Journal articles on the topic 'Curriculum, pedagogy and didactics, n.e.c'

This group randomized control trial examined the dose-response effect of varied combinations of linear and nonlinear pedagogy (enriched physical education with specific program led by specialist vs. conventional physical education led by generalist) for improving first-grade children’s motor creativity, executive functions, self-efficacy, and learning enjoyment. We led three physical education classes per group through 12 weeks of combined instruction, based on linear and nonlinear pedagogy: mostly linear (ML; 80% linear, 20% nonlinear; n = 62); mostly nonlinear (MNL; 20% linear, 80% nonlinear; n = 61); and control (C; conventional teaching from generalists; n = 60). MNL improved in (a) motor creativity ability (DMA; 48.7%, 76.5%, and 47.6% for locomotor, stability, and manipulative tasks, respectively); (b) executive functions (working memory and inhibitory control) for RNG task (14.7%) and task errors (70.8%); (c) self-efficacy (5.9%); and (d) enjoyment (8.3%). In ML, DMA improved by 18.0% in locomotor and 60.9% in manipulative tasks. C improved of 10.5% in enjoyment, and RNG task worsened by 22.6%. MNL improvements in DMA tasks, executive functions, and self-efficacy were significantly better than those in C. ML was better than C in DMA task and in executive functions’ task errors. Overall, ML and MNL approaches were more effective than conventional generalist teaching (C), and the MNL combination of 80% nonlinear and 20% linear pedagogy was optimal. We recommend that educators favor the MNL approach.

With the proliferation of participatory approaches to promoting youth development such as Youth-Led Participatory Action Research (YPAR), it is more important than ever that researchers and practitioners understand how to create curriculum that will authentically engage youth of color. To that end, there are important lessons public health researchers can learn from the fields of community psychology, education, and social work, among others. We explore the benefits of a youth-led research and action curriculum steeped in critical pedagogy and critical race theory focused on public health. Youth of color ( N = 35) between the ages of 13 and 34 years from five U.S. cities were hired as researchers. The majority (57%) of youth were 16 or 17 years, and the gender split was female (57%) and male (43%). Key informant interviews with adults and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed to examine program products and outcomes. Materials were deductively coded for content related to critical pedagogy and race theory (e.g., empowerment, capacity building and community engagement, skill development) as well as conceptualizations of health. Findings indicate young people (a) began to think more consciously about health, what it means to be healthy, and the factors that influence health; (b) developed critical skills; and (c) described feeling empowered. When given resources and space to lead, we found youth to be insightful, resourceful, compassionate, and deeply committed to improving the lives of their peers, family members, and communities.

This article derives from a research whose objective was to investigate how the formative processes about the integration of Digital Information and Communication Technologies (DICT) in the field of Education, in the Pedagogy course of a federal university in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, contribute to the training of its graduates. To do so, it considered the daily experience of the students with the TDIC, the requisitions for its use by the university, and the formative experiences lived in the curricular disciplines that work with the relations between TDIC and Education. The research is based on the point of view of qualitative research, as a case study. As data production, the research used an open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interviews and as a method of data analysis, it used a descriptive statistical analysis, as well as thematic analysis of content. The discussions revealed a secondary role in incorporating and discussing the relationships involved in DICT and in the teaching and learning processes, since their direct discussion is arranged only in elective disciplines. It was also verified that the DICT-Education relationship ends up being confined to the discussion of the technological apparatuses as didactic-methodological tools, in the exercise of teaching. The research also points that the challenge that the training process provides a relationship in which the DICT are together with the socio-cultural practices experienced by the subjects, demanding the integration of the DICT throughout the course, in a transversal way and as a cultural process, beyond the strictly pedagogical sense.ResumoO presente artigo deriva de uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo investigar em que medida os processos formativos que inserem e tematizam a integração das Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) ao campo da Educação, no curso de Pedagogia de uma universidade federal, no estado de São Paulo, contribuem para a formação de seus licenciandos. Para tanto, considerou a experiência cotidiana dos licenciandos com as TDIC, as requisições para seu uso, pela universidade, e as experiências formativas vivenciadas nas disciplinas que tematizam as relações entre TDIC e Educação. A investigação é concebida sob a ótica da pesquisa qualitativa, em caráter de estudo de caso. Estabeleceu-se como instrumentos de produção de dados, a aplicação de questionário aberto-fechado e de entrevistas semiestruturadas e como método de exame dos dados, a análise estatística descritiva e a análise temática de conteúdo. Os achados revelaram um papel secundarizado na incorporação, problematização e discussão das relações envoltas às TDIC e aos processos de ensino e aprendizagem, posto que sua tematização direta seja disposta apenas em disciplinas de caráter eletivo. Também foi constatado que a relação TDIC-Educação acaba por se circunscrever à discussão dos aparatos tecnológicos como ferramentas didático-metodológicas, no exercício da docência. Da discussão dos resultados emerge como principal apontamento, o desafio de que o processo formativo proporcione uma relação em que as TDIC estejam imbricadas às práticas socioculturais vivenciadas pelos sujeitos, demandando a integração das TDIC, em todo o curso, de forma transversal e como processo cultural, para além do estritamente pedagógico.Palavras-chave: Formação inicial do pedagogo, Tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação, Racionalidade tecnológica, Práticas culturais.Keywords: Initial teacher training, Digital information and communication technologies, Technological rationality, Cultural practices.ReferencesADRIÃO, T. Educação e produtividade: a reforma do ensino paulista e a desobrigação do Estado. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Xamã, 2006.ANDRÉ, M. O que é estudo de caso qualitativo em educação? Revista da FAEEBA: Educação e Contemporaneidade, Salvador, v. 22, n. 40, p. 95-103, jul./dez. 2013.BELLONI, M. L.; GOMES, N. G. Infância, mídias e aprendizagem: autodidaxia e colaboração. Educ. Soc. [online]. 2008, vol.29, n.104, pp.717-746. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-73302008000300005&lng=en&nrm=iso>BONILLA, M. H. S.; PRETTO, N. L. Política educativa e cultura digital: entre práticas escolares e práticas sociais. Revista Perspectiva, v. 33, n. 2, p. 499 – 52, maio/ago. 2015. Disponível em: <https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/perspectiva/article/view/36433> Acesso em: 05/02/2017.CASTELLS, M. A Sociedade em rede. Trad. Roneide Venâncio Majer; Atualização para 6ª: Jussara Simões. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2010.CONTRERAS, J. A autonomia dos professores. Trad. Sandra Trabucco Valenzuela. