Bibliographies: 'CVB3 3A protein'

1

Mu, Jingfang, Haobo Zhang, Tao Li, Ting Shu, Yang Qiu, and Xi Zhou. "The 3A protein of coxsackievirus B3 acts as a viral suppressor of RNA interference." Journal of General Virology 101, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001434.

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent antiviral defence mechanism in eukaryotes, and numerous viruses have been found to encode viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, and has been reported to be a major causative pathogen for viral myocarditis. Despite the importance of CVB3, it is unclear whether CVB3 can also encode proteins that suppress RNAi. Here, we showed that the CVB3 nonstructural protein 3A suppressed RNAi triggered by either small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in mammalian cells. We further uncovered that CVB3 3A interacted directly with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and siRNAs in vitro. Through mutational analysis, we found that the VSR activity of CVB3 3A was significantly reduced by mutations of D24A/L25A/L26A, Y37A/C38A and R60A in conserved residues. In addition, the 3A protein encoded by coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), another member of Enterovirus, also showed VSR activity. Taken together, our findings showed that CVB3 3A has in vitro VSR activity, thereby providing insights into the pathogenesis of CVB3 and other enteroviruses.

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2

Voss, Martin, Sandra Pinkert, Meike Kespohl, Niclas Gimber, Karin Klingel, Jan Schmoranzer, Michael Laue, Matthias Gaida, Peter-Michael Kloetzel, and Antje Beling. "A Conserved Cysteine Residue in Coxsackievirus B3 Protein 3A with Implication for Elevated Virulence." Viruses 14, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040769.

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Enteroviruses (EV) are implicated in an extensive range of clinical manifestations, such as pancreatic failure, cardiovascular disease, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis. We recently reported on the biochemical properties of the highly conserved cysteine residue at position 38 (C38) of enteroviral protein 3A and demonstrated a C38-mediated homodimerization of the Coxsackievirus B3 protein 3A (CVB3-3A) that resulted in its profound stabilization. Here, we show that residue C38 of protein 3A supports the replication of CVB3, a clinically relevant member of the enterovirus genus. The infection of HeLa cells with protein 3A cysteine 38 to alanine mutants (C38A) attenuates virus replication, resulting in comparably lower virus particle formation. Consistently, in a mouse infection model, the enhanced virus propagation of CVB3-3A wt in comparison to the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant was confirmed and found to promote severe liver tissue damage. In contrast, infection with the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant mitigated hepatic tissue injury and ameliorated the signs of systemic inflammatory responses, such as hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Based on these data and our previous report on the C38-mediated stabilization of the CVB3-3A protein, we conclude that the highly conserved amino acid C38 in protein 3A enhances the virulence of CVB3.

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3

Wessels, Els, Daniël Duijsings, Kjerstin H. W. Lanke, Sander H. J. van Dooren, Catherine L. Jackson, Willem J. G. Melchers, and Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld. "Effects of Picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-Dependent COP-I Recruitment." Journal of Virology 80, no. 23 (September 27, 2006): 11852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01225-06.

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ABSTRACT The 3A protein of the coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an enterovirus that belongs to the family of the picornaviruses, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport. Recently, we elucidated the underlying mechanism by showing that CVB3 3A interferes with ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1)-dependent COP-I recruitment to membranes by binding and inhibiting the function of GBF1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is required for the activation of Arf1 (E. Wessels et al., Dev. Cell 11:191-201, 2006). Here, we show that the 3A protein of poliovirus, another enterovirus, is also able to interfere with COP-I recruitment through the same mechanism. No interference with protein transport or COP-I recruitment was observed for the 3A proteins of any of the other picornaviruses tested here (human rhinovirus [HRV], encephalomyocarditis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and hepatitis A virus). We show that the 3A proteins of HRV, which are the most closely related to the enteroviruses, are unable to inhibit COP-I recruitment, due to a reduced ability to bind GBF1. When the N-terminal residues of the HRV 3A proteins are replaced by those of CVB3 3A, chimeric proteins are produced that have gained the ability to bind GBF1 and, by consequence, to inhibit protein transport. These results show that the N terminus of the CVB3 3A protein is important for binding of GBF1 and its transport-inhibiting function. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the activity of the enterovirus 3A protein to inhibit GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment is unique among the picornaviruses.

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4

Cornell, Christopher T., William B. Kiosses, Stephanie Harkins, and J. Lindsay Whitton. "Coxsackievirus B3 Proteins Directionally Complement Each Other To Downregulate Surface Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I." Journal of Virology 81, no. 13 (April 18, 2007): 6785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00198-07.

