Relevant bibliographies by topics / Customs unions

Academic literature on the topic 'Customs unions'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Customs unions"

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Mendez-Naya, Jose, and Tomas Gomez-Arias. "Customs Unions among Producing Countries with Different Costs." Journal of International Business and Economy 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2009): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2009.1.3.

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The effects of production cost asymmetries on the sustainability of customs unions among producing countries are investigated using a homogeneous-product Cournot oligopoly model, in which three producing countries subsidize exports of an homogeneous good to a consumer country that imposes a tariff on imports. It is found that the only sustainable customs union is the one formed by the three-member customs union. However, although the said customs union will be in equilibrium if utility transferences among member countries are allowed, it could not be in equilibrium if such transferences are not allowed.
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Mendez-Naya, Jose, and Tomas Gomez-Arias. "Export Subsidies and Customs Unions." Journal of International Business and Economy 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2008.2.3.

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This paper explores how the formation of customs unions affects the argument for export subsidies in imperfectly competitive international markets. It is shown that the existence of customs unions may eliminate the incentive for their members to subsidize exports as customs unions grow larger. Therefore, it can be affirmed that regionalism and multilateralism are complementary processes.
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Kovalenko, Maria Iliinichna. "The establishment of German Customs Union: towards the “Customs Union Agreement” of 1833." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.4.33580.

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This article presents an overview of economic situation and trade relations in Germany during the 1815 – 1820s, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The customs question was especially urgent due to the disparity of territories, and was being resolved in several German states simultaneously. The author examines the Prussian plan of customs union that was implemented in future, as well as the alternative regional projects. For detailed assessment of the indicated projects, analysis is conducted on the flow of import and export of various products on the German territories. This article is founded on the German sources, including maps of German territories and summary statistical tables, which did not previously received wide coverage within the Russian historiography. The topic of establishment of the German Customs Union was in the sidelines for a long time; therefore, this research is relevant for broad audience within the framework of studying the economic history and the history of Germany. The author determines that the period of formation of the German Customs Union was not subjected to comprehensive analysis; the alternative plans of customs unions were not sufficiently covered by the national and foreign historians, despite the extensive source base. The main conclusion consists in description of the actual alternatives to the Prussian plan of customs union, which have not been implemented due to political discrepancies between the members of the South and Middle German unions. Translation of the Customs Union Agreement into the Russian language has not been previously conducted; its provisions would be the subject of the author’s further research.
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Richardson, Martin. "Customs Unions and Domestic Taxes." Canadian Journal of Economics 27, no. 3 (August 1994): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135782.

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Gatsios, Konstantine, and Larry Karp. "Delegation Games in Customs Unions." Review of Economic Studies 58, no. 2 (April 1991): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297974.

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COLLIER, PAUL. "COMMODITY AGGREGATION IN CUSTOMS UNIONS *." Oxford Economic Papers 37, no. 4 (December 1985): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041717.

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Syropoulos, C. "Customs unions and comparative advantage." Oxford Economic Papers 51, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 239–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/51.2.239.

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Riezman, Raymond. "Customs unions and the core." Journal of International Economics 19, no. 3-4 (November 1985): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(85)90042-x.

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Saatcioglu, Cem, and Kaan Celikok. "European Regional Integration and its Partnership with Türkiye: An Assessment of the Specific Customs Union." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14014.

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International economic integrations, especially after the end of World War II, result from the long-term goals of establishing political unity based on countries' orientation towards their common economic interests. Customs unions, in which states abolish tariffs among themselves and apply common tariffs to third countries, are the next advanced stage of international integration after free trade zones. While customs unions eliminate tariffs and related taxes in trade within their jurisdiction, they also establish a common external tariff. This entails some asymmetrical disadvantages for the countries within the Union. A new step by Türkiye in its efforts to integrate with the West was its application to join the EEC in 1959. The Customs Union, defined by the Ankara Agreement signed in 1963, came into effect in 1996 as a result of the agreement made at the meeting of the Association Council of 6 March 1995 adopted "Customs Union Decision". The aim of this study is to examine the bilateral trade impact of the Customs Union between Türkiye and the EU. H1: Which fields should be included in the customs union between Türkiye and the EU? H2: How will the inclusion of trade in digital goods and services in the Customs Union affect EU-Türkiye trade? The results from the analysis covering the years of 1996-2021 showed that the Customs Union has had a positive but limited effect for the trade between EU-Türkiye. The customs union needs to be updated taking into account public procurement, agriculture and digital services.
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Parai, Amar K., and Eden S. H. Yu. "Factor Mobility and Customs Unions Theory." Southern Economic Journal 55, no. 4 (April 1989): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059466.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Customs unions"

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Madichie, Nnamdi O. "Customs unions theory and the ECOWAS experience." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19996/.

