Dissertations / Theses: 'Customs unions'

1

Madichie, Nnamdi O. "Customs unions theory and the ECOWAS experience." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19996/.

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The study traces the evolution of West African economic integration efforts, leading up to the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The original Lagos Treaty of 1975 is reviewed against the background of its revised 1993 Abuja version under the framework of the Customs Unions theory. This study is undertaken to ascertain the consistency of regional integration theory with the stated objectives of ECOWAS. It questions, for example, whether the Customs Unions theory and its welfare effects could actually explain the experience of regional integration of West Africa in general, and within ECOWAS in particular. In other words, the critical success factors and/or moderating influences in ECOWAS are examined against the background of the Community's objectives as set out in its two Treaties. The study also benefits from a wide range of discussions on different political and economic bases for regional integration theory: functionalism, neofunctionalism, federalism and intergovernmentalism and their relevance to ECOWAS. Strange enough, while these 'isms' are demonstrated to be inconsistent with ECOWAS objectives having dwelt more on regional integration efforts in Europe, no other study on West African integration has examined ECOWAS along these lines. The experience of ECOWAS is made against the backdrop of Customs Unions within Africa, such as the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), East African Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community (SADCC); and others outside Africa in regions like the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the South American Customs Union (MERCOSUR). One emerging pattern of such comparison reveals that ECOWAS has wavered from its stated objectives in favour of the static principles of customs unions theory and consequently been unable to improve its record on the welfare levels of contracting states. The implication of such departures from its original objectives is that market inter-penetration and intra-regional trade within ECOWAS has neither yielded the desired welfare gains nor improved levels of industrialisation, sustained growth and economic development. It is safe to conclude, therefore, that despite considerable efforts at achieving regional economic integration in ECOWAS, the result has been dismal largely as a result of applying unrealistic models of customs unions theory to the West African situation. It is therefore posited that the process of regional economic integration in other parts of the world and particularly in Europe, are not readily applicable in the West African context, where the economic, political and institutional foundations are not only grossly dissimilar but largely at variance.

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2

Lewis, Michael George. "A canonical response to common law unions or "faithful concubinage"." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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3

Mpepho, Lwandiso Arthur. "Mercosur-SACU relations : an examination of the revised economic initiative for South-South Cooperation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020348.

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The study was conducted to examine economic relations between the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Mercado Commun del Sur (translated Southern Common Market), in short (Mercosur). SACU was established in 1910 and consists of five member countries, namely; South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. Mercosur was created in 1991 and consists of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, with Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela being associate members. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether the Mercosur-SACU relations had created more economic opportunities for both regions. In pursuit of this aim, the study revised and analysed the evolution, development and growth of both Mercosur and SACU. It also analysed the achievements and challenges faced by each of the blocs in their respective regions. The conclusion of the analysis indicate that, countries which were economically stronger before the establishment of formal bloc-to-bloc relations, Brazil in Mercosur and South Africa in SACU, tended to reap disproportionally high dividends than others. The study further concludes that challenges facing Mercosur and SACU countries should not discourage them in pursuing collective developmental initiatives such as regional integration and South-South Cooperation.

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4

Xiao, Renfeng. "Three essays on the economics of preferential trade agreements: free trade areas, rules of origin and customs unions." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6815.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Economics
Yang M. Chang
There have been considerable discussions about why countries have interests in forming preferential trade agreements (PTAs), which typically take the forms of a “free trade area” (FTA) with Rules of Origin (ROO) and a “customs union” (CU) (World Bank, 2005). This dissertation contains three essays with three different models of trade under oligopoly to analyze various issues on preferential trade agreements. The first essay examines welfare implications of forming preferential trade arrangement (PTAs) between two asymmetric countries that differ in their market sizes. Key findings are as follows. First, when market size asymmetry between two countries is not too large and ROO requirements are not too restrictive, the formation of an FTA with effective ROO can be welfare-improving to both members. Second, the formation of a PTA is more likely to emerge between countries of similar in their market sizes, ceteris paribus. Third, compared to the pre-PTA equilibrium, there are greater reductions in external tariffs under an FTA than under a CU such that a non-member country is relatively better off under the FTA. The second essay presents a three country model of trade under Bertrand price competition to analyze differences in welfare implications between an FTA with ROO and a customs union (CU). It is shown that the maximum limit of ROO requirements over which there are welfare gains from trade for FTA members depends crucially on the degree of substitutability of final goods (or the intensity of product market competition). It is also found that member countries and their final-good exporters are better off in a CU than in an FTA. There are greater reductions in external tariffs under an FTA than under a CU such that a non-member country is relatively better off under the FTA. The third essay presents a three country model of FTA with Cournot quantity competition and derives the maximum enforceable level of ROO over which there are welfare gains from trade to each member country. It is shown that ROO and external tariffs are strategic complements such that the higher is the regional input restrictions, the higher is the external tariff necessary to induce firms to fully comply with ROO requirements. It is also shown that an FTA with effective ROO has a positive effect on the final-good trade. But the trade-diverting effect does not occur in the final-good sector.

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5

Cattaneo, Nicolette Sylvie. "The theoretical and empirical analysis of trade integration among unequal partners : implications for the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002743.

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The re-acceptance of South Africa into the international community has cleared the path for the closer integration of South Africa with its neighbours in a broader southern African regional union. In particular, the countries of the Southern African Development Community {SADC), which South Africa joined in August 1994, have committed themselves to the formation of a free trade area (FTA) over an eight-year period. The most likely impediment to this process is the perception of a highly unequal distribution of the economic gains and losses of such an arrangement. This reflects the particular context of SADC: one of a comparatively undeveloped region, dominated by a relatively large, more industrially advanced country, which is itself small by international standards. The essential question with which this study is concerned, therefore, is whether, despite the existing inequalities in the region, a FTA among SADC members could be mutually beneficial to South Africa and its partners. The thesis applies orthodox and new trade theory to the analysis of economic integration among unequal partners. Using the theoretical analysis, and with reference to empirical studies of such experience elsewhere in the world, it attempts to provide an assessment of the existing body of literature on the possible effects of a SADC FTA. In the light of this discussion, and from its own preliminary empirical analysis of the possible pattern of inter-sectoral versus intra-sectoral specialisation which may result on union, the study suggests ways in which a fuller evaluation of the welfare implications of a southern African FTA may be achieved. The thesis argues that the orthodox theory based on perfect competition provides an insufficient framework for the analysis of the likely effects of a SADC FT A. It finds that, firstly, in an alternative analytical framework which retains the assumption of perfect competition, there may be other criteria for judging the success of a regional union that are neglected by orthodoxy, particularly in the case of developing countries. Secondly, the new trade theory based on imperfect competition and product differentiation provides useful insights into the possible effects of a regional union among countries at unequal levels of development. The formal extension of this body of literature to the theory of economic integration is clearly called for. It is found, however, that neither orthodox customs union theory, nor its suggested alternatives and extensions, enable one to conclude, a priori, that the formation of a FTA in the southern African region could not be beneficial to both South Africa and its smaller partners. Further, the present empirical studies on SADC do not take account of the full range of factors necessary for a complete welfare assessment of the possible effects. Since the outcome of integration depends on the empirical circumstances of the particular case, and since the information necessary for a comprehensive welfare evaluation is not currently available, the study concludes that the countries of the region have committed themselves to a FTA without any definite knowledge of its likely effects.

