Academic literature on the topic 'Custom cost functions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Custom cost functions"
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Sadler, Grace, and Sina Shahab. "Self-Build and Custom Housebuilding Registers in England: A Transaction-Cost and Effectiveness Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 4912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094912.
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The development of the self and custom housebuilding sector can work towards increasing the supply of housing and alleviate some of the strain on the housing market in England. Although it is not a solution for everyone, improving self and custom housebuilding can add diversity to the market, increase housing affordability, and produce sustainable homes. This has been recognised by the UK Government, which has introduced legislation which aims to assist self and custom builders on the journey to building their own home. The goals of the legislation are to ensure every local authority in England keeps a register of individuals who want to build their own home, to consider this register when carrying out other planning functions, and to grant sufficient planning permissions for those on the register. This paper evaluates the ‘self-build and custom housebuilding registers’ from the perspective of transaction costs and perceived effectiveness. This is achieved through semi-structured interviews with local authority planners, private-sector planners, property developers, and national bodies. The findings of this study identify that the primary transaction costs occur in the eligibility tests stage of the register application and relate to the uncertainty felt by applicants post application. The paper concludes that these could be rectified by implementing a more consistent and fair system. The perceived effectiveness of the register varies considerably. The paper determines that the policy requires significant change in order to meet the goals it set out to achieve, which includes model Supplementary Planning Guidance documents and a robust support system for applicants.
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Fernandez-Vicente, Miguel, Ana Escario Chust, and Andres Conejero. "Low cost digital fabrication approach for thumb orthoses." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 6 (October 17, 2017): 1020–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2015-0187.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe a novel design workflow for the digital fabrication of custom-made orthoses (CMIO). It is intended to provide an easier process for clinical practitioners and orthotic technicians alike. It further functions to reduce the dependency of the operators’ abilities and skills. Design/methodology/approach The technical assessment covers low-cost three-dimensional (3D) scanning, free computer-aided design (CAD) software, and desktop 3D printing and acetone vapour finishing. To analyse its viability, a cost comparison was carried out between the proposed workflow and the traditional CMIO manufacture method. Findings The results show that the proposed workflow is a technically feasible and cost-effective solution to improve upon the traditional process of design and manufacture of custom-made static trapeziometacarpal (TMC) orthoses. Further studies are needed for ensuring a clinically feasible approach and for estimating the efficacy of the method for the recovery process in patients. Social implications The feasibility of the process increases the impact of the study, as the great accessibility to this type of 3D printers makes the digital fabrication method easier to be adopted by operators. Originality/value Although some research has been conducted on digital fabrication of CMIO, few studies have investigated the use of desktop 3D printing in any systematic way. This study provides a first step in the exploration of a new design workflow using low-cost digital fabrication tools combined with non-manual finishing.
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Moreno, Ciro, Alejandro González, José Luis Olazagoitia, and Jordi Vinolas. "The Acquisition Rate and Soundness of a Low-Cost Data Acquisition System (LC-DAQ) for High Frequency Applications." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020524.
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This article presents a novel and reliable low-cost data acquisition solution for high frequency and real-time applications in vehicular dynamics. Data acquisition systems for highly dynamic systems based on low-cost platforms face different challenges such as a constrained data retrieval rate. Basic data reading functions in these platforms are inefficient and, when used, they limit electronics acquisition rate capabilities. This paper explains a new low-cost, modular and open platform to read different types of sensors at high speed rates. Conventional reading functions are avoided to speed up acquisition rate, but this negatively affects data reliability of the system. To solve this and exploit higher data managing rates, a number of custom secure layers are implemented to secure a reliable acquisition. This paper describes the new low-cost electronics developed for high rate acquisition applications and inspects its performance and robustness against the introduction of an increasing number of sensors connected to the board. In most cases, acquisition rates of the system are duplicated using this new solution.
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Fine, Jonathan, and Gaurav Chopra. "Lemon: a framework for rapidly mining structural information from the Protein Data Bank." Bioinformatics 35, no. 20 (March 14, 2019): 4165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz178.
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Abstract Motivation The Protein Data Bank (PDB) currently holds over 140 000 biomolecular structures and continues to release new structures on a weekly basis. The PDB is an essential resource to the structural bioinformatics community to develop software that mine, use, categorize and analyze such data. New computational biology methods are evaluated using custom benchmarking sets derived as subsets of 3D experimentally determined structures and structural features from the PDB. Currently, such benchmarking features are manually curated with custom scripts in a non-standardized manner that results in slow distribution and updates with new experimental structures. Finally, there is a scarcity of standardized tools to rapidly query 3D descriptors of the entire PDB. Results Our solution is the Lemon framework, a C++11 library with Python bindings, which provides a consistent workflow methodology for selecting biomolecular interactions based on user criterion and computing desired 3D structural features. This framework can parse and characterize the entire PDB in <10 min on modern, multithreaded hardware. The speed in parsing is obtained by using the recently developed MacroMolecule Transmission Format to reduce the computational cost of reading text-based PDB files. The use of C++ lambda functions and Python bindings provide extensive flexibility for analysis and categorization of the PDB by allowing the user to write custom functions to suite their objective. We think Lemon will become a one-stop-shop to quickly mine the entire PDB to generate desired structural biology features. Availability and implementation The Lemon software is available as a C++ header library along with a PyPI package and example functions at https://github.com/chopralab/lemon. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Nawaz Shah, Haq. "An Analysis of Economies of Scope in Irrigated Agriculture in the Punjab (Pakistan)." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2002): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a1.
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In this paper scope economies for a sample of 387 farms in the Punjab province of Pakistan were estimated using nonparametric techniques and sources of economies of scope were determined by using econometric techniques. The result indicated that diversified farming in crop, livestock and custom hiring enterprises results in cost savings of 17.81% for all enterprises, 17.36% in the crop sector, 15.84% in the livestock sector and 1.90% for custom hiring. Econometric results indicate that overall economies of scope are inversely related to farm size, positively to location of farms nearer to the head reaches of canals and positively to the amount of capital used on a farm. The existence of Scope economies in Pakistan agriculture implies that production functions in agriculture are interdependent and the effects of Government policy of setting support prices of individual crops may affect resource allocation with respect to other crops on the same farms.
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Sahinoğlu, Dilek, Gürsoy Coskun, and Nilgün Bek. "Effects of different seating equipment on postural control and upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616637490.