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The study traces the evolution of West African economic integration efforts, leading up to the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The original Lagos Treaty of 1975 is reviewed against the background of its revised 1993 Abuja version under the framework of the Customs Unions theory. This study is undertaken to ascertain the consistency of regional integration theory with the stated objectives of ECOWAS. It questions, for example, whether the Customs Unions theory and its welfare effects could actually explain the experience of regional integration of West Africa in general, and within ECOWAS in particular. In other words, the critical success factors and/or moderating influences in ECOWAS are examined against the background of the Community's objectives as set out in its two Treaties. The study also benefits from a wide range of discussions on different political and economic bases for regional integration theory: functionalism, neofunctionalism, federalism and intergovernmentalism and their relevance to ECOWAS. Strange enough, while these 'isms' are demonstrated to be inconsistent with ECOWAS objectives having dwelt more on regional integration efforts in Europe, no other study on West African integration has examined ECOWAS along these lines. The experience of ECOWAS is made against the backdrop of Customs Unions within Africa, such as the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), East African Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community (SADCC); and others outside Africa in regions like the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the South American Customs Union (MERCOSUR). One emerging pattern of such comparison reveals that ECOWAS has wavered from its stated objectives in favour of the static principles of customs unions theory and consequently been unable to improve its record on the welfare levels of contracting states. The implication of such departures from its original objectives is that market inter-penetration and intra-regional trade within ECOWAS has neither yielded the desired welfare gains nor improved levels of industrialisation, sustained growth and economic development. It is safe to conclude, therefore, that despite considerable efforts at achieving regional economic integration in ECOWAS, the result has been dismal largely as a result of applying unrealistic models of customs unions theory to the West African situation. It is therefore posited that the process of regional economic integration in other parts of the world and particularly in Europe, are not readily applicable in the West African context, where the economic, political and institutional foundations are not only grossly dissimilar but largely at variance.
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Lewis, Michael George. "A canonical response to common law unions or "faithful concubinage"." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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Mpepho, Lwandiso Arthur. "Mercosur-SACU relations : an examination of the revised economic initiative for South-South Cooperation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020348.

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The study was conducted to examine economic relations between the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Mercado Commun del Sur (translated Southern Common Market), in short (Mercosur). SACU was established in 1910 and consists of five member countries, namely; South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. Mercosur was created in 1991 and consists of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, with Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela being associate members. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether the Mercosur-SACU relations had created more economic opportunities for both regions. In pursuit of this aim, the study revised and analysed the evolution, development and growth of both Mercosur and SACU. It also analysed the achievements and challenges faced by each of the blocs in their respective regions. The conclusion of the analysis indicate that, countries which were economically stronger before the establishment of formal bloc-to-bloc relations, Brazil in Mercosur and South Africa in SACU, tended to reap disproportionally high dividends than others. The study further concludes that challenges facing Mercosur and SACU countries should not discourage them in pursuing collective developmental initiatives such as regional integration and South-South Cooperation.
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Xiao, Renfeng. "Three essays on the economics of preferential trade agreements: free trade areas, rules of origin and customs unions." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6815.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Economics
Yang M. Chang
There have been considerable discussions about why countries have interests in forming preferential trade agreements (PTAs), which typically take the forms of a “free trade area” (FTA) with Rules of Origin (ROO) and a “customs union” (CU) (World Bank, 2005). This dissertation contains three essays with three different models of trade under oligopoly to analyze various issues on preferential trade agreements. The first essay examines welfare implications of forming preferential trade arrangement (PTAs) between two asymmetric countries that differ in their market sizes. Key findings are as follows. First, when market size asymmetry between two countries is not too large and ROO requirements are not too restrictive, the formation of an FTA with effective ROO can be welfare-improving to both members. Second, the formation of a PTA is more likely to emerge between countries of similar in their market sizes, ceteris paribus. Third, compared to the pre-PTA equilibrium, there are greater reductions in external tariffs under an FTA than under a CU such that a non-member country is relatively better off under the FTA. The second essay presents a three country model of trade under Bertrand price competition to analyze differences in welfare implications between an FTA with ROO and a customs union (CU). It is shown that the maximum limit of ROO requirements over which there are welfare gains from trade for FTA members depends crucially on the degree of substitutability of final goods (or the intensity of product market competition). It is also found that member countries and their final-good exporters are better off in a CU than in an FTA. There are greater reductions in external tariffs under an FTA than under a CU such that a non-member country is relatively better off under the FTA. The third essay presents a three country model of FTA with Cournot quantity competition and derives the maximum enforceable level of ROO over which there are welfare gains from trade to each member country. It is shown that ROO and external tariffs are strategic complements such that the higher is the regional input restrictions, the higher is the external tariff necessary to induce firms to fully comply with ROO requirements. It is also shown that an FTA with effective ROO has a positive effect on the final-good trade. But the trade-diverting effect does not occur in the final-good sector.
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Cattaneo, Nicolette Sylvie. "The theoretical and empirical analysis of trade integration among unequal partners : implications for the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002743.