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2012.CUNHA, A. G. Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa. São Paulo: Nova Fronteira, 1986.FREIRE, P. A máquina está a serviço de quem? Revista BITS, v. 1, n. 7, p. 6. São Paulo, maio, 1984.FREIRE, P. Pedagogia da autonomia: saberes necessários à prática educativa. 25ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2015a.FREIRE, P. Pedagogia do oprimido. 56ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2015b.FREIRE, P.; SHOR, I. Medo e ousadia: o cotidiano do professor. Trad. de Adriana Lopez. 1ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1986.GATTI, B. A.; BARRETO, E. S. de S. Professores do Brasil: impasses e desafios. 1ª ed. Brasília: UNESCO, 2009.GIROUX, H. A. Os professores como intelectuais: rumo a uma pedagogia crítica da aprendizagem. Trad. Daniel Bueno. 1ª ed. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1997.LAMBERT, W. W.; LAMBERT, W. E. Psicologia social. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1981.LAVILLE, C.; DIONNE, J. Manual de metodologia da pesquisa em ciências humanas. Trad. H. Monteiro e F. Settineri. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 1999.LÉVY, P. As tecnologias da inteligência: o futuro do pensamento na era da informática. Trad. Irineu da Costa. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora 34, 2010.MARCUSE, H. Tecnologia, guerra e fascismo: coletânea de artigos de Herbert Marcuse. Ed. Douglas Kellner. Trad. M. Cristina Vidal Borba. São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 1999.NOVA, C.; ALVES, L. A. Comunicação digital e as novas perspectivas para a educação. 2002. Disponível em: <http://www.lynn.pro.br/pdf/art_redecom.pdf > Acesso em: 13 set. 2014.PARO, V. H. Educação como exercício do poder: crítica ao senso comum em educação. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2010.PESCE, L. O programa um computador por aluno no estado de São Paulo: confrontos e avanços. 2013. Disponível em: http://36reuniao.anped.org.br/pdfs_trabalhos_encomendados/gt16_trabencomendado_lucilapesce.pdf>. Acesso em: 05/02/2017.PESCE, L. Políticas de formação inicial de professores, tecnologias e a construção social do tempo. EccoS, Revista Científica. v. 33, n. 01, jan.-abril. 2014. p. 157-172. Disponível em: http://www4.uninove.br/ojs/index.php/eccos/article/viewFile/3598/2721 Acesso em: 25/05/2017.PESCE, L.; ABREU, C. B. de M. 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Playing curriculum development based on early childhood learning is a major issue in international early childhood education discussions. This study aims to look at the concepts and practices of play-based curriculum in early childhood education institutions. The study uses qualitative methods with the CIPP model program evaluation on play-based curriculum. Data collection techniqueswere carriedout using participatory observation, document studies and interviews. Participants are early childhood educators, early childhood and parents. The results found that the play-based curriculum has not yet become the main note in the preparation and development of concepts and learning practices in early childhood. Play-based curriculum quality standards have not provided a solid and clear concept foundation in placing play in the center of learning models. Other findings the institution has not been able to use the DAP (Developmentally Appropriate Practice) approach fully, and has not been able to carry out the philosophy and ways for developing a curriculum based on play. However, quite a lot of research found good practices implemented in learning centers in early childhood education institutions, such as develop children's independence programs through habituation to toilet training and fantasy play. Keywords: Play Based Curriculum, Center Learning Model, Curriculum Quality Standards, Early Childhood Education Reference Alford, B. L., Rollins, K. B., Padrón, Y. N., & Waxman, H. C. (2016). Using Systematic Classroom Observation to Explore Student Engagement as a Function of Teachers’ Developmentally Appropriate Instructional Practices (DAIP) in Ethnically Diverse Pre- kindergarten Through Second-Grade Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 44(6), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0748-8 Ali, E., Kaitlyn M, C., Hussain, A., & Akhtar, Z. (2018). the Effects of Play-Based Learning on Early Childhood Education and Development. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 7(43), 4682–4685. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2018/1044 Ashiabi, G. S. (2007). Play in the preschool classroom: Its socioemotional significance and the teacher’s role in play. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-007-0165-8 Berk, L. E., & Meyers, A. B. (2013). The role of make-believe play in the development of executive function. American Journal of Play, 6(1), 98–110. Bodrova, E., Germeroth, C., & Leong, D. J. (2013). Play and Self-Regulation: Lessons from Vygotsky. American Journal of Play, 6(1), 111–123. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1016167 Chien, N. C., Howes, C., Burchinal, M., Pianta, R. C., Ritchie, S., Bryant, D. M., ... Barbarin, O. A. (2010). Children’s classroom engagement and school readiness gains in prekindergarten. Child Development, 81(5), 1534–1549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01490.x Cortázar, A. (2015). Long-term effects of public early childhood education on academic achievement in Chile. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 32, 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.01.003 Danniels, E., & Pyle, A. (2018). Defining Play-based Learning. In Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development (Play-Based, pp. 1–5). OISE University of Toronto. Ejuu, G., Apolot, J. M., & Serpell, R. (2019). Early childhood education quality indicators: Exploring the landscape of an African community perspective. Global Studies of Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610619832898 Faas, S., Wu, S.-C., & Geiger, S. (2017). The Importance of Play in Early Childhood Education: A Critical Perspective on Current Policies and Practices in Germany and Hong Kong. Global Education Review, 4(2), 75–91. Fisher, K. R., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Newcombe, N., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2013). Taking shape: Supporting preschoolers’ acquisition of geometric knowledge through guided play. Child Development, 84(6), 1872–1878. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12091 Hennessey, P. (2016). Full – Day Kindergarten Play-Based Learning : Promoting a Common Understanding. Education and Early Childhood Development, (April), 1–76. Retrieved from gov.nl.ca/edu Holt, N. L., Lee, H., Millar, C. A., & Spence, J. C. (2015). ‘Eyes on where children play’: a retrospective study of active free play. Children’s Geographies, 13(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.828449 Jay, J. A., & Knaus, M. (2018). Embedding play-based learning into junior primary (Year 1 and 2) Curriculum in WA. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n1.7 Kathy, E. (2016). Play-based versus Academic Preschools. Parent Cooperative Preschool International, 1–3. Klenowski, V., & Wyatt-Smith, C. (2012). The impact of high stakes testing: The Australian story. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 19(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2011.592972 Martlew, J., Stephen, C., & Ellis, J. (2011). Play in the primary school classroom? The experience of teachers supporting children’s learning through a new pedagogy. Early Years, 31(1), 71– 83. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2010.529425 Mcginn, A. (2017). Play-based early childhood classrooms and the effect on pre-kindergarten social and academic achievement (University of Northern Iowa). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp Miller, E., & Almon, J. (2009). Crisis in the Kindergarten. Why children need to to Play in School. In Alliance for childhood. Retrieved from www.allianceforchildhood.org. Özerem, A., & Kavaz, R. (2013). Montessori Approach in Pre-School Education and Its Effects. Tojned The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 3(3), 12–25. Pendidikan, K., & Kebudayaan, D. A. N. Menteri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 137 Tahun 2013 Tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. , (2015). Peng, Q. (2017). Study on Three Positions Framing Kindergarten Play-Based Curriculum in China: Through Analyses of the Attitudes of Teachers to Early Linguistic Education. Studies in English Language Teaching, 5(3), 543. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v5n3p543 Pyle, A., & Bigelow, A. (2015). Play in Kindergarten: An Interview and Observational Study in Three Canadian Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-014-0666-1 Pyle, A., & Danniels, E. (2017). A Continuum of Play-Based Learning: The Role of the Teacher in Play-Based Pedagogy and the Fear of Hijacking Play. Early Education and Development, 28(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1220771 Reid, A. (2009). Is this a revolution?: A critical analysis of the Rudd government’s national education agenda. Curriculum Perspectives, 29(3), 1–13. Ridgway, A., & Quinones, G. (2012). How do early childhood students conceptualize play-based curriculum? Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(12), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2012v37n12.8 Rogers, S., & Evans, J. (2007). Rethinking role play in the Reception class. Educational Research, 49(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880701369677 Samuelsson, I. P., & Johansson, E. (2006). Play and learning-inseparable dimensions in preschool practice. Early Child Development and Care, 176(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443042000302654 Saracho, O. N. (2010). Children’s play in the visual arts and Literature. Early Child Development and Care. Saracho, O. N. (2013). An integrated play-based curriculum for young children. In An Integrated Play-Based Curriculum for Young Children. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203833278 Stufflebeam, D. L. (2003). The CIPP model for evaluation. In Oregon Program Evaluators Network (pp. 31–62). https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0309-4_4 Sturgess, J. (2003). A model describing play as a child-chosen activity - Is this still valid in contemporary Australia? Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 50(2), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1630.2003.00362.x Taylor, M. E., & Boyer, W. (2020). Play-Based Learning: Evidence-Based Research to Improve Children’s Learning Experiences in the Kindergarten Classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00989-7 Thompson, G. (2013). NAPLAN, myschool and accountability: Teacher perceptions of the effects of testing. International Education Journal, 12(2), 62–84. van Oers, B. (2012). Developmental education for young children: Concept, practice and implementation. Developmental Education for Young Children: Concept, Practice and Implementation, 1–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4617-6 van Oers, B. (2015). 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This paper presents the results of a research carried out with a group of Pedagogy students in a private higher education institution in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), making use of Hot Potatoes authoring software aiming at the development of didactic materials. The theoretical foundation was based on pointing out the features, advantages, disadvantages and contributions of software as a technology for teacher education. The objective of this research was to verify the contributions (advantages and disadvantages) of using Hot Potatoes authoring software in the development of activities related to mathematical literacy for Youth and Adult Education (EJA) in the perception of university students. The qualitative and exploratory research had the participation of 22 collaborators who were attending the EJA Teaching Methodology discipline. A workshop was held to present the functionalities of the software and to develop activities by the participants, based on the use of scripts prepared by the researchers. Data collection occurred through a questionnaire with closed questions to draw the profile of participants and open questions to capture their perceptions regarding the software. For data analysis, the Discursive Textual Analysis (ATD) was used. It was concluded that the use of this software has advantages, disadvantages and didactic aspects to be considered when using it.ResumoEste artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com um grupo de estudantes de Pedagogia em uma instituição privada de ensino superior do Rio Grande do Sul, fazendo o uso do software de autoria Hot Potatoes visando ao desenvolvimento de materiais didáticos. A fundamentação teórica baseou-se em apontar as funcionalidades, vantagens, desvantagens e contribuições do software como tecnologia para formação docente. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar as contribuições (vantagens e desvantagens) do uso do software de autoria Hot Potatoes no desenvolvimento de atividades relacionadas à alfabetização matemática para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) na percepção dos universitários. A investigação de cunho qualitativo e do tipo exploratória contou com a participação de 22 colaboradores que estavam cursando a disciplina de Metodologia de Ensino da EJA. Realizou-se uma oficina para apresentação das funcionalidades do software e para desenvolvimento de atividades com os participantes, a partir do uso de roteiros elaborados pelos pesquisadores. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de questionário com questões fechadas para traçar o perfil dos participantes e questões abertas para captar as suas percepções com relação ao software. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). Concluiu-se que o uso do referido software apresenta vantagens, desvantagens e aspectos didáticos a serem considerados acerca de sua utilização.ResumenEste artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación realizada con un grupo de estudiantes de pedagogía en una institución privada de educación superior en Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), utilizando el software de autoría Hot Potatoes para el desarrollo de materiales didácticos. La base teórica se basó en señalar las características, ventajas, desventajas y contribuciones del software como tecnología para la formación del profesorado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar las contribuciones (ventajas y desventajas) del uso del software de autoría Hot Potatoes en el desarrollo de actividades relacionadas con la alfabetización matemática para la Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos (EJA) en la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios. La investigación cualitativa y exploratoria contó con la participación de 22 colaboradores que asistían a la disciplina Metodología de Enseñanza EJA. Se realizó un taller para presentar las funcionalidades del software y desarrollar actividades por parte de los participantes, basado en el uso de guiones preparados por los investigadores. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas para dibujar el perfil de los participantes y preguntas abiertas para capturar sus percepciones sobre el software. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó el análisis textual discursivo (ATD). Se concluyó que el uso de este software tiene ventajas, desventajas y aspectos didácticos a tener en cuenta al usarlo.Palavras-chave: Softwares de autoria, Formação de professores, Análise textual discursiva.Keywords: Authoring software, Hot Potatoes, Teacher training, Discursive textual analysis.Palabras claves: Software de autoría, Formación del profesorado, Análisis textual discursivo.ReferencesBECKER, Fernando. Educação e construção do conhecimento. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2001.BEHAR, Patricia et al. Objetos de Aprendizagem para a Educação a Distância. In: Modelos pedagógicos em educação a distância. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2009. Cap. 3. P. 66-92.BELLONI, Maria Luiza. Educação a distância. – 2. ed – Campinas, SP: Autores Associados, 2001. – (Coleção educação contemporânea).BERTIN, Roseli et al. Desenvolvendo jogos educacionais por meio de softwares de autoria. RENOTE, v. 13, n. 1, 2015.BOVO, V, G. O uso do computador na educação de jovens e adultos. Revista PEC. 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Curriculum material is generally considered the subject matter of information, talents, dispositions, understandings, and principles that make up research programs in the field. At a more complex level, the curricula need to contain historical and socio-political strengths, traditions, cultural views, and goals with wide differences in sovereignty, adaptation, and local understanding that encompass a diversity of cultures, laws, metaphysics, and political discourse This study aims to develop a curriculum with local content as a new approach in early childhood science learning. The Local Content Curriculum (LCC) is compiled and developed to preserve the uniqueness of local culture, natural environment, and community crafts for early childhood teachers so that they can introduce local content to early childhood. Research and model development combines the design of the Dick-Carey and Dabbagh models with qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that local content curriculum products can be supplemented into early childhood curricula in institutions according to local conditions. Curricula with local content can be used as a reinforcement for the introduction of science in early childhood. The research implication demands the concern of all stakeholders to see that the introduction of local content is very important to be given from an early age, so that children know, get used to, like, maintain, and love local wealth from an early age. Keywords: Early Childhood, Scientific Learning, Local Content Curriculum Model References: Agustin, R. S., & Puro, S. (2015). Strategy Of Curriculum Development Based On Project Based Learning (Case Study: SMAN 1 Tanta Tanjung Tabalong South Of Kalimantan ) Halaman : Prosiding Ictte Fkip Uns, 1, 202–206. Agustina, N. Q., & Mukhtaruddin, F. (2019). The Cipp Model-Based Evaluation on Integrated English Learning (IEL) Program at Language Center. 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(2017). Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Early Childhood Teachers’ Needs 1 ). March. Dabbagh, N & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2005). Online Learning: Concepts, Strategies, and Application. Pearson Education, Inc. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Daryanto. (2014). Pendekatan Pembelajaran Saintifik. Gava Media. Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design of Instruction. Upper Saddle River. Elde Mølstad, C., & Karseth, B. (2016). National curricula in Norway and Finland: The role of learning outcomes. European Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116639311 Eurydice. (2018). Steering Documents and Types of Activities. 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STEAM-based learning is a global issue in early-childhood education practice. STEAM content becomes an integrative thematic approach as the main pillar of learning in kindergarten. This study aims to develop a conceptual and practical approach in the implementation of children's education by applying a modification from STEAM Learning to R-SLAMET. The research used a qualitative case study method with data collection through focus group discussions (FGD), involving early-childhood educator's research participants (n = 35), interviews, observation, document analysis such as videos, photos and portfolios. The study found several ideal categories through the use of narrative data analysis techniques. The findings show that educators gain an understanding of the change in learning orientation from competency indicators to play-based learning. Developing thematic play activities into continuum playing scenarios. STEAM learning content modification (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math) to R-SLAMETS content (Religion, Science, Literacy, Art, Math, Engineering, Technology and Social study) in daily class activity. Children activities with R-SLAMETS content can be developed based on an integrative learning flow that empowers loose part media with local materials learning resources. Keyword: STEAM to R-SLAMETS, Early Childhood Education, Integrative Thematic Learning References Ali, E., Kaitlyn M, C., Hussain, A., & Akhtar, Z. (2018). the Effects of Play-Based Learning on Early Childhood Education and Development. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 7(43), 4682–4685. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2018/1044 Ata Aktürk, A., & Demircan, O. (2017). A Review of Studies on STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood. Journal of Kırşehir Education Faculty, 18(2), 757–776. Azizah, W. A., Sarwi, S., & Ellianawati, E. (2020). Implementation of Project -Based Learning Model (PjBL) Using STREAM-Based Approach in Elementary Schools. Journal of Primary Education, 9(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpe.v9i3.39950 Badmus, O. (2018). Evolution of STEM, STEAM and STREAM Education in Africa: The Implication of the Knowledge Gap. In Contemporary Issues in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics Teacher Education in Nigeria. Björklund, C., & Ahlskog-Björkman, E. (2017). Approaches to teaching in thematic work: early childhood teachers’ integration of mathematics and art. International Journal of Early Years Education, 25(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1287061 Broadhead, P. (2003). Early Years Play and Learning. In Early Years Play and Learning. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203465257 Canning, N. (2010). The influence of the outdoor environment: Den-making in three different contexts. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 555–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2010.525961 Clapp, E. P., Solis, S. L., Ho, C. K. N., & Sachdeva, A. R. (2019). Complicating STEAM: A Critical Look at the Arts in the STEAM Agenda. Encyclopedia of Educational Innovation, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2262-4_54-1 Colucci, L., Burnard, P., Cooke, C., Davies, R., Gray, D., & Trowsdale, J. (2017). Reviewing the potential and challenges of developing STEAM education through creative pedagogies for 21st learning: how can school curricula be broadened towards a more responsive, dynamic, and inclusive form of education? BERA Research Commission, August, 1–105. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22452.76161 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2018). From STEM to STEAM: How to Monitor Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 30(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1488195 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2019). From STEM to STEAM: Cracking the Code? How Creativity & Motivation Interacts with Inquiry-based Learning. Creativity Research Journal, 31(3), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2019.1641678 Cook, K. L., & Bush, S. B. (2018). Design thinking in integrated STEAM learning: Surveying the landscape and exploring exemplars in elementary grades. School Science and Mathematics, 118(3–4), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12268 Costantino, T. (2018). STEAM by another name: Transdisciplinary practice in art and design education. Arts Education Policy Review, 119(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2017.1292973 Danniels, E., & Pyle, A. (2018). Defining Play-based Learning. In Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development (Play-Based, Issue February, pp. 1–5). OISE University of Toronto. DeJarnette, N. K. (2018). Implementing STEAM in the Early Childhood Classroom. European Journal of STEM Education, 3(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3878 Dell’Erba, M. (2019). Policy Considerations for STEAM Education. 