Journal articles: 'Cutting forces measure'

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Patil, Pradeep Kumar, and A. I. Khandwawala. "Measurement and analysis of cutting forces on single point cutting tool in turning of MS bar with dry condition and rust-X cutting fluid." International Journal of Structural Integrity 7, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-02-2015-0008.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure the effect of rake angle on cutting forces on the rake face of single point cutting tool with two cutting conditions. The experimental setup has been developed to measure the cutting forces. The study aims to put forward the optimum cutting condition, which improves the product quality, surface finish, productivity and tool life. Design/methodology/approach – The load cell-based tool dynamometer has been developed to measure the cutting forces. The experiments have performed on the mild steel bar of hardness 60 BHN. The friction and the normal forces have measured in dry cutting condition and with rust-X cutting fluids. The cutting forces for these two cutting conditions have calculated with constant depth of cut, speed and feed with different rake angles in the range of degrees 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 20. Findings – The experimental observations shows the variations of friction and normal forces with different cutting conditions and parameters. It shows the friction force on rake face increase and the normal force on the rake face decreases with increase the rake angle. Research limitations/implications – The observations has done only for mild steel of hardness 60 BHN. It can also be perform on different materials and for different cutting conditions. Practical implications – The experimental setup developed in this research can be used in the manufacturing industry. It can help to decide and maintain the optimum cutting conditions. Originality/value – The observations have been made on an experimental setup, which fulfills the actual working/cutting conditions as per the use in industries.

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Park, Simon S., and Yusuf Altintas. "Dynamic Compensation of Spindle Integrated Force Sensors With Kalman Filter." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 126, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1789531.

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This paper presents a dynamically compensated Spindle Integrated Force Sensor (SIFS) system to measure cutting forces. Piezo-electric force sensors are integrated into the stationary spindle housing. The structural dynamic model between the cutting forces acting on the tool tip and the measured forces at the spindle housing is identified. The system is first calibrated to compensate the influence of spindle run-out and unbalance at different speeds. Using the cutting force signals measured at the spindle housing, a Kalman Filter is designed to filter the influence of structural modes on the force measurements. The frequency bandwidth of the proposed sensor system is significantly increased with the proposed sensing and the signal processing method.

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Rezvani, Sina, Chang-Ju Kim, Simon S. Park, and Jihyun Lee. "Simultaneous Clamping and Cutting Force Measurements with Built-In Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 3736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133736.

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The intensity of the clamping force during milling operations is very important, because an excessive clamping force can distort the workpiece, while inadequate clamping causes slippage of the workpiece. Since the overall clamping force can be affected by the cutting forces throughout machining, it is necessary to monitor the change of clamping and the cutting forces during the process. This paper proposes a hybrid system in the form of a vise with built-in strain gauges and in-house-developed piezoelectric sensors for simultaneous measurement of clamping and cutting forces. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors are fabricated and embedded in a layered jaw to measure the dynamic forces of the machine tool. A cross-shaped groove within the jaw is designed to embed strain gauges, which predominantly measure the static clamping forces. Sensor fusion technology combining the signals of the strain gauges and PZT piezoelectric sensors is used to investigate the interactions between cutting forces and clamping forces. The results show average errors of 11%, 17%, and 6% for milling forces in X, Y, and Z directions, respectively; and 19% error for clamping forces, confirming the capability of the setup to monitor the forces in milling.

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Sheu, Jinn Jong, Dong Mei Xu, and Chin Wei Liu. "Cutting Force and Tool Deflection Predictions for High Speed Machining of Hard to Cut Material." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1157.

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The dimension accuracy and the too life are the major issues of the machining of hard-to-cut materials. To fulfill the requirements of accuracy and tool life needs not only well planning of cutting path but also the proper cutting conditions of cutters. The vibration and deflection of cutters caused by poor selection of cutting conditions can be predicted using models of cutting force and tool deflection. In this paper, a cutting force model considering the effect of tool helical angle and a cantilever beam model of tool deflection were proposed for the high speed machining of hard-to-cut material SKD11. The shearing force, the plowing forces, and the helical angle of cutters are considered in the elemental force model. The material of workpiece, SKD11, studied in this paper is commonly used for the die and mold industries. The cutting constants of the proposed force model are determined via the cutting experiments carried out on a high speed machining center. A dynamometer and a high frequency data acquisition system were used to measure the x-, y-, and z-direction cutting forces. The obtained cutting constants were used to predict the cutting forces and compared with the results obtained from the cutting experiment of verification using cutters with different helical angles. The theoretical and the experimental cutting forces in the x-, y-, and z- direction are in good agreement using flat cutters with 30 and 45 degrees of helical angle. The dimension deviations of the cut surface in the cutting experiment case of tool deflection were measured using a touch probe and an infrared receiver installed on the machining center. The measured average dimension deviation, 0.163mm, is close to the predicted tool deflection, 0.153mm, using the proposed cantilever beam model. The comparisons of the cutting forces and the average of the cut surface dimension deviation are in good agreement and verify the proposed cutting force and the tool deflection models are feasible and useful.

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Matsubara, Atsushi, and Soichi Ibaraki. "Monitoring and Control of Cutting Forces in Machining Processes: A Review." International Journal of Automation Technology 3, no. 4 (July 5, 2009): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2009.p0445.

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Much research has gone into machining process monitoring and control. This paper reviews monitoring and control schemes of cutting force and torque. Sensors to measure cutting force and torque, as well as their indirect estimation, are reviewed. Feedback control schemes and model-based feedforward scheduling schemes of cutting forces, as well as tool path optimization schemes for cutting force regulation, are reviewed. The authors’ works are also briefly presented.

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Lyu, Yanlin, Muhammad Jamil, Ning He, Munish Kumar Gupta, and Danil Yurievich Pimenov. "Development and Testing of a High-Frequency Dynamometer for High-Speed Milling Process." Machines 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9010011.

