Academic literature on the topic 'Curvas de dispersión'

<p>The elastic structure beneath Greenland is shown by means of S-velocity maps for depths ranging from zero to 350 km, determined by the regionalization and inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion. The traces of 50 earthquakes, occurring from 1990 to 2011, have been used to obtain Rayleigh-wave dispersion data. These earthquakes were registered by 21 seismic station located in Greenland and the surrounding area. The dispersion curves were obtained for periods between 5 and 200 s, by digital filtering with a combination of MFT (Multiple Filter Technique) and TVF (Time Variable Filtering). Later, all seismic events (and some stations) were grouped to obtain a dispersion curve for each source-station path. These dispersion curves were regionalized and inverted according to the generalized inversion theory, to obtain shear-wave velocity models for a rectangular grid of 16x20 points. The shear-velocity structure obtained through this procedure is shown in the S-velocity maps plotted for several depths. These results agree well with the geology and other geophysical results previously obtained. The obtained S-velocity models suggest the existence of lateral and vertical heterogeneity. The zones with consolidated and old structures present greater S-velocity values than the other zones, although this difference can be very little or negligible in some case. Nevertheless, in the depth range of 15 to 45 km, the different Moho depths present in the study area generate the principal variation of S-velocity. A similar behaviour is found for the depth range from 80 to 230 km, in which the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) generates the principal variations of S-velocity. Finally, the new and interesting feature obtained in this study: the definition of the base of the asthenosphere (for the whole study area and for depths ranging from 130 to 280 km, respectively) should be highlighted.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Estructura de velocidad de cizalla de Groenlandia obtenida de análisis de onda Rayleigh</strong></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>La estructura elástica bajo Groenlandia es mostrada por medio de mapas de velocidad de onda para profundidades variando desde cero a 350 km, determinada por la regionalización e inversión de la dispersión de onda Rayleigh. Las trazas de 50 terremotos, ocurridos desde 1990 hasta 2011, han sido usados para obtener datos de dispersión de onda Rayleigh. Estos terremotos fueron registrados por 21 estaciones sísmicas localizadas en Groenlandia y el área circundante. Las curvas de dispersión fueron obtenidas para periodos entre 5 y 200 s, por filtrado digital con una combinación de MFT (Técnica de Filtrado Múltiple) y TVF (Filtrado en Tiempo Variable). Después, todos los eventos sísmicos (y algunas estaciones) fueron agrupados para obtener una curva de dispersión para cada trayecto fuente-estación. Estas curvas de dispersión fueron regionalizadas e invertidas de acuerdo con la teoría de la inversión generalizada, para obtener modelos de velocidad de cizalla para una rejilla rectangular de 16x20 puntos. La estructura de velocidad de cizalla obtenida a través de este procedimiento es mostrada in los mapas de velocidad de onda S representados para varias profundidades. Estos resultados muestran buen acuerdo con la geología y con otros resultados geofísicos obtenidos previamente. Los modelos de velocidad de onda S obtenidos sugieren la existencia de heterogeneidad lateral y vertical. Las zonas con estructuras antiguas y consolidadas presentan mayores valores de velocidad de onda S que las otras zonas, aunque esta diferencia puede ser muy pequeña o despreciable en algún caso. No obstante, en el rango de profundidad de 15 a 45 km, las diferentes profundidades del Moho presentes en el área de estudio generan la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Un comportamiento similar es encontrado para el rango de profundidad desde 80 a 230 km, en el cual la frontera litosfera-astenosfera (LAB) genera las principales variaciones de velocidad de onda S. Finalmente, debería ser destacada la nueva e interesante característica obtenida en este estudio: la definición de la base de la astenosfera (para el área de estudio completa y para profundidades variando desde 130 a 280 km, respectivamente).</p>

En el trabajo se da una definición de la dimensión espacial implícita en la relación hombre-naturaleza, describiéndose las tendencias que ha seguido la distribución de la población en México desde 1895 hasta 1990, con base en la división político-administrativa. Se estima la dispersión a lo largo del tiempo del comportamiento de las poblaciones estatales con respecto a la distancia de sus capitales al Distrito Federal; generando curvas centenarias que describen las variaciones en el tiempo de la dispersión de la población que explica la descentralización o desplazamiento del centroide poblacional del país hacia la periferia del mismo.

