Relevant bibliographies by topics / Custom formation

Academic literature on the topic 'Custom formation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Custom formation"

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Юлия Владимировна, Сорокина. "LEGAL CUSTOM AS A SOURCE OF LAW." NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, no. 1 (March 2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-1-35-44.

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This article presents a study of legal custom as a source of law. The relevance of this problem is substantiated. The question of the essence of custom, its legal nature, which consists in the peculiarities of the way of regulating social relations by custom, is clarified. The questions of the origin and formation of legal customs are investigated. In particular, theories of the origin of customs are considered: the theory of spontaneous education and the theory of individual creativity. The correlation of custom and judicial precedent, custom and law is also analyzed, the viability of custom in the conditions of the state is proved.
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Юлия Владимировна, Сорокина. "LEGAL CUSTOM AS A SOURCE OF LAW." NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, no. 1 (March 2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-1-35-44.

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This article presents a study of legal custom as a source of law. The relevance of this problem is substantiated. The question of the essence of custom, its legal nature, which consists in the peculiarities of the way of regulating social relations by custom, is clarified. The questions of the origin and formation of legal customs are investigated. In particular, theories of the origin of customs are considered: the theory of spontaneous education and the theory of individual creativity. The correlation of custom and judicial precedent, custom and law is also analyzed, the viability of custom in the conditions of the state is proved.
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Guliyev, Khagani. "Local Custom in International Law." International Community Law Review 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341347.

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The present paper examines the particular difficulties observed in the formation, identification and continuity of local custom in the light of the interaction that exists between it and two main sources of international law: general custom and treaty. The article firstly argues that, although local custom presents certain features and faces specific difficulties that distinguishes it from both general custom and treaty, it generally follows the “custom logic” in its formation and identification, as both local and general customs are made from the same “ingredients”: practice and opinio juris. However, the situation is different when it comes to the continuity of an existing local customary rule. The article shows that the succession of States may call into question the continuity of local custom which operates as a treaty in case of State succession, following the “treaty logic” rather than the “custom logic”.
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Novikova, Yuliya Gennad'evna. "Legal custom and universal practice in the Russian criminal proceedings." Юридические исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.4.35160.

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The object of this research is the assemblage of social relations arising in the sphere of criminal justice in the course of eliminating legal gaps and contradictions. The subject of this research is the legal custom as one nontraditional sources of law for the Russian criminal proceeding, which is applied in the absence of norms consolidated in the normative legal acts, which are aimed at regulating the corresponding legal relations. Analysis is conducted on the essence of the concept of legal custom, means of formation, classification, and methods of application in criminal proceedings. Special attention is given to the methods of authorization of legal custom by the state, which may entail the recognition of this source of law as independent or transformation into another source of law. The main conclusions that also determine the scientific novelty of this research are as follows. 1. The system of Russia criminal procedure law is characterized by the development processes, which imply the formation and application of such an nontraditional source of law as legal custom. 2. Legal custom represents the rules not prohibited by law for performing procedural actions and making procedural decisions, which are translated into practice through repetition by the of the proceedings in the absence of the enforceable rule of law. 3. According to the method of formation, legal customs in criminal proceedings can be classified into dispositive (based on the voluntary will of the participants) and imperative (formed through tacit administrative influence). 4. Imperative legal customs are the negative phenomena of legal reality and cannot be attributed to the sources of law. 5. Authorization of legal custom as an independent source of law consists in its “tacit” approval by the government authorities. Textual consolidation of legal custom entails its transformation into a new form of law. 6. Universal practice is one of the characteristics of legal custom and a possible means for its legalization.
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Biko, Millicent Akello, and Joseph Mbabazi Apio. "Influence of Intra-Regional Trading on Uganda's Economic Progress." Global Journal of Economics and Trade 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58425/gjet.v1i1.37.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the trade impact of the EAC Customs Union and to analyze the impact of intra-EAC trade on Uganda's economic growth. Methodology: The study employed serial data and a non-experimental study design. Regression analysis was used capturing causal relationships between variables and measuring the impact of trading and shaping within the EAC customs union. Findings: The finding shows that after the formation of the custom union, the volume of trade in Uganda has increased proportionately by 0.9083 percent. Conclusion: The effect of the custom union on Uganda intra-EAC trade, the EAC dummy coefficient was also found to be positive and statistically significant. Recommendation: The study recommended the formation of the EAC Customs Union which is an important step in the process of deepening regional integration among its members.
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Karavaeva, Ya N. "Custom as a Source of Legal Regulation of Property Relations in the Russian Federation." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 6 (July 9, 2021): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.127.6.114-122.

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The paper discusses the issue of the use of custom in the regulation of property relations. The author analyzes the possibility of determining the content of subjective property rights by customary legal norms, namely, such powers as the use and disposal. Attention is focused on the influence of customs on the formation of the owner’s discretion in the exercise of his subjective rights, in particular, the following questions are investigated: on what or on whom does this “discretion” depend? Is it possible that customs influence the formation of the discretion of a particular owner? Special attention is paid to the establishment of limits for the exercise of property rights under customary legal norms. According to the author, applying custom in the regulation of public relations, the owner of a property right does not go beyond the legal field, since custom is a source of law, and in this case one should speak of “discretion within the current legislation” and “discretion beyond it.” The paper concludes that customs can determine the content of subjective property rights, methods of protecting property rights, in particular self-defense issues, and are more often used in the regulation of real legal relations based on private ownership, while customs cannot contradict the peremptory norms. It is emphasized that a special role in the regulation of property relations is assigned to local customs.
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Maksimova, I. M. "Legal Convention as a Source of Law: Historical and Theoretical Aspects." Pravo istoriya i sovremennost, no. 4(17) (2021): 059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2021.04.pp.059-064.

