and the viscous forces in the liquid layer lead to an increase of the average particle velocity and contact time. Changing the injection rate of water has an influence on the contact duration but no significant effect on the particle dynamics. In contrast, the aqueous binder solution has an important influence on the particle movement.

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Andsaler, Adiba Rhaodah, Amir Khalid, Him Ramsy, and Norrizam Jaat. "A Review Paper on Simulation and Modeling of Combustion Characteristics under High Ambient and High Injection of Biodiesel Combustion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.580.

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This paper describes simulation of combustion characteristics under high ambient and high injection of biodiesel combustion by using CFD simulation. Diesel engine performance and emissions is strongly couple with fuel atomization and spray processes, which in turn are strongly influenced by injector flow dynamics. The principal objective of this research is to seek the effect of temperature and pressure on the spray characteristics, as well as fuel-air mixing characteristics. Experiments were performed in a constant volume chamber at specified ambient gas temperature and pressure. This research was continued with injecting diesel fuel into the chamber using a Bosch common rail system. Direct photography technique with a digital camera was used to clarify the real images of spray pattern, liquid length and vapor penetration. The method of the simulation of real phenomenon of diesel combustion with optical access rapid compression machine is also reviewed and experimental results are presented. The liquid phase of the spray reaches a maximum penetration distance soon after the start of injection, while the vapor phase of the spray continues to penetrate downstream. The condition to which the fuel is affected was estimated by combining information on the block temperature, ambient temperature and photographs of the spray. The increases in ambient pressure inside the chamber resulting in gain of spray area and wider spray angle. Thus predominantly promotes for a better fuel-air mixing. All of the experiments will be conducted and run by using CFD. The simulation will show in the form of images.

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Potter, R. J., P. R. Chalker, T. D. Manning, H. C. Aspinall, Y. F. Loo, A. C. Jones, L. M. Smith, G. W. Critchlow, and M. Schumacher. "Deposition of HfO2, Gd2O3 and PrOx by Liquid Injection ALD Techniques." Chemical Vapor Deposition 11, no. 3 (March 2005): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200406348.

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NAKAYAMA, HARUKA, ROCCO PORTARO, CHARLES BASENGA KIYANDA, and HOI DICK NG. "CFD MODELING OF HIGH SPEED LIQUID JETS FROM AN AIR-POWERED NEEDLE-FREE INJECTION SYSTEM." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 04 (June 2016): 1650045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500457.

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A liquid jet injector is a biomedical device intended for drug delivery. Medication is delivered through a fluid stream that penetrates the skin. This small diameter liquid stream is created by a piston forcing a fluid column through a nozzle. These devices can be powered by springs or compressed gas. In this study, a CFD simulation is carried out to investigate the fluid mechanics and performance of needle free injectors powered specifically by compressed air. The motion of the internal mechanisms of the injector which propels a liquid jet through an orifice is simulated by the moving boundary method and the fluid dynamics is modeled using LES/VOF techniques. In this paper, numerical results are discussed by comparing the fluid stagnation pressures of the liquid jet with previously published experimental measurements obtained using a custom-built prototype of the air-powered needle free liquid injector. Performance plots as a function of various injector parameters are presented and explained.

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Vijayakumar, Vishnu, Jagadish Pisharady, and P. Balachandran. "Computational and experimental study on supersonic film cooling for liquid rocket nozzle applications." Thermal Science 19, no. 1 (2015): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120908077p.

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An experimental and computational investigation of supersonic film cooling (SFC) was conducted on a subscale model of a rocket engine nozzle. A computational model of a convergent-divergent nozzle was generated, incorporating a secondary injection module for film cooling in the divergent section. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were run on the model and different injection configurations were analyzed. The CFD simulations also analyzed the parameters that influence film cooling effectiveness. Subsequent to the CFD analysis and literature survey an angled injection configuration was found to be more effective, therefore the hardware was fabricated for the same. The fabricated nozzle was later fixed to an Air-Kerosene combustor and numerous sets of experiments were conducted in order to ascertain the effect on film cooling on the nozzle wall. The film coolant employed was gaseous Nitrogen. The results showed substantial cooling along the walls and a considerable reduction in heat transfer from the combustion gas to the wall of the nozzle. Finally the computational model was validated using the experimental results. There was fairly good agreement between the predicted nozzle wall temperature and the value obtained through experiments.

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., Safiullah. "Non-Vaporizing and Vaporizing Diesel Spray Evaluation with Experimental and Computational Approaches." Quaid-e-Awam University Research Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology 19, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52584/qrj.1902.17.