<p>The elastic structure beneath Australia is shown by means of S-velocity maps for depths ranging from zero to 400 km, determined by the regionalization and inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion. The traces of 233 earthquakes, occurred from 1990 to 2010, have been used to obtain Rayleigh-wave dispersion data. These earthquakes were registered by 65 seismic station located in Australia and the surrounding area. The dispersion curves were obtained for periods between 5 and 250 s, by digital filtering with a combination of MFT (Multiple Filter Technique) and TVF (Time Variable Filtering), filtering techniques. Later, all seismic events (and some stations) were grouped to obtain a dispersion curve for each source-station path. These dispersion curves were regionalized and inverted according to the generalized inversion theory, to obtain shear-wave velocity models for a rectangular grid of 2.5º×2.5º mesh size. The shear-velocity structure obtained through this procedure is shown in the S-velocity maps plotted for several depths. These results agree well with the geology and other geophysical results previously obtained. The obtained S-velocity models suggest the existence of lateral and vertical heterogeneity. The zones with consolidated and old structures present greater S-velocity values than those in the other zones, although this difference can be very little or negligible in some case. Nevertheless, in the depth range of 15 to 50 km, the different Moho depths present in the study area generate the principal variation of S-velocity. A similar behaviour is found for the depth range from 65 to 180 km, in which the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary generates the principal variations of S-velocity. Finally, it should be highlighted a new and interesting feature was obtained in this study: the definition of the base of the asthenosphere, for depths ranging from 155 to 280 km, in Australia and the surrounding area. This feature is also present in the continents: South America, Antarctica and Africa, which were part of the same super-continent Gondwanaland, in the early Mesozoic before fragmentation.</p><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>La estructura elástica bajo Australia es mostrada por medio de mapas de velocidad de onda S, para profundidades que varían desde cero a 400 km, determinada por regionalización e inversión de dispersión de ondas Rayleigh. Las trazas de 233 terremotos, ocurridos desde 1990 hasta 2010, han sido usadas para obtener datos de dispersión de ondas Rayleigh. Estos terremotos fueron registrados por 65 estaciones sísmicas localizadas en Australia y el área circundante. Las curvas de dispersión fueron obtenidas para periodos entre 5 y 250 s, por filtrado digital con una combinación de las técnicas de filtrado: MFT (técnica del filtro múltiple) y TVF (filtrado en tiempo variable). Luego, todos los eventos sísmicos (y algunas estaciones) fueron agrupados para obtener una curva de dispersión para cada trayecto fuente-estación. Estas curvas de dispersión fueron regionalizadas e invertidas de acuerdo con la teoría de la inversión generalizada, para obtener modelos de velocidad de onda de cizalla para una rejilla regular de tamaño de celda de 2.5º×2.5º. La estructura de velocidad de cizalla obtenida a través de este procedimiento es mostrada en los mapas de velocidad de onda S representados para diversas profundidades. Estos resultados concuerdan bien con la geología y otros resultados geológicos y geofísicos previamente obtenidos. Los modelos de velocidad de onda S obtenidos sugieren la existencia de heterogeneidad lateral y vertical. Las zonas con estructuras antiguas y bien consolidadas presentan mayores valores de velocidad de onda S que los correspondientes a otras zonas, aunque esta diferencia puede ser muy pequeña o despreciable en algún caso. No obstante, en el rango de profundidad de 15 a 50 km, las diferentes profundidades del Moho presentes en el área de estudio generan la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Un comportamiento similar es encontrado par el rango de profundidad desde 65 a 180 km, en el cual la frontera litosfera-astenosfera genera la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Finalmente, debería ser notado que una nueva e interesante característica fue obtenida en este estudio: la definición de la base de la astenosfera, para profundidades que varían desde 155 a 280 km, en Australia y el área circundante. Esta característica está también presente en los continentes: América del Sur, Antártida y África, los cuales fueron parte del mismo súper-continente: Gondwana, en el Mesozoico temprano antes de fragmentarse.</p>

A partir de catorce sismos de subducción, agrupados en dos trayectorias (una perpendicular y otra paralela a la línea de costa), se calculó un apilado sobre las curvas de dispersión de velocidad de grupo. Estas curvas promedio fueron invertidas usando, por separado, los métodos de algoritmos genéticos y recristalización simulada. Los resultados muestran fuertes diferencias entre ambos modelos corticales, sobre todo, en los parámetros de la capa más somera y en la localización del Moho. Estas diferencias pueden ser explicadas debido a que la primera trayectoria atraviesa el terreno tectonoestratigráfico "Guerrero" y la segunda el "Oaxaca". La inversión con algoritmos genéticos (GA) probó ser considerablemente más rápida que aquélla con recristalización simulada (SA). Por otro lado SA requiere una pequeña cantidad de memoria y alcanza un desajuste menor que G.A.

Las curvas de dispersión continentales se obtuvieron de las velocidades de grupo de ondas de Rayleigh para seis sismos con epicentros en el Atlántico Sur. La inversión sugiere una corteza superior sedimentaria, con velicidades de S de 1.32-2.90 km/s, seguida por un basamento cristalino de 3.06-3.38 km/s. La corteza inferior is transicional (4.02-4.22 km/s) como en otros bordes continentales pasivos. La base de la corteza se encuentra a 36±4 km pero existen valores menores en los perfiles A a C.

Se estudian las excitaciones superficiales que surgen en la superficie de división entre un cristal iónico y una super-red semiconductora en un campo magnético transversal. Se predice 1a existencia de un modo con frecuencias más bajas que la frecuencia ciclotrónica del sistema electrónico. Este modo tiene una velocidad de grupo negativa. Se demuestra que la resonancia entre los polaritones superficiales y los magnetoplasmones lleva a un pequeño desdoblamiento de la frecuencia del poloritón superficial. Se discute además el comportamiento de los puntos iniciales de las curvas de dispersión.

Se caracterizaron las fibras de alpacas Huacaya blances (n=143) y de color (n=100) participantes en la LVIII Feria Ganadera del Sur del Perú (FEGASUR). Las fibras fueron procesadas en el Laboratorio de Fibras del Gobierno Regional Puno. Se describen las frecuencias bajo un modelo de efectos fijos (p<0.05). Las distribuciones de frecuencias de los atributos de la fibra difieren de la curva normal, en distinto grado y según sea la variable; a excepción del Factor de Confort (FC), presentan un sesgo de cola hacia la derecha; siendo moderada la asimetría del Diámetro Medio (DM) y ligera asimetría del Índice de Curvatura (IC). En tanto, las variables de dispersión, FC y Largo de mecha (LM) presentaron curvas muy asimétricas. Las fibras blancas exhiben mayor finura que las de color (p<0.05), sin diferencias para el factor sexo. La Desviación estándar del diámetro medio [DS(DM)] y el Coeficiente de variación del diámetro medio [CV(DM)] de las fibras blancas tuvieron menor dispersión (p<0.05), en tanto que el FC y el IC presentaron mejores valores (p<0.05). El LM no mostró diferencias entre fibras blancas y de color. Los atributos, en función a la categoría de las alpacas, se relacionan con la edad, a excepción del CV(DM). Se concluye que las alpacas Huacaya de plantel, blanca o de color, difieren entre sí y son peculiares respecto a los reportes que no tipifican el tipo de rebaño.