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Background:Adaptive seating supports for cerebral palsy are recommended to develop and maintain optimum posture, and functional use of upper extremities.Objectives:To compare the effectiveness of different seating adaptations regarding postural alignment and related functions and to investigate the effects of these seating adaptations on different motor levels.Study design:Prospective study.Methods:A total of 20 children with spastic cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System 3–5) were included. Postural control and function (Seated Postural Control Measure, Sitting Assessment Scale) were measured in three different systems: standard chair, adjustable seating system and custom-made orthosis.Results:In results of all participants ungrouped, there was a significant difference in most parameters of both measurement tools in favor of custom-made orthosis and adjustable seating system when compared to standard chair ( p < 0.0017). There was a difference among interventions in most of the Seated Postural Control Measure results in Level 4 when subjects were grouped according to Gross Motor Function Classification System levels. A difference was observed between standard chair and adjustable seating system in foot control, arm control, and total Sitting Assessment Scale scores; and between standard chair and custom-made orthosis in trunk control, arm control, and total Sitting Assessment Scale score in Level 4. There was no difference in adjustable seating system and custom-made orthosis in Sitting Assessment Scale in this group of children ( p < 0.017).Conclusion:Although custom-made orthosis fabrication is time consuming, it is still recommended since it is custom made, easy to use, and low-cost. On the other hand, the adjustable seating system can be modified according to a patient’s height and weight.Clinical relevanceIt was found that Gross Motor Function Classification System Level 4 children benefitted most from the seating support systems. It was presented that standard chair is sufficient in providing postural alignment. Both custom-made orthosis and adjustable seating system have pros and cons and the best solution for each will be dependent on a number of factors.
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Summerfelt, Steven T., Kyle H. Holland, Joseph A. Hankins, and Martin D. Durant. "A hydroacoustic waste feed controller for tank systems." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (May 1, 1995): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0368.
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The objective of this work was to develop a commercially viable method to reduce waste feed and thus improve production efficiency and reduce discharge of solids and nutrients within tank based aquaculture systems. We developed and custom fabricated a feeding controller which uses ultrasound to detect uneaten feed and controls feeding events based upon appetite satiation as measured by the quantity of waste feed detected. During feeding, the developed device functions as a combination ultrasonic detector, feedback controller, and interval timer. The device functions as a feedback controller by ultrasonically sampling the stock tank effluent and turning off the feeder when an excessive amount of feed enters the effluent flow. After feeding has been inactivated, the ultrasonic waste feed controller operates as an interval timer and provides a user selected delay between feedings. A custom hydroacoustic probe assembly was developed to detect uneaten feed. The controller can be calibrated by adjusting the transducer signal gain to detect signals resulting from feed pellets, while reducing signals resulting from faeces. The controller has an adjustable set-point for deactivating the feeder circuit based upon the number of feed pellets detected by the transducer and a programmable delay time interval (from 5 to 160 min) to set the time between feedings. The controller also has an adjustable sampling rate for detection at different pipe velocities and an adjustable observation volume for use in standard 2, 3, 4 and 6 inch diameter effluent pipes. The cost in materials and labour to produce this waste feed controller was estimated at around $100 (U.S.).
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COSTAGLIOLA, GENNARO, RITA FRANCESE, and GIUSEPPE SCANNIELLO. "A VISUAL SYSTEM SUPPORTING SOFTWARE REUSE IN THE BANKING LEGACY SYSTEM CONTEXT." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 13, no. 01 (February 2003): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194003001202.
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Banking legacy systems intensively exchange messages in electronic format. Such systems are, for their nature, difficult to update and maintain. As a consequence, the introduction of new types of messages is a hard task. Adding new functionalities requires custom coding and software reuse is seen as a key to obtain a better time-to-market factor, risk and cost reduction. In this paper we describe the architecture and part of the implementation of the SI.RE. Visual System, an Interbanking Network Information System that lets us generate gateways for the exchange of electronic messages among banking legacy systems and supports software reuse. In particular, the SI.RE visual system contains a Visual Programming Environment that allows us to obtain a rapid development of the message handling functions. This environment implements a Visual Programming Language UVG that allows a programmer to reuse COBOL routines.
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Gkemou, Maria, Francesco Biral, Ioannis Gkragkopoulos, Giammarco Valenti, Ioannis Tsetsinas, Evangelos Bekiaris, and Andrea Steccanella. "Cooperation between Roads and Vehicles: Field Validation of a Novel Infrastructure-Based Solution for All Road Users’ Safety." Safety 7, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7020039.
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Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) are expected to considerably influence road safety, traffic efficiency and comfort. Nevertheless, their market penetration is still limited, on the one hand due to the high costs of installation and maintenance of the infrastructures and, on the other hand, due to the price of support automated driving functions. A breakthrough C-ITS technological solution was studied, designed, built and tested that is based on the implementation of custom low-cost on-road platforms (named “strips”) that embed micro/nano sensors, communication technologies and energy harvesting to shift intelligence from the vehicle to the road infrastructure. The strips, through a V2X and LTE communication gateway, transmit real-time, reliable and accurate information at lane level about the environmental and road condition, the traffic and the other road users’ position and speed. The exchanged information supports a series of C-ITS functions and services extending equipped vehicles capabilities and providing similar functions to non-equipped ones (including powered two wheelers). The general framework and the technological solution proposed is presented and the results of the field trials, conducted in three pilot sites around Europe, quantify the promising system performance as well as the positive effects of the C-ITS applications developed and tested on driver/rider’s behavior.
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Stutte, Gary W. "IMAGE ANALYSIS, SPREADSHEETS, AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLE MANAGEMENT?" HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 692g—693. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.692g.
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Effective management of site variability has been shown to improve efficiency of chemical use, enhance of fruit quality, optimize irrigations and increase profits. Techniques for localizing and quantifying spatial variation through computer analysis of aerial imagery exist, but the detailed knowledge of soils, site history, and nutrition required for effective management of the variation often are not available in a readily accessible or timely fashion. As a consequence, the benefits of site-specific management have not been fully realized by horticultural managers. These limitations have been partially overcome by developing an information management system which integrates image analysis functions to identify crop stress, a geographic information system to relate stresses to resident and nonresident site factors, and custom spreadsheets that provide a cost/benefit analysis of various management decisions. The system allows a manager to visualize the probable impact of an intervention on variability, yield, and profits in a timely manner.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Custom cost functions"
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Norstedt, Erik, and Olof Bräne. "Model Predictive Climate Control for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446435.