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The re-acceptance of South Africa into the international community has cleared the path for the closer integration of South Africa with its neighbours in a broader southern African regional union. In particular, the countries of the Southern African Development Community {SADC), which South Africa joined in August 1994, have committed themselves to the formation of a free trade area (FTA) over an eight-year period. The most likely impediment to this process is the perception of a highly unequal distribution of the economic gains and losses of such an arrangement. This reflects the particular context of SADC: one of a comparatively undeveloped region, dominated by a relatively large, more industrially advanced country, which is itself small by international standards. The essential question with which this study is concerned, therefore, is whether, despite the existing inequalities in the region, a FTA among SADC members could be mutually beneficial to South Africa and its partners. The thesis applies orthodox and new trade theory to the analysis of economic integration among unequal partners. Using the theoretical analysis, and with reference to empirical studies of such experience elsewhere in the world, it attempts to provide an assessment of the existing body of literature on the possible effects of a SADC FTA. In the light of this discussion, and from its own preliminary empirical analysis of the possible pattern of inter-sectoral versus intra-sectoral specialisation which may result on union, the study suggests ways in which a fuller evaluation of the welfare implications of a southern African FTA may be achieved. The thesis argues that the orthodox theory based on perfect competition provides an insufficient framework for the analysis of the likely effects of a SADC FT A. It finds that, firstly, in an alternative analytical framework which retains the assumption of perfect competition, there may be other criteria for judging the success of a regional union that are neglected by orthodoxy, particularly in the case of developing countries. Secondly, the new trade theory based on imperfect competition and product differentiation provides useful insights into the possible effects of a regional union among countries at unequal levels of development. The formal extension of this body of literature to the theory of economic integration is clearly called for. It is found, however, that neither orthodox customs union theory, nor its suggested alternatives and extensions, enable one to conclude, a priori, that the formation of a FTA in the southern African region could not be beneficial to both South Africa and its smaller partners. Further, the present empirical studies on SADC do not take account of the full range of factors necessary for a complete welfare assessment of the possible effects. Since the outcome of integration depends on the empirical circumstances of the particular case, and since the information necessary for a comprehensive welfare evaluation is not currently available, the study concludes that the countries of the region have committed themselves to a FTA without any definite knowledge of its likely effects.
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." University of Sydney. Economics and Political Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.
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Gillis, William. "The Scanlan's Monthly Story (1970-1971): How One Magazine Infuriated a Bank, an Airline, Unions, Printing Companies, Customs Officials, Canadian Police, Vice President Agnew, and President Nixon in Ten Months." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1593786429523054.

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Siqueira, Uassyr de. "Entre sindicatos, clubes e botequins : identidades, associações e lazer dos trabalhadores paulistanos (1890-1920)." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280229.