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6

Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.

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7

Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." University of Sydney. Economics and Political Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.

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8

Gillis, William. "The Scanlan's Monthly Story (1970-1971): How One Magazine Infuriated a Bank, an Airline, Unions, Printing Companies, Customs Officials, Canadian Police, Vice President Agnew, and President Nixon in Ten Months." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1593786429523054.

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9

Siqueira, Uassyr de. "Entre sindicatos, clubes e botequins : identidades, associações e lazer dos trabalhadores paulistanos (1890-1920)." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280229.

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Orientador: Claudio Henrique de Moraes Batalha
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siqueira_Uassyrde_D.pdf: 1675389 bytes, checksum: bcd6615b82eb72fee17d8b56d7a46ca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O objetivo dessa tese é estudar algumas das associações fundadas e freqüentadas pelos trabalhadores paulistanos, entre 1890 e 1920, como os sindicatos e os clubes recreativos, e também os espaços de lazer, como os armazéns e os botequins. Dessa maneira, é possível perceber diferentes identidades ¿ sejam as articuladas em torno do trabalho, sejam as articuladas em torno de outras categorias, como italianos e negros ¿ e também os conflitos que marcaram o processo de formação da classe trabalhadora paulistana
Abstract: This thesis intend to study some associations created and attended by workers of São Paulo City, between 1890 and 1920. Through those associations such as the trade unions and recreational clubs, and also other leisure places such as the bars and grocery stores, is possible to perceive different identities ¿ whether around work or other identities categories, like italians and blacks groups ¿ as well as the conflicts that marked the working class formation process in São Paulo city
Doutorado
Historia Social
Doutor em História

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10

Dube, Memory. "Liberalisation and regulation of trade in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) : a critical analysis of the SADC trade protocol's provisions and its implementation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008204.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) declared a Free Trade Area on 17 August 2008. The Free Trade Area is the ultimate objective of the Trade Protocol on trade cooperation in SADC, signed in 1996. The Protocol is supported and complemented by the ambitious Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP). The idea behind the SADC Trade Protocol was to counter the developmental challenges facing SADC member states and to improve the productive and trade capacity of SADC countries. The implementation of the SADC Free Trade Area has been guided by the WTO/GATT regulatory framework on regional trade agreements, particularly GATT Article XXIV, the Understanding on the Interpretation of GATT Article XXIV, as well as the Decision on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries (Enabling Clause). This research seeks to analyse the SADC Trade Protocol's provisions and the implementation of such provisions. To facilitate an understanding of factors that affect the implementation of the SADC Trade Protocol, SADC's institutional and operational framework is discussed from a legal-historical perspective. The provisions of the Trade Protocol are analysed for compliance with WTO/GA TT rules as well as for applicability within the SADC context. The provisions of the WTO/GA TT regulatory framework on regional trade agreements are also analysed with a view to determining whether they are applicable in developing country situations such as SADC. The Free Trade Area is seen as the first step towards regional economic integration in the region and is to be followed by a Customs Union, a Common Market and then eventually an Economic Community with its own central bank and regional currency. It is envisaged that the region will proceed through all these traditional theoretical phases of economic integration between 2008 and 2018. The implementation of the Trade Protocol has been beset with institutional, administrative and infrastructural challenges which pose obstacles to the attainment of the other stages of economic integration in the time frames prescribed in the RISDP. These challenges are assessed for impact on the regional economic integration of SADC by evaluating the progress towards implementing the Trade Protocol provisions and the implementation of measures taken towards the launch of the Free Trade Area. Emerging issues are also identified and analysed for their effect on the Free Trade Area and the general economic agenda of SADC. Of particular note is the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) being negotiated with the European Union where SADC countries are negotiating in four different configurations. An analysis of this EPA situation reveals that it compounds a pre-existing problem: that of overlapping membership of regional trade agreements. Prior to the EPAs and the intensified drive towards the creation of the Customs Union, there was largely no need to rationalise the overlap in regional trade agreement memberships, but it is now a matter of urgency. The overlap in membership has complicated EPA negotiations and places serious doubts on the prospects of complete regional integration in SADC.This research concludes with observations on South Africa's complicated relationship with her SADC neighbours. South Africa's trade policies, as regards both the SADC region and the world, are discussed. Because of its political and economic dominance, South Africa's policies have a ripple effect on the rest of SADC; hence the need for South Africa to be vigilant in formulating and implementing its trade policies.

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11

Alsarran, Mahmoud. "Les perspectives du développement du systeme douanier syrien dans le cadre du partenariat euro-méditerraneen : référence à l'expérience française dans le cadre européen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32008.

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Pour faire face à la mondialisation, les pays se trouvent obligés de se réunir, au moins économiquement, dans certaines formes de partenariats. Ainsi, l’UE et ses voisins sud-méditerranéens ont établi de nouveaux cadres de coopération économique fondés sur la plus grande zone de libre-échange au monde. Pour répondre aux nouvelles préoccupations, la douane syrienne se trouvera obligée d’adopter une nouvelle politique douanière en écartant toute politique protectionniste. L’instauration progressive de la zone de libre-échange euro-syrienne permettra la libre circulation des marchandises, des services et des capitaux. Ainsi, les obstacles tarifaires et non tarifaires aux échanges devront être éliminés. Pour faciliter la mise en place de la zone de libre-échange, il sera indispensable d’assurer un nouvel encadrement en matière de règles d'origine, de certification, de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle, industrielle et de concurrence. Dans cette perspective, la Syrie et l’UE seront invitées, pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de la future zone libre-échange, à réaliser un rapprochement législatif, réglementaire et procédural. L’objectif de cette recherche est de déterminer les traits d’un système douanier syrien apte à servir les objectifs annoncés dans le cadre du partenariat euro-syrien
In order to deal with globalization, countries today are forced to unite themselves, at least economically, by establishing many forms of partnership. The European Union and some southern and Mediterranean countries have established new forms of economic cooperation based on the largest free trade zone in the world. Confronted with these new concerns, the Syrian Customs Services will be forced to adopt new policies by abandoning their protectionist tendencies.The progressively establishing a free trade zone between Syria and EU will make for more free flow of goods, services and capital. Thus, the tariff obstacles as well as some other non-tariff obstacles will have to be eliminated. To facilitate the establishment of the free trade zone, it will be indispensable to assure a new legal framework, such as rules of origins, certification, protection of intellectual property, industrial as well as competition rights. In this perspective, Syria and the European Union will be invited to ensure the proper functioning of the future free trade zone, and to provide for legislative, regulatory, and procedural harmonization. The purpose of this study is to determine the features of the Syrian customs system capable of serving the above-mentioned objectives of the Euro-Syrian partnership

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12

Etagdi, Mostafa. "Arab Maghreb union an application of the customs union 2005." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427262.

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13

Cuevas, Anthony Christopher. "Developing a business plan for Media Benefits Corporation: First Entertainment Credit Union's credit union service organization." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2984.