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This thesis explores the possibility of using an optimal control scheme called Model Predictive Control (MPC), to control climatization systems for electric vehicles. Some components of electric vehicles, for example the batteries and power electronics, are sensitive to temperature and for this reason it is important that their temperature is well regulated. Furthermore, like all vehicles, the cab also needs to be heated and cooled. One of the weaknesses of electric vehicles is their range, for this reason it is important that the temperature control is energy efficient. Once the range of electric vehicles is increased the down sides compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles decrease, which could lead to an increase in the usage of electric vehicles. This could in turn lead to a decrease of greenhouse gas emission in the transportation sector. With the help of MPC it is possible for the controller to take more factors into consideration when controlling the system than just temperature and in this thesis the power consumption and noise are also taken into consideration. A simple model where parts of the climate system’s circuits were seen as point masses was developed, with nonlinear heat transfers occurring between them, which in turn were controlled by actuators such as fans, pumps and valves. The model was created using Simulink and MATLAB, and the MPC toolbox was used to develop nonlinear MPC controllers to control the climate system. A standard nonlinear MPC, a nonlinear MPC with custom cost functions and a PI controller where all developed and compared in simulations of a cooling scenario. The controllers were designed to control the temperatures of the battery, power electronics and the cab of an electric vehicle. The results of the thesis indicate that MPC could reduce power consumption for the climate control system, it was however not possible to draw any final conclusions as the PI controller that the MPC controllers were compared to was not well optimized for the system. The MPC controllers could benefit from further work, most importantly by applying a more sophisticated tuning method to the controller weights. What was certain was that it is possible to apply this type of centralized controller to very complex systems and achieve robustness without external logic. Even with the controller keeping track of six different temperatures and controlling 15 actuators, the control loop runs much faster than real time on a modern computer which shows promise with regard to implementing it on an embedded system.
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Chen, Shyn-Ren 1971. "Web based market research methodology for unmet customer needs : estimating cost functions for design pallet." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91767.
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Nóbrega, João Pedro Machado. "OTC markets – clearing, settlement & custody analysis : a cost function estimation of central securities depositories (CSDs)." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15148.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste trabalho analisa a eficiência dos Sistemas Centralizados de Valores Mobiliários (Central Securities Depositories (CSDs)) em relação aos custos, na Europa. As CSDs são organizações financeiras especializadas na guarda de títulos até à sua data de liquidação. A abordagem adotada assenta na estimação de custos que permita comparar a eficiência das instituições em análise. Também é analisado o impacto do programa Target2 - Securities (estabelecido pelo BCE) e do regulamento CSDR concebido para estas instituições. O primeiro tem como objetivo contribuir para remoção de barreiras à eficiência de custos na liquidação entre mercados financeiros, e o último a promoção da segurança, eficácia e competitividade dos mercados financeiros da UE. Por último, procura-se saber se existem economias de escala para cada CSD, dependendo do seu tamanho e país.
This work is based on the analysis of cost efficiency on European Central Securities Depositories (CSD's). These financial institutions are experts on holding securities and clearing them until its settlement date. Our approach is focused on cost estimation, in order to compare the efficiency of each institutions analyzed. In addition, we examine the impact of ongoing Target2 - Securities program (by the ECB) as well as the impact of the CSDR regulation made for these institutions. The first is a new European securities settlement engine that aims to contribute for removing the barriers for poor cost efficiency on cross-border settlement between financial markets, and the latter aims to promote the safety, effectiveness and competitiveness of the EU financial markets. Furthermore, the main objective is to find out if economies of scale exists for each CSD, depending on its size and country.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Silva, Jefferson Barbosa Belo da. "Uma heurística simplificada para funções custo de planejadores da família A*." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7846.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
One of the main issues related to the mobile robotics area is to find the most efficient way to perform the navigation from one point to another over environments, considering maximum safety and spending as less as possible time and computer resources. From this perspective, the aim of this work was to specify improved heuristics that could be applicable to cost functions of key A* based algorithms and use, more efficiently, the available computational resources. In this way, our approach aimed at minimizing the amount of collisions, the length of paths, and the processing time by minimizing the importance of g(n) term, which accounts for storing information from past steps of A* family algorithms. To show the effects of this modification, a survey of the best search strategies in dynamic and static environments was carried out and, after that, we analyzed the four best and latest algorithms, according to the specialized literature. Some comparisons have been made considering static and highly dynamic environments with different directions and search parameters to measure the quality of generated paths. Then, these algorithms were again analyzed with their cost functions modified according to our approach. The results of the comparison show that the R* algorithm, with forward search, is the most efficient for different spaces and searches. However, the change in their respective cost functions provided a significant improvement in the already excellent results achieved by the algorithms. In static environments, this modification showed up to be more effective for large and complex problems, which are commonly used for real robots. In highly dynamic environments, the cost function modification provided a considerable reduction in the time of planning and number of iterations to find the goal, as well as reductions in the memory utilization.
Uma das principais questões relacionados ao tema da robótica móvel é descobrir a maneira mais eficiente para realizar a navegação, de um ponto a outro no ambiente, com máxima segurança e despendendo a menor quantidade de tempo e de recursos computacionais possível. À vista disso, o presente trabalho se motiva a desenvolver uma melhoria heurística que possa ser aplicável às funções custo dos principais algoritmos baseados na família A* e que propõe utilizar, de forma mais eficiente, os recursos computacionais disponíveis, aperfeiçoando assim, os resultados obtidos através dos principais algoritmos de buscas aplicados à robótica móvel. A mesma tem o objetivo de minimizar a quantidade de colisões, a duração do trajeto, bem como o tempo de processamento através da minimização da importância da variável g(n) - responsável em armazenar informações subutilizadas do passado dos algoritmos. Para visualizar os efeitos dessa modificação, um levantamento das melhores estratégias de busca em ambiente estático e dinâmico foi realizado e, através deste, foram analisados os quatro melhores e mais atuais algoritmos destacados pela literatura técnica especializada. Algumas comparações foram efetuadas considerando ambientes estáticos e altamente dinâmico com diferentes direções de busca e parâmetros que visavam mensurar a qualidade das trajetórias geradas. Em seguida, esses foram novamente analisados com suas respectivas funções custo modificada. Os resultados da comparação demonstraram que o algoritmo R*, com direção de busca direta, é o mais eficiente para diferentes espaços e pesquisas. No entanto, a modificação em suas respectivas funções custo proporcionou uma melhora significativa nos resultados conquistados pelos algoritmos originais. Em ambientes estáticos, esta modificação se mostrou mais eficaz para problemas grandes e complexos, os que são efetivamente utilizados por robôs reais. Em ambientes altamente dinâmicos, a mesma apresentou uma redução considerável no tempo de planejamento e no número de iterações para localizar o objetivo, bem como reduziu a utilização de memória o que, consequentemente, tornou os robôs mais ágeis e habilidosos.
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Teixeira, Carlos Adriano Rigo. "A confiabilidade como fator de valor na melhoria de produtos. Estudo de caso : sistema de embreagem automotiva." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263034.