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The article examines legal custom as the first source of law. For a long time legal custom has occupied a fundamental place in the formation of the entire system of law. At present, in most modern and developed countries, the supremacy of written sources of law (regulatory legal acts) dominates, and the importance of custom has begun to decline sharply. In this regard, casuistic situations arise in the practical application of normative legal acts and established legal customs legalized by the state. On the basis of this, the study of the current position of legal custom in the system of Russian law is recognized as an urgent need for a uniform conduct of business and compliance with the principles of equality and justice. An important point is that the legal custom remains an integral part of the life of society and cannot be ignored by the legal system, since it was he who initially determined the boundaries of permissibility and morality, and therefore it is necessary to base legislative activity in accordance with existing legal customs, eradicating those that contradict the basic constitutional principles or the needs of modern society.
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Heller, Kevin Jon. "Specially-Affected States and the Formation of Custom." American Journal of International Law 112, no. 2 (April 2018): 191–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.22.

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AbstractAlthough the United States has relied on the ICJ's doctrine of specially-affected states to claim that it and other powerful states in the Global North play a privileged role in the formation of customary international law, the doctrine itself has never been systematically developed by the ICJ or by legal scholars. This article fills that lacuna by addressing two questions: (1) what makes a state “specially affected”?; and (2) what is the importance of a state qualifying as “specially affected” for the formation of custom? It concludes that a theoretically coherent understanding of the doctrine would give states in the Global South significant power over custom formation.
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Evdokimova, O. M. "ACCESSIONS OF KYRGYSTAN TO THE CUSTOMS UNION: PRECONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-169-175.

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The aspiration to associate in new integration structures, such as the CIS and EurAsEC, came to change to dezintegratsionny processes after disintegration of the Soviet Union. This article is devoted to a problem of development and deepening of degree of interrelation between CIS countries in such associations, as EurAsEC and EEP, to stages of formation of integration groups. The special attention is paid to one of the most topical issues – prospect of accession of Kyrgyzstan to the Customs Union. The following aspects are distinguished from favorable consequences of decision-making on accession for Kyrgyzstan:– sustainable development of economy and cooperation with other countries from Custom Union in long-term prospect; – attraction of additional investments into national economy;– liberalization of the legislation on migration, improvement of working conditions for migrants, growth of the budgetary income of host countries, formation of new workplaces;– economic and political support of Russia and other participating countries of EEP. As negative consequences are called probability of outflow of the qualified and unqualified labor from Kyrgyzstan and possible falling of Chinese goods' import because of cancellation of the simplified order of declaring. In the article it is spoken about the main measures accepted by the participating countries of the Custom Union and Kyrgyzstan for acceleration of inclusions process of the Kyrgyz republic in structure of the Customs union. The author comes to the conclusion that integration of Kyrgyzstan into the Customs union will lift economy of Kyrgyzstan which becomes a component of huge intercontinental economic association – the Custom Union and EEP - on new qualitative level. This factor will increase investment appeal of the country for foreign partners, becomes the guarantor of development of the long-term mutually advantageous relations.
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박현석. "Silence of States in the Formation of International Custom." Journal of hongik law review 20, no. 1 (February 2019): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.16960/jhlr.20.1.201902.119.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Custom formation"

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Kletetschka, Karel. "3D Printing of Specialty Devices for Geochemical Investigations: Real-Time Studies of Goethite and Schwertmannite Formation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96191.

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New types of laboratory reactors that are highly customizable, low-cost and easy to produce are needed to investigate low-temperature geochemical processes. We recently showed that desktop 3D printing stereolithography (SLA) can be used to efficiently fabricate a mixed flow reactor (MFR) with high dimensional accuracy comparable to traditional machining methods (Michel et al., 2018). We also showed that the SLA method allowed for the addition of complex features that are often beyond the capabilities of traditional methods. However, the stability of 3D printed parts at low-temperature geochemical conditions has not been fully evaluated. The objectives of this work were twofold: 1) to provide a framework for assessing the stability and compatibility of SLA printed materials at geochemically relevant conditions, and 2) to show how 3D printed specialty devices can enable new laboratory geochemical experiments. Part 1 of this Master's thesis presents findings for enhancing mechanical and solvent resistance properties of a commercial 3D printing material (Formlabs Clear) by UV post-curing procedures and also provide data showing its stability in aqueous solutions at pH 0, 5.7, and 12 for periods of up to 18 days. Thermal degradation patterns, mechanical analysis, and leachable fraction data are provided. Part 2 shows experiments coupling 3D printed reactors and flow devices for in situ small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Schwertmannite (pH 2.7) and goethite (6.2) are precipitated from solution using various setups and observed differences in growth rates are discussed. The data show the potential of 3D printing for enabling novel laboratory geochemical experiments.
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Hermet, Alexandre. "La convergence des pratiques conventionnelles internationales : Étude du rôle des traités dans la formation de la coutume." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020037.

