Journal articles on the topic 'Custom formation'
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Юлия Владимировна, Сорокина. "LEGAL CUSTOM AS A SOURCE OF LAW." NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, no. 1 (March 2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-1-35-44.
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This article presents a study of legal custom as a source of law. The relevance of this problem is substantiated. The question of the essence of custom, its legal nature, which consists in the peculiarities of the way of regulating social relations by custom, is clarified. The questions of the origin and formation of legal customs are investigated. In particular, theories of the origin of customs are considered: the theory of spontaneous education and the theory of individual creativity. The correlation of custom and judicial precedent, custom and law is also analyzed, the viability of custom in the conditions of the state is proved.
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Юлия Владимировна, Сорокина. "LEGAL CUSTOM AS A SOURCE OF LAW." NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, no. 1 (March 2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-1-35-44.
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This article presents a study of legal custom as a source of law. The relevance of this problem is substantiated. The question of the essence of custom, its legal nature, which consists in the peculiarities of the way of regulating social relations by custom, is clarified. The questions of the origin and formation of legal customs are investigated. In particular, theories of the origin of customs are considered: the theory of spontaneous education and the theory of individual creativity. The correlation of custom and judicial precedent, custom and law is also analyzed, the viability of custom in the conditions of the state is proved.
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Guliyev, Khagani. "Local Custom in International Law." International Community Law Review 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341347.
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The present paper examines the particular difficulties observed in the formation, identification and continuity of local custom in the light of the interaction that exists between it and two main sources of international law: general custom and treaty. The article firstly argues that, although local custom presents certain features and faces specific difficulties that distinguishes it from both general custom and treaty, it generally follows the “custom logic” in its formation and identification, as both local and general customs are made from the same “ingredients”: practice and opinio juris. However, the situation is different when it comes to the continuity of an existing local customary rule. The article shows that the succession of States may call into question the continuity of local custom which operates as a treaty in case of State succession, following the “treaty logic” rather than the “custom logic”.
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Novikova, Yuliya Gennad'evna. "Legal custom and universal practice in the Russian criminal proceedings." Юридические исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.4.35160.
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The object of this research is the assemblage of social relations arising in the sphere of criminal justice in the course of eliminating legal gaps and contradictions. The subject of this research is the legal custom as one nontraditional sources of law for the Russian criminal proceeding, which is applied in the absence of norms consolidated in the normative legal acts, which are aimed at regulating the corresponding legal relations. Analysis is conducted on the essence of the concept of legal custom, means of formation, classification, and methods of application in criminal proceedings. Special attention is given to the methods of authorization of legal custom by the state, which may entail the recognition of this source of law as independent or transformation into another source of law. The main conclusions that also determine the scientific novelty of this research are as follows. 1. The system of Russia criminal procedure law is characterized by the development processes, which imply the formation and application of such an nontraditional source of law as legal custom. 2. Legal custom represents the rules not prohibited by law for performing procedural actions and making procedural decisions, which are translated into practice through repetition by the of the proceedings in the absence of the enforceable rule of law. 3. According to the method of formation, legal customs in criminal proceedings can be classified into dispositive (based on the voluntary will of the participants) and imperative (formed through tacit administrative influence). 4. Imperative legal customs are the negative phenomena of legal reality and cannot be attributed to the sources of law. 5. Authorization of legal custom as an independent source of law consists in its “tacit” approval by the government authorities. Textual consolidation of legal custom entails its transformation into a new form of law. 6. Universal practice is one of the characteristics of legal custom and a possible means for its legalization.
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Biko, Millicent Akello, and Joseph Mbabazi Apio. "Influence of Intra-Regional Trading on Uganda's Economic Progress." Global Journal of Economics and Trade 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58425/gjet.v1i1.37.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the trade impact of the EAC Customs Union and to analyze the impact of intra-EAC trade on Uganda's economic growth.
Methodology: The study employed serial data and a non-experimental study design. Regression analysis was used capturing causal relationships between variables and measuring the impact of trading and shaping within the EAC customs union.
Findings: The finding shows that after the formation of the custom union, the volume of trade in Uganda has increased proportionately by 0.9083 percent.
Conclusion: The effect of the custom union on Uganda intra-EAC trade, the EAC dummy coefficient was also found to be positive and statistically significant.
Recommendation: The study recommended the formation of the EAC Customs Union which is an important step in the process of deepening regional integration among its members.
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Karavaeva, Ya N. "Custom as a Source of Legal Regulation of Property Relations in the Russian Federation." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 6 (July 9, 2021): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.127.6.114-122.
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The paper discusses the issue of the use of custom in the regulation of property relations. The author analyzes the possibility of determining the content of subjective property rights by customary legal norms, namely, such powers as the use and disposal. Attention is focused on the influence of customs on the formation of the owner’s discretion in the exercise of his subjective rights, in particular, the following questions are investigated: on what or on whom does this “discretion” depend? Is it possible that customs influence the formation of the discretion of a particular owner? Special attention is paid to the establishment of limits for the exercise of property rights under customary legal norms. According to the author, applying custom in the regulation of public relations, the owner of a property right does not go beyond the legal field, since custom is a source of law, and in this case one should speak of “discretion within the current legislation” and “discretion beyond it.” The paper concludes that customs can determine the content of subjective property rights, methods of protecting property rights, in particular self-defense issues, and are more often used in the regulation of real legal relations based on private ownership, while customs cannot contradict the peremptory norms. It is emphasized that a special role in the regulation of property relations is assigned to local customs.
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Maksimova, I. M. "Legal Convention as a Source of Law: Historical and Theoretical Aspects." Pravo istoriya i sovremennost, no. 4(17) (2021): 059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2021.04.pp.059-064.
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The article examines legal custom as the first source of law. For a long time legal custom has occupied a fundamental place in the formation of the entire system of law. At present, in most modern and developed countries, the supremacy of written sources of law (regulatory legal acts) dominates, and the importance of custom has begun to decline sharply. In this regard, casuistic situations arise in the practical application of normative legal acts and established legal customs legalized by the state. On the basis of this, the study of the current position of legal custom in the system of Russian law is recognized as an urgent need for a uniform conduct of business and compliance with the principles of equality and justice. An important point is that the legal custom remains an integral part of the life of society and cannot be ignored by the legal system, since it was he who initially determined the boundaries of permissibility and morality, and therefore it is necessary to base legislative activity in accordance with existing legal customs, eradicating those that contradict the basic constitutional principles or the needs of modern society.