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Orientador: Katia Lucchesi CavalcaDissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: No cenário atual, para serem competitivas, as empresas enfrentam o desafio de desenvolverem novos produtos em um espaço curto de tempo, com tecnologia superior à anterior e com custos reduzidos para garantir a sobrevivência do negócio. E o sucesso está diretamente atrelado aos requisitos exigidos pelos clientes, onde Qualidade, Confiabilidade, Entrega e Preço são o mínimo que se espera. Neste trabalho são abordadas metodologias utilizadas para o Planejamento e Garantia da Qualidade, as quais devem ser utilizadas já na fase de concepção do projeto do produto, pois é aqui que nasce em grande parte a qualidade, a confiabilidade e o preço final do produto. O produto escolhido para análise se trata da Embreagem Automotiva e, como método proposto, fez-se primeiramente uma interação entre o Modelo de Kano juntamente com o QFD, Custeio Alvo e Análise de Valor, a fim de se avaliar o grau de atendimento aos requisitos do cliente e determinar quais as funções cujos custos relativos estão acima das necessidades relativas, oferecendo, portanto, potencial para otimização ou mesmo eliminação. Tem-se, em seguida, a construção da Árvore de Falhas (FTA) para identificação dos componentes críticos que oferecem maior risco de falha no sistema. O trabalho tem por objetivo final, a análise de Confiabilidade e Regressão dos resultados obtidos nos ensaios, para determinação da confiabilidade da embreagem em estudo, componentes a serem melhorados ou otimizados, bem como criar uma metodologia para desenvolvimento de produtos otimizados
Abstract: In the current scenery, to be competitive, the companies face the challenge to develop new products in a short space of time, with superior technology to the previous and with reduced costs to guarantee the business survival. And the success is directly connected to the requirements demanded by the customers, where Quality, Reliability, Supply and Price are the minimum that is expected. In this work, methodologies are discussed, which are used for the Planning and Warranty of the Quality, which should already be used in the phase of the product project conception, because it is here that largely born the quality, the reliability and the final price of the product. The chosen product for analysis is the Automotive Clutch. As a proposed method, firstly an interaction among the Kano¿s Model, QFD, Target Cost and Value Analysis was accomplished to evaluate the attendance degree to the customer's requirements and to determine which the functions whose relative costs are above the relative needs, offering, therefore potential for optimization or even elimination. After that, it is constructed the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) for identification of the critical components that offer larger fault risks in the system. The main target of the work is the analysis of Reliability and Regression of the results obtained in the Accelerated Life Testing, for determination of the reliability of the clutch in study, components to be improved or optimized, as well as to create a methodology for development of optimized products
Mestrado
Gestão da Qualidade Total
Mestre Profissional em Engenharia Mecanica
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Vendruscolo, Maria Ivanice. "Estudo da estrutura de custos e da economia de escala do setor de telecomunicações móveis do Brasil pós-privatizações." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2007. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2819.
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Previous issue date: 30Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O setor de telecomunicações passou por significativas transformações estruturais, inovações tecnológicas e mudanças nos processos regulatórios nas últimas décadas, em nível mundial. No Brasil, a telefonia móvel, pós-privatizações, seguiu a mesma tendência, desenvolvendo uma complexa estrutura oligopolista. Inicialmente, com a abertura do mercado, foi adotada uma estrutura na qual a competição se dava entre operadoras de Banda A e B. Num segundo momento, com o cumprimento das metas de universalização, previstas pelo novo modelo de telecomunicações brasileiro, a concorrência entre as operadoras foi intensificada, com a entrada das operadoras de Banda D e E. Dadas as mudanças ocorridas na estrutura de mercado do setor de telefonia brasileiro, no período pós-privatizações, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar se as operadoras de telefonia móvel brasileiras estavam usufruindo de economias de escala através da análise da função de custo polinomial e das curvas de custos. A pesquisa foi de natureza aplicada do
The telecommunication sector has been through significant structural transformations, technological innovations and changes in the regulatory processes, worldwide over the last decades. In Brazil, the mobile telephony, after-privatizations, followed the same trend, developing a complex oligopolistic structure. Initially, with the opening of the market, was adopted a structure in which the competition took place between A and B Bands operators. The second moment, with the achievement of the universalization targets, predictable by the new Brazilian telecommunications model, the competition between the operators was intensified, with the entrance of D and E Bands operators. Thus, with all the changes in the market structure of the Brazilian telephony sector, in the after-privatizations phase, this study aims to verify if the Brazilian operators of mobile telephony were usufructing economies of scale, through the analysis of the polynomial cost function and of cost curves. The research was of applied nature of
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Charvátová, Lenka. "Controllingový systém banky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125125.
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This thesis describes and analyzes the most important areas of bank controlling. Amongst them are: cost management, planning and budgeting, and performance management. The thesis focuses on the newest knowledge in bank controlling and on best practice examples. The thesis also includes practice examples of some bank controlling areas of a particular Czech bank, ČSOB.
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Fenker, Eloy Antonio. "Risco ambiental e gestão dos custos ambientais: um estudo de sua relação em empresas atuantes no Brasil." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2009. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2855.
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A questão ambiental vem ganhando importância nos últimos anos e isso afeta de alguma forma as estratégias das empresas, conforme o grau de importância do risco ambiental para a atividade. Assim, é de esperar-se que as empresas adotem processos de gestão de custos ambientais compatíveis com o risco ambiental, no contexto de estratégias funcionais alinhadas às estratégias gerais que visam a manter uma vantagem competitiva sustentável. Esta pesquisa, de natureza aplicada, visou a identificar a relação entre Riscos Ambientais e a Gestão dos Custos Ambientais em empresas atuantes no Brasil no que se refere à sua adesão ao recomendado pela literatura. A partir da sondagem sobre gestão ambiental realizada em quatro empresas, e da revisão teórica sobre risco ambiental, gestão ambiental e gestão de custos ambientais, desenvolveu-se um questionário usando escala tipo Likert sobre esses três temas. Para identificar o Risco Ambiental foi proposto um bloco de indicadores que visam a identificar a percepção dos gestores qu
Relations between environmental risks and environmental costs management in operating companies in Brazil was studied on this survey. The environmental question is gaining importance in recent years and this affects the companies strategies, according the degree of the environmental risk for the activity. Thus, it is expected that companies adopt environmental costs management compatible with the environmental risk, in the context of functional strategies lined up to the general strategies that they aim to keep a sustainable competitive advantage. After sounding environmental management in four companies, a theoretical revision on environmental risk, environmental management and environmental costs management, a questionnaire was developed, using a Likert scale type approaching these three subjects. The Environmental Risk construct so called Risk2, is a composition for a block of pointers for risk perception from managers, a block to identify the risk management process, assuming that the risk management proc
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Azevedo, Helda Sofia Teixeira de. "Economias de escala em centros hospitalares." Master's thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6230.