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Embedding play-based learning into junior primary (Year 1 and 2) Curriculum in WA. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n1.7 Kennedy, A., & Barblett, L. (2010). Supporting the Early Years Learning Framework. Research in Practise Series, 17(3), 1–12. Keung, C. P. C., & Cheung, A. C. K. (2019). Towards Holistic Supporting of Play-Based Learning Implementation in Kindergartens: A Mixed Method Study. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47(5), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00956-2 Keung, C. P. C., & Fung, C. K. H. (2020). Exploring kindergarten teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in the development of play-based learning. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(2), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1724656 Krogh, S., & Morehouse, P. (2014). The Early Childhood Curriculum : Inquiry Learning Through Integration. Liao, C. (2016). From Interdisciplinary to Transdisciplinary: An Arts-Integrated Approach to STEAM Education. Art Education, 69(6), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1224873 Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J., Dore, R. A., Smith, E. D., & Palmquist, C. M. (2013). The impact of pretend play on children’s development: A review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029321 Maxwell, L. E., Mitchell, M. R., & Evans, G. W. (2008). Effects of Play Equipment and Loose Parts on Preschool Children’s Outdoor Play Behavior: An Observational Study and Design Intervention. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(2), 37–63. McLaughlin, T., & Cherrington, S. (2018). Creating a rich curriculum through intentional teaching. Early Childhood Folio, 22(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.18296/ecf.0050 Mengmeng, Z., Xiantong, Y., & Xinghua, W. (2019). Construction of STEAM Curriculum Model and Case Design in Kindergarten. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-8 Milara, I. S., Pitkänen, K., Laru, J., Iwata, M., Orduña, M. C., & Riekki, J. (2020). STEAM in Oulu: Scaffolding the development of a Community of Practice for local educators around STEAM and digital fabrication. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 26, 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100197 Moomaw, S. (2012). STEM Begins in the Early Years. School Science and Mathematics, 112(2), 57–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2011.00119.x Peng, Q. (2017). Study on Three Positions Framing Kindergarten Play-Based Curriculum in China: Through Analyses of the Attitudes of Teachers to Early Linguistic Education. Studies in English Language Teaching, 5(3), 543. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v5n3p543 Pyle, A., & Bigelow, A. (2015). Play in Kindergarten: An Interview and Observational Study in Three Canadian Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-014-0666-1 Pyle, A., & Danniels, E. (2017). A Continuum of Play-Based Learning: The Role of the Teacher in Play-Based Pedagogy and the Fear of Hijacking Play. Early Education and Development, 28(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1220771 Quigley, C. F., Herro, D., & Jamil, F. M. (2017). Developing a Conceptual Model of STEAM Teaching Practices. School Science and Mathematics, 117(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12201 Ridgers, N. D., Knowles, Z. R., & Sayers, J. (2012). Encouraging play in the natural environment: A child-focused case study of Forest School. Children’s Geographies, 10(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2011.638176 Ridwan, A., Rahmawati, Y., & Hadinugrahaningsih, T. (2017). Steam Integration in Chemistry Learning for Developing 21st Century Skills. MIER Journail of Educational Studies, Trends & Practices, 7(2), 184–194. Rolling, J. H. (2016). 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This article presents an analysis of the teacher supervisor contributions to the pedagogical practice of the student graduated from the Pedagogy course at the beginning of his career that also participated in the Institutional Scholarship Program of Teaching Initiation (PIBID). It was a qualitative research, having as data collection instruments a closed form and semi-structured interviews, besides the analysis of official documents. The theoretical reference was based on authors of critical pedagogy and on studies on teacher knowledge, the theory versus practice relation and teacher training. We found that, through the supervisors actions, together with the fellows participants in the PIBID, a partnership was established between the university and the public schools network that benefits the training of the egress students to work in teaching.ResumoO presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar contribuições do professor supervisor para a prática pedagógica do aluno egresso do curso de Pedagogia e em início de carreira que tenha participado do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID). Tratou-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, tendo como instrumentos de coleta de dados um formulário fechado e entrevistas semiestruturadas, além da análise de documentos oficiais. O referencial teórico pautou-se em autores da pedagogia crítica e em estudos sobre os saberes docentes, a relação teoria e prática e a formação docente. Constatamos que, a partir das ações dos supervisores junto aos alunos bolsistas participantes do PIBID, estabeleceu-se uma parceria entre a universidade e as escolas da rede pública, beneficiando a formação dos licenciandos para atuarem na docência.ResumenEl presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las contribuciones del profesor supervisor para la práctica pedagógica del alumno egreso del curso de Pedagogía y en inicio de carrera que haya participado del Programa Institucional de Beca de Iniciación a la Docencia (PIBID). Se trató de una investigación de naturaleza cualitativa, en la cual fueron utilizados como instrumentos de colecta de datos un formulario cerrado y entrevistas semiestructuradas, además del análisis de documentos oficiales. El referencial teórico adoptado se pautó en autores de pedagogía crítica y en estudios sobre los saberes docentes, la relación teoría y práctica y la formación docente. Constatamos que, desde las acciones de los profesores supervisores junto a los alumnos becarios participantes del PIBID, se estableció una asociación entre la universidad y las escuelas de la red pública, beneficiando la formación de los alumnos del curso de Pedagogía para actuaren en la docencia.Palavras-chave: PIBID, Formação de professores, Curso de Pedagogia, Professores supervisores.Keywords: Teacher training, Pedagogy course, Supervisor teachers.Palabras-clave: Formación de profesores, Curso de Pedagogía, Profesores Supervisores.ReferencesBARDIN, L. Análise de conteúdo. Trad. Luís A. Reto e Augusto Pinheiro. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2011.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Secretaria de Educação Superior – SESu. Edital MEC/Capes/FNDE nº Programa Institucional de Iniciação à Docência – PIBID. Brasília, DF, 2007. Disponível em: <https://www.capes.gov.br/images/stories/download/editais/Edital_PIBID.