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Heller, Kevin Jon. "Specially-Affected States and the Formation of Custom." American Journal of International Law 112, no. 2 (April 2018): 191–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.22.
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AbstractAlthough the United States has relied on the ICJ's doctrine of specially-affected states to claim that it and other powerful states in the Global North play a privileged role in the formation of customary international law, the doctrine itself has never been systematically developed by the ICJ or by legal scholars. This article fills that lacuna by addressing two questions: (1) what makes a state “specially affected”?; and (2) what is the importance of a state qualifying as “specially affected” for the formation of custom? It concludes that a theoretically coherent understanding of the doctrine would give states in the Global South significant power over custom formation.
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Evdokimova, O. M. "ACCESSIONS OF KYRGYSTAN TO THE CUSTOMS UNION: PRECONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-169-175.
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The aspiration to associate in new integration structures, such as the CIS and EurAsEC, came to change to dezintegratsionny processes after disintegration of the Soviet Union. This article is devoted to a problem of development and deepening of degree of interrelation between CIS countries in such associations, as EurAsEC and EEP, to stages of formation of integration groups. The special attention is paid to one of the most topical issues – prospect of accession of Kyrgyzstan to the Customs Union. The following aspects are distinguished from favorable consequences of decision-making on accession for Kyrgyzstan:– sustainable development of economy and cooperation with other countries from Custom Union in long-term prospect; – attraction of additional investments into national economy;– liberalization of the legislation on migration, improvement of working conditions for migrants, growth of the budgetary income of host countries, formation of new workplaces;– economic and political support of Russia and other participating countries of EEP. As negative consequences are called probability of outflow of the qualified and unqualified labor from Kyrgyzstan and possible falling of Chinese goods' import because of cancellation of the simplified order of declaring. In the article it is spoken about the main measures accepted by the participating countries of the Custom Union and Kyrgyzstan for acceleration of inclusions process of the Kyrgyz republic in structure of the Customs union. The author comes to the conclusion that integration of Kyrgyzstan into the Customs union will lift economy of Kyrgyzstan which becomes a component of huge intercontinental economic association – the Custom Union and EEP - on new qualitative level. This factor will increase investment appeal of the country for foreign partners, becomes the guarantor of development of the long-term mutually advantageous relations.
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박현석. "Silence of States in the Formation of International Custom." Journal of hongik law review 20, no. 1 (February 2019): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.16960/jhlr.20.1.201902.119.
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Noskova, E. E., D. V. Kapulin, M. V. Vinnichenko, and P. A. Russkikh. "Formation of initial data when planning for custom manufacturing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 734 (January 29, 2020): 012153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/734/1/012153.
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Kieu Oanh, Dang Thi. "The Habit of Burning Votive Paper (Offerings) of the Northern Vietnamese." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 17, 2021): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05314.
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Based on the analysis of written sources and results of field investigations, this article will take the custom of burning votive paper in northern Vietnam as an example to decode the motivation, origin, formation, and development of the custom of burning paper and its relationship with the economic, social, and cultural dynamics and national policies. Key words: votive paper; the custom of burning votive paper; Vietnamese; Northern Vietnam.
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Yeini, Shelly Aviv. "The Specially-Affecting States Doctrine." American Journal of International Law 112, no. 2 (April 2018): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.50.
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The orthodox view of the Specially-Affected States Doctrine (SASD), grounded in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) 1969 judgment in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, is that practice leading to the emergence of a customary rule must include that of states “whose interests were specially affected.” The framing of this passage of the North Sea Continental Shelf judgment seems to imply both a positive and a negative importance for the practice of specially-affected states. Such practice is a requirement for the emergence of a new rule of customary international law. Acceptance by specially-affected states is, in other words, necessary but not sufficient for a rule of custom to emerge. Whether practice of specially-affected states can be sufficient to form a general custom is not resolved by this formulation, although it seems reasonable to infer that the ICJ had in mind that the combined involvement of specially-affected and other states was needed for the formation of such a rule of customary international law concerning basic principles of continental shelf delimitation. Conversely, the absence of rule-supporting practice by specially-affected states would have a negating effect on the emergence of a rule of customary international law, despite rule-affirming practice of states not specially affected. On this view, practice of only such states could not crystalize into a custom. One commentator has suggested that the negative construction does not mean that a single specially-affected state necessarily holds veto power over the formation of a new rule of customary international law, but asserted that “[i]f several ‘states whose interests are specially affected’ object to the formation of a custom, no custom can emerge.” Unsurprisingly, given this level of abstraction, such formulations do not themselves provide specificity as to how many (or which) specially-affected states would be sufficient to prevent the formation of a custom in a particular situation.
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Bedzow, I. "Minhag Israel Torah He (The Custom of Israel is Torah): The Role of Custom in the Formation of Orthodoxy." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybs007.
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DeBartolo, David M. "Identifying International Organizations’ Contributions to Custom." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300002117.
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It is widely acknowledged that international organizations (IOs) indirectly affect customary international law by catalyzing and focusing State practice. But next year the International Law Commission and Michael Wood, its Special Rapporteur on the Identification of Customary International Law, are primed to address a more contentious issue: when and how IOs can directly contribute, like States, to custom.This past summer the Commission’s Drafting Committee provisionally adopted a draft conclusion stating that “[i]n certain cases, the practice of international organizations also contributes to the formation, or expression, of rules of customary international law.” Based on Wood’s Second Report dated May 2014, three topics merit particular attention in the year ahead: 1) distinguishing State practice from IO practice, 2) scrutinizing potentially relevant types of IO practice, and 3) considering types of cases in which such IO practice might contribute to custom. (While the Drafting Committee declined to include definitions in its draft conclusions, this article defines “IO” as Wood did in his Second Report: “an intergovernmental organization.”)
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Lutskyi, Roman. "Historical and legal aspect of the formation and development of positive law." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 10(22) (December 29, 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.10.22.56-61.