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Cutting forces are strongly associated with the mechanics of the cutting process. Hence, machining forces measurements are very important to investigate the machining process, and numerous methods of cutting forces measurements have been applied. Nowadays, a dynamometer is the most popular tool for cutting forces measurements. However, the natural frequency of a dynamometer has a direct impact on the accuracy of measured cutting forces in the machining process. Therefore, few dynamometers are appropriate and reliable to measure the cutting forces at high frequencies. In this work, a new strain-gauge-based dynamometer (SGBD) with a special structure was designed, manufactured, and put to the test to ensure the measurement of high-frequency dynamic forces in the milling process. The main structure of the SGBD is symmetrical and mainly consists of a center quadrangular prism surrounded by four force sensing elastic elements, an upper support plate, and a lower support plate. The dynamic identification test was conducted and indicated that the SGBD′s natural frequency could be stabilized at a high value of 9.15 kHz. To automatically obtain the milling force data with a computer during high rotational speed milling, a data acquisition system was devised for the dynamometer. To reduce the effects of cross-sensitivity and acting point of force, an innovative model based on a conversion matrix was established for the dynamometer. Furthermore, the cutting tests were conducted at high rotational speeds (10,000–18,000 rpm), and it was found that the difference of cutting forces between the SGBD and a Kistler dynamometer are 2.3–5.8% in the X direction and 3.5–8.8% in the Y direction. The experimental findings disclosed that the new kind of dynamometer is reliably for the measurement of high-frequency dynamic forces in milling at high rotational speeds.

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Biały, Witold, Jiri Fries, and Greg Galecki. "Determination of Coal Cutting Forces Using the Cutting Head of POU-BW/01-WAP Device." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2021-0025.

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Abstract The paper presents a method for measuring and recording the forces involved in the coal cutting process. Moreover, a method for visualization of all forces involved in the cutting process was described. In the following part, the construction and principle of operation of a device for determination of forces involved in the cutting process (coal mining), referred to by the author as POU-BW/01-WAP, are presented. Resistance extensometry was used to measure the forces. This is the only device in the world that determines two of three force components that take part in the cutting process. For this purpose, two independent measuring blocks were used, which are strain gauges of force: cutting (Fs) and knife pressure (Fd). In order to register these forces, a real mining knife used in longwall shearer drums was applied – i.e. tangential-rotary. The equipment has the ATEX certificate allowing for operation in real conditions as a device intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres – in accordance with the directive 94/9/EC. It has received many awards at world fairs for inventions and innovative solutions.

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Chanthana, Deuanphan, and Somkiat Tangjitsitcharoen. "A Study of Relation between Roundness and Cutting Force in CNC Turning Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.366.

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The roundness is one of the most important criteria to accept the mechanical parts in the CNC turning process. The relations of the roundness, the cutting conditions and the cutting forces in CNC turning is hence studied in this research. The dynamometer is installed on the turret of the CNC turning machine to measure the in-process cutting force signals. The cutting parameters are investigated to analyze the effects of them on the roundness which are the cutting speed, the feed rate, the depth of cut, the tool nose radius and the rake angle. The experimentally obtained results showed that the better roundness is obtained with an increase in cutting speed, tool nose radius and rake angle. The relation between the cutting parameters and the roundness can be explained by the in-process cutting forces. It is understood that the roundness can be monitored by using the in-process cutting forces.

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Dudzik, Krzysztof, and Wojciech Labuda. "The Possibility of Applying Acoustic Emission and Dynamometric Methods for Monitoring the Turning Process." Materials 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132926.

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Ensuring optimal turning conditions has a huge impact on the quality and properties of the machined surface. The condition of the cutting tool is one of the factors to achieve this goal. In order to control its wear during the turning process, monitoring was used. In this study, the acoustic emission method and measure of cutting forces during turning were used for monitoring that process. The research was carried out on a universal lathe center (CU500MRD type) using a Kistler dynamometer with assembled removable insert CCET09T302R-MF by DIJET Industrial CO., LTD. A dynamometer allows to measure forces Fx (radial force), Fy (feed force) and Fz (cutting force). The turning process was performed on a shaft with 60 mm diameter made of 304L stainless steel. The AE research was carried at Physical Acoustics Corporation with the kit that includes: recorder USB AE Node, preamplifier, AE-sensor VS 150M and computer with dedicated software used for recording and analyzing AE data. The aim of this paper is to compare selected diagnostic methods: acoustic emission and cutting forces measurement for monitoring wear of cutting tool edge. Analysis of the research results showed that both selected methods of monitoring the turning process allowed the determination of the beginning of the tool damage process.

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Huang, Z., Wei Zhao, Ning He, and Liang Li. "Structure Optimization Design and Application of a Strain Based Dynamometer." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.385.

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A strain based dynamometer used for the prediction and measurement of three-component cutting forces for milling operations has been designed on the basis of the principle of additional elastic element theory. Meanwhile, four Wheatstone bridges, considerable amplifier and data acquisition software based on LabVIEW are also used to compose a whole system acquiring the cutting force signals. In order to obtain higher natural frequency and magnification, this paper focuses on the calculation and optimization of the dimensions of the special structure, and finally its first natural frequency can be stabilized at more than 14kHz, which are high enough to precisely measure the cutting forces, and the magnification can also achieve up to 15. The dynamic characteristics of the dynamometer are studied theoretically and experimentally, the results show that the developed dynamometer is able to measure the dynamic force component in high-speed cutting.

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11

De Oliveira, Deborah, Milla Caroline Gomes, Aline Gonçalves Dos Santos, and Marcio Bacci Da Silva. "Influence of Cutting Fluid Application Frequency in Micromilling Cutting Forces." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.03.2021.11.

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Micromachining allows the production of parts and components on a micro scale with high precision and has become a key process to meet the growing demand for micro parts and micro components. To meet the quality requirements of the generated surfaces and reduce the cutting forces, strategies have been analysed, such as the use of the cutting fluid. Therefore, this research aimed to verify the effect of the frequency of the use of cutting fluid during the micro-milling of the Inconel 718 alloy. For this purpose, an ultra-refined cemented carbide micro end mill coated with (Al, Ti) N and 400 µm in diameter was used. A spindle speed of 20,000 rpm, a cutting speed of 13.8 m/min, a feed per tooth of 5 µm/tooth and an axial depth of cut of 40 µm were used as cutting parameters. Two frequencies of application of the cutting fluid were evaluated, corresponding to the flow rate of 40.7 and 270.0 ml/ h, in addition to the dry test. To measure the cutting forces, a Kistler dynamometer with operating range of -5 kN to +10 kN was used. In addition, the process simulation was performed using the AdvantEdge software by ThirdWave Systems. The results showed that the higher flow of the cutting fluid provided lower cutting forces and that, in dry machining, the cutting force increased significantly during the machining of a slot.