Se estudiaron sólidos sulfonados (Al2O3-SO3H) y sulfonados magnéticos (Fe3O4-Al2O3-SO3H) en la reacción de deshidratación de xilosa a furfural. Los catalizadores se caracterizaron por distintas técnicas como fisisorción de N2 a 77K, espectroscopia infrarroja FTIR y curvas de magnetización. Estos solidos mostraron una relación lineal entre el área superficial y la capacidad ácida mostrando una mejor dispersión de los grupos -SO3H en el sólido que no presenta carácter magnético. Sin embargo, la presencia de las partículas magnéticas Fe3O4 permite una fácil separación del medio de reacción al aplicar un campo magnético externo, con rendimientos a furfural del 67% con el catalizador Al2O3-SO3H y del 11% con Fe3O4-Al2O3-SO3H.Palabras clave: furfural, xilosa, ácido, magnético, sulfónico

La Interferencia Inter-Celda (ICI, Inter-Cell Interference) es un problema que desafía el desempeño de las redes Evolución a Largo Término (LTE, Long Term Evolution), sin embargo existen técnicas de Coordinación de Interferencia Inter-Celda (ICIC, Inter-Cell Interference Coordination) como el Reuso de Frecuencia Fraccional (FFR, Fractional Frequency Reuse) que permiten mitigar dicha interferencia y mejorar el desempeño de los Equipos de Usuario (UE, User Equipment), especialmente aquellos terminales situados en el borde de la celda. Este artículo analiza el desempeño de la técnica Reuso de Frecuencia Fraccional (FFR) en LTE, en función de dos parámetros de configuración: Umbral de Relación Señal a Ruido más Interferencia (SINR, Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) y partición de Ancho de Banda (BW, Band Width). Se evalúa la capacidad e interferencia mediante diagramas de dispersión, curvas de Función de Probabilidad Acumulada Empírica (ECDF, Empirical Cumulative Density Function) y cálculos estadísticos.

Reportamos un estudio preliminar de magnetismo de rocas y paleointensidad con la técnica de microondas de los flujos de lava históricos entre 1943 y 1948 del volcán Paricutín. Esos flujos de lava muestran afloramientos frescos y bien preservados. La mayoría de las muestras estudiadas se caracterizan por diagramas ortogonales simples. Las curvas de magnetización remanente isotermal muestran saturación en campos bajos a moderados sugiriendo la serie de titanomagnetitas. De los experimentos de histéresis se determinó que los portadores magnéticos son probablemente titanomagnetitas ricas en hierro con un comportamiento de dominio sencillo a pseudosencillo. La técnica de paleointensidad por microondas se aplicó a tres muestras seleccionadas usando el método de Kono y Ueno (1977); i.e., la dirección del campo aplicado en laboratorio fue perpendicular a la dirección de la magnetización remanente. Los resultados de paleointensidad fueron de 11.38, 26.37 y 51.6 microTeslas, que son significantemente diferentes de los valores esperados. La dispersión observada puede deberse a la pequeña fracción de la magnetización remanente natural usada para la determinación de la paleointensidad, o de no haber usado una corrección por la razón de enfriamiento para muestras naturales.