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Description: The article is aimed to attract the attention of not only theorists, but also historians of the study of law to the fact that the latter began its evolution from «custom». It is the latter that is based on worldview recognition and submission. It was closer to justice, and therefore met the ideas of the ideal of the law as the supreme good; it provides peace, order and mutual understanding. Methodology: The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, scientific character, interdisciplinarity. The following methods were used: historiographic analysis, historical and genetic, terminological analysis, comparative, typological. Based on a wide range of published and substantiated studies in the field of principles of the formation of law, the authors systematized and scientifically proved the formula of causal relationships, which ultimately made a decisive influence on the development of positive law. Results: According to the authors, the current legislation, as well as the formation of the state, has passed a significant historical path of its formation and development from the primitive custom to the positive law sanctioned by the state. Moreover, in the early states, custom prevailed even with persistent and constantly strengthened attempts by public authorities to influence the legal status of society and dominate it through the judicial and administrative apparatus. This, in turn, ensured a gradual combination of various forms of legal regulation originating from society and the state. The very origins and foundations of the current legislation can be found even in the social regulation of primitive society, which was carried out with the help of customs, taboos, morality, and the like. Moreover, the basic principles of customary law as the first form of positive law were mythological and religious principles, which were also developed and supplemented in the further development of its forms. The sources of the current legislation which reflect the historical beginning of its gradual formation and development are different in certain spatial and social dimensions. As for the current legislation, it arose in the context of the gradual and prolonged formation of a socially heterogeneous society, as well as the development of social and economic relations. At the same time, the theoretical and historical conditions for the emergence of officially established modern legislation are formed through the list of social interests of strata close to the state apparatus. These circumstances made it possible to make managerial decisions that would better protect their property rights and opportunities, and helped them in the institute of positive law, which was generally binding for the whole society.
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Novikova, T. V. "On the Problem of Distinguishing between the Closest Connection Principle and Basic Conflict of Laws Rules." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 6 (July 9, 2021): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.127.6.140-148.
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The fine line is explored between the application of the closest connection principle as a general gap-filling conflict of laws rule and the solution the related issue based on conflict of laws rules contained in the customs recognized in the Russian Federation. In the absence of a custom, unambiguously recognized in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 1186 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the author offers to refer to the closest connection principle in accordance with paragraph 2 of the same article. This proposal is justified by the complexity of the formation of a conflict of laws rule in the form of a custom, since it is not actually implemented in regulatory legal relations. The author reveals a vicious circle in which, in strict accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 1186 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the condition for the application of a conflict of laws rule in the form of custom is its recognition in the Russian Federation, which it cannot receive in the absence of application. At the same time, when determining the closest connection, special attention is given to the admissibility of reliance on territorial ties recognized in international documents (recommendatory acts and international treaties not ratified by the Russian Federation, including those that have not entered into force), if they correspond to the specifics of a particular relationship.
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Okubuiro, Joycelin Chinwe. "Third World Resistance as a Counter-hegemonic Phenomenon in Customary International Law." Global Journal of Comparative Law 9, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 183–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00902002.
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The role of non-state actors in custom-making provokes divergent views, skewed by state practice and opinio juris and derived from a Western perspective, which promotes hegemony. This paper shines a new light on this perennial debate by presenting resistance of Third World non-state actors as a counter-hegemonic tool in the development of customary international law. It contributes to scholarship relating to non-state actors in the formation of custom from a Global South perspective by reflecting African reality. This has become relevant in the clamour for increased participation of the Third World in international affairs as post-colonial states are deemed ineffective in representing their interests. It is observed that non-state actors employ diverse mechanisms to assert their position in law-making, thereby expanding the frontiers of custom-making. This paper explores such roles by non-state actors in the development of international custom and recommends an inclusive system that accommodates these stakeholders in custom-making.
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Meron, Theodor. "The Continuing Role of Custom in the Formation of International Humanitarian Law." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (April 1996): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203686.
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Wisnoski, David D., William H. Leister, Kimberly A. Strauss, Zhijian Zhao, and Craig W. Lindsley. "Microwave-initiated living free radical polymerization: rapid formation of custom Rasta resins." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 23 (June 2003): 4321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00951-1.
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Mozer, Sergei, and Dinara Sekerbayeva. "To the issue of the activity of the thematic block “Electronic Customs” in the Eurasian Economic Union." Sociopolitical sciences 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-1-49-59.
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Purpose. To analyze the development of the legal institute of digital (electronic) customs within the framework of the Thematic Block “electronic customs”, as well as an Expert Group on the preparation of a draft document «On the development of approaches to the formation of digital customs” in the Eurasian Economic Union. Design/methodology/approach. The research article is devoted to the formation of the institute of electronic (digital) customs. The subject of the research is the institute of digital (electronic) customs. The activities of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) for the development of digital (electronic) customs are comprehensively considered. The issue of creating digital customs in the context of the functioning of the Thematic Block “electronic customs” (thematic block) is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the same questions within the framework of the work of the Expert Group on the preparation of the draft document «On the development of approaches to the formation of digital customs” (expert group). The authors analyze the competence and procedural aspects of the Thematic Block. Social implications. The introduction of the digital customs institute into the law of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU, Union) and customs regulation as a whole are aimed at optimizing customs operations and simplifying trade procedures. Practical meaning. The results of the study are of interest to the EEC customs block; they can be used in the framework of organizing the work of the “Electronic Customs” Thematic Block and Expert Group. The article is recommended to researchers, as well as experts from the Customs Administrations of the EEU Member States and the World Custom Organization (WCO), whose activities are related to the improvement of customs regulation, the modernization of the digital customs institute, as well as international customs law. Originality/value. The research material is based on an analysis of the practical aspects of the EEC’s and the WCO activities and is a continuation of scientific and practical publications on the development of the digital customs institute.
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BANASEVYCH, Iryna I., Ruslana M. HEINTS, Mariya V. LOHVINOVA, and Ihor V. MYRONENKO. "The Place of Legal Custom in the System of Sources of Regulation of Private Relations." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 8 (November 28, 2019): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.8(38).03.
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The relevance of the work is to fully implement the possibility of the exchange of information and technologies between subjects of law for the formation of a balanced legal system. The novelty of the scientific paper is determined by the fact that legal custom is considered not only as a consequence of the emergence of a certain legal system, but also as an environment that forms additional legal relations, formalizing certain traditionalistic legal relations related to the historical and cultural features of the region. In this paper the authors show the genesis of the legal custom, its forms of implementation and the principles of its implementation, which can be applied to case law and codified systems of law. The scientific paper reveals the concept of tradition and custom; legal custom is differentiated from the case and the possibility of its evolution is shown. The practical application of the research determines the possibility of forming an innovative legal environment, along with the development of traditional legal systems.