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RESUMO - Perante o actual contexto de contenção de gastos no sector da saúde e consequente
preocupação com a eficiência do sistema, tem‐se assistido a mudanças várias no modelo de
gestão e organizacional do sistema de saúde. Destaca‐se a alteração da estrutura hospitalar,
com vista à racionalização dos seus recursos internos, onde as fusões hospitalares têm
assumido um papel determinante. Em Portugal, nos últimos 10 anos, assistiu‐se a uma
significativa redução do número de hospitais (de sensivelmente 90 para 50 unidades),
exclusivamente através das fusões e sem quaisquer alterações no número de estruturas
físicas existentes. Não obstante os argumentos justificativos desta reforma, a avaliação dos
objectivos implícitos é insuficiente. Neste âmbito, pretendeu‐se com este estudo contribuir
para a análise do impacte da criação de centros hospitalares na redução de gastos, isto é,
verificar se a consolidação e consequente reengenharia dos processos produtivos teve
consequencias ao nível da obtenção de economias de escala.
Para esta análise usou‐se uma base de dados em painel, onde se consideraram 75 hospitais
durante 7 anos (2003‐2009), número que foi reduzindo ao longo do período em análise
devido às inúmeras fusões já referidas. Para avaliar os ganhos relativos às fusões
hospitalares, ao nível da eficiência técnica e das economias de escala, recorreu‐se à fronteira
estocástica especificada função custo translog. Estimada a fronteira, foi possível analisar três
centros hospitalares específicos, onde se comparou o período pré‐fusão (2005‐2006) com o
período após a fusão (2008‐2009).
Como variáveis explicativas, relativas à produção hospitalar, considerou‐se o número de
casos tratados e os dias de internamento (Vita, 1990; Schuffham et al., 1996), o número de
consultas e o número de urgências, sendo estas variáveis as mais comuns na literatura (Vita,
1990; Fournier e Mitchell, 1992; Carreira, 1999). Quanto à variável dependente usou‐se o
custo variável total, que compreende o total de custos anuais dos hospitais excepto de
imobilizado.
Como principais conclusões da investigação, em consequência da criação dos centros
hospitalares, são de referir os ganhos de escala na fusão de hospitais de reduzida dimensão
e com mais serviços complementares. --------ABSTRACT - Driven by the current pressure on resources induced by budgetary cuts, the Portuguese
Ministry of Health is imposing changes in the management model and organization of NHS
hospitals. The most recent change is based on the creation of Hospital Centres that are a
result of administrative mergers of existing hospitals. In less than 10 years the number of
hospitals passed from around 90 to around 50, only due to the mergers and without any
change in the existing number of physical institutions. According to the political discourse,
one of the main goals expected from this measure is the creation of synergies and more
efficiency in the use of available resources. However, the merger of the hospitals has been a
political decision without support or evaluation of the first experiments. The aim of this
study is to measure the results of this policy by looking at economies of scale namely
through reductions in the expenditures, as expected and sought by the MoH.
Data used covers 7 years (2003‐2009) and 75 hospitals, number that has been reduced my
the enoumerous mergers during the last decade. This work uses a stochastic frontier analysis
through the translog cost function to examine the gains from mergers, which were
decomposed into technical efficiency and economies of scale. It was analised these effects
by the creation of three specific hospital centers, using a longitudinal approach to compare
the period pre‐merger (2003‐2006) with the post‐merger period (2007‐09).
To measure changes in inpatient hospital production volume and length of stay are going to
be considered as done by Vita (1990) and Schuffham et al. (1996). For outpatient services
the number of consultations and emergencies are going to be considered (Vita, 1990;
Fournier e Mitchell, 1992; Carreira, 1999). Total variable cost is considered as the dependent
variable explained the aforementioned ones.
After a review of the literature results expected point to benefits from the mergers, namely
a reduction in total expenditures and in the number of duplicated services. Results extracted
from our data point in the same direction, and thus for the existence of some economies of
scale only for small hospitals.
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Fragoso, Bruno Barreira. "Método para a criação de um processo de previsão da demanda de vendas." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265626.
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Orientador: Antonio BatocchioDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Tendo em vista o cenário moderno globalizado, onde as organizações buscam um planejamento mais adequado de suas operações, torna-se importante realizar uma previsão da demanda dos produtos acabados, ou simplesmente demanda de vendas, que se aproxime dos números reais o máximo possível. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de um método para a criação de um processo de previsão de vendas, apoiado nas técnicas modernas de previsão de demanda, e nas ferramentas de gestão de processos. É feita uma discussão a respeito de como as técnicas de previsão de demanda podem ser analisadas, e até mesmo adaptadas, sob a ótica e conceitos de gestão de processos. Propõe-se então tal método, baseado em passos oriundos de boas práticas observadas, para o estabelecimento de um processo de previsão de vendas. Com a finalidade de verificar a potencialidade desta metodologia, apresenta-se um estudo de caso em uma empresa química da região de Campinas. Os passos para a criação deste processo foram cumpridos, desde a formação de um time de trabalho, passando pela análise do comportamento das demandas, escolha das técnicas de previsão e indicadores de desempenho, até a aplicação do piloto com proposição de melhorias e automatizações diversas. O método aplicado a este estudo de caso específico mostrou-se eficaz
Abstract: Based on the current modern and globalized scenario, within organizations look for a more adequate planning for its operations, it becomes important realizing a finished goods demand forecast, or simply sales forecast, which closes as possible to real sales numbers. This work objective is proposing a method for designing a sales forecast process, based on both modern demands forecast techniques and process management tools. A discussion was done regarding how demand forecast techniques can be analyzed, and even adapted under the process management concepts focus. This method, based on steps supported by good practices observed, is proposed for designing a sales forecast process. It is presented a case study at a Campinas region chemical industry with the objective of checking the potentially of this method. All steps for creating this process were completed, since the working team creation, passing through demand behavior analysis, forecast technique and performance indicator choosing, to the initial application with improvements and automations proposing. This method applied to this specific case study was considered efficient
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Books on the topic "Custom cost functions"
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Customer-Driven Healthcare: Qfd for Process Improvement and Cost Reduction. Amer Society for Quality, 2000.
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Tax administration: Improved staffing of IRS' collection function would increase productivity : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Custom cost functions"
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Botzheim, János, and Péter Földesi. "Simultaneous Optimization of Customer Satisfaction and Cost Function by Nature Inspired Computing." In Intelligent Decision Technologies, 309–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29977-3_31.
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Thakur, Akshee Deepak, and Pushkala Muralidharan. "Sustainable Supply Chain Practices in Multinational Organizations." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, 42–56. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8970-9.ch003.
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Sustainable supply chain practices have been adopted by numerous organizations around the world and continue to grow by selecting innovative solutions coupled with modern technology to achieve a greener environment while maximizing costs. Supply chain management includes multiple functions ranging from forecasting and demand management to transportation operations and customer service. The following chapter explains each function along with a case study to depict how various strategies have improved the profits of a firm while trying to save the environment.