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This project develops and analyzes a business plan for Media Benefits Corporation, a subsidiary of First Entertainment Credit Union. The business plan will address the recent trend to move certain services back to the credit union and make recommendations as to how Media Benefits Corporation should continue to exist. Issues concerning liability will also be addressed in the plan.

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14

Nyabongo, Linda. "Socioeconomics of tobacco use in the Southern African Customs Union." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8509.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Tobacco consumption has long been a significant health concern. This is because it is one of the significant causes of premature death, as a result of various types of diseases that arise due to the use of both smoking and smokeless tobacco. Tobacco use has been found to be associated significantly with socioeconomic status, and particularly, tobacco use has been found to be higher amongst individuals with lower socioeconomic status. This paper studies the relationship between socioeconomic factors and tobacco consumption for men and women from countries in the Southern African Customs Union, using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys for Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland; and the National Income Dynamics Study for South Africa. This paper finds that among both men and women, cigarette use is higher in urban areas, while the use of chewing tobacco, snuff, and pipes is generally higher in rural areas. Also, this paper finds that tobacco use is generally lower the higher the educational attainment, while the prevalence of tobacco use is found to be higher in the older age groups compared to the younger age groups.

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15

Bagabo, Paul Wambi. "Commitment to the East African community customs union protocol, 2004-2009." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3731/.

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The thesis analyses commitment to the EAC customs union protocol. In contrast to previous studies, this research compares state preferences at the negotiation stage with their adherence to each provision in the protocol during the transposition, enforcement and application stages of the protocol. Based on data from fifty semi-structured interviews plus secondary sources, the analysis reveals that partner states are more successful at adhering to the customs related- than trade related provisions in the protocol. Drawing on enforcement, management and constructivist approaches in integration literature, the research identifies three factors that explain inadequate commitment by partner states: the weakness of the EAC secretariat’s monitoring and sanctioning system, strategic preferences of partner states to protect domestic business interests, and overlapping membership to multiple regional arrangements with different rules which affects adequate interpretation and compliance with the protocol. The findings call for more attention to the concept of ‘completeness’ of transposition and show that a disaggregated level of analysis that takes the preferences of partner states at the negotiation stage into consideration better accounts for the inadequate commitment to regional directives. The findings call for larger multi-sectoral case studies and include assessment of the design of regional arrangements.

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16

Tshabalala, Sipho Aubrey. "The decline of piston manufacturers in the Southern African Customs Union." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20117.

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During the period of the years 1952 to 2009, there have been only two automotive piston manufacturers in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). SACU is comprised of the following five member states; South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. Owing to the SACU agreement, these countries have enjoyed fairly good trade flows in goods and services amongst each other. The role of the abovementioned piston manufacturers was the provision of piston components to engine assembling companies in the SACU region as well as for sale to the aftermarket.

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17

Benjamin, Anne Louise. "Service delivery network strategy for Arrowhead Credit Union." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2170.

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Based on research into the area of financial service delivery it has become obvious that convenience and simplicity are the keys to success in the future as far as delivering financial services to consumers. This thesis discusses how this convenience and simplicity will be accomplished. It also covers the changes that need to be made and the financial impact on the institutions.

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18

Aituar, Azat. "The impact of the Eurasian Customs Union on the economy of Kazakhstan." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68181/.

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The dissertation investigates the effect of changes in trade policy in Kazakhstan due to establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). The study provides new evidence on the effects of Customs Union (CU) on its members. EEU started as Customs Union between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus which was established in 2010. Customs union became EEU in January 2012, when new international agreements, which allowed free movement of capital and work force between three countries, were put into force. Armenia and Kyrgyzstan joined EEU in 2015. According to theory, the main consequences of entry to the CU are an increase in tariff barriers and a decrease of non-tariff barriers between countries of the CU. The decrease of non-tariff barriers between countries of the CU might lead to trade creation between CU members, and could make Kazakhstan’s market more attractive for FDI inflows. The increase in the common external tariffs (CET) with non-members of CU might lead to trade diversion with suppliers outside the CU; however, it might also lead to investment creation of horizontal FDI as it might motivate firms that supplied market through export to “jump” the high CET through establishing production in the host country. Sanction wars of one of the member of the CU could either increase the trade between neighbours and sanctioning countries, (trade might fall due to the increase transportation costs), or trade might increase as neighbour of sanctioned country may become a transport hub of supplies to target country for products banned by sending countries. The dissertation focuses on applying econometric methods to analyse the effect of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) on the economy of Kazakhstan. In the empirical work, time series and panel data techniques are used. The results suggest that the increase of tariff rates after the establishment of EEU decreases imports to Kazakhstan from non-EEU countries and attract FDI inflows in non-extractive industries; and that decrease of non-tariff barriers between EEU countries does not make Kazakhstan’s market more attractive for FDI inflows, but increases exports from Kazakhstan to other ECU countries. In addition, sanction wars between Russian and Western countries moderately affected imports to Kazakhstan from Western countries.

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19

Zahariadis, Yiannis. "The economic implications of deep integration in the EU-Turkey customs union." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413317.

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20

Demirdag, Serap. "Harmonisation In European Union On Industrial Property Rights Protection Procedures: Effects On Turkey Within The Framework Of Customs Union." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604962/index.pdf.

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This thesis aims at answering two questions under the topic of Harmonisation of Industrial Property Rights Protection Procedures in the European Union. The questions researched are: &ldquo
What are the current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in the European Union and Turkey?&rdquo
and &ldquo
Is there a way for Turkey to be included within the EU Industrial Property protection system in the future while still being under the relation of Customs Union?&rdquo
. To answer these questions current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in European Union and Turkey is briefly analyzed and following this analysis, a proposal for a closer cooperation in Industrial Property protection system of Turkey with the European Union is given backed up with a comparison of statistical data of EU, Turkey and candidate countries.

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21

Oz, Feyza. "The Eu - Turkey Customs Union:a Fairy Tale About Turkish Europeanization." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614233/index.pdf.

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This thesis examines the historical process which led to the signing of the Customs Union Agreement/Decision between the EU and Turkey. For not only is the positive economic impact of the Customs Union on Turkish economy rather questionable, but also it has meant clear political losses for the country as she had to surrender her trade autonomy and gave significant concessions in the Cyprus issue to make the EU approve it. Via the Customs Union which was introduced by Turkish authorities as a stepping stone to the EU membership, Turkey indeed suppressed all industrial custom duties in her trade with the EU and has started implementing EU tariffs in her trade with the third countries, losing in return a significant diplomatic stake to be used in her full membership negotiations with the EU. This study attempts to analyze different perceptions in Turkey over this issue since the 1970s in order to understand why this unfortunate decision was taken without even the approval of the National Assembly. It will finally argue that besides the incumbent Government&rsquo
s short-term electoral expectations, the Customs Union has paved the way for Turkey&rsquo
s one-sided integration to the EU legislation within the chaotic political atmosphere of the 1990s, and hence helped limit the economic, if not the political, policy options of any future government. Thus, the Customs Union was not about trade relations only but ensured a more comprehensive framework for political action that locked in Turkey&rsquo
s policy choices to a neoliberal path in a rapidly changing global and domestic political atmosphere.