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Orientador: Claudio Henrique de Moraes Batalha
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siqueira_Uassyrde_D.pdf: 1675389 bytes, checksum: bcd6615b82eb72fee17d8b56d7a46ca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O objetivo dessa tese é estudar algumas das associações fundadas e freqüentadas pelos trabalhadores paulistanos, entre 1890 e 1920, como os sindicatos e os clubes recreativos, e também os espaços de lazer, como os armazéns e os botequins. Dessa maneira, é possível perceber diferentes identidades ¿ sejam as articuladas em torno do trabalho, sejam as articuladas em torno de outras categorias, como italianos e negros ¿ e também os conflitos que marcaram o processo de formação da classe trabalhadora paulistana
Abstract: This thesis intend to study some associations created and attended by workers of São Paulo City, between 1890 and 1920. Through those associations such as the trade unions and recreational clubs, and also other leisure places such as the bars and grocery stores, is possible to perceive different identities ¿ whether around work or other identities categories, like italians and blacks groups ¿ as well as the conflicts that marked the working class formation process in São Paulo city
Doutorado
Historia Social
Doutor em História
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Dube, Memory. "Liberalisation and regulation of trade in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) : a critical analysis of the SADC trade protocol's provisions and its implementation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008204.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) declared a Free Trade Area on 17 August 2008. The Free Trade Area is the ultimate objective of the Trade Protocol on trade cooperation in SADC, signed in 1996. The Protocol is supported and complemented by the ambitious Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP). The idea behind the SADC Trade Protocol was to counter the developmental challenges facing SADC member states and to improve the productive and trade capacity of SADC countries. The implementation of the SADC Free Trade Area has been guided by the WTO/GATT regulatory framework on regional trade agreements, particularly GATT Article XXIV, the Understanding on the Interpretation of GATT Article XXIV, as well as the Decision on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries (Enabling Clause). This research seeks to analyse the SADC Trade Protocol's provisions and the implementation of such provisions. To facilitate an understanding of factors that affect the implementation of the SADC Trade Protocol, SADC's institutional and operational framework is discussed from a legal-historical perspective. The provisions of the Trade Protocol are analysed for compliance with WTO/GA TT rules as well as for applicability within the SADC context. The provisions of the WTO/GA TT regulatory framework on regional trade agreements are also analysed with a view to determining whether they are applicable in developing country situations such as SADC. The Free Trade Area is seen as the first step towards regional economic integration in the region and is to be followed by a Customs Union, a Common Market and then eventually an Economic Community with its own central bank and regional currency. It is envisaged that the region will proceed through all these traditional theoretical phases of economic integration between 2008 and 2018. The implementation of the Trade Protocol has been beset with institutional, administrative and infrastructural challenges which pose obstacles to the attainment of the other stages of economic integration in the time frames prescribed in the RISDP. These challenges are assessed for impact on the regional economic integration of SADC by evaluating the progress towards implementing the Trade Protocol provisions and the implementation of measures taken towards the launch of the Free Trade Area. Emerging issues are also identified and analysed for their effect on the Free Trade Area and the general economic agenda of SADC. Of particular note is the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) being negotiated with the European Union where SADC countries are negotiating in four different configurations. An analysis of this EPA situation reveals that it compounds a pre-existing problem: that of overlapping membership of regional trade agreements. Prior to the EPAs and the intensified drive towards the creation of the Customs Union, there was largely no need to rationalise the overlap in regional trade agreement memberships, but it is now a matter of urgency. The overlap in membership has complicated EPA negotiations and places serious doubts on the prospects of complete regional integration in SADC.This research concludes with observations on South Africa's complicated relationship with her SADC neighbours. South Africa's trade policies, as regards both the SADC region and the world, are discussed. Because of its political and economic dominance, South Africa's policies have a ripple effect on the rest of SADC; hence the need for South Africa to be vigilant in formulating and implementing its trade policies.
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Books on the topic "Customs unions"

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Kowalczyk, Carsten. Welfare and customs unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Bickel, Fabian. Customs Unions in the WTO. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86312-8.

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Gatsios, Konstantine. Delegation games in customs unions. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Department of Applied Economics, 1989.

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Krueger, Anne O. Free trade agreements versus customs unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Yannopoulos, George N. Towards a dynamic theory of customs unions. Readimg: University of ReadingDepartment of Economics, 1986.

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Fernandez-Arias, Eduardo. North-South customs unions and international capital mobility. Washington, DC: World Bank, International Economics Dept., International Finance Division, 1996.

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Kamiński, Bartłomiej. Never too late to get together again: Turning the Czech and Slovak Customs Union into a stepping stone to EU integration. Washington, D.C: Trade, Development Research Group, World Bank, 2003.