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Heinonen, Jarmo. "Conjoint Analysis with fMRI." In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 147–62. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9989-2.ch009.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a very effective tool in neuromarketing. However, time limits, subject fatigue, fMRI costs, and participants' concentration are problematic. Conjoint analysis and its cards enable shortening the time and providing more attributes for evaluation. Conjoint analysis models of orthogonal matrices keep the amount of conjoint cards to a minimum which shortens the time spent in the fMRI machine and thus lowering costs. All conjoint cards are different and keep subjects concentrated during the test. fMRI is an efficient analyzing method of neuronal architecture and functions for the identification of the brain areas and networks. Conjoint analysis and fMRI are strong, combined methods to analyze customer needs and desires.
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Stephenson, Bryan. "A Business Perspective on Non-Functional Properties for Services." In Handbook of Research on Service-Oriented Systems and Non-Functional Properties, 1–21. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-432-1.ch001.
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This chapter provides an overview from a business perspective of some of the important non-functional properties of services, such as availability, performance, and security. It discusses the typical metrics for these non-functional properties which are used in service level agreements to measure and report how well a service is meeting customer expectations. It briefly discusses cost considerations for service providers and consumers, as some levels of service are expensive to attain. The goal is to provide the reader with an understanding of these non-functional properties, their measures and cost implications, and related interesting research opportunities.
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Mohamed, Faisal A. "Three Scenarios in Microgrid to Solve Management Problem for Residential Application Using Genetic Algorithms." In Handbook of Research on Novel Soft Computing Intelligent Algorithms, 568–88. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4450-2.ch019.
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This chapter discusses online management of the MicroGrid components. A major challenge for all power utilities is not only to satisfy the consumer demand for power, but to do so at minimal cost and low emissions. Any given power system can be comprised of multiple generating units each of which has its own characteristic operating parameters. The operating cost and emission level of these generators usually correlate proportionally with their outputs, therefore the challenge for power utilities is to balance the total load among generators that are running as efficiently as possible. One of the important applications of the MicroGrid (MG) units is the utilization of small-modular residential or commercial units for onsite service. Genetic Algorithms (GA) optimization is well-suited to solve the environmental/economic problem of the MG. The proposed problem is first formulated as a nonlinear constrained optimization problem. Prior to the optimization, system model components from real industrial data are constructed. The model takes into consideration the operation and maintenance costs as well as the reduction in NOx, SO2, and CO2 emissions. The optimization is aimed at minimizing the cost function of the system while constraining it to meet the customer demand and safety of the system. The results ensure the efficiency of the proposed approach to satisfy the load and to reduce the cost and the emissions in one single run.
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Meier, Ron, and Dan Brown. "Supplier-Oriented Purchasing Behaviors in Projects." In Customer-Oriented Global Supply Chains, 59–75. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0246-5.ch004.
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This chapter introduces project manager’s perceptions of the importance of developing relationships with preferred suppliers as this has the potential to impact elements of cost, planning, time management, quality management, technical expertise, and product availability. This study identified key characteristics and attributes of supplier-oriented purchasing behaviors in project-oriented environments. The review of recent literature indicated that very little research exists that examines project procurement experts’ perceptions of key aspects of supplier-oriented purchasing behavior. This research utilized a two round, modified Delphi methodology to capture the perceptions of 19 experienced project management procurement specialists. Results showed that the most strongly valued attributes could be clustered under the headings of quality, communications, attentiveness, and professionalism. Even though projects were typically characterized as short term endeavors, the characteristics found most important to project procurement managers were similar to those previously reported by procurement professionals in long-term functional environments.
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Happy, Anwara. "Could Cloud TQM Drive Sustainable Development?" In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 140–61. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6445-6.ch010.
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This chapter proposes Cloud TQM (Total Quality Management) as a driving force behind sustainable development (SD). The aim of this chapter is to identify how sustainable development could be achieved by effectively integrating TQM philosophy in the organization where Cloud system could be used to help minimize the cost of sustainability. Specifically, this chapter focuses a better way to fill the differences (gap) between customer expectation and supplier perception that are usually identified in respect to delivered goods and service to the customer. The gaps that this chapter is focusing on are quality, cost, and delivery time. However, the essence of Cloud TQM is to focus on all related functions of an organisation in a consistent manner and on a regular basis. To focus on the continuous improvement process, this chapter emphasises the importance of implementing a technique of reducing or minimising such gaps, thereby contributing towards successful operation of firms to drive sustainable development.
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Löfstrand, Magnus. "Functional Product Development Challenges Collaborative Work Practices." In Virtual Team Leadership and Collaborative Engineering Advancements, 203–16. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-110-0.ch014.
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Developing service-laden products in a virtual extended enterprise implies a wider distribution of resources and product development (PD) team members than what is the case today. In this setting, the challenge is getting a cross-disciplinary distributed team to collaborate effectively over distance using not only the tools available today, but also new tools and approaches. One such activity-based approach, based on an actual Volvo Aero service-provision process, is presented in this article. Supplying a physical product as part of a service contract within an extended enterprise demands increased speed and quality of the predictions the supplier wants to make in order to keep track of the product functionality, its cost effectiveness and lifecycle cost. One approach that has been proven in engineering is modeling and simulation, here implemented as activity-based simulation of an actual industrial work process that provides a maintenance service. The activity-based simulation approach is realized in the industry standard simulation environment MATLAB. It is created as a demonstrator of one of several future tools that may help a virtual extended enterprise to face the challenge of supplying function or services to the customer more effectively. Conclusions regarding Collaborative Working Environments include new requirements on quality of tools for supporting functional product development regarding knowledge availability, usability, security and interoperability. Conclusions also support the suggested approach concerning development of distributed, modular activity-based process simulation models as a suitable approach for supporting functional product development.
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Subramanian, Kedareshwaran, Kedar Pandurang Joshi, and Sourabh Deshmukh. "Improving Forecasting for Customer Service Supply Chain Using Big Data Analytics." In Supply Chain Management Strategies and Risk Assessment in Retail Environments, 25–41. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3056-5.ch002.
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In this book chapter, the authors highlight the potential of big data analytics for improving the forecasting capabilities to support the after-sales customer service supply chain for a global manufacturing organization. The forecasting function in customer service drives the downstream resource planning processes to provide the best customer experience at optimal costs. For a mature, global organization, its existing systems and processes have evolved over time and become complex. These complexities result in informational silos that result in sub-optimal use of data thereby creating inaccurate forecasts that adversely affect the planning process in supporting the customer service function. For addressing this problem, the authors argue for the use of frameworks that are best suited for a big data ecosystem. Drawing from existing literature, the concept of data lakes and data value chain have been used as theoretical approaches to devise a road map to implement a better data architecture to improve the forecasting capabilities in the given organizational scenario.
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Ghasemy Yaghin, R., and S. M. T. Fatemi Ghomi. "A Hybrid Fuzzy Multiple Objective Approach to Lotsizing, Pricing, and Marketing Planning Model." In Fuzzy Methods for Customer Relationship Management and Marketing, 271–89. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0095-9.ch012.