[ES] En la actualidad, una gran cantidad de infraestructuras están compuestas de forma parcial o total de materiales cementicios, siendo el hormigón uno de los materiales cementicios más antiguos y utilizados en la construcción debido a su bajo coste, durabilidad y características mecánicas y estructurales. Pese a sus características, estos materiales están expuestos a diversas condiciones adversas del entorno y sufren procesos de deterioro que afectan a su integridad y seguridad. El reconocimiento de la integridad y seguridad en las estructuras cementicias ha implicado una extensa investigación y el desarrollo de diversas pruebas para verificar su calidad y estado. Mediante la destrucción de una muestra extraída de la estructura, en el caso de los ensayos destructivos (ED), o mediante la inspección de la estructura sin necesidad de dañarla o alterar sus propiedades, en el caso de los ensayos no destructivos (END). Existen multitud de técnicas END que tratan de caracterizar estas estructuras sin dañarlas, siendo la inspección mediante ultrasonidos una de las más utilizadas en materiales cementicios. Tradicionalmente estas técnicas ultrasónicas se basan en el estudio de las ondas longitudinales (P) y transversales (S), que permiten caracterizar una estructura mediante la realización de múltiples medidas. Sin embargo, existe otro tipo de ondas, formadas por la superposición de los desplazamientos de las partículas de las ondas P y S denominadas ondas guiadas, las cuales permiten inspeccionar una estructura de forma global a partir de una única medida, además de ser capaces de propagarse a grandes distancias manteniendo una buena relación señal-a-ruido en comparación a las ondas P y S. Dentro de las ondas guiadas más utilizadas para inspeccionar materiales cementicios, se encuentran las ondas de Rayleigh y las ondas de Lamb. Las ondas de Rayleigh se propagan en estructuras de gran espesor, mientras que las ondas de Lamb se propagan en placas. Las ondas de Lamb presentan una naturaleza dispersiva y multimodal. Su naturaleza dispersiva implica que las velocidades de fase y grupo de estas ondas depende de la frecuencia, mientras que la naturaleza multimodal implica que existen cada vez más modos de propagación conforme aumenta la frecuencia de excitación. Se pueden excitar y detectar selectivamente los distintos modos de Lamb mediante la incidencia oblicua, es decir, variando la inclinación del transmisor y el receptor. Para ello, existen distintas técnicas de acoplamiento que permiten la incidencia oblicua, como el acoplamiento por cuñas sólidas, el acoplamiento por agua y el acoplamiento por aire. La presente tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de nuevas técnicas de END basadas en ondas guiadas para caracterizar diferentes tipos de daño en los materiales cementicios. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo un número considerable de medidas experimentales basadas en distintas técnicas de acoplamiento para la generación y captación de ondas guiadas. Inicialmente se han analizado materiales homogéneos como los metales, para, posteriormente, utilizar el conocimiento adquirido en dichos materiales y estudiar materiales más heterogéneos como los cementicios. Se han evaluado diferentes tipos de técnicas de acoplamiento junto con diferentes tipos de transductores. Los materiales cementicios se han inspeccionado mediante ondas guiadas ultrasónicas con dos tipos de daño: la carbonatación, estudiando el efecto con probetas de dos capas de mortero, y el envejecimiento de fibras en placas de cemento reforzado con fibra de vidrio (GRC). Se ha demostrado que las ondas guiadas son sensibles a estos daños, obteniendo resultados esperanzadores. Concretamente, las ondas de Rayleigh se han utilizado en el daño por carbonatación debido a su sensibilidad a capas superficiales de degradación, mientras que en el envejecimiento de fibras se han utilizado las ondas de Lamb, por su sensibilidad a defectos a lo largo
[CA] En l'actualitat, una gran quantitat d'infraestructures estan formades totalment o parcialment de materials cementants. El formigó és un dels materials cementants més antics i utilitzats en la construcció degut al seu preu, la seua durabilitat i les seues característiques mecàniques i estructurals. Malgrat la seua durabilitat i característiques, aquests materials estan exposats a diverses condicions adverses de l'entorn i pateixen processos de deterioració que afecten la seua integritat i seguretat. El reconeixement de la integritat i seguretat en les estructures cementants ha implicat una extensa investigació i el desenvolupament de diverses proves per a verificar la seua qualitat i estat. Mitjançant la destrucció d'una mostra de l'estructura en el cas dels assajos destructius, o mitjançant la inspecció de l'estructura sense danyar-la o alterar les seues propietats en el cas dels assajos no destructius. Existeixen multitud de tècniques d'inspecció no destructiva que tracten de caracteritzar aquestes estructures sense danyar-les. La inspecció mitjançant ultrasons és un dels assajos no destructius més utilitzats en materials cementants. Tradicionalment, aquestes tècniques ultrasòniques estan basades en l'estudi de les ones longitudinals (P) i transversals (S), que permeten caracteritzar una estructura mitjançant la realització de múltiples mesures en l'estructura. No obstant, existeixen altres tipus d'ones, formades per la superposició dels desplaçaments de les partícules de les ones P i S, denominades ones guiades, les quals permeten inspeccionar una estructura de manera global a partir d'una única mesura, a més de poder propagar-se a grans distàncies mantenint una bona relació senyal-soroll en comparació a les ones P i S. Dins de les ones guiades més utilitzades per a inspeccionar materials cementants, es troben les ones de Rayleigh i les ones de Lamb. Les ones de Rayleigh es propaguen en estructures de gran grossària, mentre que les ones de Lamb es propaguen en plaques. Les ones de Lamb presenten una naturalesa dispersiva i multimodal. La seua naturalesa dispersiva implica que les velocitats de fase i grup d'aquestes ones depenen de la freqüència, mentre que la naturalesa multimodal implica que apareguen més modes de propagació a l'augmentar la freqüència d'excitació. Es poden excitar i detectar selectivament els diferents modes de Lamb mitjançant la incidència obliqua, és a dir, variant la inclinació del transmissor i el receptor. Existeixen diferents tècniques d'acoblament que permeten la incidència obliqua, com l'acoblament per metacrilat, l'acoblament per aigua i l'acoblament per aire. Aquesta tesi s'ha enfocat en l'estudi de noves tècniques d'assajos no destructius basades en ones guiades (ones de Rayleigh i ones de Lamb) per a caracteritzar diferents tipus de dany en els materials cementants. S'han realitzat un nombre considerable de mesures experimentals basades en diferents tècniques d'acoblament per a la generació i captació d'ones guiades. Inicialment s'han analitzat materials homogenis com els metalls per a, posteriorment, utilitzar el coneixement adquirit en aquests materials i estudiar d'altres més heterogenis com els cementants. Concretament, s'han avaluat diferents tipus de tècniques d'acoblament i diferents tipus de transductors. Els materials cementants s'han inspeccionat mitjançant ones guiades ultrasòniques amb dos tipus de dany o degradació: la carbonatació, estudiant el seu efecte amb provetes de dues capes de morter, i l'envelliment de fibres en plaques de ciment reforçat amb fibra de vidre (GRC). S'ha demostrat que les ones guiades són sensibles a aquests danys, obtenint resultats esperançadors. Concretament, les ones de Rayleigh s'han utilitzat en el dany per carbonatació a causa de la seua sensibilitat a capes superficials de degradació, mentre que en l'envelliment de fibres s'han utilitzat les ones de Lamb, per la seua sensibilitat a defe
[EN] Nowadays, a large number of infrastructures are partially or wholly built with cementitious materials. Concrete is one of the oldest and most popular cementitious materials due to its low cost, durability and remarkable mechanical and structural characteristics. However, if these materials are exposed to different environments and harsh conditions, they suffer damaging processes that affect their integrity and safety. To verify their state and quality, extensive research has been conducted and several tests have been developed, such as destructive testing and non-destructive testing. Destructive testing (DT) requires a sample of the inspected structure while non-destructive testing (NDT) allows the inspection of the structure without altering its properties and without damaging it. There are several NDT techniques that characterize cementitious structures without harming them, such as ultrasonic testing, which is one of the most widely used. This technique is based on the study of longitudinal (P) and shear (S) waves, which enable the characterization of a structure by a point-by-point scan. However, there are another kind of waves, called guided waves, which are composed of the superposition of the P and S wave particle displacements. Unlike P and S waves, guided waves allow a global inspection of a structure from a single transducer position and they are able to propagate over long distances with a good signal-to-noise ratio. Rayleigh and Lamb waves are the most frequently used guided waves in NDT of cementitious materials. Rayleigh waves propagate in thick structures while Lamb waves propagate in plate-like structures. Lamb waves are dispersive (their phase and group velocities depend on frequency) and multimodal (as frequency increases, many propagation modes with different velocities exist in the received signal). Lamb wave modes can be selectively excited and detected by means of oblique incidence, i.e., by varying the inclination of the transmitting and receiving transducers. Different coupling techniques can be used to change the inclination of the transducers, such as the contact technique with angle beam wedge transducers, water coupling and air coupling. This thesis has been focused in the study of new NDT techniques based on guided waves (Rayleigh and Lamb waves) to characterize different types of damage of cementitious materials. For this goal, a significant number of experimental arrangements based on different coupling techniques have been carried out. Firstly, homogeneous materials as metals have been analized, because they are a reference in guided wave testing. After performing different experiments in metals, the acquired knowledge has been used to inspect heterogeneous materials as cementitious ones. Different coupling techniques (variable angle wedges, immersion testing, fixed angle wedges, ...) with different types of transducers (contact transducers, immersion transducers and air-coupled transducers) have been employed. Cementitious materials with two damaging processes have been inspected by means of guided waves: two-layered mortar specimens to study carbonation and glass-fibre reinforced cement (GRC) plates to study fiber ageing. This thesis demonstrates that guided waves are sensitive to these damaging processes and the obtained results are encouraging. Specifically, Rayleigh waves have been used to detect carbonation due to its sensitivity to surface layers, while Lamb waves have been used to detect fiber ageing due to its sensitivity to defects along the thickness of the GRC plates.
La investigación realizadaen esta tesis se ha financiado con las siguientes ayudas y proyectos concedidos por el gobierno español: Ayudas para contratos predoctorales para la formación de doctores 2015 (BES-2015-071958); Nuevas aplicaciones de ensayos no destructivos basados en ondas mecánicas para la evaluación de la degradación en materiales cementantes (BIA2014-55311-C2-2-P); Desarrollo y aplicación de ensayos no destructivos basados en ondas mecánicas para la evaluación y monitorización de reología y autosanación en materiales cementantes (BIA2017-87573-C2)
Vázquez Martínez, S. (2021). Nuevas técnicas de ensayos no destructivos basadas en ondas mecánicas para la valoración del daño en materiales cementicios [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165531
TESIS