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Gasbarri, Lorenzo. "(Meta) Grotian Moment: International Organizations and the Rapid Formation of Customary International Law." Grotiana 43, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-43010006.
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Abstract In this paper, I first discuss the concept of ‘Grotian Moment’ in the context of the capacity of international organizations to contribute to the formation and identification of customary international law. Afterward, I apply three levels to discuss the time element of the formation of custom. At the micro-level of the institutional practice, the time required to form a customary norm may depend on whether each form of practice is directed to the institutional or to the international dimension. At the level of the organ, I reflect on the difference played by the presence or absence of member States in the institutional organ that adopts the practice relevant for custom formation. At the macro-level of the characteristics of the organization, I distinguish between so-called supranational and functional organizations. In general, I exclude the relevance of speaking in terms of a ‘Moment’ that produces a paradigm shift, and I stress the continuous change to which international law is subject.
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Nordquist, William D., and David J. Krutchkoff. "The Custom Endosteal Implant: Histology and Case Report of a Retrieved Maxillary Custom Osseous-Integrated Implant Nine Years in Service." Journal of Oral Implantology 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00218.
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The Custom Endosteal Implant (CEI) is a custom-cast osseo-integrated implant that has evolved to replace the “old” fibro-integrated subperiosteal variant. This newly developed implant achieves osseous integration by utilizing a hydroxyapatite (HA) coating, and a specialized grafting technique that produces much improved success rates relative to its fibro-integrated subperiosteal predecessor. This case reported here represents a maxillary CEI implant that was placed and in functional service for 9 years before being retrieved and processed for histologic examination subsequent to the patient's demise. In addition, due to infection that occurred shortly after placement, an early provisional procedure with fluoridated HA was also performed. Histologic analysis of the postmortem specimen revealed a fully integrated new bone formation intimately surrounding the previously dehisced implant strut. The latter had previously been decontaminated and grafted with a thin layer of fluorapatite (FA) material. Results including histologic analysis confirmed complete osseo-integration of the implant following successful FA graft revision.
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Ihrig, Svante P., Fabian Eisenreich, and Stefan Hecht. "Photoswitchable polymerization catalysis: state of the art, challenges, and perspectives." Chemical Communications 55, no. 30 (2019): 4290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc01431d.
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Adjusting the length, composition, and microstructure of a polymer during the process of its formation in principle allows achieving the desired properties, thereby enabling custom-design of the thus generated polymer for its targeted function.
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Bedrii, Marian. "On the question of the functions and tasks of legal custom." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.4.2020.03.
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The article researches the functions and tasks of legal custom based on historical experience and the current state of legal life.The view represents that law and culture functions are realized through legal custom, as it is an important element of these phenomena.At the same time, it is noted that legal custom is characterized by a separate catalog of functions and tasks that need to be studied. Theregulatory, explanatory, protective, defensive, inflectional, reconstitutive, ideological-educative, identification-communicative, antimonopoly,and legal-resource functions of legal custom are analyzed. The administrative and organizational components of the regulatoryfunction of legal custom are highlighted. The preventive and restrictive components of the protective function of legal custom are cha -racterized. It is substantiated that these functions are inextricably linked with the tasks of legal custom.Based on the analyzed functions, the following tasks of a legal custom are allocated: the legal regulation of social relations; cla -rification of provisions of the legislation, acts of law enforcement, texts of agreements, terms and symbolic actions; legal protection ofpublic goods and values; providing opportunities to protect rights and freedoms; stabilization of the legal system, its protection fromill-considered and risky transformations; reproduction of the acquired legal experience in new conditions; ensuring the flexibility of thelegal system; influence on the worldview of the individual and society in general; determining the affiliation of the subject to a parti -cular community and maintaining communication between its members; prevention of monopoly in the legal system of a normativelegal act or other sources of law; formation of material for the systematization of law.It is argued that legal custom, as a social phenomenon, evolving in the process of history, performed a wide range of functionsthat correlated with its tasks. Not every period, people, or locality is characterized by a full set of analyzed functions and tasks, but itis worth noting the possibility of their implementation by the legal custom in general, as evidenced by past experience and the currentstate of legal relations. The results of the research, on the one hand, complement the understanding of the nature of legal custom, andon the other – prove the feasibility of further use of this source of law in modern legal systems.
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O.T, Ebiringa,, and Emeh Yadirichukwu. "Analysis of Tax Formation and Impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2012): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v2i2.3013.
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As a fiscal instrument, direct taxes are used to adjust people’s disposable income and to reduce the parameter of unearned incomes. At the macroeconomic level, taxes are used to redistribute income and therefore contribute to the economic growth of the country. This paper examines the empirical forms of tax on the economic growth in Nigeria. Secondary data were sourced within the periods of 1985-2011 and Model was specified and estimated using some econometric. The result showed that the determinant factor of economic growth in the country through tax, only custom and exercise duties is capable of influencing but has an inverse relationship and significant to the GDP. It is observed that economic instability were experienced between 1986-1987 and 1993 to 1995 but evident in the stability in the economic growth from the graph in the rest of the years of the study around bench mark value of zero line of the GDP predicted graph based on tax generations in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that the company income tax system should be generally restructured to bring about more yielded revenue results capable of contributing more significantly to the Nigerian economic as it is done in the advanced countries of the world. Custom service operations and revenue generations in the border is not practically reflected in the economy due to no accountability, transparency and leakages in the system.
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Malenovský, Jiří. "Le juge et la coutume internationale : perspective de l’Union européenne et de la Cour de justice." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 12, no. 2 (2013): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341254.
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Abstract Jiří Malenovský presents the perspective of the European Union (EU) and of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) with regard to the issue of the judge and international custom. His presentation focuses notably on (I) the EU’s contribution to the formation of customary rules and on (II) the various approaches taken by the CJEU over time as to the binding force of international custom in the EU’s legal order. Furthermore, Jiří Malenovský illustrates (III) the various degrees of openness towards international custom in the case-law of the CJEU. He also presents (IV) the criteria used by the CJEU in its cautious attempts to identify both the existence and the content of the rules of international customary law. Finally, he provides information with regard to (V) the CJEU’s evaluation of the direct effect/applicability and enforceability of customary international rules.