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Michalopoulos, Constantine. The economics of customs unions in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Washington, DC: World Bank, International Economics Dept., International Trade Division, 1997.

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Bagwell, Kyle. Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Bagwell, Kyle. Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Customs unions"

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Reisman, David. "Customs Unions." In James Edward Meade, 125–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69281-4_6.

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Hazlewood, Arthur. "Customs Unions." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2562–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_459.

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Hazlewood, Arthur. "Customs Unions." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–4. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_459-1.

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El-Agraa, Ali M. "Theory of Customs Unions." In The Theory and Measurement of International Economic Integration, 19–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10203-7_2.

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Bickel, Fabian. "Practice in Customs Union." In Customs Unions in the WTO, 33–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86312-8_3.

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Södersten, Bo, and Geoffrey Reed. "The Theory of Customs Unions." In International Economics, 322–48. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15030-4_16.

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Södersten, Bo, and Geoffrey Reed. "The Theory of Customs Unions." In International Economics, 322–48. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23320-5_16.

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Bickel, Fabian. "Anti-Dumping Measures Against Customs Unions." In Customs Unions in the WTO, 261–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86312-8_7.

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Bickel, Fabian. "Economic Integration and Economic Disintegration." In Customs Unions in the WTO, 205–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86312-8_6.

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Bickel, Fabian. "Conclusions." In Customs Unions in the WTO, 273–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86312-8_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Customs unions"

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Silovs, Mihails, and Olga Dmitrijeva. "Differences in fishery and aquaculture products, their production and sale technical regulations in Eurasian Economic Union and legislation and practice of the European Union." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.052.

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The mandatory requirements for the fishery and aquaculture products, their production and sale in force in the territory of the Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union (CU EAEU) arise from the regulatory and legal acts of the Eurasian Economic Union and its predecessor - the Customs Union - and apply in a package approach similar to the law of the European Union pertaining to the food safety area. The requirements of the EAEU technical regulations have been analysed taking into account that European exporting enterprises are first of all obliged to comply with the requirements of the listed EU regulatory and legal acts applicable to their production process and products. The aim of this paper was to run a comparative analysis on the mandatory requirements of the food legislation of the European and Customs Unions regarding fishery and aquaculture products, their production and sale. The issues of certification of certain product categories are analysed separately, the requirements for canned fish being highlighted. The analysis is relevant for all fish processing companies which may consider the possibility of starting export to the countries of the CU EAEU and are intended to reduce costs associated with products’ entry into these markets.
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Karluk, S. Rıdvan. "The EU Membership of Turkey and the Issue of Cyprus." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01828.

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When the Republic of Cyprus has been accepted to EU membership with the territory of whole of the Cyprus Island a serious issue aroused as how the Customs Union will be implemented with Turkey, since Turkey do not recognize The Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus. After its EU membership, Cyprus becomes the most troublemaker EU country for Turkey. On 17th December 2004 Turkey signed the Additional Protocol which enlarges the extent of Ankara Agreement to all countries and also published a declaration that it unrecognized Southern Cyprus. On 21st September 2005 the EU published a declaration against Turkey’s Cyprus Declaration which brought additional conditions for Turkey that provides a method to make Turkey to recognize Southern Cyprus. Since the Customs Unions of Turkey not includes the transportation sector, Turkey does not have the obligation to open its airports and seaports to the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus. The Customs Union with Southern Cyprus does not bring an obligation of recognition. If the issue of Cyprus resolves, it is expected that the veto of The Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus on chapters of negotiations would be removed. Even if the vetoes of Southern Cyprus would end, there are important barriers related to the EU membership of Turkey. In our paper, the EU membership of Turkey will be examined within the scope of attempts of resolving the issue of Cyprus also the Turkey Cyprus relationship will be analyzed.
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Savić Božić, Dijana. "Pravni osnov i kriterijumi za sticanje porekla robe." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.961sb.