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Given high variability of demands, a manufacturer has to decide about the products’ prices and lotsizing from a supplier. Due to imprecise and fuzzy nature of parameters such as unit costs and marketing function, a hybrid fuzzy multi-objective programming model including both quantitative and qualitative objectives is proposed to determine the optimal price, marketing expenditure, and lotsize. Considering pricing, marketing, and lotsizing decisions simultaneously, the model maximizes the profit, return on inventory investment (ROII) (as a financial performance criterion), and total customer satisfaction under general demand function with a time-varying pattern in fuzzy environment. After applying appropriate strategies to defuzzify the original model, the equivalent multi-objective crisp model is then transformed by a fuzzy goal programming method. A soft computing, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to solve the final crisp problem. An industrial case study is provided to show the applicability and usefulness of the proposed model and solution method. Finally, concluding remarks are reported.
Conference papers on the topic "Custom cost functions"
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Chidambaram, Bala, and Alice M. Agogino. "Catalog-Based Customization." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dac-8675.
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Abstract This paper develops a new method for implementing mass-customization, namely, the customization around standard products, or catalog-based customization. The method addresses the customization requirements of a class of products that are complex in configuration, multi-functional and structurally similar. We formulate catalog-based customization as an optimization problem consistent with the manufacturer’s goal of incurring minimal costs in the redesign of existing standard components, while meeting customer specifications and satisfying design constraints. The ‘catalog-based’ nature of the formulation raises concomitant issues of cost function development and problem simplification/solution. We identify the generational structure as best suited to exploit the cost data in existing catalogs and construct a product cost function. The cost-estimation methods used by the generational structure in the construction are identified as weight-based — for modeling the material costs, and methods based on similarity principles and regression analyses — for the production costs. The optimization formulation of catalog-based customization may be simplified by an a priori identification of a standard catalog design as the customization basis. This is accomplished with function costing — a cost-estimation hypothesis that uses product functionality to develop an approximate cost-estimate. The function-costing estimate is also used to abstract features from the standard base design into the optimization formulation. The preferred solution strategy for the optimization formulation is identified as genetic algorithms. We apply the customization method developed to Brushless D.C. Permanent Magnet (BDCPM) motors and obtain optimal minimal cost custom designs (from the standard designs of a BDCPM motor family) for different sets of customer requirements.
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Anzicek, Joshua, and Mark Thompson. "Power Converter and Control Interface for a GEM Fuel Cell Vehicle." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74159.
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In this paper, we discuss the design and performance of a low cost, fully integrated power conversion and control system for a modified Global Electric Motors (GEM) fuel cell hybrid vehicle. The need for a custom converter and control system has become apparent as the commercial DC-DC market seems to have a void in the ranges of power and voltage required for fuel cell vehicle applications. The system incorporates a custom designed DC-DC boost converter which steps up the nominal 26 VDC fuel cell stack voltage to interface with the 72 VDC vehicle battery bus at an input power level of 1.2 kW. Additionally, several embedded control functions are implemented to integrate a Ballard Nexa™ fuel cell power module into the GEM vehicle. Design equations supported by preliminary performance data indicates that the DC-DC power converter achieves a conversion efficiency approaching 98% for a single fuel cell power module operating at full output power (1.2kW). The high efficiency allows for a simple and flexible air-cooled design with minimal heat sink requirements and cooling system weight. The control system incorporates algorithms to perform battery charging and power ramp rate, as well as fuel cell voltage, and current limiting algorithms. The control system exhibits stable performance characteristics throughout the entire vehicle load range and battery state of charge range, while tracking vehicle transient conditions.
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Söderberg, Rikard. "Optimal Tolerance Band and Manufacturing Target for Monotonic Loss Functions With Functional Limits." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0046.
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Abstract Individual tolerances in a tolerance chain are often constrained by the tolerance of a critical dimension. This tolerance is often based on functional considerations with some economical constraints. For the customer, this may not be the optimal solution. This paper presents a method for tolerance allocation, based on trade-off analysis between manufacturing cost and quality loss. By considering both the economical loss due to poor quality and the manufacturing cost, it is possible to determine the combination of manufacturing target and tolerance band that minimizes the worst case total cost for the customer. This paper concentrates on critical dimensions, where the quality aspect studied can be described by a monotonic loss function with a functional limit. An example of a radial journal bearing is used to describe the method.
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Sobanski, Kurt, Ken Martin, Fong Shi, and Brad Greenway. "Gas Turbine Distributed Control Systems: Power Supply and Communication Data Bus Design Considerations." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-414.
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Over the past several decades, gas turbine control systems have evolved from hydro-mechanical systems to full authority redundant electronic systems. One advanced technology with potential to revolutionize the way engine system designers build new products is high temperature distributed controls. Distributed control systems put electronics close to control functions and reduce the number of interconnects between central processors and sensors or effectors. In distributed systems, power and data buses take the place of multiple discrete analog wire bundles found in centralized control systems. Distributed modules interconnected with power and data buses control effectors such as hydraulic actuators or solenoid valves and read sensors to measure pressures, temperatures and speeds. With distributed controls, many gas turbine applications will require high temperature electronics ruggedized to survive the demanding environment. For these new systems, manufacturers must determine how to maximize the use of standard interfaces and electronic components and minimize the use of custom parts. Two particular areas would benefit the aerospace industry include distributed system power supplies and communication data buses since these designs play an important role in system cost, weight, size and reliability. Interface standardization will benefit engine manufacturers by lowering system cost and enabling inter-changeability of distributed engine control components from different suppliers. Careful attention to architectural design details for the power supplies and data buses can lead to systems that meet the needs of end users.
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Jenkins, Ryan P., and Monika Ivantysynova. "An Empirically Derived Pressure Compensation Control System for a Variable Displacement Vane Pump." In BATH/ASME 2018 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2018-8857.
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Pressure compensated vane pumps are well suited to applications such as automatic transmissions which require a low-cost, compact solution to provide the hydraulic power required for clutch control as well as the lubrication and cooling functions. This paper presents a black-box model of the series of valves providing the flowrate to control the motion of the pivoting cam in a variable displacement vane pump from an automatic transmission application. This series of valves consists of a pressure-reducing valve followed by a solenoid-operated valve that generates a pilot pressure acting on the main pressure regulator valve to adjust the commanded pump outlet pressure setting. Valves taken from a transmission control block were integrated into a custom unit and installed on a test rig with a modified vane pump. Measurements previously collected on this test rig were used to validate a lumped-parameter vane pump model and provide data containing the input-output relationships of the pressure compensation system valves. An analysis of the black-box description of this control system identifies limitations to the achievable system performance. This analysis reveals that the low-cost solenoid-operated valve and the arrangement of the valves within the control circuit both contribute to a controllable bandwidth less than 2Hz. Finally, the paper presents an alternate control system design capable of improved system performance.