The effect of stress on Lamb wave propagation is relevant to both nondestructive evaluation and structural health monitoring because of changes in received signals due to both the associated strain and the acoustoelastic effect. A homogeneous plate that is initially isotropic becomes anisotropic under biaxial stress, and dispersion of propagating waves becomes directionally dependent. The problem is similar to Lamb wave propagation in an anisotropic plate, except the fourth order tensor in the resulting wave equation does not have the same symmetry as that for the unstressed anisotropic plate, and the constitutive equation relating incremental stress to incremental strain is more complicated. Here we review the theory of acoustoelastic and develop theory for acoustoelastic Lamb wave propagation and show how dispersion curves shift anisotropically for an aluminum plate under biaxial tension. We also develop an approximate method using the effective elastic constants (EECs) and show that existing commercial tools to generate dispersion curves can be used under restricted conditions to describe wave propagation in biaxially stressed plates. Predictions of changes in phase velocity as a function of propagation direction using theory and the EEC method are compared to experimental results for a single wave mode.

A destruição causada por um terremoto depende de muitos fatores, como características e profundidade da fonte, magnitude, distância epicentral e da configuração geológica da área. A destruição causada devido à configuração geológica da área é denominada como efeito local. A modelagem do efeito local implica na determinação do tempo e nível de vibração e do efeito de amplificação do deslocamento. As propriedades elásticas dos materiais geológicos (velocidade das ondas de compressão e de cisalhamento, densidade, espessura da camada de solo, etc.) podem ser obtidas por diversos métodos geofísicos. O conhecimento dessas propriedades elásticas ajuda a melhor projetar as infraestruturas e reduzir as chances de danos. Este procedimento é denominado de microzoneamento. Os parâmetros mais importantes para realizar o microzoneamento são as espessuras dos sedimentos que recobrem o embasamento e o perfil das velocidades das ondas S (cisalhamento). Esses dois parâmetros são adequadamente caracterizados pelo uso de várias técnicas geofísicas como perfilagens em furos de sondagem, reflexão e refração sísmica. Esses métodos geofísicos trazem algumas restrições como a necessidade da execução de um furo, emprego de fontes sísmicas artificiais que muitas vezes são dispendiosas e por vezes de uso restrito em áreas urbanas, além de muitas vezes estarem limitadas a investigações de apenas algumas dezenas de metros. Os métodos que substituíram esses métodos geofísicos convencionais nas últimas décadas são a análise do ruído sísmico produzido por fontes naturais e culturais. Este ruído sísmico ambiental pode ser registrado com menor custo e esforço e com boa cobertura lateral. Várias técnicas que se utilizam do ruído sísmico podem ser empregadas, no entanto, aquela que obteve maior atenção nos últimos anos é a técnica da razão do espectro horizontal sobre o espectro vertical da onda de superfície (H/V). A curva da razão espectral H/V é uma ferramenta rápida, fácil e de baixo custo para a caracterização da subsuperfície rasa. Existem vários estudos realizados sobre o tema que tentaram cobrir todos os aspectos e problemas associados ao método. Aqui neste estudo são aprofundados alguns aspectos ainda não avaliados em detalhe. Diferentes procedimentos para a modelagem e as associações entre os fenômenos físicos envolvidos e as características da curva H/V são discutidos e os resultados numéricos desses estudos são comparados com informações extraídas de perfis de sondagens de um dos locais estudados. O pico e a forma da curva H / V são modelados para encontrar o desvio na frequência de pico a partir da frequência de ressonância da onda de cisalhamento considerando diferentes campos de onda em torno do pico, assim como sua relação com a forma dominante da curva. A frequência de pico das curvas H/V é utilizada para estimar a relação entre a frequência a espessura através de análise de regressão. O estudo mostra que a curva de dispersão obtida a partir de um ensaio MASW pode ser usada para estimar a velocidade da onda S a um metro de profundidade e sua tendência de aumento com a profundidade. Esses valores podem ser usados para estimar a relação frequência-espessura para uma área. Esses resultados são comparados com a relação frequência-espessura derivada experimentalmente para a mesma área. A sensibilidade da forma da curva H/V à estrutura de velocidade do meio é analisada através de duas técnicas de modelagem (elipticidade da onda Rayleigh e campo difuso baseado na curva H/V). Diferentes partes da curva H/V são invertidas visando avaliar qual a parte da curva H/V contém as informações mais importantes sobre a estrutura subterrânea. As lições aprendidas dessas análises são aplicadas a três dados experimentais de locais distintos. As ondas Love podem contaminar o resultado da curva H/V. Duas técnicas diferentes para remover o efeito das ondas amorosas são discutidas. Em seguida, são discutidos os resultados da inversão conjunta das curvas de dispersão e da curva H/V após remoção do efeito da onda Love, ou seja, a curva de elipticidade. Alguns aspectos novos da técnica H/V são discutidos no final.
The destruction caused by an earthquake at a site depends on many factors like source characteristics such as magnitude, epicentral distance from the site, depth of the source, and on the geological setting of the area. The destruction caused due to the geological setting of an area is termed as site effect. To model the site effect of an area is to determine the shaking level longevity and its displacement amplification. The elastic properties (shear and compressional wave velocities, density, thickness of soil layer, etc.) of the site are required to find out by employing various geophysical procedures. The knowledge of these elastic properties help in better designing the infrastructure, which reduces the chances of destruction caused by a local geological setting due to an earthquake occurrence. This procedure is widely termed as microzonation. The most important parameters for the microzonation are the thickness of soft sediments over the seismic bedrock and its shear wave velocity profile. These two parameters are properly characterized by employing various geophysical techniques like borehole measurement, seismic reflection and seismic refraction. The conventional geophysical methods bring some hindrance to the picture such as, the drilling of a borehole and artificial seismic sources deployment for the reflection and refraction survey, which are both expensive and time consuming, difficult or even in some case impossible to implement in urbanized environment, the investigation is depth limited to few tens of meter. The methods which replaced this conventional geophysical method from the last decades or so is the analysis of Earth vibration caused by the seismic noise which is produced by both natural and cultural sources. This ambient seismic noise can be recorded with less cost and effort with good lateral coverage. Various seismic noise techniques are employed for this job; however, the one which got the most attention in recent years is the horizontal over vertical spectral ratio (H/V) technique. The H/V spectral ratio curve is a fast easy and cheap tool for the near-subsurface characterization. There are various study performed on the topic which has tried to cover almost all the aspects and problems associated with the method. Here in this study, we try to detail the aspects of this technique, which are not been evaluated fully. The different modelling procedures presented to model and physically link the H/V curve with some physical phenomenon will be discussed and its numerical result with the experimental H/V curve will be compared for a borehole test site. The peak and the shape of the H/V curve will be modelled to find its peak frequency deviation from the shear wave resonance frequency by considering different wave-field around the peak. Similarly, the shape dominancy of the H/V curve linkage will be find out. The peak frequency of the H/V curve is used to estimate the thickness-frequency relation by regression analysis. Here we will show that the dispersion curve obtained from multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) can be used to estimate the velocity at one meter and the shear wave velocity increase trend with depth. These values can be used to estimate the thickness frequency relation for an area and its result will be compared with the experimentally derived thickness-frequency relationship for the same area. The sensitivity of the H/V curve shape to the subsurface velocity structure will find out for two main modelling techniques (Rayleigh wave ellipticity and diffused field based H/V curve). The different parts of the H/V curve are inverted (back modelled) to find out the part of H/V curve which is carrying the most important information about the subsurface structure. The lesson learned from all this analysis will be applied to experimental data of three different sites. The Love waves might contaminate the result of the H/V curve. Two different techniques to remove their effects will be discussed. Then, the joint inversion result of the dispersion and this Love effect removed H/V for more precisely ellipticity curve is discussed. Some new aspects of the H/V curve technique are also discussed at the end.