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KOPECKÝ, ZDENĚK, LUĎKA HLÁSKOVÁ, and MIROSLAV ROUSEK. "Decomposition of cutting forces in quasi-orthogonal CNC milling." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 105 (June 6, 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7704.

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Decomposition of cutting forces in quasi-orthogonal CNC milling. The paper is focused on the analysis of cutting forces in milling of MDF boards on the CNC machine called SCM Tech 99 L. The Kistler 9257 B is top-of-the-line dynamometer with DynoWare software used to measure power and analyse data. The forces were examined and analysed using quasi-orthogonal milling with a single-edged blade. The resulting force values were compared with each other depending on the conventional and climb milling of the edge of the MDF board at various feed speeds.

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Jorgensen, M. J., M. W. Riley, D. J. Cochran, and R. R. Bishu. "Maximum Forces in Simulated Meat Cutting Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 11 (October 1989): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301103.

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This study attempts to evaluate maximum force capabilities of subjects performing fourteen different simulated meat cutting tasks. The different tasks represent different cutting positions related to the orientation in which the meat is presented and the types of trimming cuts. The experiment was conducted to measure maximum force capability against two constant velocities produced by a Cybex II dynamometer through the range of motion for the simulated meat cutting tasks. The results of this experiment produced a basis for selecting cutting orientations based on force capability for cutting in these fourteen motions. Based on this, the desirability of different cutting orientations for meat trimming jobs has been established.

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Park, Simon S. "Identification of Spindle Integrated Force Sensor’s Transfer Function for Modular End Mills." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 128, no. 1 (August 11, 2005): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2137749.

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A spindle integrated cutting force system where piezoelectric force sensors are embedded in the spindle housing is studied. The transfer function between the force experienced at the end mill and measured at the spindle integrated force sensor varies depending on the tool length sticking out. In the paper, a method is proposed to predict the transfer function of the overall system by coupling the receptances of the analytically modeled end mill and experimentally measured spindle structures. The experimentally proven method allows for the automated calibration of the spindle integrated force system whenever a tool change occurs to accurately measure high-frequency bandwidth cutting forces.

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Zhao, Can, and Yu Bo Liu. "The Research on Milling Force in High-Speed Milling Nickel-Based Superalloy of Inconel 718." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.1031.

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This paper makes an experiment in high-speed milling of Inconel 718. Cutting tests were performed using round and ceramic tools, at feeds from 0.06 to 0.14 mm/tooth, Axial Depth of Cut from0.5 to 1.5mm,and cutting speeds ranging from 500 to 1037 m/min. The behaviour of the cutting forces during machining was then measure. The results show that cutting force increases first and then decreases with the increase of feed per tooth, the tool chipping and groove wear were found with the increase of axial cutting depth, and cutting force is increased; the increase in cutting force with the cutting speed increases, when the cutting speed reaches a critical speed, the cutting force as the cutting speed increases began to decline.

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Liu, Y. B., C. Zhao, X. Ji, and Ping Zhou. "The Research on Cutting Force in High-Speed Milling Process of Aluminum Alloy Impeller." Advanced Materials Research 142 (October 2010): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.142.11.

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High-speed cutting process of cutting force influence variables and variation and ordinary speed cutting are obviously different, in order to study the high-speed cutting process of different parameters on the effect of cutting force, based on five axis high-speed NC machining center, using multi-factor orthogonal test method for high speed milling of aluminum alloy impeller conducted experiments. It was analyzed that cutting force influence factors of 5-axises blade machining process. A private clamp was designed and produced, to measure the cutting force of machining process. It was observe that distribution of 3-dimension cutting forces in cutting path. It was found that the distribution rule of cutting force. With the experiment study on cutting force when high speed cutting aluminum cuprum, the influence disciplinarian of each cutting parameter on cutting force was obtained.

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Cheng, Yun Ping, Wen Ge Wu, Xue Rui Li, and Xiao Jun Du. "Design and Theoretical Analysis of an Embedded Thin Film Sensor." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.788.

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Monitoring cutting force in manufacturing operations is important for controlling cutting process and surface quality. In this paper, a thin film sensor embedded in metal was designed and embedded on the holder of tool to measure the force in machining operations. The Wheatstone bridge would produce the output voltage when the thin film caused deformation by cutting forces. The relationship between the output voltage and the deformation of beam was analyzed and derived with formula. The results showed that cutting force could be calculated according to the output voltage.

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Subramani, G., S. G. Kapoor, and R. E. DeVor. "A Model for the Prediction of Bore Cylindricity During Machining." Journal of Engineering for Industry 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901630.

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In this paper, a model is developed for computation of bore cylindricity of machined cylinder bores. The model takes into account the effect of cutting process variables and the bore design on bore cylindricity. Surface error, which is a measure of the lack of bore cylindricity, is caused by both the elastic deflection of the bore wall due to cutting forces and the thermal expansion of the bore during machining. The effect of both the cutting forces and the bore temperature is included in the model. Experiments have been conducted to measure the bore cylindricity using an Incometer device. Comparisons between the shape and magnitude of predicted and measured surface error show a good agreement.

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Gaudillière, C., N. Ranc, A. Larue, A. Maillard, and P. Lorong. "High Speed Blanking: An Experimental Method to Measure Induced Cutting Forces." Experimental Mechanics 53, no. 7 (March 23, 2013): 1117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9738-1.

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Li, Yuan, and Xi Peng Xu. "Experimental Study and Simulation of Cutting Forces during the Deep Sawing of Granite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 16-19 (October 2009): 1341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.16-19.1341.

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An experimental setup was established to measure and study the vertical and horizontal force components acted on the saw-blade during the whole deep sawing process of a granite workpiece with finite length. The accumulated thickness of the grits engaging with the workpiece in the sawing zone was obtained by numeric method to simulate the vertical and horizontal cutting forces respectively. The results showed that the simulated data tallied well with the measured data.