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The origin of the goods shall be determined on exportation of the goods in order to exercise the right of exemption from customs duties on the goods in the country to which they are imported, provided that the country is a member of customs unions or those countries have a duty-free trade agreement. The aim of the paper is to explain in a concise and simple way the basic concepts in the field of rules of origin of goods, as well as the legal basis and criteria for acquiring the origin of goods. Preferential origin is granted to goods from certain countries when they comply with the rules of origin provided for in the relevant preferential arrangement. In this case, the goods could benefit from reduced duty or even duty free. It should be noted that not all products have a preferential origin. Non-preferential origin is obtained when the goods are "fully obtained" in one country or, when two or more countries are involved in the production of the product, the origin is obtained when the goods have undergone their last significant, economically viable processing or operation, in an enterprise equipped with this purpose, which leads to the production of a new product or represents an important stage of production. Each product necessarily has a non- preferential origin, which may be different from its preferential origin.
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Manasov, Zamirbek. "Multilateralism versus Regionalism in Eurasia: Theoretical Reasons of Choosing Sides for Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00319.

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This paper asks whether Kyrgyzstan should take part in the newly established Customs Union among Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia or in the World Trade Organization (WTO). From the start of the foundation of the new Customs Union there have been deep discussions among the proponents and opponents of organization. This issue attracted extra attention and interest because the new Customs Union includes non-members of the World Trade Organization such as Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. In Addition, the new Customs Union, unlike previous regional trade agreements, has formed a supranational body –the Custom Union Commission - which will decide on Common External Tariffs. Kyrgyzstan is already a member country of WTO and is going to join the new Customs Union. How will this membership work for Kyrgyzstan in short and long-term period? Will the new Customs Union be substitutive or complementary to the WTO in the development of international trade of Kyrgyzstan? Which side would be more beneficial for Kyrgyzstan: membership to a regional Customs Union or to a multilateral WTO? This paper hopes to answer these main questions. This paper will have five sections. Section one will provide a brief introduction. Section two will analyze the development of regionalism and multilateralism in the region. In section three, theoretical compatibility of regionalism and multilateralism will be discussed. Section four will determine what can be proposed for the current situation of Kyrgyzstan according to selected theoretical literature. Concluding remarks will be given in last section.
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Turdubekova, Aigul, and Elmira Kupsuralieva. "Kyrgyzstan and Eurasian Customs Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00823.

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This paper looks at the issue of joining the Eurasian Customs Union for Kyrgyzstan. We first provide a short description of how some former Soviet Union countries attempted to rejuvenate their regional integration followed by the review of the economic, social and political background of Kyrgyzstan in joining the Eurasian Customs Union. The main conditions for and the associated impact of joining the Union on customs tariffs and the international trade of Kyrgyzstan are discussed. By comparing the main development indicators of the Customs Union member countries we try to find any advantages for the Kyrgyz economy from joining the Union. An additional discussion of the potential losses and benefits shows that there are more benefits from joining the Customs Union. In general, we find that since the founders of the Customs Union – Russia and Kazakhstan – are also very important geographical, economic and political partners of our country, joining the Union seems inevitable for Kyrgyzstan.
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Karluk, S. Rıdvan. "Eurasian Customs Union and Turkey’s Membership." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01343.

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Leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan which are the countries of disintegrated Soviet Union signed an agreement in order to establish a Union named Eurasian Economic Union on the date of 29 May 2014. With this attempt Russia wants to protect its former penetration on former Soviet geography by providing economic integration. Positive messages upon the membership of Turkey to Eurasia Economic Union were given at Eurasia Economic Union meeting which was held in Ankara in January mid-2015 and hosted by Andrey Karlov, Ambassador of Russia. Nursultan Nazarbayev, who is the pioneer of this idea, has stressed that Turkey should be a member of the Community several times before now. The idea of Sergey Markov, who is the point man of Putin as “Turkey should enter Eurasia Union not European Union, it can gain strength in this way”, is void within the scope of international agreements which Turkey signed with European Union and of the rules of WTO. Erdoğan, Prime Minister of the relevant term said Putin that “Take Turkey into Shanghai Cooperation Organization and ease our difficulty”; in Russian- Turkey peak held on 23 November 2013 in St. Petersburg province of Russia. This explanation is not possible in terms of international law. Explanation of Zeybekçi, Minister of Economy as “Eurasia Customs Union is a must for Turkey. We have to be there” is not realistic. In our paper we will deal and explain why Turkey cannot enter Eurasia Customs Union and why an axial dislocation cannot occur in Turkey.
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Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan, Hasan Boztoprak, and İlyas Sözen. "An Alternative to The European Customs Union for Turkey in The Framework of Economic Integration Theory: Eurasian Customs Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01957.