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ABSTRACT Picornaviruses carry a small number of proteins with diverse functions that subvert and exploit the host cell. We have previously shown that three coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) proteins (2B, 2BC, and 3A) target the Golgi complex and inhibit protein transit. Here we investigate these effects in more detail and evaluate the distribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which are critical mediators of the CD8+ T-cell response. We report that concomitant with viral protein synthesis, MHC class I surface expression is rapidly downregulated during infection. However, this phenomenon may not result solely from inhibition of anterograde trafficking; we propose a new mechanism whereby the CVB3 2B and 2BC proteins upregulate the internalization of MHC class I (and possibly other surface proteins), perhaps by focusing of endocytic vesicles at the Golgi complex. Thus, our findings indicate that CVB3 carries at least three nonstructural proteins that directionally complement one another; 3A disrupts the Golgi complex to inhibit anterograde transport, while 2B and/or 2BC upregulates endocytosis, rapidly removing proteins from the cell surface. Taken together, these effects may render CVB3-infected cells invisible to CD8+ T cells and untouchable by many antiviral effector molecules. This has important implications for immune evasion by CVB3.

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5

Wessels, Els, Daniël Duijsings, Richard A. Notebaart, Willem J. G. Melchers, and Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld. "A Proline-Rich Region in the Coxsackievirus 3A Protein Is Required for the Protein To Inhibit Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Golgi Transport." Journal of Virology 79, no. 8 (April 15, 2005): 5163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.8.5163-5173.2005.

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ABSTRACT The ability of the 3A protein of coxsackievirus B (CVB) to inhibit protein secretion was investigated for this study. Here we show that the ectopic expression of CVB 3A blocked the transport of both the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus, a membrane-bound secretory marker, and the alpha-1 protease inhibitor, a luminal secretory protein, at a step between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. CVB 3A contains a conserved proline-rich region in its N terminus. The importance of this proline-rich region was investigated by introducing Pro-to-Ala substitutions. The mutation of Pro19 completely abolished the ability of 3A to inhibit ER-to-Golgi transport. The mutation of Pro14, Pro17, or Pro20 also impaired this ability, but to a lesser extent. The mutation of Pro18 had no effect. We also investigated the possible importance of this proline-rich region for the function of 3A in viral RNA replication. To this end, we introduced the Pro-to-Ala mutations into an infectious cDNA clone of CVB3. The transfection of cells with in vitro-transcribed RNAs of these clones gave rise to mutant viruses that replicated with wild-type characteristics. We concluded that the proline-rich region in CVB 3A is required for its ability to inhibit ER-to-Golgi transport, but not for its function in viral RNA replication. The functional relevance of the proline-rich region is discussed in light of the proposed structural model of 3A.

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6

Lanke, Kjerstin H. W., Hilde M. van der Schaar, George A. Belov, Qian Feng, Daniël Duijsings, Catherine L. Jackson, Ellie Ehrenfeld, and Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld. "GBF1, a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for Arf, Is Crucial for Coxsackievirus B3 RNA Replication." Journal of Virology 83, no. 22 (September 9, 2009): 11940–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01244-09.

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ABSTRACT The replication of enteroviruses is sensitive to brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi network transport that blocks activation of guanine exchange factors (GEFs) of the Arf GTPases. Mammalian cells contain three BFA-sensitive Arf GEFs: GBF1, BIG1, and BIG2. Here, we show that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) RNA replication is insensitive to BFA in MDCK cells, which contain a BFA-resistant GBF1 due to mutation M832L. Further evidence for a critical role of GBF1 stems from the observations that viral RNA replication is inhibited upon knockdown of GBF1 by RNA interference and that replication in the presence of BFA is rescued upon overexpression of active, but not inactive, GBF1. Overexpression of Arf proteins or Rab1B, a GTPase that induces GBF1 recruitment to membranes, failed to rescue RNA replication in the presence of BFA. Additionally, the importance of the interaction between enterovirus protein 3A and GBF1 for viral RNA replication was investigated. For this, the rescue from BFA inhibition of wild-type (wt) replicons and that of mutant replicons of both CVB3 and poliovirus (PV) carrying a 3A protein that is impaired in binding GBF1 were compared. The BFA-resistant GBF1-M832L protein efficiently rescued RNA replication of both wt and mutant CVB3 and PV replicons in the presence of BFA. However, another BFA-resistant GBF1 protein, GBF1-A795E, also efficiently rescued RNA replication of the wt replicons, but not that of mutant replicons, in the presence of BFA. In conclusion, this study identifies a critical role for GBF1 in CVB3 RNA replication, but the importance of the 3A-GBF1 interaction requires further study.

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7

Wessels, Els, Daniël Duijsings, Kjerstin H. W. Lanke, Willem J. G. Melchers, Catherine L. Jackson, and Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld. "Molecular Determinants of the Interaction between Coxsackievirus Protein 3A and Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor GBF1." Journal of Virology 81, no. 10 (February 28, 2007): 5238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02680-06.

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ABSTRACT The 3A protein of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a small membrane protein that forms homodimers, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi complex transport. Recently, we described the underlying mechanism by showing that the CVB3 3A protein binds to and inhibits the function of GBF1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), thereby interfering with Arf1-mediated COP-I recruitment. This study was undertaken to gain more insight into the molecular determinants underlying the interaction between 3A and GBF1. Here we show that 3A mutants that have lost the ability to dimerize are no longer able to bind to GBF1 and trap it on membranes. Moreover, we identify a conserved region in the N terminus of 3A that is crucial for GBF1 binding but not for 3A dimerization. Analysis of the binding domain in GBF1 showed that the extreme N terminus, the dimerization/cyclophilin binding domain, and the homology upstream of Sec7 domain are required for the interaction with 3A. In contrast to that of full-length GBF1, overexpression of a GBF1 mutant lacking its extreme N terminus failed to rescue the effects of 3A. Together, these data provide insight into the molecular requirements of the interaction between 3A and GBF1.