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2016.BRASIL. Portaria nº 46, de 11 de abril de 2016. Aprova o Regulamento do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência – PIBID. Disponível em: https://www.capes.gov.br/images/stories/download/legislacao/15042016-Portaria-46-Regulamento-PIBID-completa.pdf. Acesso em: 2 dez. 2017.CANÁRIO, R. O papel da prática profissional na formação inicial e contínua de professores. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE QUALIDADE NA EDUCAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES. 2001. Brasília: MEC – Secretaria de Educação Fundamental, 15/19 outubro de 2001.DARLING-HAMMOND, L. A importância da formação docente. Cadernos Cenpec, São Paulo, v. 4, n. 2, p. 230-47, dez. 2014.GARCIA, C. M. Formação de professores: para uma mudança educativa. Porto: Porto Editora, 1999.GATTI, B. A. Políticas docentes no Brasil: um estado da arte. Brasília: Unesco, 2011.GATTI, B. A. A prática pedagógica como núcleo do processo de formação de professores In: GATTI, B. A. et al. (Org.). Por uma política nacional de formação de professores. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2013.GATTI, B. A. A formação inicial de professores para a educação básica: as licenciaturas. Revista da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), n. 100, p. 33-46, dez./jan./fev. 2013-2014. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i100p33-46>. Acesso em: 16 abr. 2016.LÜDKE, M.; ANDRÉ, M. E. D. A. Pesquisa em educação: abordagens qualitativas. São Paulo: Editora Pedagógica e Universitária, 2014.MIZUKAMI, M. da G. N. Aprendizagem da docência: professores formadores. Revista e-Curriculum PUC-SP. São Paulo, v. 01, n. 1, p. 1-17, jul. 2005-2006. Disponível em: <https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/curriculum/article/view/3106> Acesso em: 16 abr.2016.NÓVOA, A. Professores: imagens do futuro presente. Lisboa: Educa, 2009.OLIVEIRA-FORMOSINHO, J. Desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. In: FORMOSINHO, J. (Coord.). Formação de professores: aprendizagem profissional e ação docente. Porto: Porto Editora, 2009.SHULMAN, L. S. Conhecimento e ensino: fundamentos para a nova reforma. Cadernos Cenpec – Edição especial Formação de professores, São Paulo, v. 4, n. 2, p. 196-229, dez. 2014. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.18676/cadernoscenpec.v4i2.293>. Acesso em: out. 2016SHULMAN, L. S.; SHULMAN, J. H. Como e o que os professores aprendem: uma perspectiva em transformação. Cadernos Cenpec, São Paulo, v. 6, n. 1, p. 120-42, jan./jun. 2016. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.18676/cadernoscenpec.v6i1.353>. Acesso em: maio 2016TANCREDI, R. M. S. P.; REALI, A. M. M. R.; MIZUKAMI, M. G. N. Programa de mentoria para professores das séries iniciais: implementando e avaliando um contínuo de aprendizagem docente. São Carlos: Fapesp, 2013.TARDIF, M. Saberes profissionais dos professores e conhecimentos universitários: elementos para uma epistemologia da prática profissional dos professores e suas consequências em relação à formação para o magistério. Revista Brasileira de Educação, n. 13, p. 5-24. 2012.TARDIF, M. Saberes docentes e formação profissional. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2014.ZEICHNER, K. M. Repensando as conexões entre a formação na universidade e as experiências de campo na formação de professores em faculdades e universidades. Revista Educação, v. 35, n. 3, p. 479-504, 2010. Disponível em: <https://periodicos.ufsm.br/reveducacao/article/view/2357>. Acesso em: 30 mar. 2017.e3744091

This article is dedicated to the development and presentation of the results of the first phase of implementation of the project "Knowledge, research and curricular innovations in teacher training for ethnic-racial diversity in higher education: questioning and contributions of ethnic-racial matrices and (NEAB / UFSCar), Brazil, linked to the Abdias Nascimento Academic Development Program, promoted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). The project aims to establish a transnational network of joint research between researchers in partnership with three international institutions: Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Colombia), Georgia State University (USA) and Université Paris Nanterre (France). The project aims to analyze if and how the curriculum of teacher training courses are changing for the dialogue of ethnic-racial and cultural knowledge, African and Afro-descendant knowledge. In this article we present a review of the literature on this subject in the contexts of Colombia and the United States.ResumoEste artigo apresenta alguns resultados da primeira fase de implementação do projeto “Conhecimento, pesquisa e inovações curriculares na formação de professores para a diversidade étnico-racial no ensino superior: questionamentos e contribuições das matrizes étnico-raciais e culturais, de saberes africanos e afrodescendentes” do Núcleo de Estudos Afro-Brasileiros da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (NEAB/UFSCar), vinculado ao Programa de Desenvolvimento Acadêmico Abdias Nascimento fomentado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). O projeto visa estabelecer uma rede transnacional de investigação conjunta entre pesquisadores e pesquisadoras em parceria com três instituições internacionais: Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Colômbia), Georgia State University (EUA) e Université Paris Nanterre (França). O projeto objetiva analisar se e de que forma os currículos dos cursos de formação de professores estão se modificando para o diálogo de conhecimentos étnico-raciais e culturais, de saberes africanos e afrodescendentes. Neste artigo apresentamos um recorte do levantamento bibliográfico sobre este tema nos contextos da Colômbia e dos Estados Unidos.Keywords: Curriculum, Higher education, Ethnic-racial diversity, Affirmative action policies.Palavras-chave: Currículo, Ensino superior, Diversidade étnico-racial, Políticas de ação afirmativa.ReferencesALRIDGE, Derrick. Teachers in the movement: Pedagogy, Activism, and Freedom. Disponível em: http://www.aera.net/Publications/Online-Paper-Repository/AERA-Online-Paper-Repository/Owner/912849 Acessado em outubro de 2018.AU, Wayne; BROWN, Anthony L.; CALDERON, Dolores. How does it feel to be a problem? Communities of Color, Self-Determination, and Historical Educational Struggle, 2018.BRAH, Avtar. Cartografías de la diáspora: identidades en cuestión. Madrid: Traficante de sueños, 2011.BURAS, KRISTEN L. George Washington Carver Senior High School: A Legacy That Can't Be Chartered, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.aera.net/Publications/Online-Paper-Repository/AERA-Online-Paper-Repository/Owner/912849 Acessado em outubro de 2018.CASTILLO GUZMAN, Elizabeth; CAICEDO ORTIZ, José Antonio. Las luchas por otras educaciones en el bicentenario: de la iglesia-docente a las educaciones étnicas. Nómadas, Bogotá, n. 33, p. 109-127, Oct. 2010.CASTILLO, S. S.; ABRIL, N. G. P. Colômbia: Invisibilidade e exclusão. In: DIJK, T. A. Van. Racismo e discurso na América Latina. São Paulo: Contexto, 2008.CASTRO SUAREZ, Celmira, En busca de la igualdad y el reconocimiento. La experiencia histórica de la educación intercultural en el Caribe colombiano. Memorias. Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe [en linea] 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=85532558010> acesso em: 05 de novembro de 2017.COLÔMBIA. Lei 70 de 1993. Por la cual se desarrolla el artículo transitório 55 de la Constitucion política. El Congresso de Colômbia. 1993.DÍAZ SÁNCHEZ, Edisson. Reflexiones pedagógicas sobre la formación de docentes en los estudios escolares afrocolombianos. Revista Colombiana de Educación, [S.l.], n. 69, p. 183.202, 2015. ISSN 2323-0134.DU BOIS, William E. Burghardt. As almas da gente negra. Tradução de Heloisa Toller Gomes. Rio de Janeiro: Lacerda, 1999.DUSSEL, Enrique. 1492: El encubrimiento del otro: hacia el origen del mito de la modernidad. UMSA. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Plural Editores: La Paz, 1994.ESTEBAN-GUITART, Moisés et al. Empatia y tolerancia a la diversidad en un contexto educativo intercultural. Univ. Psychol., Bogotá, v. 11, n. 2, p. 415-426, June 2012.GOMES, Nilma Lino. O movimento negro educador: saberes construídos nas lutas por emancipação. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2017. 154 p.GRANADOS-BELTRAN, Carlo. Interculturalidad crítica. Un camino para profesores de inglés en formación. Íkala, Medellín, v. 21, n. 2, p. 171-187, Aug. 2016. GRANT, CARL A.; BROWN, KEFFRELYN D.; BROWN, ANTHONY L. Black intellectual thought in education: The missing traditions of Anna Julia Copper, Carter G. Woodson, and Alain Le Roy Locke. Routledge: New York, 2016. HOOKS, Bell. Ensinando a transgredir: a educação como prática da liberdade. Trad. Marcelo Brandão Cipolla. São Paulo: WMF Martins Fontes, 2013.JIMENEZ, Nidia N.; GULLO, Maria, A. C.; MONTES, Jorge, E. O. Perception to the literacy process of adults and young natives from Guainía Department Colombia: Look of the protagonists. Investigación & desarrollo, vol. 24, n.° 1, 2016.KING, Joyce Elaine. Minds Stayed on Freedom. 2018. Disponível em http://www.aera.net/Publications/Online-Paper-Repository/AERA-Online-Paper-Repository/Owner/23358.KING, Joyce Elaine. Black education post-Katrina. And all us we are not saved. Epilogue: In: TILLMAN, L. C., (Ed.). The SAGE Handbook of African American Education (pp. 499-510). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2009.LAGO DE ZOTA, Alejandrina; LAGO DE FERNANDEZ, Carmen; LAGO DE VERGARA, Diana. Educación para ciudadanos del mundo con identidad afrodescendiente: caso institución educativa Antonia Santos, Cartagena de Índias, Colombia. Rev. hist.edu.latinoam - Vol. 14 No. 18, - pp. 53 – 74 enero – junio 2012.MBEMBE, Achille. Afropolitanismo. Áskesis. Revista dxs Discentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da UFSCar. Trad. Cleber Daniel Lambert da Silva. v. 4, n. 2, 2015, Julho/Dezembro, pp. 68-71.MBEMBE, Achille. Afriques indociles: christianisme, pouvoir et etat en société postcoloniale. Paris: Editions Karthala, 1988.MEN - Ministerio de Educación Nacional. 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Background. Ukrainian vocal pedagogy represents almost all types of instructive vocalises, which take into account both the specifi c features of the national vocal school and the individual style of authors and originators (both composers and performers). The aspect of national stylistic extends to such a component of vocal style as pedagogy. The national-specifi c features manifest themselves, fi rst of all, in the tone of material used to teach singers. The aspect of the musical Ukrainian “linguistics” in the modern language situation is associated with a certain type and the national form of language/speech. Dialogue of languages in the form of traditions and national musical lexicon is represented in Ukrainian vocalise, even in its instructional variants. After all, vocalization, which lays in the beginning of an academic singer teaching, plays one of the leading roles in understanding the art of solo singing. Such a teaching is based on the corresponding vocal exercises and more or less completed samples that came to vocal pedagogy from the traditions of academic and folklore practice, both world and the national one. It is obvious that there is no need to draw a direct parallel between the artistic samples of the national vocal music and training in their performance based exclusively on Ukrainian vocalises. It is only about the fact that the variety of methods for the voice training and development also includes a mandatory national-specifi c component, which is developed through the national vocal school practice and is based primarily on the embodiment of folk tones in vocalization interpreted in the curriculum. Therefore, the creators of Ukrainian instructive vocalises, focusing on substantial intonation, combine it with the singing techniques arising out of Italian bel canto. At the same time, a number of methodological and methodical issues related to Ukrainian vocalises require further coverage. The question of Ukrainian vocalise in two of its varieties – instructive and artistic – has not been almost studied which is an important aspect of the relevance of the paper. Thus, the relevance of the paper is determined by the following reasons: - the signifi cant value of vocalise in the practice of vocal art; - the need to fi ll a gap in studying the genre of vocalise based on samples created by Ukrainian authors. The aim of the study is to determine the specifi city of vocalise in Ukrainian vocal art, as well as related vocal-intonational exercises in the practice of Ukrainian vocal schools. The object of research is vocalise in Ukrainian vocal art. The subject of the study is its varieties and stylistic features in the Ukrainian vocal school. The material of the study consisted of samples of various types of vocalises and related vocal-intonational exercises in Ukrainian vocal literature: collections by M. Zavalyshina, S. Pavlyuchenko, О. Voronin and R. Voronina. One can distinguish another characteristic feature common to Italian and Ukrainian vocal stylistics, which is spoken by many Ukrainian vocal pedagogues, including representatives of the Kharkov Vocal School: P. Golubev, M. Mykhailov, L. Tsurcan, N. Grebenyuk, T. Madysheva. The matter is that in their genre specifi city, vocalises always refl ect the peculiarities of vocal music with the text, where the national language imposes its imprint on melody and rhythm, as well as on harmony (Harmony of Solo Singing by B. Filts). The Ukrainian “nightingale language”, characterized by the fl uidity of the transitions from word to word, the special role of vowels being singed, emotionality in the intonational rise of words, is close in many respects to the Italian, in which the same features are presented. Therefore, the presence of these two linguistic principles, which, although presented in non-verbal forms, through vocalization, is always felt in Ukrainian vocalises, refer both to instructional and artistic samples. The multidimensional nature of the tasks facing pedagogues and students in instructive vocalises is refl ected in certain specializations on which certain collections and selections are being created. Vocalises are an international genre, in which for several centuries of its exis tence, various musical and linguistic sources and techniques of singing, coming from them, were assimilated. In the vocalises, referring to different national schools, not only “our own” musical and mental features, coming from national folklore and professional creativity, but also “strangers”, come from the sources of foreign style (far, near, own; “theywe- you”, if you recall the triads of Е. Nazaikinsky). Relevant material is needed to develop multi-ethnic stylistics in the genre of vocalise. Teachers of vocalise widely use folk songs arrangements. The practice of such arrangements forms the basis for the creation of a national musical language, and the interest of composers-arrangers in other peoples’ songs helps extend such a language base. It is known that the national vocal school style acts as a general aesthetic phenomenon and is refl ected in all spheres of vocal art. This is about the vocal style of national authors, which is closely related to the peculiarities of verbal language (“music” and “word” as a key problem of vocal tone), as well as the refl ection of such a style in performing art, where syntheses of foreign national traditions and indigenous aspects of singing related to the national culture. The national specifi c features of instructive vocalises should be considered. One should not forget that this genre is traditional in nature and dates back to classical singing schools, especially to the Italian ones.