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Cette étude cherche à mettre en lumière les différents raisonnements qui conduisent à identifier une règle coutumière internationale sur le fondement de la convergence des pratiques conventionnelles internationales. Cette hypothèse a été expressément admise par la Commission du droit international en 2018 dans ses projets de conclusions sur la détermination du droit international coutumier. Elle a en effet considéré que « [l]e fait qu’une règle soit énoncée dans plusieurs traités peut signifier, sans toutefois que cela soit nécessairement le cas, que la règle conventionnelle reflète une règle de droit international coutumier » (Conclusion 11, al. 2). Pour mener à bien cette étude, deux aspects des règles coutumières ont été distingués : d’une part leur contenu, c’est-à-dire le comportement qu’elles prescrivent, et d’autre part leur force juridique, c’est-à-dire leur qualité de règles de droit. L’influence des dispositions conventionnelles est en effet différente dans les deux situations : en ce qui concerne la substance de la coutume, cette incidence est certaine mais varie suivant l’abstraction des énoncés conventionnels en cause. En revanche, en ce qui concerne la valeur juridique de la coutume, il est nécessaire de dépasser le principe de l’effet relatif des engagements conventionnels pour qu’ils puissent attester de l’existence d’une règle coutumière
This study seeks to highlight the different rationales which lead to the identification of an international customary rule on the basis of the convergence of international conventional practices. This assumption has been expressly accepted by the International Law Commission in 2018 in its draft conclusions on the determination of customary international law. It has held that "[t]he fact that a rule is set forth in a number of treaties may, but does not necessarily, indicate that the treaty rule reflects a rule of customary international law" (Conclusion 11, para. 2). To carry out this study, two aspects of customary rules are distinguished: on the one hand, their content, that is to say the behaviour they prescribe, and on the other hand, their legal bindingness, that is to say their quality of rules of law. The influence of conventional provisions is indeed different in these two situations: as regards the substance of the custom, this incidence is certain but varies according to the abstraction of the conventional statements in question. By contrast, as far as the legal value of custom is concerned, it is necessary to go beyond the principle of relative effects of conventional commitments so that they can attest to the existence of a customary rule
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Davis, Allison R., and Carlos Delgado. "Archaeological Investigations at Yuthu: New Data on the Formative Period in Cusco, Perú (400-100 BC)." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113538.

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Until recently very little archaeology in Cusco has focused on pre-Inka periods. This article aims to mitigate this shortcoming by presenting the results of excavations and artifact analyses conducted between 2005 and 2009 at Yuthu, a Formative Period site (400-100 BC). We will (1) describe the architecture and archaeological features found in two sectors at Yuthu, emphasizing the stratigraphic order and absolute chronology of the principal contexts, and (2) present the results of analyses of pottery, stone tools, animal bones, and botanical remains. The villagers of Yuthu divided their settlement into domestic and ceremonial spaces. Furthermore, they were shepherds and farmers living within a regional political system that was part of an even wider trade network that extended into the jungle and into other parts of the Andean highlands.
La época preinka de la región Cusco ha sido poco estudiada hasta ahora. El presente artículo pretende contribuir a mitigar esta carencia respecto del Periodo Formativo de esta parte del Perú. Se exponen los resultados de las excavaciones y estudios arqueológicos realizados entre 2005 y 2009 en Yuthu, un sitio del Periodo Formativo Tardío (400-100 a.C.). Se describen las construcciones arquitectónicas y rasgos arqueológicos encontrados en dos sectores, con énfasis en el orden estratigráfico y la cronología absoluta de los contextos principales, y se presentan análisis de cerámica, objetos líticos, restos de fauna y flora. El texto demuestra que los pobladores de Yuthu ya tenían una división entre el espacio doméstico y ceremonial dentro de su comunidad. Además, fueron pastores y agricultores situados dentro de un sistema político regional que participaba en redes de intercambios más amplias que se extendieron hasta la selva y llegaron a otras regiones altoandinas.
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Fong, Sharon Mei Chan. "Examining re-patronising intentions formation : the intention-as-wants model /." Connect to this title, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0020.

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Zapata, Julinho. "Arquitectura y contextos funerarios wari en Batan Urqu, Cusco." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113621.

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Funerary Architecture and Contexts at Batan Urqu, CuscoThe site of Batan Urqu, located in the Huaro Valley, in the province of Quispicanchi, Cusco, was continuously occupied from the Formative Period until European contact. Excavations revealed that during the Middle Horizon a complex of funerary buildings and structures had been constructed within a rectangular area demarcated by a wall. Data recovered by the author from excavations of the Wari funerary complex between August and October of 1992 are provided. The architecture and spatial organization of funerary structures are described, as well as the position of individuals and associated objects. Finally, a series of observations regarding the general burial pattern is presented, and an interpretation of the cultural remains, currently being analyzed, is offered.
El sitio de Batan Urqu, ubicado en el valle de Huaro, provincia de Quispicanchis, Cusco, fue ocupado continuamente desde el periodo Formativo hasta la época del contacto europeo. Las excavaciones realizadas permitieron revelar que durante el Horizonte Medio se construyó un conjunto de edificios y estructuras de uso funerario en un espacio rectangular enmarcado por una muralla. Se proporcionan los datos obtenidos en las excavaciones en el complejo funerario wari llevadas a cabo por el autor entre agosto y octubre de 1992. Se describen la arquitectura y la organización espacial de las estructuras funerarias encontradas, posición de los individuos y los objetos asociados. Finalmente se ofrece una serie de observaciones sobre el patrón funerario y se proponen perspectivas para los análisis de vestigios culturales que en la actualidad se llevan a cabo.
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Fong, Sharon Mei Chan. "Examining re-patronising intentions formation : the intention-as-wants model." University of Western Australia. Graduate School of Management, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0020.