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Augspurger, Thorsten, Daniel Schraknepper, and Thomas Bergs. "Experimental investigation of specific cutting forces and estimation of the heat partitioning under increasing tool wear in machining nickel-based super alloy IN 718." Production Engineering 14, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00971-y.

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Abstract Presented are an experimental setup and affiliated methodology to measure the specific cutting forces in the milling process with proceeding tool wear at simplified orthogonal milling kinematics. The cutting forces, cutter rotation angle and chip temperature are acquired by a time sensitive measuring system consisting of a synchronized dynamometer, ratio pyrometer and spindle encoder. The approach allows the accurate acquisition of cutting forces under defined engagement conditions and thus constitutes a valuable basis for cutting force modelling and tool wear monitoring approaches. The results show uniformly and linearly increasing forces over the entire range of undeformed chip thickness due to wear. Besides a mechanical view on the cutting process, also the thermal domain was included into the analysis. Therefore, a ratio pyrometer was used as part of the synchronized measurement system tracking the chips backside temperature in order to estimate a virtually continuous heat flow into the chip. This heat flow increased with wear and process power, which indicates that the chip’s temperature can be used as process monitoring variable for tool wear.

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Tangjitsitcharoen, Somkiat, and Suthas Ratanakuakangwan. "Monitoring of Cutting Conditions with Dry Cutting on CNC Turning Machine." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.382.

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This paper presents the additional work of the previous research in order to verify the previously obtained cutting condition by using the different cutting tool geometries. The effects of the cutting conditions with the dry cutting are monitored to obtain the proper cutting condition for the plain carbon steel with the coated carbide tool based on the consideration of the surface roughness and the tool life. The dynamometer is employed and installed on the turret of CNC turning machine to measure the in-process cutting forces. The in-process cutting forces are used to analyze the cutting temperature, the tool wear and the surface roughness. The experimentally obtained results show that the surface roughness and the tool wear can be well explained by the in-process cutting forces. Referring to the criteria, the experimentally obtained proper cutting condition is the same with the previous research except the rake angle and the tool nose radius.

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Qu, G. J., Min Qian, J. Zhang, and Q. Xing. "Investigation on Unitary Piezoelectric Four-Component Cutting Dynamometer." Materials Science Forum 626-627 (August 2009): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.626-627.93.

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The purpose of this paper is to show the investigation on a type of unitary piezoelectric four-component cutting dynamometer. Based on piezoelectric effect of quartz crystal, such as torsion effect, transverse effect, lengthways effect and shearing effect, horizontal moment and three-direction orthogonal forces carried on the dynamometer during cutting process can be measured simultaneously. The dynamometer can be used to measure forces and horizontal moments in drilling, grinding, milling, turning. A secondary purpose is to optimize structure parameters of the dynamometer by ANSYS. The dynamometer has good performance with high sensitivity, good linearity and repeatability and low crosstalk after optimizing.

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Shao, W., Xing Sheng Li, Yong Sun, and Han Huang. "Laboratory Comparison of SMART*CUT Picks With WC Picks." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.323.

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Application of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) based cutting tools for hard rock excavation in mining and construction industries has increased significantly in recent years due to their super hardness, superb thermal conductivity and long life durability. Super Material Abrasive Resistant Tool (SMART*CUT) technology has been developed by CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in the last 15 years, which includes the replacement of tungsten carbide (WC) tips of the conventional picks with thermally stable diamond composite (TSDC) tips, attachment of the TSDC tips to steel tool bodies with CSIRO’s worldwide patented bonding technology. The wear characteristics of TSDC cutting elements have been investigated previously. In this paper, the preliminary results of cutter forces and resultant angle of SMART*CUT picks were compared with that of traditional WC picks. A tri-axial force dynamometer and a data acquisition system were used to measure the cutter forces. Besides, the cutting area temperature during cutting process was continuously measured by a FLIR SC7600M thermal infrared camera and the recorded data were processed by Altair Software.

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Cheng, Yun Ping, Wen Ge Wu, Xiao Jun Du, and Gui Ling Qiao. "Design and Analysis of Constantan Thin Films Sensor for Monitoring Cutting Force." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.882.

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Cutting force is one of important parameters for manufacturing processes. The traditional dynamometer is limited by size, machining environments, and so on. This paper introduces a new constantan thin film sensor which embedded on the holder of external turning tool to measure cutting force. The relationship between force and output voltage are deduced from theory. By using the finite element software, the analyses on induction and linearity capability of thin film sensor are simulated, and the influences of the location and thickness of film on the output voltage are analyzed. The results show that the linearity of input and output is good and the deviation between the calculated value and simulation results is identical. As the result, the constantan thin film sensor unit can be used to measure the cutting forces.

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Nur, Rusdi, Noordin Mohd Yusof, Izman Sudin, Fethma M. Nor, and Denni Kurniawan. "Determination of Energy Consumption during Turning of Hardened Stainless Steel Using Resultant Cutting Force." Metals 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040565.

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Downsizing energy consumption during the machining of metals is vital for sustainable manufacturing. As a prerequisite, energy consumption should be determined, through direct or indirect measurement. The manufacturing process of interest is the finish turning which has been explored to generate (near) net shapes, particularly for hardened steels. In this paper, we propose using measured cutting forces to calculate the electrical energy consumption during the finish turning process of metals where typically the depth of cut is lower than the cutting tool nose radius. In this approach, the resultant cutting force should be used for calculating the energy consumption, instead of only the main (tangential) cutting force as used in the conventional approach. A case study was carried out where a hardened stainless steel (AISI 420, hardness of 47–48 HRC) was turned using a coated carbide tool, with a nose radius of 0.8 mm, without cutting fluid, and at 0.4 mm depth of cut. The experimental design varied the cutting speed (100, 130, and 170 m/min) and feed (0.10, 0.125, and 0.16 mm) while other parameters were kept constant. The results indicate that the electrical energy consumption during the particular dry turning of hardened steel can be calculated using cutting force data as proposed. This generally means machining studies that measure cutting forces can also present energy consumption during the finish or hard turning of metals, without specifically measuring the power consumption of the machining process. For this particular dry turning of hardened stainless steel, cutting parameters optimization in terms of machining responses (i.e., low surface roughness, long tool life, low cutting force, and low energy consumption) was also determined to provide an insight on how energy consumption can be integrated with other machining responses towards sustainable machining process of metals.