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Romashev, Yuri. "Acceptance of Practice as Legal Norm (opinio juris) in the Formation of International Custom." Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2072-8166.2018.2.124.148.
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Peganant, Panitcha, and Pisut Koomsap. "Improving decision making in product flow-based tiling automation for custom mosaic design." Assembly Automation 37, no. 4 (September 4, 2017): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-07-2016-085.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a new tile dispensing decision-making to improve a row formation of a product flow-based tiling automation that has been being developed to support tile placement for custom mosaic design. Design/methodology/approach A new tile dispensing decision-making combines maximum tile loading and simple cycle strategies to minimize time for forming rows of tiles. The maximum tile loading strategy is for minimizing the number of loading rounds, while the simple cycle strategy is for minimizing the movement during the row formation. Findings This proposed decision-making has been developed; implemented in LabVIEW software; linked with other LabVIEW-based programs to control the system; and tested. The results showed the tile dispensing with the proposed decision-making performed better than the previous one. Research limitations/implications The tiling automation is being developed and is currently on a prototyping stage. Originality/value Tile dispensing is critical for this row by row automated assembly, but the existing shortest distance strategy does not guarantee the best performance for a row formation. Therefore, the combination of the maximum tile loading and simple cycle strategies has been developed to improve the performance of the product flow-based tiling automation to better support assembly of custom mosaic design that requires individual tesserae to be assembled to particular positions to illustrate an image properly.
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Warrington, Curtis, Shiv Kapoor, and Richard DeVor. "Experimental Investigation of Thread Formation in Form Tapping." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 127, no. 4 (January 12, 2005): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1951784.
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In form tapping, the generation of unfinished thread forms results in the appearance of split crests. An experimental technique is developed to study the nature of split crest formation. Custom tools are modeled after tap tooth geometry to perform the forming process in a vertical milling machine. Single-tooth experiments replicate the initial deformation stages and determine the tap geometry and tapping process parameters that significantly affect ridge size and shape. This method is then expanded to consider two axially consecutive tap teeth and the interaction of consecutive ridges to create the final thread form. It is found that certain tap geometrical characteristics are important to the final thread form and, therefore, determine the size and shape of the resulting split crest.
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Ostrikova, Tatiana. "Formation of the authorized economic operator institution in the law of the European Union and Ukraine." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.27.
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The article deals with the development of the authorized economic operator institution in the law of the European Union andUkraine in historical retrospective. Special attention is given to the preconditions for the formation of doctrinal ideas on the need tointroduce new relationships and forms of partnerships between customs services and business.This article argues that the development of partner relations between customs authorities and business entities-users of customsservices has been actively considered by European scientists since the end of the twentieth century as an effective tool for simplifyingcustoms control. The first international legal document that created a legal basis for further establishment and functioning of the authorizedeconomic operator institution was the Kyoto Convention in 1999 Brussels Protocol version.We claim that the institution of an authorized economic operator in its current state was introduced into the EU legal field by theadoption of the 2005 Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE). Main issues of development of the authorizedeconomic operator institution in those years were highlighted, considerable attention was focused on the problems of introducingof these innovations on the EU territory. Main international legal acts related to the regulation of the institution of an authorized economicoperator at that time were discussed.Special attention was paid to the importance of the EU Customs Code provisions entry into legal force in 2016 for optimizationof the legal regulation of the authorized economic operator institution, as well as the comprehensive development of international bilate -ral and regional treaties in the research field.An emphasis was made on the consideration of the problems associated with the evolution of the formation and development ofthe authorized economic operator institution in Ukraine. It was found that the establishment of legislation on provision of advantagesand simplifications during custom clearance by customs authorities to business entities in the legal field of Ukraine were caused byEuropean integration aspirations. Considerable attention in the academic contribution was devoted to the problems associated with theintroduction of an authorized economic operator into the national customs regulation system and its practical implementation. The maingaps were highlighted that made practical implementation of the studied reform impossible, which subsequently led to the introductionof a new institution of an authorized economic operator, which is still valid today.
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Petersone, Mara, Karlis Ketners, and Aivars Vilnis Krastins. "On Some Aspects of Process Management and Human Resource Management Interaction at the Customs Authorities." International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 15 (November 22, 2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9101.2021.15.17.
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Τhe name of article is “On some aspects of process management and human resource management interaction at the customs authorities”. Main stakeholders such as European Commission Directorate-General Taxation and Customs Union, World Customs Organization, universities and world customs administrations are looking for better training support mechanism, how to create contact points for university and customs internal training and to create qualitative business training programs in the customs area. In spite of different activities, for the time being concise and clear mechanism does not exist. Another problem lies in condition that training requirements do not underlie processes and job descriptions. Training organizers - customs authorities training centers and universities, developing own training programs follow the goals and objectives of staff development strategy, it becomes apparent that interaction of job descriptions and occupation standards is relatively little and do not supplement each other. The aim of research is to describe the mechanism of existing and potential human resource management and process management mutual interaction and mutual influence. To achieve the goal there has been set a task to study the specifics of job description formation at customs authorities, describe the significance of occupation descriptions to provide work at customs and their legislation, analyze the role of occupation standards to provide training needs. As a result of research proposals have been submitted about the improvement of process management, job description and occupation standard mutual interaction mechanism. Research is based on comparative analysis of literature and practical experience of custom authorities.
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Abdullaeva, Maryambibi Djumaniyazovna. "Introduction To Social Norms That Is Implemented In The Process Of Greetings For Primary School Students." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue12-30.
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In this article, the issue of introducing social norms that should be followed in the process of greeting students in the primary education system of Uzbekistan is examined. The international study of the custom of greeting for all peoples and its importance in the world community, in particular, the peculiarities of this custom in the Uzbek nation, the state of scientific and social research will be analyzed. The topic will discuss verbal units of greeting, gestures, as well as prohibited situations in the process. In the process of harmonious teaching and upbringing, special attention is paid to the habit of greeting in primary school, so the importance of correct and timely formation of this habit is emphasized.
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Lutcky, R. P. "Legal monitoring of the formation and development of positive law (theoretical-historical aspect)." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 2022): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-18.