Over the previous summer I studied mixing of a passive tracer by flow in a straight cylindrical pipe, under the supervision of prof. Bernoff. The mixing process can be thought of as the successive action of advection by the fluid flow and diffusion modeled by random walks. With this method we were able to distinguish three different regimes. For short times, diffusion is more relevant than advection and we observed a Gaussian longitudinal distribution of the concentration. In an intermediate regime, advection by the shear is dominant over longitudinal diffusion and we observed a distinctively asymmetric distribution which spread much faster than would be expected by the action of diffusion alone. Finally when the tracer had completely mixed across the pipe’s cross- section, we recovered the classical Taylor regime with a longitudinal Gaussian distribution. In each regime we have analytical prediction of tracer distribution, confirmed by numerical calculation. The object of this thesis is to extend our results to curved pipes; we will start by considering curved planar pipes and helical pipes. We will try to determine if mixing in these geometries displays the same three distinctive regimes of mixing. The pipe’s curvature introduces a secondary flow in the form of a transverse recirculation with a dipolar form, discovered by Dean (1928). We believe this transverse flow should enhance mixing, which explains why curved pipes are used in cooling systems and other situations where heat exchange is relevant. Our object is to first understand existing analytical approximations to the flow in a curved pipe due to Dean and others and then to study analytically and numerically the spread of a passive scalar in these flows.

Civil Engineering
M.S.C.E.
There is growing appreciation and research regarding geophysical methods to evaluate near surface soil properties in geotechnical engineering. Geophysical methods are generally non-destructive test (NDT) methods that do not necessitate traditional sampling of soils. Instead, they rely on application of input signals and deduction of soil properties from the measured response of the domain. Geophysical methods include various seismic, magnetic and nuclear techniques applied at the surface and/or subsurface within boreholes. Surface seismic methods, which include Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), are increasing in usage for geotechnical engineering purposes to evaluate stiffness properties of soils. MASW typically involves using a hammer to impact a base plate (also referred to as a striker plate) to transmit surface waves into the ground. These waves propagate through the underlying soils at a site and are received by an array of geophones placed on the ground surface. The manner in which the waves propagate is primarily influenced by soil stiffness, particularly against shear. Therefore, the signals recorded during an MASW survey can be analyzed to estimate the shear stiffness of the soils at a site, a parameter that is extremely important for seismic-related engineering purposes (e.g., site amplification, liquefaction, etc.). Aluminum plates are routinely used in a large number of MASW studies as a striker plate to couple the energy from a sledgehammer blow to the underlying soil layers. Various researchers have postulated that the material make-up of the striker plate has an effect on the frequency of the generated waves and, for that matter, the depth achieved with a typical MASW survey. For example, a less stiff material such as ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene is often recommended to increase low frequency energy of the input surface wave relative to aluminum. However, very limited research work has been performed in this area to systematically ascertain the effects of modifications to the striker plate material. Due to the limited direct research related to striker plates, MASW was utilized in this study to measure the dispersion curve resulting from MASW at various sites in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Different striker plate configurations were used during testing to systematically quantify their effects on typical MASW results. The proposed striker base plate configurations included a one (1.0) inch thick aluminum plate, a one (1.0) inch thick aluminum plate over additional rubber mats of varying thickness, and multiple ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene plates of various thicknesses. The purpose of this testing was to examine the performance of each configuration, particularly at the low frequency range of the dispersion results. Also efforts were made to qualitatively access the durability of the configurations with respect to long term exposure to impact load.
Temple University--Theses

Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Jacobs, Laurence, Committee Chair ; Qu, Jianmin, Committee Member ; Valle, Christine, Committee Co-Chair.