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Ucun, İsmail. "INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT ON LATERAL DISPLACEMENT AND FORCES OF CUTTING MODE IN SAWABILITY OF METAL PROFILE USING CUTTING DISC." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 36, no. 1 (March 2012): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2012-0003.

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In this study, the cutting performance of cutting discs used to cut metal materials depending on the cutting modes is determined with an experimental study. Tests are performed using a computer-controlled cutting machine. For the tests, peripheral speeds of 40, 60 and 80 m/sec and feed speeds of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 m/min. are preferred as cutting parameters. Up cutting and down cutting are taken into consideration as cutting modes. A three-point dynamometer is used to determine the forces applied on the disc during cutting. A KEYENCE laser displacement measuring device is used to measure lateral displacements of the cutting disc. According to the test results, feed speed is observed as a significant parameter in determining the cutting forces and lateral displacements. Up and down cutting modes used in the study has a significant effect on determining the forces applied on the cutting disc and lateral displacements of the disc. In particular, lateral displacements obtained in down cutting mode are observed to be greater than the displacements obtained in up cutting mode.

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Hwang, Joon, Eui Sik Chung, and Yong Kyu Lee. "An Assessment of Cutting Force for Dental Implant Drilling." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 2542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2542.

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Bone drilling is widely used in orthopedics and dental surgery; it is a technically surgical procedure. Recent technological improvements in this area are focused on efforts to reduce forces in bone drilling. The aim of this study was to compare changes in cutting force during dental bone drilling at various drilling conditions and drill tool geometry. In the present in vitro study, dog jaw bone with uniform thickness of cortical bone was used. Cutting force changes were measured during drilling process. Drill jig was designed and manufactured to fix jaw workpiece and mounted on the tool dynamometer to measure cutting force in drilling process. The dental implant drilling tests were conducted at various cutting speeds and feed rates. In this study drilling thrust force was observed 1.5~3.6[N] for MS type implant drilling and 3.1~4.9[N] for conventional high speed steel drilling, respectively. This further research will provide a basic quantitative approach for the timely issue of wide application of implant drilling in dental and orthopedic surgery fields.

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Nie, Zhen Guo, Gang Wang, Yong Liang Lin, Xiang Su, and Yi Ming Rong. "Modeling and Simulation of Single Abrasive-Grain Cutting Process in Creep Feed Grinding." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.1241.

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Single abrasive-grain cutting is the key research point in grinding process. Because of the narrow space and quick velocity, modeling and simulation method is an approach way to study the single grain cutting. This paper studied the distribution of flow stress and plastic strain, the temperature field near cutting grain. Then experiment was conducted to measure the cutting forces in single grain cutting test. The validation shows good correctness and accuracy of FEA model. Then orthogonal simulation test was carried out to research the influence factors for the grinding forces and temperature distribution. It is found that creep feed grinding has a large grinding forces than high speed grinding in the grain scales. But the maximum temperature value is affected both by depth and speed distinctly.

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Uchiyama, Fumihiro, Akihiko Tsuboi, and Takashi Matsumura. "Surface Profile Analysis in Milling with Structured Tool." International Journal of Automation Technology 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0101.

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Novel end mills with micro-scale structures have recently been developed to promote cutting performances with cutting forces, chip controls, and tool wears. However, the surface profiles are formed corresponding to the structures on the tool edges. The surface finishes, therefore, are worse than those of cuttings with straight edges of the end mills. This paper discusses surface profiles in milling with the structured tool and the cutter axis inclination. An analytical model is presented to simulate the surface profiles for the tool edge shape, the cutting parameters and the cutter axis inclination. Because the surface profiles are controlled in the simulation, the optimum cutting parameters are determined to reduce the surface roughness. Micro-scale nicks were fabricated on polycrystalline diamond edges with a laser machine tool. The sizes and pitches of the nicks were controlled by the laser processing parameters. The cutting tests were conducted to measure the surface profiles. The presented surface profile model was validated by comparing the simulated and the measured surface roughnesses. The surface finish can be improved in milling with the cutter axis inclination in the optimum cutting parameters.

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Schimmel, Roy J., Jairam Manjunathaiah, and William J. Endres. "Edge Radius Variability and Force Measurement Considerations." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 3 (October 1, 1999): 590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286255.

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A new, noncontact instrument, based on white light interferometry, is used to measure the edge radii of cutting tools with measurement errors of less than 3 μm. Edges of several commercial cutting inserts are measured and compared. It is found that the radius of the hone varies along the length of the edge in a parabolic manner. The difference between the edge radius at the center of the edge and the radius at the start of the corner can be as large as 25 μm (0.001 in). The variation between the edges on an insert and across inserts in a batch of tools can be as high as 25 μm (0.001 in). Statistically significant variations are also seen in the corner radius region in which much cutting occurs in turning, boring and face milling processes. Orthogonal cutting tests with tools of measured edge radius in the zone of cut indicate that the machining forces, especially the thrust force component, are sensitive to changes in edge radius on the order of measured variations. [S1087-1357(00)01603-8]

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Webb, S. W., and W. E. Jackson. "Analysis of Blade Forces and Wear in Diamond Stone Cutting." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830114.

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The realtime evaluation of normal, tangential and perpendicular cutting forces and spindle vibration provides a simple measure of blade friction, wear performance, diamond-bond wear rate differences, blade stiffness and machine support. These observations can be used to evaluate and diagnose problems in diamond sawing that might inhibit use of high-grade diamond crystals.

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Shao, Wen, Xing Sheng Li, Yong Sun, and Han Huang. "Linear Rock Cutting with SMART*CUT Picks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 1378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1378.

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The short life due to heavy wear is a bottleneck that limits the usage of mechanical excavators for hard rock cutting. Thermally stable diamond composite (TSDC) tipped cutting tools have the main advantages of good thermal stability, high wear resistance and ability to mine harder deposit compared to the conventional tungsten carbide (WC) tipped cutting tools. Super Material Abrasive Resistant Tool (SMART*CUT) based on TSDC tip has been developed by CSIRO to improve the effectiveness of cutting tools when dealing with hard deposit in mining and civil industries. In this study, the effects of attack angle and depth of cut on the cutting performance of SMART*CUT picks in different cutting orientations were investigated. A tri-axial dynamometer and a data acquisition system were used to measure the cutter forces. Normal force, cutting force and resultant angle were correlated with depth of cut and attack angle. Cutting performances were compared in different cutting orientations. The results would be beneficial to the selection of mechanical excavator motor and the optimization of cutting drum design to some extent.