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Competition in the mobile services industry is intense, with players in the industry offering generally similar subscription plans. Opportunities are few for differentiating one service provider from another. In the light of prior research suggesting value is multi-dimensional, the present study, which examines how these dimensions impact customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions, provides differentiation opportunities for mobile service providers through focusing on value dimensions that are important to customers. Of six perceived value dimensions examined in the present research, value for money, reputation and social value dimensions had significant effects on customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions. One way for companies in the highly commoditized mobile service industry to minimize customer defection is to enhance their relationships with customers. However, as relationship building comes with a cost, it is of interest for companies to know whether certain customer groups will reciprocate more than others with loyalty if they are satisfied. The results from the present study show customer relationship inclination, the customer attribute examined, did not moderate the relationship between customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Finally, recent studies have differentiated measures of repurchase intentions on the basis of volition levels and have suggested that better model fit can be achieved when higher volition measures are used. Intentions-as-expectations represents the lower volition end and intentions-as-wants represents the higher volition end of intention measure. However, the present study did not find any significant differences in model fit with the different intention measures used.
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Harper, Sally. "Medieval English Benedictine liturgy : studies in the formation, structure, and content of the monastic votive office, c. 950-1540." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:639874f5-7097-4ee1-a282-4dd82003c309.

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By comparison with its secular counterpart, the liturgy of English medieval monasteries has received little attention. This thesis explores one aspect of the liturgy of some of the wealthiest and most influential foundations in England - the Benedictine houses. It covers the formation and proliferation of 'votive' observances, recited as additions to or replacements for the major calendar observances. Evidence is drawn from over fifty manuscripts, dating from the Benedictine reform of the tenth century to the eve of the Dissolution in the sixteenth century. Some thirty monasteries are represented, with particular reference to the practices of Winchester, St Albans, Worcester and St Mary's, York. Part One examines the precedent for appended observances in The Rule of St Benedict (c.540), and the interpretation of this document by the Carolingian reformer Benedict of Aniane (c.750-821). Votive practices in the first English monastic customary, Regularis Concordia (c.970), and other devotional sources of a similar date are analysed. Part Two deals with the proliferation of three major observances after the Conquest - the daily votive office, recited as an appendage to the regular hours, the weekly commemorative office, which served as a replacement for the ferial office, and the independent antiphon (in particular Salve regina), recited or sung after Compline. The structure, adoption and devotional characteristics of each observance are examined, with particular reference to the predominantly Marian bias of much of the repertory. The second volume contains liturgical texts and related analytical tables, a descriptive catalogue of sources, transcriptions of Marian antiphons from the Worcester Antiphoner (c. 1230) and a comparison of eight versions of Salve regina.
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Timofejeva, Oksana. "Formation of Barely Soluble Compounds in the CuSO4 – K4P2O7 – H2O and CuSO4 – (NH4)4P2O7 – H2O Systems." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090526_111121-30909.

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At least three poorly soluble compounds can be formed in the CuSO4 – K4P2O7 – H2O system: a single salt Cu2P2O7.5H2O and two dimorph’s both having chemical formula Cu3K2(P2O7)2.3H2O. A previously known form of Cu3K2(P2O7)2.3H2O (we named it Dimorph A) transforms into a novel Dimorph B, which has a different structure. The similarities between the XRD patterns and vibrations spectra of copper–ammonium and copper–potassium Dimorph’s B imply that they are isostructural. The values of the angle for copper–potassium and copper–ammonium salts and Cu2P2O7.5H2O are relatively low and vary within a narrow range (123.1 – 127.1°). The formation of the compounds significantly depends on the conditions of the experiment. A double salt in the CuSO4 – K4P2O7 – H2O system may be formed after some time in the reaction mixture as a result of the following heterogeneous reaction: 3Cu2P2O7∙5H2O↓ + H2P2O72– + 4K+ → 2Cu3K2(P2O7)2∙3H2O↓ + 2H+ + 9H2O This reaction has not been previously described for any polyphosphate system. Therefore, novel results of scientific investigation are presented. The rate, duration and yield of heterogeneous reaction substantially depend on pH of the solution, [Cu2+ + P2O74–] and n ([P2O74–] / [Cu2+]). At a relatively low pH the induction time is high, the reaction rate is low and duration is long. The maximal yields close to 100% can be achieved when [Cu2+ + P2O74–] = 0.1 M. At increased pH values, the induction time, the yield and duration of the reaction diminish... [to full text]
Naudojant IR-spektrometrijos, rentgenofazinės analizės, atominės absorbcinės spektroskopijos, kolorimetrijos analizės metodus buvo ištirta sistemose CuSO4 – K4P2O7 – H2O ir CuSO4 – (NH4)4P2O7 – H2O susidarančių mažai tirpių junginių sudėtis, jų susidarymo dėsningumai ir vykstančios reakcijos, įvairių veiksnių įtaką nuosėdų sudėčiai ir struktūrai. Nustatyta, kad sistemoje CuSO4 – K4P2O7 – H2O, be jau žinomų mažai tirpių junginių (paprastosios druskos Cu2P2O7 ∙ 5H2O ir dvigubosios druskos Cu3K2(P2O7)2 ∙ 3H2O), susidaro ir naujas mokslinėje literatūroje neaprašytas junginys (Dimorfas B), dvigubajai druskai patiriant polimorfinį perėjimą. Polimorfinio perėjimo trukmė labai priklauso nuo pH ir reaguojančių jonų koncentracijų. FTIR duomenų analizė parodė, kad difosfato jonų energetinė būsena Cu – K ir Cu – NH4 Dimorfuose B panaši. Jų rentgenogramos yra panašios, tikėtina, kad šie junginiai – izostruktūriniai, jų kristalinės gardelės tipas – monoklininis. Naudojant Lazarevo lygtį, bei Rulmonto priklausomybę buvo apskaičiuoti Cu – K ir Cu – NH4 Dimorfų A ir B bei paprastosios druskos P – O – P kampai, gauta, kad jie mažai keičiasi siaurame 123,1 – 127,1 º intervale. Nustatyta, kad dviguboji druska susidaro iš paprastosios, vykstant heterogeninei reakcijai: 3Cu2P2O7 ∙ 5H2O↓ + H2P2O72– + 4K+ → 2Cu3K2(P2O7)2∙ 3H2O↓ + 2H++ 9H2O. Mokslinėje literatūroje tokia reakcija neaprašyta jokiai difosfatų sistemai, jos tyrimo duomenys yra nauji. Taip pat nustatyta, kad heterogeninės reakcijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Nisstany, Karwan, and Sasha Knezevic. "Gaining customer insight : How companies can differentiate themselves using a customer-dominant logic approach on business." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48204.