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The aim of the research is to identify the main stages that the current law passed in the course of its evolution. And focus attention that in the beginning of the development of humanity law existed in the form of «custom» (the customary normative system), from which in the process of its development formed a modern «current law» (positive law). Which is characterized by complex hierarchical connections and special rules of acceptance. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, science, interdisciplinary. The following general-historical methods have been used: historiographical analysis, historical-genetic, terminological analysis, comparative, typological. The scientific novelty of the basis of a wide range of published and unpublished researches of in the sphere of the principles of the formation of law we have systematized and substantiated the formula of cause-effect relationships, which ultimately made a decisive influence on modern positive law. Conclusions. The current lаw, as well as the formation of the state, has undergone a significant historical path of its formation and development from the primitive custom to the established positive law of the state. At the same time, in the early states, the customary way of legal regulation prevailed, even under persistent and ever- strengthened attempts by public authorities to influence the legal life of the contemporary society and dominate it through the judicial and administrative apparatus. The very origins and principles of the current legislation can be found in the social regulation of the primitive society, which was carried out, first of all, with the help of customs, taboos, morals, etc. At the same time, the main principles of customary law as the first form of positive law were mythological and religious principles, which also evolved and were supplemented in the process of further development of its forms. The origins of the current legislation, which reflect the historical beginning of its phased formation and development, are different in certain time and social terms. As for the current lаw, it arose in the conditions of gradual and long-term formation of socially heterogeneous society, as well as development, first of all, socio-economic relations. At the same time, the historical conditions of the emergence of the officially established modern positive law, that is, the law of law, are formed, including, and through the prism of social interests, layers close to the state apparatus. These circumstances made it possible to make such managerial decisions that would better protect their property rights and opportunities through the prism of the formation of positive law, which has a universal character for the whole society. Key words: society, state, positive law, absolute law
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OKOLNYCHA, T. "FEATURES OF SOCIALIZATION AND FORMATION OF MORALITY OF CHILDREN IN RELATIVES OF EASTERN SLAVS." ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, no. 20 (November 22, 2017): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2017.20.209809.
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In the article, on the basis of the analysis of ethnographic research of the 19th –beginning of the 20th centuries, peculiarities of folk pedagogy of the Eastern Slavs, in particular the influence of the family customs on socialization and the formation of children`s morality have been considered. The author focuses on the main functions of the ethnopedagogy of our ancestors: the formation of positive character features of the child, the provision of a happy life to a newborn, the provision of connection and harmony between the child and its family accompanied by special rituals.In the Eastern Slavic society, the process of socialization of a child took place naturally. Education was a part of multilateral social relations. Children were not much prepared for the future adult life, they rather gradually joined it due to the complication of their social role, involvement in various spheres of social activity on weekdays and holidays. The upbringing of children was not separated from the life of adults. The content, forms, methods of education depended on lifestyle, gender and age division of labor, family relations, beliefs of our ancestors, etc.Characteristics of ethnographic materials has allowed the author to conclude that the Eastern Slavs developed an effective system of forms, means, methods of folk education, which ensured the preservation of the custom-ritual culture and contributed to the formation of the ethnic group; one of the central places in Eastern Slavic family customs belongs to those aimed at ensuring the happiness and well-being of the child, the acceptation of a newborn into the family and promoting the creation by a child its own future family. Methods of influence on the morality and socialization of the child were basically based on the principles of contact magic.
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Ismailbekova, Aksana. "Constructing the authority of women through custom: Bulak village, Kyrgyzstan." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 2 (March 2016): 266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1081381.
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The traditional authority of Kyrgyz women operates within moral frameworks and through their roles as keepers of hearth and home, and has been recognized by the state for its important role in family life and in society. Women are responsible for the health of future generations, for the quality of children's education, and for safeguarding and passing on moral principles, which contribute to the formation of the traditional Kyrgyz family, and thus to the Kyrgyz nation. Kyrgyz ideas that women are keepers of hearth and home are exactly the ideas that allow women to build authority within the home and family. Not only do Kyrgyz women actually gain a great deal of power in their families over the course of their lives, but also this female power is foundational to the Kyrgyz sense of nation and sovereignty. Thus, what seems to be “domestic” power is, in fact, power with very public connections and effects.
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Wahyudi, Hikwan, Ubay Harun, and Muhammad Taufik. "Islamic Law Perspective on the Use of Incense in Thanksgiving Events at the Balabe Customs in Kailinese Ethnic." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC LAW AND SOCIETY 3, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/ijcils.vol3.iss2.36.
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The traditional Balabe or Nolabe in the thanksgiving event is an asset of cultural wealth in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Balebe or Molabe custom is carried out every time there are celebratory activities such as weddings, mourning, childbirth and others. This study aims to provide knowledge and understanding of the process of using incense in the implementation of the Balabe custom and how to review Islamic law on the tradition. This study uses a qualitative approach, namely research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people related to the people in Palupi, especially the Kaili tribe. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Furthermore, after the data is collected, the data obtained needs to be analyzed in three stages that run in cycles: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of this study indicate that basically, the major schools of jurisprudence agree to accept customs as the basis for the formation of law. However, in terms of numbers and details, there are differences of opinion between these schools, so that 'urf is included in the group of disputed arguments among scholars. The research implies that it is hoped that all leaders, the community and local government officials will maintain and preserve the bolabe tradition in order to survive even in the face of today's times.
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Guo, Jinhua. "Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of High Bride Price in Rural Areas in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy." Scientific and Social Research 3, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ssr.v3i4.1223.
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The bride price, as a deeply influential marriage custom rooted in traditional Chinese society, is an important and indispensable procedure in the process of marriage conclusion. The existence of bride price in the rural society is not wrong, but the high bride price has brought many inconveniences to the farmers’ life. This paper selects X village in south Henan as the research object, and conducts an in-depth investigation on the marriage culture of the village by using literature research and interview method, and makes a detailed interpretation of the bride price and wedding customs in the village, analyzes the inevitability of the existence of “high bride price”, and then concludes that the imbalance of the gender ratio of marriageable men and women, the change of the main body to which the bride price belongs, the parents’ The four reasons for this are: the imbalance in the gender ratio of marriageable men and women, the change in the main body of the bride price, the unlimited parental support, and the influence of “face” of rural people. “As a prevalent phenomenon, we should deal with it rationally and find appropriate ways to curb the high bride price.