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Zhou, Menghua, Yinghua Chen, and Guoqing Zhang. "Force Prediction and Cutting-Parameter Optimization in Micro-Milling Al7075-T6 Based on Response Surface Method." Micromachines 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11080766.

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Optimization of cutting parameters in micro-milling is an important measure to improve surface quality and machining efficiency of the workpiece. Investigation of micro-milling forces prediction plays a positive role in improving machining capacity. To predict micro-milling forces and optimize micro-milling cutting parameters (per-feed tooth (fz), axial cutting depth (ap), spindle speed (n) and tool extended length (l)), a rotatable center composite experiment of micro-milling straight micro-groove in the workpiece of Al7075-T6 were designed, based on second-order response surface methods. According to the experiment results, the least square method was used to estimate the regression coefficient corresponding to the cutting parameters. Simultaneously, the response prediction model of micro-milling was established and successfully coincide the predicted values with the experiment values. The significance of the regression equation was tested by analysis of variance, and the influence of micro-milling cutting parameters on force and top burrs morphology was studied. The experiment results show that in a specific range of cutting parameters, ap and fz have a significant linear relation with the micro-milling force and the top burrs width. According to the optimal response value, the optimized cutting parameters for micro-milling obtained as: n is 11,393 r/min, fz is 6 µm/z, ap is 11 μm and l is 20.8 mm. The research results provide a useful reference for the selection of cutting parameters for micro-milling.

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Alam, Khurshid, Riaz Muhammad, and Vadim Silberschmidt. "In Vitro Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Forces in Plane Cutting of Cortical Bone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.509.

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Bone cutting is a well know procedure in orthopedics. Large cutting force causes overstressing of the bone which may result in trauma. Control penetration of the cutting tool into bone tissue is important to avoid unnecessary damage to the bone tissue. The purpose of this study was to measure and predict cutting force using experiments and Finite Element (FE) analysis when a plane cutter passes over the bone surface in the presence of irrigation. The effect of cutting speed, tool rake angle, depth of cut and width of the cutting face on the cutting force was found. The force was found to decrease with increase in rake angle and significantly rise with increase in depth of cut and width of cutting face. The cutting force was found unaffected by the range of cutting speed used in experiment as well as in simulations. The results obtained from this study strongly recommend the use of irrigation to minimize plane cutting force or force arising from similar cutting action for safe and efficient surgical incision in bone.

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Jayakumar, K., Jose Mathew, and M. A. Joseph. "Experimental Analysis and Forecasting of Material Removal Rate and Cutting Force in End Milling on A356 Alloy-SiC Metal Matrix Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.637.

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By considering several applications of aluminum based particle reinforced composites especially in automobile, aerospace and electronic industries, in this work, prediction of machinability responses of A356 alloy-SiC particles (5, 10, 15 and 20 vol%) reinforced metal matrix composites is described. Composites were synthesized by vacuum hot pressing (VHP) assisted powder metallurgy (P/M) process. Effect of cutting speed (Vc), feed (f), depth of cut (d) and quantity of SiC (vol %) on machinability of composites in terms of material removal rate (MRR) and resultant cutting forces (FR) during end milling were investigated. Milling experiments were carried in dry condition based on central composite design and KISTLER dynamometer was used to measure cutting forces. Resultant cutting force values were increased from 21 to 105 N with an increase in ‘f’ and ‘d’, but decreased with increase in ‘Vc’. Increase in machining parameters increased the MRR from 2.3 to 8.6 × 103 mm3/min and increase in SiC reduced the MRR. Statistical modeling with cubic response equations were used to predict the results and predicted results were closely matching with experimental values.

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Potdar, Yogesh K., and Alan T. Zehnder. "Measurements and Simulations of Temperature and Deformation Fields in Transient Metal Cutting." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 125, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1596571.

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Advanced finite element software makes it possible to perform accurate simulations of orthogonal metal cutting provided all input parameters such as material properties, friction and material separation criteria are known. In principle, such properties can be determined by performing a series of cutting experiments and mechanical property tests, and then iterating the finite element simulations until acceptable agreement is reached. Cutting measurements have generally included only cutting forces and tool-chip temperatures. We hypothesize that by closely coupling simulations to conventional cutting force measurements and with fine scale spatial and temporal experimental measurements of temperature and strain fields, questions related to the choice of parameters in finite element simulations can be resolved. As a step towards that resolution a method for high resolution experimental measurements of temperature and strain fields is presented here. Temperatures of the workpiece and chip are measured during transient metal cutting over areas of 27×27μm and time scales of 200 ns by using infrared detectors. Three different materials, 1018CR steel, Al6061-T6 and Ti-6Al-4V are tested. A grid method is used to measure deformations in steel with a spatial resolution of 50 μm.

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Curti, R., B. Marcon, L. Denaud, M. Togni, R. Furferi, and G. Goli. "Generalized cutting force model for peripheral milling of wood, based on the effect of density, uncut chip cross section, grain orientation and tool helix angle." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 79, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01667-5.

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AbstractThe influence of the grain angle on the cutting force when milling wood is not yet detailed, apart from particular cases (end-grain, parallel to the grain, or in some rare cases 45°-cut). Thus, setting-up wood machining operations with complex paths still relies mainly on the experience of the operators because of the lack of scientific knowledge easily transferable to the industry. The aim of the present work is to propose an empirical model based on specific cutting coefficients for the assessment of cutting force when peripheral milling of wood based on the following input: uncut chip thickness and width, grain angle (angle between the tool velocity vector and the grain direction of the wood), density and tool helix angle. The specific cutting coefficients were determined by peripheral milling with different depths of cut wood disks issued from different wood species on a dynamometric platform to record the forces. Milling a sample into a round shape (a disk) allows to measure the cutting forces toward every grain angle into a sole basic diameter reduction operation. Force signals are then post-processed to carefully clean the natural vibrations of the system without impacting their magnitudes. The experiment is repeated on five species with a large range of densities, machining two disks per species for five depths of cut in up- and down milling conditions for three different tool helix angles. Finally, a simple cutting force model, based on the previously cited parameters, is proposed, and its robustness analysed.