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Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to develop a holistic understanding of customers’ value perceptions and experiences within the online apparel industry. In doing so, the authors’ hope to develop managerial guidelines for companies to utilize. This will be done with a customerdominant logic approach. Design/Methodology/Approach As the study aims to understand behavior and perceptions, the authors have used an inductive, qualitative method to gain the deepest possible customer insight. By using a case study, the authors have been able to further understand the given context. Using focus group interviews resonated in the authors aim to understand why the participants reasoned as they did, as they would in a focus group session argue for their standpoint. The interview template was influenced by the theories on value formation within customer-dominant logic. Findings This study strengthens the relevance of CD logic empirically and provides a deeper understanding of customers’ value perceptions and the reasons behind them. Functional elements of value were proven to be important, yet it was the values derived of emotional and life-changing elements that created true value. Based on the findings of this study, the authors have proposed a new term, true value, which refers to a state-of-mind in which a person finds in psychological well-being through the experiences derived from a product or service. Furthermore this study highlights social media’s importance within the given context. Originality/Value Previous research on customer-dominant logic has mainly been on a theoretical level. This research contributes to service research by studying the phenomena through empirical research within the online apparel industry. Furthermore, this research develops managerial guidelines for companies applying customer-dominant logic within the given context. Research Implications/Limitations Awareness of the importance of social media within the online apparel industry can provide insight and assist businesses in shaping marketing strategies. This research was limited by time, demographical group and geographical location. Furthermore, the generalizability of the results is limited to the given context.
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Slivkoff, Paulina Matvei. "The formation and contestation of Molokan identities and communities : the Australian experience." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0084.

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[Truncated abstract] Molokans are a Russian sectarian community that has been a transnational diasporic community since their exile from southern Russia in 1839. During the 1839 exodus they were relocated to Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. These countries make up a region referred to by Molokans as Transcaucasia located in and around the Caucasus Mountains. A further migration to Turkmenistan followed in 1889. Since that time, Molokans have settled in Iran, the United States of America, Mexico, Australia and Brazil. The colonies in Brazil and Mexico have disbanded with members re-joining Molokan communities in the United States of America and Australia. The communities remain in contact with one another and with various Molokan communities still existing in the Russian Soviet Socialist Federal Republic. Molokans are characterised by a religious structure of lay ministers and elders in a traditional, patriarchal social community. They are a collectivity of churches (there is no hierarchy between the churches) and sub-groups who practise varying degrees of adherence to Molokan dogma. They are a millenarian, charismatic religious community similar to Pentecostals and Anabaptists with the exception that they have ceased to evangelise and have become ‘closed’ communities practising endogamy. Given their closed structure, relatively little is known about this group in mainstream society . . . Spirituality, in the form of prophecy, healing, and the shared expression of religious ecstasy (rejoicing in the Holy Spirit) provides a sense of communitas that helps to bind the communities. Persecution in Russia and in the United States of America promoted mistrust of outsiders and contributed to the closure of social boundaries. Interventionist and reform activities in both Russia and the United States of America reinforced the belief that social closure was the only way to maintain cultural continuity. Their shared history of migration and persecution contributes to the building of a core community identity.
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Books on the topic "Custom formation"

1

Bagwell, Kyle. Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1994.

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Bagwell, Kyle. Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Latyshova, Lyudmila, Igor Lipsits, Ol'ga Oyner, Svetlana Karpova, Irina Firsova, Svetlana Azarova, Elena Panteleeva, Aleksandr Rozhkov, and Kirill Rozhkov. Customer focus: research, strategy, technology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1058297.

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Customer focus is one of the most discussed marketing concepts at the moment. The monograph covers a wide range of issues: from trends in changing culture and consumer needs, the evolution of the concept of customer orientation to tools for assessing customer focus, customer retention technologies, the role of personnel in the formation of a customer-oriented company. Designed for undergraduate, graduate, faculty and anyone interested in marketing.
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Ndedi-Penda, Patrice. Le clan--: La formation secrète d'une élite. Yaoundé: Éditions CLÉ, 2005.

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Chashin, Aleksandr. Sources and forms of modern Russian law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856363.

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The monograph reveals the concept, role and functions of the form of law in the modern Russian legal system. The author turns to the ontological foundations of knowledge of the sources of law. Attention is focused on the legal doctrine and its application as a form of law in modern legal proceedings both in Russia and in a number of neighboring countries. At the same time, judicial acts of a number of foreign states are being introduced into scientific circulation. The theoretical substantiation of the possibility of distinguishing the hypostases of the legal doctrine, considered as a condition for the formation of an open civil society, is given. The primacy of legal doctrine over judicial precedent and legal custom is proved against the background of its subsidiary effect in relation to a normative legal act. A significant part is devoted to the problems of modern codification activities and the prospects for creating a Code of laws of the Russian Federation. For a wide range of readers interested in legal issues. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.
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Pomeyrols, Catherine. Les intellectuels québécois: Formation et engagements, 1919-1939. Paris, France: L'Harmattan, 1996.