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22

Al-Eatany, Fahad Yousef. "An empirical investigation into the industrial productivity of the Gulf Region and the economic effects of the Gulf Cooperation Council on the industrial and trade development of its six Arab member countries." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271184.

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23

Daniels, Cecily-Ann Jaqui Monique. "Regional integration in the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area and the importance of infrastructure development in promoting trade and reducing poverty." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6814_1373463283.

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24

Alpfält, Tina. "Trada Patterns in Eastern Europe : The Impact of Distance and the Customs Union Effect." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12828.

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In 2004 the EU faced its most extensive enlargement ever when ten new countries joined. One can speculate about the reasons for these countries to join the EU and one suggestion that is often found is the access to a larger market and the trade possibilities that would entail; the customs union effect. Therefore this thesis sets out to investigate whether this is plausible; do countries trade more with the EU-countries than their non-EU neighbours? The investigation is conducted through the use of a gravity model. It investigates not only the traditional GDP and distance variables, but also the effects on trade flows caused by sharing borders, being part of the EU and sharing a language. The results show that not much could be seen in the trade flows in 2004; the year of accession. This could be attributed to the existence of preferential trade agreements, which the Eastern European countries had with the EU prior to their accession. It was also found that both the effect of sharing a language and the effect of increased distance are diminishing over the years. In addition a clear difference could be seen in the export from Eastern Europe to EU 15 and the rest of the world; it seems that some extra variables need to be added to explain the non-EU trade. Thus it can be concluded that the motivation for joining the EU should not have been the increased trade possibilities, but rather other factors such as regional development and the possibility to being part of a larger power at international negotiations.

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25

Jackson, Karen Lee. "The welfare impact of trade preferences : the case of the Turkey-EU customs union." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436388.

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26

Maphale, Lopang. "Constraints oriented approaches in advancing spatial data infrastructure: case of Southern African Customs Union." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30415.

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Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) concept has made in-roads in a number of economies across the world, but Africa, on average is reported as lagging behind in implementation. This status has been confirmed through a number of continental SDI Assessments done in Africa. Africa SDI Assessments average its development as slow, which is problematic considering the fourth industrial revolution where; technology, communication, information and connectivity are the main enablers of political and socio-economic development. The problem of slow SDI development in Africa has acted as a catalyst for this study, with the five Southern African Customs Union (SACU) countries forming the scope for the investigations. This study focussed on investigating SACU countries SDIs and the associated sub-region with the aim of fostering on-going improvement. To do that, the prevailing SDI assessments in Africa were reviewed and utilised to propose a seven stepped constraint-oriented methodological approach as a means for guiding SDI development and progression within SACU. Management theories being; Theory of Constraints (TOC) and Due Diligence (DD) were utilised alongside the well-known SDI assessments of State of play (SoP) and Readiness Index (RI) to propose SDI On-Going Improvement Framework (SDIOGIF). This framework as suggested, has been enhanced using study data collected through documents, websites, workshops, interviews and questionnaires relating to SDIs within the SACU countries. Results from these instruments are revealing fundamental disparities in SDI implementations among study case countries, especially SDI aspects relating to legal frameworks and organisational setups. Some countries possess SDI legal frameworks and others don’t. In addition, these countries are found to base SDIs on varying institutional sectors such as; Surveying and Mapping (Geoinformation), Statistics, Environmental and Information Technology Agencies. Studying these countries’ SDIs, helped in establishing context-based constraints in their advancement. Through inductive reasoning, these constraints are aggregated as; macro-environment, organisation, legal, marketing, financial, management, informational and technology. They are designed into SDIOGIF, to guide country specific SDI improvements and their comparative analysis performed as a pre-cursor to establishing the proposed SACU Regional SDI which is currently non-existent.

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27

Bare, Michael Burnett. "Credit union service organization products and services: Implications, decisions, and strategies." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2930.

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28

Amadi, Victor. "Customs reform as a means to enhancing trade facilitation for increased market access : a South African perspective." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5167.

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29

Commendatore, Pasquale, Ingrid Kubin, Carmelo Petraglia, and Iryna Sushko. "Economic integration and agglomeration in a customs union in the presence of an outside region." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3668/1/wp146.pdf.

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New Economic Geography (NEG) models do not typically account for the presence of regions other than the ones involved in the integration process. We explore such a possibility in a Footloose Entrepreneur (FE) model aiming at studying the stability properties of long-run industrial location equilibria. We consider a world economy composed by a customs union of two regions (regions 1 and 2) and an "outside region" which can be regarded as the rest of the world (region 3). The effects of economic integration on industrial agglomeration within the customs union are studied under the assumption of a constant distance between the customs union itself and the third region. The results show that higher economic integration does not always implies the standard result of full agglomeration of FE models. This incomplete agglomeration outcome is due to the fact that the periphery region keeps a share of industrial activities in order to satisfy a share of "external demand". That is, the deindustrialization process brought about by economic integration in the periphery of the union is mitigated by the demand of consumers living in the rest of the world. In general, the market size of the third region affects the number of the long-run equilibria, as well as their stability properties. In addition to the standard outcomes of FE models, we describe the existence of two asymmetric equilibria characterised by unequal distribution of firms between regions 1 and 2, with no full agglomeration though. Interestingly, these equilibria are stable and therefore can be regarded as a likely long-run equilibrium state of the economy. (author's abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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30

Akinwumi, Joseph Oluwole. "An analysis of the economic prospects of customs union between the Ivory Coast and Nigeria." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395268.

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31

Moshabesha, Mosili. "The relationship between financial development and manufacturing sector growth: evidence from Southern African Customs Union countries." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002725.

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Extensive research has been done on the relationship between financial development (FD) and growth (with the main focus on economic growth). Theoretical models and most of the conclusions reached stipulate that the development of a financial system is one of the essential ingredients for economic growth. A developed financial system is able to provide financial services efficiently to the real sector. This study examines the relationship between FD and manufacturing sector growth of the SACU countries. The study first reviews the theoretical and empirical literature of FD and growth (economic and manufacturing sector). This gives a full understanding of the topic before attempting to empirically study it. It also helps in the selection process of the model and variables to be employed in the study. A balanced panel for four SACU countries, namely Botswana, Lesotho, RSA and Swaziland, for the period 1976 to 2008 was estimated using Zellner‟s Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) method. Namibia was omitted because of limited data. The SURE model was selected because it performs better than ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation of individual equations in cases where the countries studied can be affected by similar external shocks because they are in the same economic region and also have country specific structural differences which could affect their economic growth. Two measures of FD were used: credit to the private sector provided by commercial banks (FIC) and the ratio of liquid liabilities of commercial banks to GDP (LL). Manufacturing sector growth was measured by manufacturing value added to GDP. The results of the relationship between manufacturing growth and FD were very weak across the countries. The model that used FIC performed better, there was a negative significant relationship found in RSA and Swaziland, while with the model that used LL, all the countries gave an insignificant relationship. The results for Swaziland were very consistent with the past findings of the relationship between FD and economic growth in the country (for example Aziakpono (2005a)). This may be because of the high share of the manufacturing sector in GDP. Theory suggests that a well-developed financial system will have a positive impact on growth, but this was not the case in RSA and Botswana, where in some cases FD had a negative impact on the growth of the sector. The analysis of the countries‟ manufacturing sector development shows that the sector plays an important role in the economies of the SACU countries, especially in terms of employment and exports. The coefficients of trade openness are generally positive, though not significant in some cases. The other control variables gave mixed results across the counties and across the models. Based on the findings, the countries have to develop strategies that will improve entrepreneurial skills. Also the financial development in the small SACU countries is essential in order for all the sectors in the economy to benefit from the financial sector and in turn increase economic growth.