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Tomov, Martin L., Maria Tsompana, Zachary T. Olmsted, Michael Buck, and Janet L. Paluh. "Human Embryoid Body Transcriptomes Reveal Maturation Differences Influenced by Size and Formation in Custom Microarrays." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 8978–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12734.
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Goto, Takahiro, and Mika Himachi. "The examination of the exercise custom formation model in the person with a physical disability." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 79 (September 22, 2015): 1AM—049–1AM—049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.79.0_1am-049.
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Cai, Bianyun, Nan Jiang, Peijie Tan, Yi Hou, Yubao Li, Li Zhang, and Songsong Zhu. "The custom making of hierarchical micro/nanoscaled titanium phosphate coatings and their formation mechanism analysis." RSC Advances 9, no. 70 (2019): 41311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08168b.
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SAUL, BEN. "Legislating from a Radical Hague: The United Nations Special Tribunal for Lebanon Invents an International Crime of Transnational Terrorism." Leiden Journal of International Law 24, no. 3 (May 27, 2011): 677–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156511000203.
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AbstractIn 2011, the Appeals Chamber of the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon purported to identify a customary international crime of transnational terrorism and applied it in interpreting domestic terrorism offences under Lebanese law. This article argues that the Tribunal's decision was incorrect because all the sources of custom relied upon by the Appeals Chamber – national legislation, judicial decisions, regional and international treaties, and UN resolutions – were misinterpreted, exaggerated, or erroneously applied. The Tribunal's laissez-faire attitude towards custom formation jeopardizes the freedom from retrospective criminal punishment, subjugating the human rights of potential defendants to the Tribunal's own moralizing conception of what the law ought to be. The decision is not good for international law or public confidence in its institutions and processes.
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Sender, Omri, and Sir Michael Wood. "Between ‘Time Immemorial’ and ‘Instant Custom’: The Time Element in Customary International Law." Grotiana 42, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-42020007.
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Abstract Article 38.1(b) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which refers to customary international law as ‘a general practice accepted as law’, makes no mention of duration. Yet the ‘time element’, as the Court itself called it, has not infrequently been relevant—if not central—to determining whether a rule of customary international law has come into being. The present article seeks to describe how far the passage of time is necessary for the creation of rules of customary international law, and the possible significance of time to the customary process more generally. While noting that no particular duration is required for the formation of customary international law, it suggests that some time must always elapse, and that assertions of a rapid development in customary international law are to be treated with a degree of caution. Light is thrown on particular ways in which time may indeed be of significance for the formation and identification of a rules of customary international law, and on further ways in which time (and timing) may impact the life cycle of such rules, including their possible change and demise.
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Kalinina, Elena. "Law Between Public Norm and Narrative: from Fazaña and Fuero to Royal Jurisdiction in Medieval Castile." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018843-6.
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The formation of the state-legal system in medieval Europe can be represented as a model. This is convenient for a more detailed study of historical and legal processes. This model does not completely coincide with historical reality, but it reflects the main laws of the evolution of the state and law. This process is considered on the example of medieval Castile. There the law developed in a spiral. Developed legal forms inherited from Rome were replaced by primitive barbaric law, and then returned to the patterns proposed by Roman law, but at a higher level. This evolution corresponded to the formation of state (public) power. In the described model, the following stages are highlighted. Romanization of the local population, the arrival of Roman law. Visigothic conquest, the creation of vulgar Roman law mixed with Germanic customs. The Arab conquest, the destruction of the emerging system. Castile's abandonment of the previous legal system, a return to regulation by custom. Fixing customs in court decisions, the emergence of precedents (fazañas). The influence of the Royal administration on the formation of a unified state-legal system, the creation of fuero. Development of Royal written law by means of abstract rules of law. The peculiarity of the evolution of the legal system was a fact that periods could not be rigidly separated from each other. Legal forms at each stage coexisted and interacted. Each instrument regulated legal relations in its own sphere. Another feature is that the development of law went from a narrative (a story about Law, saturated with emotions, values, morality) to an abstract faceless rule of law, the source of which was public power.
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Shamsudin, M. S., M. F. Achoi, M. N. Asiah, L. N. Ismail, A. B. Suriani, S. Abdullah, S. Y. S. Yahya, and M. Rusop. "An Investigation on the Formation of Carbon Nanotubes by Two-Stage Chemical Vapor Deposition." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/972126.
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High density of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been synthesized from agricultural hydrocarbon: camphor oil using a one-hour synthesis time and a titanium dioxide sol gel catalyst. The pyrolysis temperature is studied in the range of 700–900°C at increments of 50°C. The synthesis process is done using a custom-made two-stage catalytic chemical vapor deposition apparatus. The CNT characteristics are investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that structural properties of CNT are highly dependent on pyrolysis temperature changes.
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Красівський, Орест, and Вікторія Товт. "Features and problems of customs control in the context of European integration." Public administration aspects 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/152110.
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The article considers the stages of formation of customs business and initial training integration processes of Ukraine in the European Union in the field of cross-border cooperation, settlement of border relations, development of a custom policy which is capable to ensure effective contacts of the parties etc. Also the article considers the definition of customs control in current legislation and done by scientists.
Investigated the main offenses during the implementation of customs control, which underestimate the effectiveness of this procedure and make it ineffective to perform their functions. The main problems of methodological inefficiency are given during ensuring the activities of customs authorities in the exercise of their powers, which has a negative influence on the quality, reliability and efficiency of their implementation tasks.
Carried out an analysis of the staffing of customs authorities, namely their qualifications, the quality of the organization of working conditions, the peculiarities of business trips and their payment, wages and others problems that hinder the effective work of regulatory authorities. Revealed the main tasks related to the formation of a new personnel policy in the customs authorities through improving of professional level of training of employees, organization of cooperation between regulatory authorities and educational institutions and providing the necessary methodological, practical and educational literature of persons who teach courses or undergo advanced training, etc.
Proposed ways of improving public administration by customs control in Ukraine in order to prevent such common offenses as proliferation of schemes illicit trafficking in goods and smuggling, withdrawal from the shadow of trade in goods that imported from abroad. Emphasized on necessity to eliminate the problem of effectively coordination of the activities of customs control bodies, and also the problem of acceleration of control procedures, registration, control and others formalities at the border through the coordination of the Ukrainian legal framework with international standards. The analysis of the main problems of the previous customs is carried out control and suggested ways to solve them.