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Bensch, Stephen Paul. Economic expansion and family formation in medieval Barcelona, 1100-1291. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1988.

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Modern Egypt: The formation of a nation-state. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1988.

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Modern Egypt: The formation of a nation-state. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004.

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Goldschmidt, Arthur. Modern Egypt: The formation of a nation-state. Boulder: Westview, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Custom formation"

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Deng, Stephen. "More’s Utopia and the Logic of Debasement: Reason, Custom, and Natural Laws of Coinage." In Coinage and State Formation in Early Modern English Literature, 59–86. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118249_3.

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Trubitsyn, K. V., O. Y. Kalmykova, and Y. N. Gorbunova. "Formation of Stress Competence of Customs Officials." In Digital Economy and the New Labor Market: Jobs, Competences and Innovative HR Technologies, 240–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60926-9_31.

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La Rocca, Antonella. "Exploring the Role of Actors in the Formation of Market Relationships." In Customer-Supplier Relationships in B2B, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40993-7_1.

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Sato, Daisuke, and Yuichi Ikeda. "Supplier-Customer Network of Kyoto’s Traditional Craft Industry." In Big Data Analysis on Global Community Formation and Isolation, 93–117. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4944-1_4.

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Zhao, Wei-hong, and Yu-dong Zhang. "Dimensions and Formation Mechanism of Customer-Based Place Brand Equity." In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2015, 621–28. Paris: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-177-2_64.

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Harmon, Tracy R. "Sources of Persuasion: A Framework for Online Trust Formation During Information Search." In Marketing, Technology and Customer Commitment in the New Economy, 82–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11779-9_34.

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Pritchard, Mark P., and Daniel C. Funk. "The Formation of Customer Engagement Behavior in a Hedonic Service Setting." In Looking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing, 554–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24184-5_140.

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Poushneh, Atieh, and Arturo Vasquez-Parraga. "Formation of Satisfactory and Dissatisfactory Experiences with Augmented Reality: An Abstract." In Back to the Future: Using Marketing Basics to Provide Customer Value, 699. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66023-3_225.

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Pentti, Järvi, Munnukka Juha, and Uusitalo Outi. "The Structure and Formation of Customer value in B-to-B Services." In The Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World, 237–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50008-9_64.

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Tsiotsou, Rodoula H., and Ronald E. Goldsmith. "Exploring the Formation Process of Brand Love: A Comparison Between Goods and Services." In The Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World, 546–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50008-9_150.

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Conference papers on the topic "Custom formation"

1

Prue, Ann Marie, and Latisha Brengman. "PRELIMINARY CUSTOM IRON FORMATION CALIBRATION FOR A PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE INSTRUMENT USING THE NEOARCHEAN SOUDAN IRON FORMATION, MINNESOTA, USA." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-366887.

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Sheikh, Abdul Q., Andrei Kogan, and Daria A. Narmoneva. "Electromagnetic Field Mediates Capillary-Like Network Formation via MAPK/ERK Signaling Cascade." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206710.

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Abnormal angiogenesis (formation of capillaries) plays an important role in the impaired diabetic wound healing and has emerged as a new target area for therapeutic interventions. Pulsed magnetic field therapy, which was initially used for healing of bone fractures, has been recently introduced as a potential therapy to treat diabetic and chronic wounds [1], although the mechanisms responsible for improved healing are still unclear. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been shown to act as a directional cues in cellular responses such as migration and activations of several signal transduction cascades [2]. Recent literature delineates an important role of GHz EMF (i.e., with an oscillation period of a fraction of a nanosecond) in inducing rapid and sustained phosphorylation of mitrogen-activated kinase and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) [3]. Recent studies have also implicated MAP kinase in mediating the phosphorylation of Connexin-43 (Cx43) that accompanies regulation of cell-cell communication via connexin gap junctions [4]. Importantly, both MAPK/ERK pathway and Cx43 signaling are involved in the process of angiogenesis [5,6]. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that high-frequency (7.5GHz) EMFs promote angiogenesis in vitro via MAPK/ERK and/or Cx43 signaling. We used a custom-built EMF exposure setup and a self-assembling peptide nanoscaffold as a controlled angiogenic microenvironment [7] to quantify the effect of EMF on capillary formation and underlying cellular responses.
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Swarctz, Christopher, Elias Aljallis, Scott Hunter, John Simpson, and Chang-Hwan Choi. "Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Anti-Icing in a Low-Temperature Wind Tunnel." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40533.

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In this study, a closed loop low-temperature wind tunnel was custom-built and uniquely used to investigate the anti-icing mechanism of superhydrophobic surfaces in regulated flow velocities, temperatures, humidity, and water moisture particle sizes. Silica nanoparticle-based hydrophobic coatings were tested as superhydrophobic surface models. During tests, images of ice formation were captured by a camera and used for analysis of ice morphology. Prior to and after wind tunnel testing, apparent contact angles of water sessile droplets on samples were measured by a contact angle meter to check degradation of surface superhydrophobicity. A simple peel test was also performed to estimate adhesion of ice on the surfaces. When compared to an untreated sample, superhydrophobic surfaces inhibited initial ice formation. After a period of time, random droplet strikes attached to the superhydrophobic surfaces and started to coalesce with previously deposited ice droplets. These sites appear as mounds of accreted ice across the surface. The appearance of the ice formations on the superhydrophobic samples is white rather than transparent, and is due to trapped air. These ice formations resemble soft rime ice rather than the transparent glaze ice seen on the untreated sample. Compared to untreated surfaces, the icing film formed on superhydrophobic surfaces was easy to peel off by shear flows.
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Bongat, Ruben A., and Menandro S. Berana. "Ice Build-Up Modeling and Performance Analysis of the Customized External-Melt Ice Thermal Energy Storage in the Philippines." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65300.