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Experimental and numerical modeling of diesel spray is necessary to understand the idea of efficient combustion and injection strategies in diesel engines. The current study aims to demonstrate the experimental and computational modeling of diesel spray under non-evaporating and evaporating conditions using three single hole injector diameters i.e. 0.133mm, 0.122mm and 0.101mm with injection pressure and injection quantity of 120 MPa and 5 mm3, respectively. First, the non-evaporating experiments are performed in high-pressure high-temperature constant volume vessel where the spray images are captured with High-Speed Video (HSV) camera using Diffused Background Illumination (DBI) method. However, evaporating spray experiments implement LAS technique to measure mixture concentration as well as visualize liquid and vapor phases of evaporating spray. The experimental results are then validated with computational simulation using AVL FIRE commercial CFD code. The CFD code uses Reynold’s Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS), KHRT and Dukowicz model as turbulence, spray breakup and evaporation models, respectively. Good agreement can be found between experimental results and CFD simulation in terms of spray tip penetration, spray angle and spray cone angle for non-evaporating case and equivalence ratio distribution, liquid/vapor penetration lengths and evaporation ratio for evaporating sprays. Thus, this work can be considered as successful validation for CI engine under similar spray conditions.

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Lupina, Grzegorz, Mindaugas Lukosius, Christian Wenger, Piotr Dudek, Grzegorz Kozlowski, Hans-Joachim Müssig, Adulfas Abrutis, et al. "Deposition of BaHfO3Dielectric Layers for Microelectronic Applications by Pulsed Liquid Injection MOCVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 15, no. 7-9 (September 2009): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200804272.

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Ramirez-Argaez, Marco A., and Alberto N. Conejo. "CFD study on the effect of the oxygen lance inclination angle on the decarburization kinetics of liquid steel in the EAF." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 5 (2021): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021069.

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In Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking the main chemical reaction is the decarburization reaction. This reaction is promoted by the injection of oxygen using supersonic or coherent jets and further chemical reaction with dissolved carbon in liquid steel at high temperatures. A 3D mathematical model to describe the effect of the injection angle, oxygen gas flow rate and number of lances on the decarburization kinetics of molten steel, in the absence of the top slag layer has been developed. The model has been validated using experimental data reported in the literature. The model shows that the decarburization kinetics is promoted by decreasing the injection angle from the horizontal, condition that improves both bath movement and reaction kinetics. These findings suggest that current injection angles in industrial EAF’s can be decreased in order to improve the decarburization rate. The main mechanism is the effect of the gas jet on the motion of the liquid. Taking into consideration that decreasing the injection angle from the horizontal promotes splashing, the numerical model predictions are employed to suggest alternative solutions in order to reach high decarburization rates.

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Huang, Joanne, Ajit J. D'Souza, Jason B. Alarcon, John A. Mikszta, Brandi M. Ford, Matthew S. Ferriter, Michelle Evans, et al. "Protective Immunity in Mice Achieved with Dry Powder Formulation and Alternative Delivery of Plague F1-V Vaccine." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 5 (March 4, 2009): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00447-08.

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ABSTRACT The potential use of Yersinia pestis as a bioterror agent is a great concern. Development of a stable powder vaccine against Y. pestis and administration of the vaccine by minimally invasive methods could provide an alternative to the traditional liquid formulation and intramuscular injection. We evaluated a spray-freeze-dried powder vaccine containing a recombinant F1-V fusion protein of Y. pestis for vaccination against plaque in a mouse model. Mice were immunized with reconstituted spray-freeze-dried F1-V powder via intramuscular injection, microneedle-based intradermal delivery, or noninvasive intranasal administration. By intramuscular injection, the reconstituted powder induced serum antibody responses and provided protection against lethal subcutaneous challenge with 1,000 50% lethal doses of Y. pestis at levels equivalent to those elicited by unprocessed liquid formulations (70 to 90% protection). The feasibility of intradermal and intranasal delivery of reconstituted powder F1-V vaccine was also demonstrated. Overall, microneedle-based intradermal delivery was shown to be similar in efficacy to intramuscular injection, while intranasal administration required an extra dose of vaccine to achieve similar protection. In addition, the results suggest that seroconversion against F1 may be a better predictor of protection against Y. pestis challenge than seroconversion against either F1-V or V. In summary, we demonstrate the preclinical feasibility of using a reconstituted powder F1-V formulation and microneedle-based intradermal delivery to provide protective immunity against plague in a mouse model. Intranasal delivery, while feasible, was less effective than injection in this study. The potential use of these alternative delivery methods and a powder vaccine formulation may result in substantial health and economic benefits.

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