Argued areas for improving public administration by the customs control of Ukraine, which will help to detect offenses in research area more effectively, develop methods and approaches to their elimination and minimization and also to indemnify for damages incurred in the process of violating the law.
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Narawi, Mohammad Syawal, Nor Hasimah Ismail, Nuraini Yusoff, and Lee Jun Choi. "THE FORMATION OF MORAL VALUES AS BEING A MESSAGE BASED ON A CHARACTER NAME IN THE KELABIT COMMUNITY CUSTOM TERMS OF ADDRESS." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 5, no. 17 (March 7, 2022): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.517001.
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This study discusses the formation of moral values as being a message based on a character name in the Kelabit Highlands community custom terms of address. This study was conducted in Bintulu, Sarawak. Seven ethnic Kelabit from Bario Highland and aged between 50 and 70 years of informan. The main data sources obtained through interview, observation, photography and analysis of documents. The tide of change globalization which traction among new generation causes less kelabit communities to their ancestral treasure in particular related character names and subsequently made a message in life their daily. Due to the current scenario and problems, the study was done to identify the formation of moral values as being a message based on a character name in the Kelabit Highlands community custom terms of address. Character name referred to in this study specific to the selection a combination of vocabulary name Aran Raja, Raja, Aran Paran Pelaba and Maran Bala in the Kelabit Highlands community custom terms of address. A combination of vocabulary name concerned is a combination of vocabulary name in the category Element Name first class in name change or Irau Mekaa Ngadan '. Study on the character of the name of this vocabulary to nurture theory presented by Lickona (1992) and the related description of the formation of moral values based on the principles of moral values as outlined by the Ministry of information communication and Culture (2013). The study found that every individual to be granted the title of the relevant combination is able to form a noble personality character and became a symbol of community identity Kelabit ethnic character. In addition, the title also to create individual identity in your welfare values for himself and for the ethnic Kelabit. Pure Pembentukannilai based on character names are as follows, namely, highlighting responsible character, showing character dear exhibit sincerity/integrity (honesty) and symbolizes justice and leadership qualities.
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Gong, Nan, and I. I. Fedorov. "Historical evolution of the judicial system of Ancient Russia in the aspect of customary law." Legal Science in China and Russia, no. 4 (September 16, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2587-9723.2021.4.126-131.
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The formation of the Russian procedural legal system is closely connected with its unique historical evolution. Russian Russian culture According to the Norman theory of the origin of the Russian nation, the Scandinavian culture is the most important source of early Russian culture. During the chaotic period of the tribe at the stage of primitive society, the Norman Varian was invited to Russia to reconcile the tribes of Russia and manage them, and this brought the Germanic custom to regulate the socio-economic and legal relations of various tribes. Since the formation of the ancient state of Russia, the ruling class has constantly strengthened the drafting of new laws and regulations, but customary law still dominates the legal system of the state. At the same time, ordinary norms in the system of customary law as a quasi-legal norm between morality and law have become an integral organic component of social customs and norms at all stages of Russian social development.During the period of Ancient Russia, the common custom of the Slavic people and the Norman Customary Law had a profound impact on the social life of ancient Russia. From the beginning of the 9th to the 17th century, customary law existed as the main legal source for regulating social relations in the late period of the development of Russian primitive society and in the earlier time of feudal society. His coercive force was based on the conviction that was widespread in the social community during this period, that is, "existing customs denote a reasonable basis". With the formation of the East Slavic state, the rulers began to work on drafting new legal norms, but inheritance is still mainly based on customs based on the clan system. As a result, as a rule of conduct recognized and guaranteed by the state, traditional customs gradually acquired a legal nature, and after that, positive law was formed. "Russkaya Pravda" is the most representative legal collection in the early years of the Russian feudal society, "The Truth of Ross", which was compiled according to the customs of the Eastern Slavs, and is the very fi rst positive law of ancient Russia.Before the appearance of formal law, customary law always played a role and coercive force as legislation, but the self-defense and insane methods of revenge obtained from it also caused social unrest. In order to stop personal self-defense and self-arbitrariness, as well as to strengthen ties between different regions, it is necessary to use the power of common law to unite the Principality into a whole. Although the new law does not exclude the original good customary norms, if there are no necessary penalties for violations, it will be destructive for the law. Therefore, it is necessary to give customary law a legal meaning and a compelling force, without changing the existing content of customary law.I must say that the German customs and the traditional customs of the Slavic people are intertwined in the historical codifi cation of Russian procedural law, forming a unique historical path of development of the procedural legal system of ancient Russia. Although national customs were recognized by the state in the form of positive law with the help of " Russian Truth”, and became the norm of justice and social norm on the basis of the guarantee of national coercive force, but this did not change the essence of customary law, but the form of positive law was given to it. As the modernization of the Russian judicial system moves into modern times, generations of legislators and lawyers are focusing on the study of national legal traditions and history, trying to discover the natural laws governing the development of the Russian legal system, and are constantly trying to make progress in the modern and modern process of judicial reform. The harmony of legislation, the borrowing of laws and national customs to a certain extent ensured a reasonable adjustment of national laws and norms of customary law.
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Rotter, Carina, Clare Rusbridge, and Noel Fitzpatrick. "Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation in a Dog Treated with a Custom-Made Implant." VCOT Open 03, no. 02 (July 2020): e170-e176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721030.
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Abstract Background Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) is reported rarely in dogs and few treatment options are described. The congenital condition is thought to be associated with a proatlas re-segmentation failure resulting in malformation and malalignment of the craniovertebral junction which can result in C1 to 5 myelopathic signs. Methods Customized three-dimensional printed locking plate with trajectory screw implantation points for the stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint in a dog with OAAM. The dog was evaluated at time points 0, 2, 6 and 9 months to determine clinical outcome, degree of fusion, implant positioning and subsidence. Results New bone formation was noted 9 months after surgery, but complete fusion remained absent, although no implant failure occurred. Clinically, the dog made a good recovery and was able to exercise normally 9 months after surgery. The only residual deficit was a subtle left-sided cervical torticollis. Clinical Significance This report illustrates a management option and outcome of a dog treated with OAAM. Collaboration between clinicians and engineers provides a new dimension of care for patients with vertebral malformations.