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8

Massilamany, Chandirasegaran, Arunakumar Gangaplara, Rakesh Halekote Basavalingappa, Rajkumar A. Rajasekaran, David Steffen, Asit K. Pattnaik, and Jay Reddy. "Mutations in the 5′ NTR and the non-structural protein 3A of the coxsackievirus B3 selectively attenuate myocarditogenicity." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 80.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.80.11.

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Abstract The 5′ non-translated region (NTR) is an important molecular determinant that controls replication and virulence of coxsackievirus B (CVB)3. In our studies of CVB3-induced myocarditis, we sought to generate an infectious clone of the virus for routine in vivo experimentation. By determining the viral nucleotide sequence, we identified three new nucleotide substitutions in the clone that differed from the parental virus strain: C97U in the 5′ NTR; a silent mutation, A4327G, in non-structural protein 2C; and C5088U (resulting in P1449L amino acid change) in non-structural protein 3A of the virus leading us to evaluate the role of these changes in the virulence properties of the virus. We noted that the disease-inducing ability of the infectious clone-derived virus in three mouse strains was restricted to pancreatitis alone, and the incidence and severity of myocarditis were significantly reduced. We then reversed the mutations by creating three new clones, representing 1) U97C; 2) G4327A and U5088C; and 3) their combination together in the third clone. The viral titers obtained from all the clones were comparable, but the virions derived from the third clone induced myocarditis comparable to that induced by wild type virus; however, the pancreatitis-inducing ability remained unaltered, suggesting that the mutations described above selectively influence myocarditogenicity. Our data point to a possibility that, CVB3 viruses containing such altered nucleotides may evolve naturally leading to their survival.

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9

Bopegamage, Shubhada, Jana Kovacova, Agnesa Vargova, Jana Motusova, Anna Petrovicova, Maria Benkovicova, Pavol Gomolcak, et al. "Coxsackie B virus infection of mice: inoculation by the oral route protects the pancreas from damage, but not from infection." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81249-0.

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The pathogenesis of coxsackie B virus (CVB) infections is generally studied in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, whereas the gastrointestinal tract is the natural porte d'entrée in humans. The present study was undertaken to compare systematically the influence of infection route on morbidity and pathology. Swiss Albino mice were infected with CVB3 (Nancy) at different doses (5×103, 5×105, 5×107, 5×109 TCID50), given either i.p. or orally. Virus could be isolated from several organs (heart, spleen and pancreas), indicating systemic infection, irrespective of the infection route. Virus titres were 1–2 logs higher after i.p. infection, but kinetics were largely independent of infection route. Organs became negative for virus isolation after 21 days, with the exception of spleen tissue, which remained positive for up to 49 days. Thereafter, virus was detected only by immunohistochemistry and PCR up to 98 days post-infection (oral route). Histopathology showed mild inflammation and necrosis in heart tissue of all mice during the acute phase, with repair at later stages. Strikingly, pancreatic lesions were confined to the exocrine pancreas and observed only after i.p. infection. Under all experimental conditions, the pancreatic islets were spared. In contrast, immunohistochemistry showed the presence of viral VP1, protein 3A and alpha interferon (IFN-α) in exocrine as well as endocrine pancreas of all mice, irrespective of route and dose of infection. It is concluded that infection via the oral route protects the pancreas from damage, but not from infection, a process in which IFN-α is not the only factor involved.

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10

Schuster, Susan, Gijs J. Overheul, Lisa Bauer, Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld, and Ronald P. van Rij. "No evidence for viral small RNA production and antiviral function of Argonaute 2 in human cells." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (September 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50287-w.

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Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) has strong antiviral activity in a range of animal phyla, but the extent to which RNAi controls virus infection in chordates, and specifically mammals remains incompletely understood. Here we analyze the antiviral activity of RNAi against a number of positive-sense RNA viruses using Argonaute-2 deficient human cells. In line with absence of virus-derived siRNAs, Sindbis virus, yellow fever virus, and encephalomyocarditis virus replicated with similar kinetics in wildtype cells and Argonaute-2 deficient cells. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) carrying mutations in the viral 3A protein, previously proposed to be a virus-encoded suppressor of RNAi in another picornavirus, human enterovirus 71, had a strong replication defect in wildtype cells. However, this defect was not rescued in Argonaute-2 deficient cells, arguing against a role of CVB3 3A as an RNAi suppressor. In agreement, neither infection with wildtype nor 3A mutant CVB3 resulted in small RNA production with the hallmarks of canonical vsiRNAs. Together, our results argue against strong antiviral activity of RNAi under these experimental conditions, but do not exclude that antiviral RNAi may be functional under other cellular, experimental, or physiological conditions in mammals.

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Academic literature on the topic 'CVB3 3A protein'

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Journal articles on the topic "CVB3 3A protein"