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Liu, Xi Ming, Min Hui Liu, Yu Kang, and Jing Zhou. "Mechanism Analysis of Hydraulic Cutting Outburst Prevention Measure Applied to Mining Area of Heilongjiang Province." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.860.

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Grave protrusion coal seam tunnelling hydraulic cutting outburst prevention measure is a new technology in the world. The measure had been applied successfully to Jiaozuo Coal Group and run well. The mining areas of Heilongjiang are characterized by complex geological structures, more medium-thickness protrusion coal seam and abundant groundwater, on the basis of referring to technical parameters of the outburst prevention measures of Jiaozuo Coal Group, the outburst prevention mechanism of hydraulic cutting applied to medium-thickness protrusion coal seam was analyzed from the coal stress surrounding hole, internal forces of gas, stress concentrated zone and its moving speed, thickness of pressure released zone and intensity change of coal, and the feasibility of hydraulic cutting outburst prevention technique applied to Heilongjiang was verified. This provides theoretical basis for the technique applied to mining area of Heilongjiang Province.

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Maciak, Adam, Magda Kubuśka, and Tadeusz Moskalik. "Instantaneous Cutting Force Variability in Chainsaws." Forests 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100660.

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Chainsaws with chipper-type chains are widely used in timber harvesting. While existing research on such saws assumes a continuous cutting process, the objectives of the present study were to determine whether or not that is true, as well as to measure instantaneous cutting forces and active cutting time (the time during which the chainsaw cutters are actually engaged with the wood sample). Tests were conducted on a special experimental stand enabling cutting force measurement with a frequency of 60 kHz. The test material was air-dry pine wood. The feed force range was 51–118 N. The chain was tensioned. The study revealed considerable variability in instantaneous cutting force, which was correlated with the rotational speed of the chainsaw engine, as indicated by frequency analysis. Furthermore, the process of cutting with chainsaws was shown to be discontinuous, and a cutter engagement time ratio was defined as the proportion of active cutting time to the overall time of chainsaw operation when making the cut. It was also found that active cutting time was directly proportionate to the applied feed force and inversely proportionate to the rotational speed of the chainsaw engine. The results may be practically applied to establish an optimum range of rotational speed that should be maintained by the operator to maximize cutting efficiency.

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Bordin, Alberto, Stano Imbrogno, Stefania Bruschi, Andrea Ghiotti, and Domenico Umbrello. "Numerical Modelling of Orthogonal Cutting of Electron Beam Melted Ti6Al4V." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1255.

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Finite element analysis of cutting processes of difficult-to-cut alloys is attracting more and more interest among the scientific community thanks to the change of predicting difficult to measure parameters as cutting forces, specific cutting pressures, cutting temperatures and the chip morphology. Aiming at calibrating and validating an FE numerical model, the predicted variables have to be compared with experimental results. Nowadays, Additive Manufactured Titanium alloys are being increasingly employed in the production of surgical implants and aero engine parts, but their peculiar fine acicular microstructure have to be taken into account dealing with their thermo-mechanical behavior as during machining operations. Based on the lack of literature works concerning experimental investigations on the machinability of Additive Manufactured Titanium alloys, this paper is aimed at investigating the cutting forces and temperatures arising during orthogonal cutting of an Electron Beam Melted (EBM) Ti6Al4V alloy.

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Georgiadis, Anthimos, Marvin Eggebrecht, and Thomas Wagner. "Strategies for Correcting the Workpiece Deformation during the Manufacturing at the Milling Process." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.446.

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In cutting procedures a possible reason for deviations from the predefined dimensions of the workpiece are deformations caused by the clamping. The deviations are usually measured after process using for example a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). It would be very much advantage to detect such deformations in process. Then, it could be possible to avoid, compensate or repair them before finishing. In the present work, four strain gauges have been applied into a four-jaw chuck in order to measure the clamping forces during milling and correlate them with deviations in the dimensions of the workpiece. A correlation between the clamping forces and deviations in the roundness of the workpiece has been verified. These investigations allow for the next step the development of an active clamping system for adaptive corrections during the cutting process.

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Nambiar, Anand, Kou Matsumoto, Masaru Yamamoto, Kazuhito Ohashi, and Shinya Tsukamoto. "Forces during Grinding Operation and its Relation to the Dressing Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.78.

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While grinding with CNC cylindrical grinding machines, there are many factors that determine the precision and accuracy of the finished product. These may include dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, circularity (roundness), cylindricity, etc. But all these factors pertain to the work. The condition of the tool, in this case, the cutting edges of the grinding wheel, also greatly influence the profile and precision of the work. So, in order to maintain the precision of the work, there is a need to repeatedly and regularly maintain the cutting edges in a good cutting condition, by the process of dressing. In other words, when the swarf gets adhered to the grinding wheel, the abrasive particles can no longer perform machining with the same efficiency, due to increase in contact surface area between the abrasive particles and the work. This dissertation describes a technique that can be adopted to continuously monitor the grinding forces generated during the grinding operation, by using an in-process 2-dimensional piezoelectric force sensor, which can simultaneously measure the force and break it down into its two force components. The force sensor not only calculates the force generated, but also quantifies the force variation. By analyzing the variation in the radial and tangential force components individually, and by conducting Fourier analysis on the observed data, it is found that deterioration of the grinding wheel and the dress pattern can be continuously monitored and controlled.

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Cabello, Simon, Yannick Gachet, and Sylvie Tournier. "Cutting edge science: Laser surgery illuminates viscoelasticity of merotelic kinetochores." Journal of Cell Biology 212, no. 7 (March 21, 2016): 747–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603008.

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Increasing evidence in eukaryotic cells suggests that mechanical forces are essential for building a robust mitotic apparatus and correcting inappropriate chromosome attachments. In this issue, Cojoc et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol., http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201506011) use laser microsurgery in vivo to measure and study the viscoelastic properties of kinetochores.

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Pyalchenkov, V. A., V. V. Dolgushin, G. A. Kulyabin, V. G. Kuznetsov, and E. G. Grechin. "THE STUDYLOAD OF THE CUTTERSOF DRILL BITS." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 4 (September 1, 2016): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-4-81-84.