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32

Briganti, Federica <1991&gt. "Reforming the enforcement of Union customs law in the light of European tax and sanctioning framework." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8917/1/TesiFinaleDaCaricarePDF.pdf.

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The research aims to investigate the current state of play of customs legislation in the contemporary EU. When viewed in a historical perspective, customs law is a key topic in the European Union, both for the proper functioning of the Single Market and the role of customs duties as EU’s own resources. Despite the plethora of EU regulations, including the Union Customs Code, the legal framework on customs law enforcement has not been adequately developed. In this regard, the role of Member States is still of crucial importance since the enforcement of EU customs law is almost entirely left to national legislation. The study explores the complexities facing the EU in its current challenges in reforming the enforcement of Union customs law, by looking at multiple levels including, inter alia, developments in the European tax framework and sanctioning policies.

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33

Al-Dewaish, Abdallah S. "Factors affecting economic integration between member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318592.

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34

Ouimet, Matthew J. "All that custom has divided : national interest and the secret demise of the Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968-1981 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10408.

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35

Denner, Willemien. "The possible interaction between competition and anti-dumping policy suitable for the Southern African Customs Union (SACU)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80350.

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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently countries have become more aware of the potential anti-competitive effects of anti-dumping measures. This is mostly due to the view that anti-dumping measures, as trade policy instruments, are at odds with the objectives of competition policy. According to many economic writers the only rational economic justification for anti-dumping measures is predatory dumping as an extreme form of price discrimination. Apart from the dramatic change in the economic justification for the use of anti-dumping measures over the last decades, there has also been a significant change in the countries that implement these measures. Since the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations there has been a shift from developed countries to developing countries being the main users of these policy tools. In the last couple of years the member countries of the Southern African Customs Union have been under increased pressure by private firms to enable the use of anti-dumping measures on intra-regional goods trade. However, the appropriateness of utilising these measures on intra-regional trade in the context of a custom union has been a contentious issue in recent economic debate. These measures erect trade barriers among the member states which are against the basic premise of a customs union. This has resulted in most economists calling for the prohibition and replacement of anti-dumping measure with either coordinated domestic or harmonised regional competition policies. In developing the regional and national policies on anti-dumping the SACU member states can follow two main stream approaches. The first is the incorporation of various competition principles into anti-dumping rules to limit the negative welfare and anti-competitive effects of utilising anti-dumping measures, while the second is the abolition of anti-dumping measures in the region which is then replaced by competition policy. The option best suited for SACU depends on the differing viewpoints on implementing anti-dumping measures in a customs union. However, irrespective of which policy combination is chosen, regional and national polices and authorities will have to be created, adapted and/or amended in order to have an effective interaction between anti-dumping and competition policies applicable to intra-regional trade.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lande het ontlangs meer bewus geword van die moontlike negatiewe uitwerking wat maatreëls teen storting van goedere in markte kan hê op plaaslike en internasionale mededinging. Dit is hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die siening dat teen-stortingsmaatreëls, as instrumente van handelsbeleid, se doelwitte teenstrydig is met die van mededingingsbeleid. Volgens vele ekonomiese skrywers is die enigste rasionele ekonomiese regverdiging vir teen-stortingsmaatreëls predatoriese storting as ‘n uiterse vorm van prysdiskriminasie. Afgesien van die dramatiese verandering in die ekonomiese regverdiging vir die gebruik van teen-storingsmaatreëls oor die laaste dekades, het daar ook ‘n beduidende verandering plaasgevind in die lande wat hierdie maatreëls om goedere handel implementeer. Sedert die Uruguay Rondte van Multi-laterale Handelsooreenkomste het daar ‘n verskuiwing plaasgevind van ontwikkelde lande na ontwikkellende lande as die belangrikste gebruikers van hierdie beleidsinstrumente. In die laaste paar jaar het private firmas die lidlande van die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-Unie onder toenemede druk begin plaas vir die gebruik van teen-storingsmaatreëls op invoere vanaf die res van die streek. Alhoewel, huidiglik is die toepaslikehid van die gebruik van hierdie maatreëls op handel, in die konteks van ‘n doeane-unie, steeds ‘n omstrede kwessie binne ekonomiese dabatte. Hierdie maatreëls rig handelsversperrings tussen lidlande op wat teen die basiese veronderstelling van ‘n doeane-unie is. As gevolg hiervan is die meeste ekonome van die opinie dat teen-storingsmaatreëls vervang moet word met óf gekoördineerde binnelandse of geharmoniseerde streeks- mededingingsbeleid. Die SADU-lidlande kan twee benaderings volg in die ontwikkeling van streeks- en nasionale beleid oor teen-storingsmaatreëls. Die eerste is the insluiting van verskillende mededingingsbeginsels in bepalings wat handel oor teen-storingsmaatreëls om sodoende die moontlike negatiewe gevolge van hierdie maatreëls te beperk. Die tweede opsie is om teen-storingsmaatreëls op streeks-invoere met bededingingsbeleid te vervang. Die mees gepasde opsie sal af hang van die verskillende standpunte rondom die toepaslikheid van teen-stortingsmaatreëls in ‘n doeane-unie. Alhoewel, ongeag die beleidskombinasie wat gekies word sal nasionale en streeks-beleid en owerhede geskep, aangepas en/of gewysig moet word ten einde ‘n effektiewe interaksie tussen teen-storingsmaatreëls en mededingingsbeleid binne SADU te verseker.