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This paper elucidates the mathematical modeling of ice build-up, analysis of performance and projected economic impact of a custom-designed external-melt ice thermal energy storage (TES) that was constructed in the Philippines. Custom-designed TES evaporator coil at compressor-aided, partial storage mode with maximum design ice thickness of 2.95 in (74.93 mm) was used for the TES facility with computed maximum cooling demand of 326.2 TR (1,147 kW). The model was developed for ice formation rates based on relevant and validated researches. The governing equations for freezing were formed to solve for the weight of water converted to ice and prevailing TES bulk water temperature. All the thermophysical properties of ice expressed as a function of bulk ice temperature with correlated compressor capacity based on actual refrigeration system operating parameters was used. Performance and cost analyses showed that the custom-designed TES cooling coil requires an increase in initial investment by about 14.26% compared to conventional water chiller of similar capacity by only considering the addition of TES tank, excluding electrical and piping requirements of the chiller and TES systems. Benefits from time-of-use (TOU) rates, wherein electricity is cheaper at night, and coefficient of performance (COP) improvement due to lower ambient temperature at night translate to 31.88% internal rate of return (IRR) at 5-year cash flow or simple payback period of 2.55 years.
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Zhang, Dongxu, Qiyu Huang, Rongbin Li, Danfu Cao, and Huiyuan Li. "Hydrate Formation in Water-in-Oil Emulsions in the Presence of Resins." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9350.

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Abstract Gas hydrate is one of the main concerns in the flow assurance issues for under water multiphase pipelines. Hydrate nucleation and growth in the water-in-oil emulsions have not been completely understood due to the complex factors, such as the composition of crude oils. Resins, as a common component in crude oil, can pose great effects on hydrate formation, which is still lack of investigation. This paper aims to bridge this gap with a custom-designed high pressure autoclave. Different with other hydrate investigation apparatus, an online viscometer was equipped for the real time viscosity measurement. Resins were separated from the Venezuelan residue for the purpose, following the saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes fractionation method. A series of experiments of hydrate formation were carried out in the emulsions with the presence of different resin contents, under the condition of 2.7 °C, 2.6 MPa, and 40 vol. % water cut. It was observed that resins hindered hydrate formation in water-in-oil emulsions. The induction time increased with the increasing of resin content. The induction time in the emulsion with the presence of 1.0 wt. % resin content was almost 200 min longer than that in the emulsion without resins. It was found that an increase in resin concentration led to the significant reduction in temperature peak. In addition, a time delay phenomenon of temperature and pressure in the growth onset was found in the system with 0.5 or 1.0 wt. % resin content, by virtue of the online viscometer. It demonstrated the impeding effect of resins on hydrate growth. Moreover, the microphotographs of water-in-oil emulsions were obtained. It was observed that the resins can be adsorbed on the water droplet surface, and hence occupied the hydrate nucleation sites and formed a barrier for the further penetration of gas molecules. The adsorption phenomenon can preliminarily account for the inhibiting effect of resins on hydrate formation. It provides a scientific understanding for the effect of resins on hydrate formation in water-in-oil emulsions, excluding the interference of wax and other components. It would be useful to an appropriate flow assurance strategy designing for the under-water multiphase pipelines.
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Z. Losoya, Enrique, Narendra Vishnumolakala, Samuel F. Noynaert, Zenon Medina-Cetina, Satish Bukkapatnam, and Eduardo Gildin. "Automatic Identification of Rock Formation Type While Drilling Using Machine Learning Based Data-Driven Models." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201020-ms.

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Abstract The objective of this study is to present a novel rock formation identification model using a data-driven modeling approach. This study explores the use of real-time drilling data to train and validate a classification model to improve the efficiency of the drilling process by reducing Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE). In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a layer-based determination and change detection of properties of rock formation currently being drilled as accurately and fast as possible. Data for this study was collected from a custom-built lab-scale drilling rig equipped with multiple sensors. The experiment was conducted by drilling through an arrangement of different rock formations of varying rock strength properties. Data was recorded and stored at a frequency of 2 kHz, then filtered, processed, and downsampled to extract relevant features. This dataset was used to train an Artificial Neural Network and other machine learning classification algorithms. Feature selection was made first with ten most notable features found by Random Forest, and the second set with derived measurements and down-sampled dynamic features from the sensors. The classification analysis was divided into two steps: the best predictors/features extraction and classification model building. The models were trained using multiple classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). It was found that random forest and ANN performed the best with prediction accuracy of 99.48% and 99.58%, respectively, for the data set with ten most prominent features. The high prediction rate accuracy for the most prominent predictors suggests that if the high-frequency data can be processed in real-time, predicting what formation we are drilling in is possible to achieve in near real-time. This can lead to significant savings for drilling companies as optimal drilling parameters can be computed, and in turn, optimized Mechanical Specific Energy can be obtained in real-time. Since the rock formation identification is time-consuming, we also describe here an alternative approach using slightly less accurate but equally powerful dynamic predictors. In this case, we show that our dynamic predictor models with RF and ANN yielded prediction accuracy of 96.30% and 95.61%, respectively. Both the prominent feature and dynamic predictor approaches are described in detail in this paper. Our results suggest that accurately predicting rock formation type in real-time while drilling is very much feasible with lesser computational cost and complexity. This study provides the building blocks for the development of a completely autonomous downhole device and Electronic Device Recorders (EDR) that reduces the need for highly sophisticated sensors or data transmission processes downhole.
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Chan, Y. Sing, F. B. Song, S. W. Ricky Lee, C. R. Yang, and Jeffery C. C. Lo. "Comparison of Fatigue Crack Initiation/Propagation and Daisy-Chain Resistance in Lead-Free Solder Joints Under Temperature Cycling Test." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52219.