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To assess the reliability and durability of certain elements of the weapons of drilling cone bits and support assemblies of cutters and bits in General, it is necessary to know the magnitude of the forces acting on the elements of cutting structures of rolling cutter drill bits in the process of its interaction with the bottom. The method and results of direct measurement of these forces with the help of a special measuring device to measure the amount of force acting on each tooth of each cutter in the interaction with the indestructible face. Found that the greatest axial forces acting on the teeth of the secondary cutters. The obtained results can be used to optimize the design of drill bits.

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Anicic, Obrad, Srdjan Jovic, Ivica Camagic, Mladen Radojkovic, and Nenad Stanojevic. "Measuring of cutting forces and chip shapes based on different machining parameters." Sensor Review 38, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2017-0169.

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Purpose The main aim of the study was to measure the cutting forces and chip shapes based on different machining parameters. Design/methodology/approach To get the best optimal machining conditions, it is essential to use the best combination of machining parameters. Although some machining parameters are not important for the process, there are machining parameters which are very important for the machining process. Findings It is essential to determine which machining parameters are the most dominant to make the optimal machining conditions. Originality/value Six different chip shapes are obtained according to ISO standardization. It was determined that the different cutting forces occurred for the different chip shapes.

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Necpal, Martin, Peter Pokorný, and Marcel Kuruc. "Finite Element Analysis of Tool Stresses, Temperature and Prediction of Cutting Forces in Turning Process." Solid State Phenomena 261 (August 2017): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.261.354.

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The paper presents the simulation model of turning the process of C45 non-alloy steel with a tool made of carbide insert. A 3D final element model used a lagrangian incremental type and re-meshing chip separation criterion was experimentally verified by measure cutting forces using piezoelectric dynamometer. In addition, stresses and temperature in the tooltip were predicted and examine. This work could investigate failure the tooltip, which would be great interest to predict wear and damage of cutting tool.

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Mahadi, Muhammad R., Ying Chen, and Pieter Botha. "Instrumented Soil Bin for Testing Soil-Engaging Tools." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 3 (2017): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.11874.

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Abstract. An indoor soil bin was developed in this study for testing soil-engaging tools. The design criteria included that the soil bin had to be compact, well controlled in its operational parameters, instrumented to measure soil cutting forces, and be safe to operate. The test tool could travel at any specific speed, up to 8 km h-1. A compact dynamometer was designed for the soil bin for measuring soil cutting forces in three directions. The calibration results of the dynamometer showed a linear relationship between the loads and the output voltages, with coefficients of determination of 0.99. The cross sensitivity between the directions was from 0.31% to 4.7%. The soil bin and the dynamometer were tested using a disc operated at three values of tilt angle of 0°, 10°, and 20°. The test results showed that the soil bin allowed precise control of the tool travel speed and working depth in the designed ranges. Forces of the disc had an increase in vertical and lateral forces, and decrease in draft force, with the increase in tilt angle. These trends are in line with other studies in the literature. The results proved the full-functioning status of the soil bin and the dynamometer. Keywords: Calibration, Design, Disc, Dynamometer, Soil bin, Test, Tilt angle.

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Khashaba, Usama A., Mohamed S. Abd-Elwahed, Ismai Najjar, Ammar Melaibari, Khaled I. Ahmed, Redouane Zitoune, and Mohamed A. Eltaher. "Heat-Affected Zone and Mechanical Analysis of GFRP Composites with Different Thicknesses in Drilling Processes." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142246.

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This article presents a comprehensive thermomechanical analysis and failure assessment in the drilling of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with different thicknesses using a CNC machine and cemented carbide drill with a diameter of 6 mm and point angles of ϕ = 118°. The temperature distribution through drilling was measured using two techniques. The first technique was based on contactless measurements using an IR Fluke camera. The second was based on contact measurements using two thermocouples inserted inside the drill bit. A Kistler dynamometer was used to measure the cutting forces. The delamination factors at the hole exit and hole entry were quantified by using the image processing technique. Multi-variable regression analysis and surface plots were performed to illustrate the significant coefficients and contribution of the machining variables (i.e., feed, speed, and laminate thickness) on machinability parameters (i.e., the thrust force, torque, temperatures, and delamination). It is concluded that the cutting time, as a function of machining variables, has significant control over the induced temperature and, thus, the force, torque, and delamination factor in drilling GFRP composites. The maximum temperature recorded by the IR camera is lower than that of the instrumented drill because the IR camera cannot directly measure the tool–work interaction zone during the drilling process. At the same cutting condition, it is observed that by increasing the thickness of the specimen, the temperature increased. Increasing the thickness from 2.6 to 7.7 had a significant effect on the heat distribution of the HAZ. At a smaller thickness, increasing the cutting speed from 400 to 1600 rpm decreased the maximum thrust force by 15%. The push-out delaminations of the GFRP laminate were accompanied by edge chipping, spalling, and uncut fibers, which were higher than those of the peel-up delaminations.

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Shankar, N. V. S., A. Gopi Chand, K. Hanumantha Rao, and K. Prem Sai. "Low Cost Vibration Measurement and Optimization during Turning Process." Advanced Materials Research 1148 (June 2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1148.103.

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During machining any material, vibrations play a major role in deciding the life of the cutting tool as well as machine tool. The magnitude acceleration of vibrations is directly proportional to the cutting forces. In other words, if we are able to measure the acceleration experienced by the tool during machining, we can get a sense of force. There are many commercially available, pre-calibrated accelerometer sensors available off the shelf. In the current work, an attempt has been made to measure vibrations using ADXL335 accelerometer. This accelerometer is interfaced to computer using Arduino. The measured values are then used to optimize the machining process. Experiments are performed on Brass. During machining, it is better to have lower acceleration values. Thus, the first objective of the work is to minimize the vibrations. Surface roughness is another major factor which criterion “lower is the better” applies. In order to optimize the values, a series of experiments are conducted with three factors, namely, tool type (2 levels), Depth of cut (3 levels) and Feed are considered (3 levels). Mixed level optimization is performed using Taguchi analysis with L18 orthogonal array. Detailed discussion of the parameters shall be given in the article.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cutting forces measure'

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