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36

Phaswana, Pfarelo Edwin. "The impact of non-tariff measures on meat trade between Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Zambia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65940.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) displayed notable success in pushing for trade liberalisation through tariff reductions. This was achieved following the signing of the SADC protocol on trade in 1996. The implementation of the protocol commenced in 2000. About 85 % of intra-SADC trade was free of duty in 2008 and the Southern African Development Community Free Trade Area (SADC-FTA) was launched. Maximum tariff reductions were achieved in 2012. The main aim for SADC tariff reductions under the trade protocol was to improve intra-SADC trade. However, this is not what happened, since the relationship between tariffs and trade was not inverse as assumed. The response of intra-SADC agricultural trade to tariff liberalisation was disappointing. This study investigated why there has been lack of trade improvement, even though tariff liberalisation has been achieved in SADC. The study, however, is limited to a focus on the meat trade between SACU countries and Zambia. The trading partners were selected for the study since they all displayed substantial progress in implementing their tariff liberalisation commitments under the SADC protocol on trade. The meat trade was chosen for this study due to the importance of livestock to the people of these countries. Prior assessments of trade statistics revealed that the meat trade between SACU countries and Zambia has remained very low, notwithstanding tariff liberalisation. As a result, the main objective of the study was to investigate why there has been little improvement in the meat trade between these countries following tariff liberalisation. It is documented in the trade literature that the continuous decline in tariffs prompted the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) in regulating trade. This study investigated if NTMs contributed to low levels of meat trade between the trading partners. In particular, the study examined the impact of NTMs on the meat trade between SACU countries and Zambia over the period 2001 to 2013. The study also examined the impact of GDP per capita and meat production volumes. The gravity model was preferred for this study, based on the model?s outstanding achievements when explaining bilateral trade relationships. Due to the prevalence of zero trade observations, the study used the Heckman sample selection model to estimate the gravity equation. The estimation model was chosen due to its exceptional capability in dealing with zero trade observations as well as sample selection bias. The results confirmed the observation that the relationship between tariffs and trade in meat is not inverse, as expected. It found a statistically insignificant relationship, further confirming the fact that tariff liberalisation had not influenced improvement in meat trade between the trading partners. The study found a statistically significant, negative effect of NTMs on meat trade. As a result, the study concluded that NTMs contributed to low meat trade between SACU countries and Zambia. The results found a positive and statistically significant relationship between GDP per capita and meat trade, and a negative and statistically significant relationship between meat production volumes and trade.
Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted

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37

Žiedelienė, Rūta. "Rusijos, Baltarusijos ir Kazachstano muitų sąjungos įtaka krovinių srautų formavimuisi." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_152446-20349.

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Šiais, spartaus ekonomikos augimo laikais, vis svarbesnis tampa tarptautinės prekybos klausimas. Šiandien, nei viena valstybė negali pasiekti ekonominio augimo, jeigu aktyviai nesireiškia ir nedalyvauja tarptautinėje prekyboje. Siekdamos kuo geriau įsitvirtinti pasaulinėse rinkose, šalys vis labiau pasineria į užsienio prekybos politikos procesus, kas lemia spartų prekybos sąlygų keitimąsi. O šis prekybinių sąlygų pasikeitimas sąlygoja šalių būrimąsi į bendras sąjungas. Ne išimtis ir neseniai pradėjusi veikti Rusijos, Baltarusijos bei Kazachstano (toliau RBK) muitų sąjunga. Darbe daug dėmesio skiriama šios muitų sąjungos kūrimosi bei funkcionavimo procesų nagrinėjimui. Šio darbo tikslas ir yra išanalizuoti RBK muitų sąjungos kūrimąsi ir funkcionavimą bei poveikį tarptautinei prekybai ir muitinės priežiūrai. Magistriniame darbe buvo atlikta ES bei RBK muitų sąjungų lyginamoji analizė, aptarti jų panašumai ir skirtumai. Darbe taip pat vertinama RBK muitų sąjungos įtaka Lietuvos tarptautinei prekybai su Rusija ir Baltarusija, prekių srautams bei muitinės formalumams. Darbe panaudoti keturi metodai: teorinis, analizės, empirinis bei apibendrinimo metodai. Remiantis jais, pirmoje darbo dalyje yra pateikiama tarptautinės prekybos samprata ir jos reguliavimo priemonės, taip pat nagrinėjama muitų sąjungos samprata ir jos formavimo pagrindai. Antroje dalyje aptariamos RBK muitų sąjungos ištakos, funkcionavimas ir plėtra, nagrinėjami ES ir RBK muitų sąjungų panašumai ir skirtumai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The rapid growth of countries economy and politics, becomes an increasingly important issue for international trade. Nowadays, there are no countries that can achieve economic growth while not participating an being active in an international trade. In order to get better positions in global markets they become increasingly immersed in to the foreign trade policy processes. The rapid change in terms of trade causes the unionize of countries into different kinds of unions. RBK customs union it is not an exception. So, this work mostly focuses on the examination of this customs unions creation and functioning. The aim of this study is to analyze RBK customs unions functioning and influence on international trade and customs procedures. The comparative analyses of customs union was carried out in this work. It also evaluated the influence of RBK customs union to the Lithuanian international trade and customs procedures. Four methods were used, in order to examine and analyze this. That is: theoretical, analytical, empirical and concluding methods. According to these methods the first part of the work studies the theoretical aspect of modern international trade regulations, presents the formation of customs union and discusses Lithuania integration into the EU. The second part deals with the origin and establishment of RBK customs union, evaluates its functioning and development, analyses similarities and differences between EU and RBK customs unions. The third part discusses... [to full text]

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38

Aggeborn, Linuz, and Malin Larsson. "Baklava och baguette : En studie av handelsutvecklingen mellan Turkiet och EU." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106501.

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In this study we examine trade patterns between Turkey and 13 member states of the European Union and how these have developed over the time period of 1983 – 2006. To represent the industrial and agricultural goods included in the study we look at the United Nations Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Following, we investigate internal differences in the EU by selecting four countries each to represent the Northern and Southern countries of the EU. Internal differences were studied in relation to the amount of trade occurring between Turkey and the Northern and Southern countries. The main result is that Turkey is not of great significance for the EU. For Turkey however, the EU is a highly significant trade partner. The observed patterns indicate that trade deepening between Turkey and EU13 has occurred gradually, implying that the Customs Union from 1996 cannot be said to have caused severe differences in the Turkish-EU13 trade relations. For this trade agreement however, no effects on the trade development was directly related to the implementation of the CU. Following, the EU can continue to act as an important partner for future Turkish trade relations. No severe differences are to be expected in the development for trade in goods as free trade already is widely spread within this area. Instead, the major difference of a Turkish entry into the EU will most likely occur when introducing free movement of capital, services and people.

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39

Rossouw, Mandi. "The harmonisation of rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the southern African customs union." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2281_1380785721.

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The Member States of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) have set as their objectives, amongst others, the facilitation of cross-border movement of goods between the territories of the Member States and the promotion of the integration of Member States into the global economy through enhanced trade and investment. Different approaches to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments by Member States and the risk of non-enforcement may lead to legal uncertainty and increased transaction cost for prospective traders, which ultimately act as non-tariff barriers to trade in the region. Trade is critical to Southern Africa, and the ideal is that barriers to trade, of which uncertainty concerning the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments among Member States is one, should be removed. Certainty, predictability, security of transactions, effective remedies and cost are important considerations in investment decision-making
and clear rules for allocating international jurisdiction and providing definite and expedited means of enforcing foreign judgments will facilitate intraregional as well as interregional trade. In addition to trade facilitation, a harmonised recognition and enforcement regime will consolidate economic and political integration in the SACU. An effective scheme for the mutual recognition and enforcement of civil judgments has been regarded as a feature of any economic integration initiative likely to achieve significant integration. While the harmonisation of the rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments has been given priority in other regional economic communities, in particularly the European Union, any similar effort to harmonise the rules on recognition and enforcement of Member States have been conspicuously absent in the SACU &ndash
a situation which needs to receive immediate attention. The thesis considers the approaches followed by the European Union with the Brussels Regime, the federal system of the United States of America under the &lsquo
full faith and credit clause&rsquo
the inter-state recognition scheme under the Australia and New Zealand Trans-Tasman judicial system
as well as the convention-approach of the Latin American States. It finds that the most suitable approach for the SACU is the negotiation and adoption by all SACU Member States of a multilateral convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, comparable to the 1971 Convention of the Hague Conference on Private International Law
the EU Brussels I Regulation and the Latin-American Montevideo Convention, as complemented by the La Paz Convention. It is imperative that a proposed convention should not merely duplicate previous efforts, but should be drafted in the light of the legal, political and socio-economic characteristics of the SACU Member States. The current legislative provisions in force in SACU Member States are compared and analysed, and the comparison and analysis form the basis of a proposal for a future instrument on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments for the region. A recommended draft text for a proposed Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments for the SACU is included. This draft text could form the basis for future negotiations by SACU Member States.