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Gonza´lez, Manuel, Alberto Luaces, Daniel Dopico, and Javier Cuadrado. "A 3D Physics-Based Hydraulic Excavator Simulator." In ASME-AFM 2009 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2009-734.
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The actuation of hydraulic excavators is a complex and not intuitive task which requires long and costly training periods, since the qualification of the operator has a significant impact in productivity and safety. Simulation-based training combined with virtual reality is becoming a competitive alternative to traditional training to reduce costs and risks in the instruction of excavator operators. Several excavator training simulators have been developed, but none of them features a dynamic model of the machine complete enough to simulate all the maneuvers performed in the daily work of real excavators. The authors have applied real-time simulation techniques from multibody system dynamics to develop a full 3D physics-based excavator simulator made up of 14 rigid bodies with 17 degrees of freedom. The simulation engine includes a custom collision detection algorithm and detailed tire force and contact force models. Terrain excavation and bucket loading and unloading are also simulated. The resulting model delivers realistic real-time behavior and can simulate common events in real excavators: slipping on slope terrains, stabilizing the machine with the blade or the outriggers, using the arm for support or impulsion to avoid obstacles, etc. The simulator console has a semi-immersive virtual reality interface that emulates the excavator cabin. The operator console imitates most of the controls of the real machine cabin using low-cost standard USB input devices: steering wheel, 2 joystiks with the standard excavator functions and 2 pedals. A tactile screen replicates the digital control panel of the excavator, which lets the operator control different machine settings. A hard shell hemispherical dome of 2 m diameter is used to project the subjective view from the operator’s position. The resulting simulator, which can run in a standard PC due to its high computational efficiency, can reproduce almost all the maneuvers performed by real excavators.
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Shameli, Ehsan. "Thickness Evaluation of Insulated Pipelines and Pressure Vessels Using Pulsed Eddy Current Technology." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85842.
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Information about integrity of pipelines and pressure vessels is vital to the oil and gas industry. This emphasizes the need for fast and cost effective non-destructive testing solutions for monitoring and inspection of these components. However, due to reasons such as corrosion protection and temperature maintenance, pipelines and pressure vessels are usually coated throughout the oil and gas industry. These coatings also present a barrier to inspections and typically need to be removed prior to inspection with nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods. This article presents a pulsed eddy current (PEC) system suitable for nondestructive evaluation of steel pipelines and pressure vessels without the need for removing the coating layers. A PEC probe was fabricated and a custom computer code with built in signal processing and data analysis functions was developed to collect the measurement signals and calculate thickness variations in the test objects. From a lift-off distance of 12mm, experiments were performed on eight SS304 stainless steel samples with thicknesses ranging from 1mm to 8mm. The SS304 steel was chosen as the test material to represent the steel type commonly used in the pipeline industry. A calibration curve based on the zero crossing time of initial measurements was obtained and implemented into the measurement software. Using the calibrated system, 25 measurements where performed on each sample. Statistical analysis of results showed that the proposed system can accurately detect thickness variations in the test samples with maximum measurement error of 3.3 percent.
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El-Bassiouny, A., M. El-Shimy, and R. Hammouda. "Impact of power transformer failures on customer interruptions costs using customer damage functions." In 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mepcon.2017.8301237.
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Chen, Lei, Jeffery Plott, Matthew Hildner, Lillian Mei, Albert Shih, Jeffery Wensman, and Brian Kelly. "Computer-Aided Design and Additive Manufacturing of Custom Silicone Prosthetic Finger." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8420.
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Abstract Finger and partial finger amputations are one of the most frequently encountered forms of partial hand loss. Most of these amputees can benefit from prosthetic fingers, which should be both functional and aesthetic, to enhance rehabilitation by permitting a more normal professional and social life. Custom prosthetic fingers perform better than off-the-shelf ones due to better fit, comfort, and match to the patients’ physical characteristics. The conventional fabrication process for custom prosthetic fingers uses multiple impressions and molds combined with silicone injection molding to create the final shape. This process has not seen significant changes for decades and comes with a high cost and long wait time, stopping the prosthesis from benefitting the patient in a cost-effective, timely, and lifelike functional way. This study developed a new manufacturing approach for custom prosthetic fingers based on an additive manufactured custom thin-wall mold. The approach was based on optical 3D scanning of the amputees’ fingers and computer-aided design of custom finger prosthetic geometry and the corresponding thin-wall mold. Preliminary clinical study on an amputee patient shows the feasibility of this new custom molding approach and future work will clinically evaluate the performance of the prosthetic fingers created via the computer-aided design and additive manufacturing approach.
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Söderberg, Rikard. "Robust Design by Tolerance Allocation Considering Quality and Manufacturing Cost." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0064.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Involving customer values in the design process is necessary to improve the total quality of a product. The purpose of this work is to establish a theoretical base for tolerance allocation which allows both quality and manufacturing cost to be considered. The paper addresses functional tolerance chains, i.e. tolerance chains that involve a dimension important for the function of the product or component. The total loss to customer is determined as the sum of two tolerance dependent properties; the functionality loss and the component price. The functionality loss represents the customer’s economical loss due to poor functionality. The optimal tolerance limits are found by minimizing the total loss to customer. These are the limits that represent the best trade-off between cost and quality, from the customer’s point of view. This work specially emphasizes a method for treating asymmetrical functionality loss, i.e. when the design is more sensitive to a deviation of a critical parameter in one direction than in the other. By moving the manufacturing target in a direction away from the most sensitive part, the total loss to customer can be reduced. This paper describes how the optimal manufacturing target and corresponding symmetrical tolerance band are found. This method thus increases the robustness of the design. The method may be used for single tolerances or any resulting tolerance of a tolerance chain.
Reports on the topic "Custom cost functions"
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Slattery, Kevin. Unsettled Topics on the Benefit of Additive Manufacturing for Production at the Point of Use in the Mobility Industry. SAE International, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021006.
Full textAbstract:
An oft-cited benefit of additive manufacturing (AM), or “3D-printing,” technology is the ability to produce parts at the point of use by downloading a digital file and making the part at a local printer. This has the potential to greatly compress supply chains, lead times, inventories, and design iterations for custom parts. As a result of this, both manufacturing and logistics companies are investigating and investing in AM capacity for production at the point of use. However, it can be imagined that the feasibility and benefits are a function of size, materials, build time, manufacturing complexity, cost, and competing technologies. Because of this, there are instances where the viability of point-of-use manufacturing ranges from the perfect solution to the worst possible choice. Unsettled Topics on the Benefits of Additive Manufacturing for Production at the Point of Use in the Mobility Industry discusses the benefits, challenges, trade-offs, and other determining factors regarding this new level of AM possibilities.