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The liberalization policies begun after 1980 and globalization process bring with new economic associations and trade blocs among countries. The European Customs Union which established to improve economic relations and to make the political integration possible after World War II, reached large trade capacity today. On the other hand, the Post-Soviet countries that followed similar way like European ones established Eurasian Customs Union under the leadership of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia. The advantage of European Customs Union for Turkey which became a member of it in 1995 is still discussed. From this viewpoint the study aims to answer a question that Eurasian Customs Union can be an alternative to European Customs Union for Turkey in point of trade capacity. The aim of the study is to discuss the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union and to compare it with the European Customs Union in which Turkey is involved. In this context, at first, the conceptual framework about the subject will be discussed and European Customs Union and Turkey relations will be examined. After, the current situation of the Eurasian region will be analyzed and the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union will be discussed. And, which customs union will be more advantageous in terms of Turkey will be examined by VAR analysis.
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Умарова, Амала Алиевна. "CUSTOMS REGULATION IN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION." In Образование. Культура. Общество: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июнь 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/ecs291.2020.83.68.023.

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В договоре о Евразийском экономическом союзе предусмотрено, что в ЕАЭС осуществляется единое таможенное регулирование. В статье анализируются основные положения таможенного регулирования в ЕАЭС. The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union stipulates that a single customs regulation is carried out in the EAEU. The article analyzes the main provisions of customs regulation in the EAEU.
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Öngel, Volkan. "An Alternative Foreign Trade Market for Turkey: The Eurasian Economic Community." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00222.

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The Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) is an international organization that has been created by five Commonwealth of İndependent States countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan) on October 10th,2000. The object of this organization was promote the creation of a customs union and the common economic space. After ten years in 2010, three countries (Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan) made a custom union agreement as a second step. And the target is to establish a common economic space by 1 January 2012, a single market for goods, investment and labor. This custom union creates a common market of 170 million people with a $2 trillion economy, $900 billion trade and 90 billion barrels of oil reserves. This three countries have a strategic geopolitical position, rich producer goods reserves:especially oil and natural gas. The economic structure of this three countries can be explain as consumer goods importer, producer goods exporter. This is the exact opposite of European Union economic structure. Therefore, this paper argues that The Eurasian Economic Community would be a good foreign trade market alternative of EU for Turkey. Hence this paper tries to analyse the trade opportunities of this market for Turkey’s export. This paper based on the statistical foreign trade datas of relevant countries.
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Barak, Osman, and Murat Doğanay. "The Effects of the Kazakhstan-Russia-Belarus Customs Union on Turkey’s Exports and on Turkish Investors in Kazakhstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00397.

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The customs union is a model of economic integration which is composed of free trade area among the participant countries with a common external tariff. The participant countries generally set up common external trade policy. Main establishing purposes of customs union are increasing economic efficiency, improving the global competitiveness and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. This paper analyses the concept and effects of customs union, the agreement of Bel EurAsEC Customs Union and how this agreements effects Turkish investors in Kazakhstan and export of Turkey. In this contex, a survey is implemented to Turkish companies executives, according to the survey results, it is trying to reveal whether the Bel EurAsEC Customs Union have any effects on Turkey export. Also, in this paper, the effects of Bel EurAsEC Customs Union on Turkish investors which operates in Kazakhstan, investment attitude, behavior and decisions are being explored.
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Reports on the topic "Customs unions"

1

Kowalczyk, Carsten. Welfare and Customs Unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3476.

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Krueger, Anne. Free Trade Agreements versus Customs Unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5084.

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Fernández-Arias, Eduardo, and Mark M. Spiegel. North-South Customs Unions and International Capital Mobility. Inter-American Development Bank, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011544.

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This paper examines the implications of a North-South trade accord where investments in the Southern partner nation exhibit country risk. Our analysis demonstrates that North-South trade accords can serve as credibility-enhancing mechanisms that induce additional foreign capital inflows into Southern partner nations. The presence of sovereign risk changes the tradeoffs between trade creation and diversion, enhancing the potential for regional trade accords to increase the welfare of accord members.
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Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert Staiger. Multilateral Tariff Cooperation during the Formation of Customs Unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4543.