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40

Karakaya, Etem. "The welfare and production effects of Turkey's Customs Union Agreement with the EU : the case of Turkish manufacturing." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393741.

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41

Hussain, Fathi A. M. "A comparative analysis of the customs laws and practices of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the European Union." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6426/.

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Since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came into existence in 1948 (then later formed the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1994 at a conference of 123 countries), many economic blocs in the world have been established and it is the aspiration of many States to participate in a regional integration for a variety of different reasons such as language, religion, geography and increasing trade. One of the best examples of wide-ranging and advanced economic integration is the European Union (EU) which has established a Customs Union as well as an Internal Market. An advanced stage of Monetary Union (a Single Currency) has been adopted in the majority of its Member States. Of the many other examples of economic integration regulated by GATT, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) may be considered as the best example of advanced regional integration in the Arab world as it has set up a Customs Union, a Common Market and there is a Monetary Union agreement among the majority of its Member States. On the basis of the foregoing, the thesis is a comparative analysis of the customs laws and practices of the GCC and of the EU. The comparison focuses on the nature and extent of the competences of the functionally equivalent institutions of these two organisations in relation to the implementation of the customs union and how and to what extent they are exercised – in order to evaluate the GCC system in particular and to suggest potential improvements. The thesis also explores the main obstacles that have faced the full implementation of the GCC customs union, including non-compliance by some of the GCC Member States with the agreed common commercial policy, with a view to providing suggestions and possible solutions for these obstacles. The thesis analyses whether the GCC has explicit or implicit international legal personality to act on behalf of its Member States at international level on issues related to the common commercial policy – as compared with the legal situation of the EU, pre- and post-Lisbon Treaty, by examining negotiation of the agreement between the GCC and the EU. The thesis also discusses the rules of international law related to conflict between treaties, in particular the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, in order to provide possible solutions for third party agreements which may conflict with GCC law.

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42

Jana, Vimbai Lisa Michelle. "Adopting a harmonised regional approach to customs regulation for the tripartite free trade agreement." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8861_1380710167.

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43

Weinfurtner, Dawn. "Customer frequency and satisfaction in the Memorial Student Center at the University of Wisconsin-Stout." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998weinfurtnerd.pdf.

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44

Trindade, Luana Zanetti. "Análise dos custos das práticas de governança corporativa em cooperativas de crédito." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-23092013-111925/.

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O objetivo de uma cooperativa de crédito é prestar serviços mais favoráveis, de natureza bancária, a seus associados. Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência e transparência das cooperativas de crédito e fortalecer essas cooperativas, o Banco Central do Brasil-BACEN diagnosticou as características da governança das cooperativas de crédito e recomendou uma série de boas práticas. Para as cooperativas de pequeno porte, manter as práticas recomendadas de uma estrutura de boa governança pode ser mais difícil do que uma cooperativa de grande porte, em função dos custos associados a essas práticas. Assim, o trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os custos das práticas de compliance e disclosure da governança corporativa e analisar a percepção desses custos, segundo seus cooperados ativos. Foi realizada uma análise fatorial, utilizando-se dados do BACEN de boas práticas indicadas de governança corporativa. Como resultado, o primeiro fator agregou as variáveis de tamanho econômico da cooperativa, o segundo fator as variáveis de cooperativas com gestão tradicional e o último fator agregou as variáveis de boas práticas indicadas de governança. Os resultados indicam que tamanho econômico não está correlacionado com as boas práticas indicadas de governança corporativa indicadas pelo BACEN. Assim como o tamanho econômico também não está correlacionado com as práticas de gestão tradicional. Foi feito um estudo de caso em uma cooperativa de crédito de pequeno porte que apresenta os custos dessas práticas de governança corporativa. O resultado encontrado é que esses custos de práticas de compliance e disclosure da governança corporativa representam 0,3205% do ativo total da organização. Esse custo é composto por: custo de práticas indicadas de governança, custo de práticas obrigatórias da governança e custos de práticas administrativas da cooperativa que podem melhorar algumas práticas de governança corporativa. Esses custos depráticas de governança corporativa podem ser considerados elevados, pois são valores próximos a rentabilidade da cooperativa que é de 0,38% do ativo total e representam 8,6% das despesas administrativas totais. Em relação ao questionário aplicado aos cooperados, é possível concluir que apesar dos custos das práticas de compliance e disclosure da governança poderem ser considerados elevados pela gestão da cooperativa, os cooperados podem não ter percepção do quanto à cooperativa gasta com a adoção das práticas indicadas de governança corporativa. Mas grande parte dos cooperados respondentes podem perceber a eficiência de órgãos da gestão como Conselho de Administração, Conselho Fiscal e diretoria executiva. E também que a maioria dos cooperados podem perceber que a governança corporativa é um investimento para a organização e apoiar o uso das sobras para investimentos em estratégia.
The purpose of a credit union is to provide services more favorable to banking operations for its members. In order to improve the efficiency and transparency of credit unions and strengthen these cooperatives, the Central Bank of Brazil-BCB-diagnosed the characteristics of the governance of credit unions and recommended a number of good practices. For small cooperatives, keep the practices of a good governance structure can be more difficult than a cooperative large, due to the costs associated with these practices. Thus, the study aims to analyze the costs of compliance and disclosure practices of corporate governance and to analyze the perception of these costs, according to its members active. We performed a factor analysis, using data from the Central Bank of good corporate governance practices indicated. As a result, the first factor added variables of economic size of the cooperative, the second factor variables cooperatives with traditional management and the last factor added variables indicated good governance practices. The results indicate that economic size is not correlated with good corporate governance practices set by the Central Bank indicated. As the economic size is also not correlated with traditional management practices. We conducted a case study of a cooperative of small credit that shows the costs of these corporate governance practices. The finding is that these costs of compliance and disclosure practices of corporate governance represent 0.3205% of the total assets of the organization. This cost consists of: cost of governance practices indicated, the cost of mandatory practices of governance and administrative costs of the cooperativepractices that can improve some corporate governance practices. These costs of corporate governance practices can be considered high, they are very close of the profitability of the cooperative which is 0.38% of total assets and represent 8,6% of total administrative costs. Regarding the questionnaire administered to members, we conclude that despite the costs of compliance and disclosure practices of governance be considered high for the management of the cooperative, the cooperative members may not be aware how the cooperative spends with the adoption of governance practices set corporate. But much of cooperative members respondents may perceive the efficiency of the management bodies as the Board of Directors, Supervisory Board and Executive Board. And also the most cooperative members may realize that corporate governance is an investment for the organization and support the use of scraps for investment strategy.