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It has been a common practice in the microelectronics industry to evaluate the long-term solder joint reliability using the accelerated temperature cycling (ATC) test. The thermal fatigue failure mechanism of solder joints during the ATC test involves the initiation of microcracks and, subsequently, their propagation and coalescence for a complete joint separation. Traditionally, the industry employs methods based on the measurement of the daisy-chain resistance to monitor the failure of the solder joints. Yet, there is no specific study to investigate the relationship between the resistance change during the ATC test and the crack formation of the solder fatigue. This study aims to provide an experimental investigation on such relationship. A custom-made sample is designed and fabricated in the study. The fatigue crack growth in solder joints of certain custom-made assemblies can be directly inspected during the test. The daisy-chain resistance is real-time monitored. The test results reveal that the electrical resistance monitoring approach is not effective in detecting the fatigue crack initiation and subsequent propagation. As a result, a partially degraded interconnect cannot be identified. Therefore, new monitoring methods should be developed for this purpose.
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Sengupta, Dibyendu, Jane C. Burns, Andrew Kahn, and Alison L. Marsden. "Patient-Specific Hemodynamic Simulations in a Group of Patients With Coronary Artery Aneurysms Caused by Kawasaki Disease." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14842.

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Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness that can result in life threatening coronary artery aneurysms in up to 25% of untreated patients. These aneurysms put patients at risk for thrombus formation, myocardial infarction and sudden death. Currently, clinical decisions are made based on anatomy alone, with aneurysm diameter > 8mm as the arbitrary cutoff for anticoagulation therapy, despite a lack of evidence for this choice. We postulate that patient specific hemodynamics may be a better predictor for the risk of thrombosis than maximum diameter alone. To quantify hemodynamics, we performed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using patient specific models with custom coronary boundary conditions.
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Langer, Eckhard, Moritz Andreas Meyer, Ehrenfried Zschech, and Marko Herrmann. "SEM in-situ Study of Electromigaration Induced Degradation Processes in Embedded Copper Interconnects." In ISTFA 2002. ASM International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2002p0733.

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Abstract In this paper an experimental set-up is presented that allows the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in-situ investigation of electromigration phenomena in fully embedded copper interconnect structures, both from a top-down and from a cross-sectional perspective. The condition that the interconnects under test are fully embedded during the in-situ experiment is achieved using a Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) preparation technique. A SEM is equipped with a custom-made heating stage. During the experiment the void formation, growth and agglomeration process can be observed. Post-mortem cross-section analysis after the interconnect failure reveals e.g. a relationship between the microstructure of the copper contact and the non-constant growth rate of the voids.
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Littera, D., M. Velardi, A. Cozzolini, G. Yoder, M. C. Besch, D. K. Carder, and M. Gautam. "Integrated Physical and Chemical Measurements of PM Emissions of Dispersing Plume Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck: Wind Tunnel Studies: Part I — Design and Commissioning." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92091.

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Over the past few decades there has been considerable progress made in understanding the processes leading to formation and evolution of particulate matter (PM) emissions from heavy duty diesel engines (HDDE). This progress has been primarily made under controlled laboratory conditions with the use of constant volume sampling (CVS) systems and to a limited extend through on-road chase studies. West Virginia University (WVU) is attempting to close the present knowledge gap by conducting detailed experiments in a custom designed and constructed environmental wind tunnel. The understanding and knowledge has recently been further extended to new emission reduction technologies, such as the diesel particulate filter (DPF) which has dramatically changed the size distribution and chemical composition of PM. Additionally, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology has shown to further enhance the formation of nucleation mode particles as well as alter their morphology. Even with advances in technology there remains a considerable gap in the current level of understanding of PM formation and evolution, since the combustion generated PM from diesel engines is not discernible from the atmospheric background PM measured beyond 300m from highways. After being emitted from the vehicle exhaust system, the process of dilution in the atmosphere leads to a multitude of PM transformation phenomena, such as volatilization, coagulation, and condensation. The work presented herein has been divided into two parts which are published separately from each another. The first part describes the design and commissioning process of the wind tunnel focusing on both, aerodynamic and structural constraints, which ultimately led to the definition of the main characteristics of the facility. The resulting design is a subsonic, non-recirculating, suction type tunnel, with a 16ft high and 16ft wide test section capable of housing a full-size heavy-duty tractor cab. A 2,200hp suction fan is employed to provide up to 80 mph wind speeds. The 115ft test cell length guarantees for a 2 second residence time for the exhaust plume evolution (at 35 mph) and complies with turbulence intensity (less than 1%) and quality flow requirement as identified for this type of application. In addition, the West Virginia University (WVU) wind tunnel has been equipped with a custom made sampling system able to move in all three dimensions in order to measure spatially resolved plume characteristics. The second part will describe the actual test procedures and the experimental results and will be published in a separate paper.
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Reports on the topic "Custom formation"

1

Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert Staiger. Multilateral Tariff Cooperation during the Formation of Customs Unions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4543.

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Reference section for the Minturn Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian), northern Sangre de Cristo Range, Custer County, Colorado. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/mf1622c.

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Stratigraphic sections, depositional environments, and metal content of the upper part of the Middle Pennsylvanian Minturn Formation, Northern Sangre De Cristo Range, Custer and Saguache counties, Colorado. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/mf1622d.

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