In this dissertation different structural materials (aluminum and steel) with different geometrical shapes (plates, pipes and bars) are studied for damage detection with guided waves. Specific guided wave modes (also known as Lamb wave modes for plate type structures) are generated in a laminated aluminum plate for damage detection and quantification using a broad band piezoelectric transducer structured with a rigid electrode. Appropriate excitation frequencies and modes for inspection are selected from theoretical and experimental dispersion curves. Sensitivity of anti-symmetric and symmetric modes for delamination detection and quantification is investigated. Longitudinal guided waves are excited and recorded after transmission through reinforcing steel bars for monitoring its corrosion level. Instead of investigating the amplitude of the transmitted guided waves, or in other words, monitoring its attenuation, the differential time-of-flight (TOF) is recorded. A reliable guided wave mode is identified for the detection and quantification of corrosion in reinforcing steel bars. Hole type damage, and bonding/de-bonding or lamination/delamination in pipes are studied with Noncontact Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducers and PZT transducers. An adaptive method using phase of the recorded signals for detection and quantification of damages in pipes is established using multiple feature extraction techniques (Time-Frequency representations) and differential time-of-flight cross-correlation technique.

A fotônica em silício é um campo de pesquisas emergente com grande potencial para contribuir com a resolução de alguns dos problemas tecnológicos da atualidade. O gargalo imposto por interconexões metálicas na expansão da taxa de transmissão de dados em sistemas de comunicação como os de computadores de alto desempenho talvez seja um dos maiores desafios a serem superados. A propagação de luz em baixas velocidades de grupo e com controle de dispersão é uma das linhas de pesquisa atuais nas quais se busca explorar de forma mais eficiente as propriedades ópticas do silício, e assim, aumentar a compatibilidade entre componentes fotônicos e a tecnologia CMOS (Complementary Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor) por meio da diminuição das dimensões e do consumo de energia de componentes ópticos ativos. Dessa forma, espera-se diminuir os custos de fabricação e viabilizar a produção em larga escala de dispositivos integrados optoeletrônicos, que poderiam ser utilizados em sistemas de comunicação de curtas distâncias e assim ampliar a largura de banda disponível. Investigações recentes têm demonstrado que a fabricação de dispositivos baseados em cristais fotônicos planares possui grande potencial para controlar simultaneamente a velocidade de grupo e a dispersão, além de permitir a redução do tamanho de elementos como curvas, divisores de potência e cavidades ressonantes devido ao efeito do confinamento dos campos através do bandgap fotônico. Dessa forma, esse trabalho aborda um estudo sobre a integração monolítica entre guias de onda, curvas de 60º e junções em Y que operam em baixas velocidades de grupo e com reduzida dispersão, construídos em cristais fotônicos planares formados por uma matriz periódica de furos em uma membrana de silício suspensa em ar. Essa investigação englobou atividades bastante intensivas, tanto de simulações por métodos numéricos, como de processos de fabricação dedicados à nanofotônica, assim como de caracterizações ópticas. Ao longo das discussões são identificados e analisados os mecanismos que afetaram de forma mais crítica a eficiência dos dispositivos propostos. Também foram avaliados os maiores problemas enfrentados nos processos de fabricação, e suas possíveis soluções foram apontadas. Os resultados demonstraram a possibilidade teórica de realizar tal integração de forma eficiente. O melhor entendimento sobre a relação entre a dispersão e os parâmetros geométricos dos guias de onda permitiram modelar curvas e divisores de potência que exibiram, respectivamente, larguras de banda em torno de 56 e 40 nm, cobrindo regiões do espectro com elevados índices de grupo. Foi possível fabricar cristais fotônicos com uma qualidade próxima das já reportadas na literatura sobre o tema e assim foram estabelecidas bases bastante sólidas para a fabricação de tais dispositivos localmente, sem a necessidade expressa de acessar centros de fabricação no exterior.
Silicon photonics is an emerging research field that has great potential to contribute to solving some of the technological problems nowadays. Maybe, one of the greatest challenges to be overcome is the bottleneck imposed by electrical interconnections in the expansion of the bandwidth of communication systems such as those of high performance computers. Slow light propagation in dispersionless media is a hot topic in the current research fields that seek to more efficiently explore the silicon optical properties, and thus, increase the compatibility between photonic components and CMOS technology by decreasing the footprint and power consumption of active optical components. This way, the manufacturing costs it is expected to be reduced by making the large-scale production of integrated optoelectronic devices feasible, and so, they could be used in short distance communication systems to expand the available bandwidth. Recent researches has also shown that photonic crystal slab waveguides are very promising to simultaneously control group velocity and devices dispersion, as well as in the reduction of the size of elements such as bends, power splitters and nanocavities due to the fields confinement through the photonic bandgap effect. Thus, this work addresses a study of the monolithic integration of slow light and dispersionless waveguides, 60º bends, and Y-junctions fabricated in air-bridge photonic crystal slabs formed by the drilling of a periodic array of air holes in a silicon membrane. The research was accomplished with intensive activities in numerical simulations, as well as in nanophotonic manufacturing processes, and optical characterizations. Throughout the discussions were identified and analyzed the mechanisms that more critically affected the devices efficiency. The major problems faced in the manufacturing processes were also evaluated, and their possible solutions were pointed out. The results demonstrated a theoretical possibility of performing such integration more efficiently. Having a better understandment about the relation between the photonic crystal waveguides geometrical parameters and their dispersion allowed the modeling of bends and power splitters which exhibited 3 dB bandwidths that covered, respectively, ranges around 56 and 40 nm, along spectral regions with very high group indices. It was possible to fabricate photonic crystals with a quality close to those already reported in the literature on this subject and thus, very solid bases were established for the manufacture of such devices locally, without the necessity of accessing manufacturing centers abroad.