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Kloppers, Pieter. "Competition policy enforcement: ideas for regional enforcement in developing countries, with particular reference to the Southern African Customs Union." Bern : World Trade Institute (WTI), 2003. http://www.wti.org/images/stories/MILE/MILE%20Theses/Competition%20Policy%20Enforcement.pdf.

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DeSantis, Roberto A. "The impact of a customs union with the EU on Turkey's welfare, employment and income distribution : an age analysis /." Kiel : Inst. für Weltwirtschaft, 1997. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007978914&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Kiala, Carine Zamay. "The politics of trade in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) : prospect of a SACU-China free trade agreement /." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02232010-105510.

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Khishkar, Zohre. "Orsaksanalys av ineffektivt administrativt arbete : En fallstudie kring nödvändiga förbättringar inför övergripande systemuppgradering och administrativ rutinförändring." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-373.

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Den nya tullagen Union Customs Code (UCC) med målet elektroniskt tullhantering inom unionen kommer att börja tillämpas 1 maj 2016. Tullkodex för unionen innebär elektroniskt tullhantering såväl mellan näringslivet och Tullverket som mellan medlemsstaternas tulladministrationer. Syftet med lagen är att förenkla uppgiftslämning och tullhantering för företag vilket kräver omfattande uppgradering av IT-lösningar för både näringslivet och Tullverket. Kvalitet på de uppgifter som överförs till Tullverkets tull-system (TDS) antas ha större betydelse än tidigare då det genom UCC läggs en större vikt på spårbarhet.Organisationer bör därför optimera kvaliteten på de uppgifter som i samband med deklarationer lämnas till Tullverket. Detta för att undvika eventuella problem i framtiden. Optimal datakvalitet erhålls genom effektiva administrativa processer. Denna uppsats har därför genom en fallstudie studerat faktorer som förhindrar ett effektivt administrativt arbete. Resultatet visar att affärssystemets undermåliga funktionalitet, datakvalitetens opålitlighet, utebliven intern kommunikation samt avsaknad av standardiserade arbetsrutiner påverkar effektiviteten på de administrativa processerna negativt.
The new customs regulation, Union Customs Code (UCC), with the goal of electronic customs handling within the European Union will apply 1 May 2016. The Union Customs Code means electronic customs handling both between business and customs Administration and between member states' customs administrations. The law aims to simplify disclosure and customs management for businesses, which requires an extensive upgrade of IT solutions for both business and customs administrations. Quality of the data transferred to Customs' Tariff System (TDS) is assumed will havegreater importance than today as the UCC places a greater emphasis on traceability. Organisations should therefore optimize the quality of the data associated with declarations submitted to Customs. It is to avoid any future problems. Optimal data quality is achieved through efficient administrative processes. This paper has therefore through a case study, studied factors that prevent efficient administrative processes. The results show that the business system's substandard functionality, data quality's unreliability, loss of internal communication and a lack of standard in operating procedures are affecting the efficiency of the administrative processes negatively.

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Björkman, Hans. "Learning from members : tools for strategic positioning and service innovation in trade unions." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Programmet Människa och Organisation (PMO), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-530.

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The formal governance structure is more complex in trade unions than in many other organizations. Trade union researchers have drawn attention to the tensions between union administrative and representative systems and the fact that control in unions is bi-directional from leaders to members (through formal control systems), and from members to leaders (through democratic structures). This study has shown that the utilization of market orientation methods has the capacity to strengthen the administrative system without interfering with or being hindered by the representative system. The findings related to market orientation methods presented in this thesis are not of such a character that they can be deemed to be specific for trade unions. Therefore, as a general rule, market orientation methods need no trade union-specific adaptation to be utilized. The setting for this study is Sif, a major industrial white-collar trade union in Sweden. The change process of Sif described in the thesis suggests an increased degree of market orientation. The study has focused on two specific tools/techniques; The Sif Barometer - an annual membership satisfaction survey, and The Design Dialogue Methodology – an internally developed group interview method. These methods have contributed to an enhanced level of market orientation. Propositions for better contributions to strategic positioning and service innovation are presented in terms of design principles. An identified problem is that the potential for double-loop learning has been limited in the organization. Some propositions for enhancing double-loop learning are set out: Knowledge enhances learning: the utilization of market information requires knowledge among managers and employees about the instruments used to ensure accurate interpretations and utilization of the results acquired. Knowledge thus has a role in breaking down the barriers preventing accurate utilization of market information. Task alignment is a viable strategy for the creation of learning micro-climates: Learning through the change of work behaviors is the core element of a task alignment strategy. Task alignment is a strategy targeting learning capabilities in the organization that is not only an approach for solving problems in the long term, but also an immediate response to tangible business problems. Action research may contribute to double-loop learning: The action research method has inherent change properties connected to its "learning by change" approach. Actors should consider the discrepancies between espoused theories and theories-in-use: Various political behaviors hampering double-loop learning have been traced. A broad level of participation and involvement of managers and employees during the development or adaptation of the market orientation instrument can enable open and trustful discussions for enhancing double-loop learning.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005

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Dogan, Dilek. "Les enjeux du concept d'origine en droit international et communautaire." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911672.

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L'élaboration et l'application de règles d'origine sont devenues plus problématiques face aux réalités de la mondialisation, car les matières premières ou les composantes peuvent venir d'un certain nombre de pays, mais les douaniers doivent déterminer l'origine du produit aux fins de traitement, parmi lesquelles le droit de douane à appliquer, à partir du moment où le produit entre dans sa juridiction. Traditionnellement, l'origine des marchandises faisant l'objet d'échanges internationaux a été considéré comme l'un des instruments de l'administration des douanes, mais l'évolution du commerce international a montré que la détermination de l'origine pouvait avoir des conséquences sur un très grand nombre d'aspects régis par différents Accords de l'OMC. Actuellement, les règles d'origine constituent un instrument secondaire de politique commerciale important et elles sont utilisées pour déterminer la nationalité d'un produit en vue d'une application correcte des mesures de politique commerciale discriminatoire. Mais l'absence d'un ensemble de règles d'origine unifiées et harmonisées offre à certains pays l'opportunité et les incitent à utiliser ces règles pour appliquer une politique protectionniste et discriminatoire entre les différents pays. En raison de la manière dont elles sont appliquées dans un grand nombre de cas, il semble que ces règles soient de plus en plus considérées comme des instruments de politique commerciale en soi, et non comme un dispositif de soutien aux dits instruments. Il est reconnu par tous les pays que l'harmonisation faciliterait les échanges internationaux. Mais compte tenu de la diversité des règles d'origine, cette harmonisation est un exercice complexe en fonction des divergences des intérêts nationaux, couvrant le spectre entier du commerce global, s'étendant de la libéralisation et de l'accès aux marchés à la protection. Cette thèse n'a pas l'ambition de trouver une solution à cette problématique, car les solutions dépendent de l'intérêt privilégié, mais de fournir quelques pistes de réflexion.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Customs unions'

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