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Abrego, Lisandro, Raymond Riezman, and John Whalley. How Often Are Propositions on the Effects of Customs Unions Theoretical Curiosa and When Should They Guide Policy? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8304.

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Harberger, Arnold C. Exploring the Possible Benefits and Costs of FTAA. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008537.

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Given the unclear results in Latin America's past experience with free trade areas and customs unions, one wonders whether the present degree of enthusiasm about the prospects of a much more grandiose effort in the same direction (the Free Trade Area of the Americas [FTAA]) is really justified. This document takes a coldly analytical look at the pluses and minuses surrounding a prospective FTAA and focuses on the economists' tried and true criteria of costs and benefits.
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Walmsley, Terrie, and Scott McDonald. Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions: The Impact of the EU Republic of South Africa Free Trade Agreement on Botswana. GTAP Working Paper, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp29.

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The EU has indicated that after 2008 its trade relationships with developing countries will be dominated by the development of preferential trade agreements. Although not a consequence of the Cotonou Agreement, the free trade agreement between the EU and the Republic of South Africa (EU RSA FTA) is clearly one of the first fruits of this approach to trade relationships. However, there is no evidence that the design of the EU RSA FTA incorporated a comprehensive general equilibrium evaluation of the agreement for either the signatories or the other southern African nations. The analyses reported here indicate that while the EU RSA FTA may substantially benefit the signatories, there are appreciable negative impacts for other states, especially the RSA’s immediate neighbours. Moreover, the reluctance of the EU to fully liberalise trade in food and agriculture commodities results in a major reduction in the benefits for the RSA without ameliorating substantively the adverse implications for other nations.
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Giordano, Paolo. The External Dimension of MERCOSUR: Prospects for North-South Integration with the European Union. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009187.

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The paper addresses the particular issues that arise during the negotiation of comprehensive trade and integration agreements, which involve political and cooperation dialogue in addition to trade liberalization talks. It explores the features of the New Regionalism that emerged in the Southern Cone region during the 1990s and in this light it analyzes MERCOSUR's South-South external agenda. Since the negotiation with the EU stands as a laboratory for a new model for North-South integration it provides a detailed analysis of the political and economic incentives for this integration process. The paper concludes by highlighting the prospect of this first-ever reciprocal North-South association between two customs unions. Particular attention is dedicated to the issues raised by the need of involving the civil society in international trade negotiations.
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Reyes Díaz, Carlos Humberto. Working Paper PUEAA No. 8. CPTPP. Legal Trends. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.006r.2022.

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Free trade areas (and customs unions) were established in a multilateral level since in Article XXIV of the GATT, and that is the legal minimum from which preferential trade agreements are now built. Some say CPTPP is part of a new generation of Free Trade Agreements because it goes deeper in the integration process. The CPTPP Agreement is a 584-page treaty, a very extensive legal instrument with 30 chapters, so when we talk about legal trends it refers to all 30 chapters at first. But it’s not the idea to explain every chapter in this text, not even just the dispute mechanisms, but the legal highlights that make the CPTPP an example of the new structure in international trade law. The CPTPP’s new chapters constitute the actual trade agenda and establish a minimum level of protection on topics not specially linked to trade, but which are now essential to talk about a new configuration of trade agreements, such as investments, intellectual property, e-commerce, among others
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Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, and Robert Devlin. Towards an Evaluation of Regional Integration in Latin America in the 1990s. Inter-American Development Bank, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011085.

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The decade of the 1990s has witnessed a wave of regional integration initiatives in Latin America: more than 14 agreements -free trade areas or customs unions- since 1990 with a handful more in varying degrees of negotiation (see Table 1). However, this was not just a Latin American phenomenon, as regionalism has more than ever become a global trend (Mistry [1996]). Indeed, now Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong are the only World Trade Organization (WTO) members which are not signatories to at least one preferential trade agreement (WTO [1995]). Regional integration is not new to Latin America. Economic integration played an important role in the region¿s early Post-War economic history. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of very ambitious initiatives inspired by the successful Western European experience (Ffrench-Davis, Muñoz and Palma [1994]). Indeed, at its peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the topic of integration was hard to avoid in the discussion of Latin American development. However, disillusionment with integration processes had clearly set in by the late 1970s and the discussion of regional integration was all but silenced by the external crisis of the early 1980s.
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