Questa tesi si pone come obiettivo lo studio del processo d'inversione nel caso di curve di dispersione delle onde di Rayleigh, con lo scopo di determinare il profilo della velocità delle onde S. Ho utilizzato due diversi metodi. Il primo tipo riguarda un approccio perturbativo basato sul metodo degli elementi -finiti; il secondo, è un metodo di calcolo diretto basato sulla formula di Dix e costituisce un metodo non perturbativo. Quest'ultimo fornisce un modello iniziale che potrà essere in seguito ottimizzato attraverso l'approccio perturbativo. Inizialmente, test basati su dati sintetici sono stati effettuati al fine di simulare la crosta oceanica. È stato notato che eventuali variazioni al modello iniziale o variazioni allo spessore degli elementi finiti sembrano essere di grande impatto per il modello risultante. Successivamente, l'inversione perturbativa è stata applicata con dati di velocità di fase, appartenenti al database risultante dall' analisi del rumore sismico effettuata da Molinari et al. . Tali dati sono stati registrati da stazioni presenti in tutto il territorio italiano e nelle Alpi. Il modello iniziale risulta da una combinazione del modello ottenuto dalla ricerca di Molinari et al. per la parte della crosta e dal modello PREM per la parte del mantello. Le mappe 3D di velocità di S risultanti da questo metodo vengono successivamente paragonate con le equivalenti mappe risultate dal lavoro di Molinari et al. . Infine, lo stesso procedimento è stato ripetuto per un numero limitato di celle appartenenti al medesimo database. In questo caso, il modello iniziale è il modello risultante dall' inversione di Dix e può essere considerato un modello di riferimento adeguato per determinare la struttura 1D delle celle prese singolarmente. Tuttavia, si riscontrerebbero alcune limitazioni nel caso in cui il metodo venisse impiegato per ottenere strutture 3D.

An efficient technique for the calculation of guided wave dispersion curves in composite pipes is presented. The technique uses a forward-calculating variational calculus approach rather than the guess and iterate process required when using the more traditional partial wave superposition technique. The formulation of each method is outlined and compared. The forward-calculating formulation is used to develop finite element software for dispersion curve calculation. Finally, the technique is used to calculate dispersion curves for several structures, including an isotropic bar, two multi-layer composite bars, and a composite pipe.

In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to compute thermal conductivity, dispersion curves and single mode relaxation times for bulk silicon. A newly-developed environment-dependent interatomic potential (EDIP) is used in our simulations. Using the Green-Kubo method, simulations of bulk silicon thermal conductivity are conducted using 216 to 4096 atoms. The effect of domain size is explored for different temperatures. Thermal conductivity predictions are found to converge to a bulk value for simulations containing 1000 atoms or more, even though the domain is much smaller than the phonon mean free path. A domain-size independent thermal conductivity is computed for temperatures ranging from 300 K to 1000 K and is shown to compare reasonably well with experimental data without the need for correction factors. The MD results are analyzed to obtain phonon dispersion curves along the [100] direction. Dispersion curves are also obtained using EDIP under a harmonic approximation and the classical dynamical matrix approach. The two sets of curves agree reasonably well. Furthermore, single mode phonon relaxation times are computed from the MD simulations. The trend can be curve-fit by third or fourth-order polynomials.

Current acoustoelastic-based stress measurement techniques operate at the high-frequency, weakly-dispersive portions of the dispersion curves. The weak dispersive effects at such high frequencies allow the utilization of time-of-flight measurements to quantify the effects of stress on wave speed. However, this comes at the cost of lower sensitivity to the state-of-stress of the structure, and hence calibration at a known stress state is required to compensate for material and geometric uncertainties in the structure under test. In this work, the strongly-dispersive, highly stress-sensitive, low-frequency flexural waves are utilized for stress measurement in structural components. A new model-based technique is developed for this purpose, where the acoustoelastic theory is integrated into a numerical optimization algorithm to analyze dispersive waves propagating along the structure under test. The developed technique is found to be robust against material and geometric uncertainties. In the absence of calibration experiments, the robustness of this technique is inversely proportional to the excitation frequency. The capabilities of the developed technique are experimentally demonstrated on a long rectangular beam, where reference-free, un-calibrated stress measurements are successfully conducted.

This paper studies the influence of the shear-spring type imperfectness of the interface conditions on the dispersion of the axisymmetric longitudinal waves in the pre-strained bi-layered hollow cylinder made from hyper-elastic compressible materials. The investigations are made within the framework of the piecewise homogeneous body model by utilizing the 3D linearized theory of elastic waves in initially stressed bodies. The elasticity relations of the layers’ materials are given through the harmonic potential. The shear spring type imperfectness of the interface conditions is considered and the degree of this imperfectness is estimated by the shear-spring parameter. Numerical results on the influence of the problem parameters, especially, of the shear-spring parameter on the behavior of the dispersion curves related to the fundamental mode are presented and discussed. In particular, it is established that as a result of the aforementioned imperfectness of the interface conditions, the dispersion curve related to the fundamental mode has two branches: the first disappears, but the second approaches the dispersion curve obtained for the perfect interface case by decreasing the shear-spring parameter.

Many methods have been developed to obtain the band structure of crystals. Generally, they all require numerical computation to construct the spectrum. Therefore, only discrete points instead of continuous lines provided for dispersion relations. This makes it difficult to distinguish the modes of nearby discrete points without calculating mode profiles. That is, more effort is required to determine whether two dispersion curves intersect each other or not. A new method of investigation for phononic crystals is proposed which takes advantage of finite group theory and symmetrized plane waves that can block-diagonalize secular equations. A system consisting of a periodic square array of nickel alloy cylinders and an aluminum alloy matrix is studied. Intersections between dispersion curves of different modes can be identified directly. The result contradicts that presented by Kushwaha in 1993. The method can not only distinguish different modes directly from the computed band structure but also saves computation time. Compared to plane wave expansion method, only one quarter of computation time is required for calculating the spectrum. The higher symmetry a group has, the shorter the computation time expected.