Teacher's abilities to understand the benefits and use of media literacy play an important role in dealing with children as digital natives. Media literacy education can be an instrument through the use of blended-learning websites to address the challenges of education in the 21st century and learning solutions during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to figure the teacher's perspective in understanding media literacy as an instrument for implementing blended-learning in early-childhood classes. Using a qualitative approach, this study combines two types of data. Data collection involved kindergarten teachers, six people as informants who attended the interviews and twenty-six participants who filled out questionnaires. Typological data analysis was used for qualitative data as well as simple statistical analysis to calculate the percentage of teacher perspectives on questionnaires collected the pandemic. The findings show five categories from the teacher's perspective. First, about the ability to carry out website-based blended-learning and the use of technology in classrooms and distance learning is still low. It must be transformed into more creative and innovative one. Encouraging teacher awareness of the importance of media literacy education for teachers as a more effective integrated learning approach, especially in rural or remote areas, to be the second finding. Third, national action is needed to change from traditional to blended-learning culture. Fourth, the high need for strong environmental support, such as related-party policies and competency training is the most important finding in this study. Finally, the need for an increase in the ease of access to technology use from all related parties, because the biggest impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is on ECE, which is closely related to the perspective of teachers on technology. The research implication demands increase in technology systems and connections between educators, parents, institutional managers, and education policy holders, for ECE services in urban areas for disadvantaged children, and all children in rural or remote areas. Keywords: Blended Learning, Early Childhood Classroom, Media Literacy Education References Aktay, S. (2009). The ISTE national educational technology standards and prospective primary school teachers in Turkey. International Journal of Learning, 16(9), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v16i09/46607 Arke, E. T., & Primack, B. A. (2009). Quantifying media literacy: Development, reliability, and validity of a new measure. Educational Media International, 46(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980902780958 Briquet-Duhazé, S. (2019). Websites Consulted by Future Primary Level Schoolteachers in France: Differences between Students and Trainees. 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Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher’s learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. Dissemination of five story books are proper for children and improve their understanding of disaster management. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Management Disaster, Storybooks Reference: Abulnour, A. H. (2013). Towards efficient disaster management in Egypt. Housing and Building National Research Center. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.07.004 Adiyoyoso, W. (2018). Manajemen Bencana. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Batič, J. (2019). Reading Picture Books in Preschool and Lower Grades of Primary School. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, (November), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.554 Bosschaart, A., van der Schee, J., Kuiper, W., & Schoonenboom, J. (2016). Evaluating a flood- risk education program in the Netherlands. 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The introduction of basic computer media for early childhood is very important because it is one of the skills that children need in this century. Need to support parents and teachers in developing the implementation of the use of computer technology at home or at school. This study aims to determine and understand the state of learning conducted based on technology. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study model. This study involved 15 children and 5 parents. Data obtained through interviews (children and parents) and questionnaires for parents. The results showed that children who were introduced to and taught basic computers earlier became more skilled in learning activities. Suggestions for further research to be more in-depth both qualitatively and quantitatively explore the use of the latest technology to prepare future generations who have 21st century skills. 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Although there are several approaches and strategies for teaching foreign languages, the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach is the most suitable for young learners. TPR is a way of teaching language that is based on the synchronization of speech and behaviour, or in other words, teaching language through movement. This study aims to develop English learning media for children through the Total Physical Response (TPR) method. This study uses a Research and Development (R & D) approach. The development model used is the ADDIE development model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). Data collection techniques in this study were based on the results of expert validation tests, media practicality tests, and media effectiveness tests on children aged 5-6 years in Kindergarten. The results showed that the validity test of developing interactive media for children's English learning through the TPR method by media expert was declared valid with the result of 93%. The validity test on the material aspect shows the result is 98%. In the language aspect, the language expert gave the results of the feasibility of the language used in the media with a value of 96%. Likewise, with the practicality test, the results showed that the media had an average value of practicality with a percentage of 94%. The most important result in media development is determined by the results of the effectiveness test, and this media gets an average percentage score of 77.8% on the media tested on children. Therefore, interactive media for children's English learning through the Total Physical Response method deserves to be used as interactive and quality learning media that is practical and effective for early childhood. Intervention in introducing how to develop interactive media for learning English to teachers can be carried out in further research. Keywords: Early Childhood, English Learning Media, Total Physical Response (TPR) method References: Amri, S. (2013). 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En este artículo se presenta el Enfoque de los Itinerarios de Enseñanza de las Matemáticas, un enfoque que trata de ser respetuoso con las necesidades reales de los estudiantes para aprender matemáticas. En la primera parte se presenta la fundamentación del enfoque, que se sustenta en tres pilares interrelacionados: la perspectiva sociocultural del aprendizaje humano, el modelo de formación realista-reflexivo y la educación matemática realista; en la segunda parte se describe el enfoque, que se refiere a una secuencia de enseñanza intencionada que contempla tres niveles: 1) enseñanza en contextos informales (el entorno inmediato, los materiales manipulativos y los juegos); 2) enseñanza en contextos intermedios (recursos literarios y tecnológicos), y 3) enseñanza en contextos formales (recursos gráficos); finalmente, en la tercera parte se ejemplifica dicho enfoque con un itinerario de enseñanza del álgebra temprana para estudiantes de 3 a 12 años. Se concluye que la implementación de este enfoque requiere un amplio dominio de conocimientos didáctico-disciplinares, lo que implica un esfuerzo importante por parte de todos los agentes implicados en la formación del profesorado para que así, todo aquel profesional preocupado por mejorar su práctica docente y adaptarla a las exigencias del siglo XXI, pueda tener acceso a estos conocimientos. Referencias Alsina, Á. (2004). Barrinem? Matemàtiques amb jocs i problemes. Lògica 3. Cataluña: Edicions l'Àlber, S.L. Alsina, Á. (2010). La “pirámide de la educación matemática”, una herramienta para ayudar a desarrollar la competencia matemática. Aula de Innovación Educativa, 189, 12-16. Recuperado desde https://dugi-doc.udg.edu//bitstream/handle/10256/9481/PiramideEducacion.pdf Alsina, Á. (2018). Seis lecciones de educación matemática en tiempos de cambio: itinerarios didácticos para aprender más y mejor. Padres y Maestros, 376, 13-20. Alsina, Á. (2019a). 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Early childhood education as the main foundation of one's education is determined by the quality of teachers who can be seen through the performance of teachers and teachers, so the discourse of professional development is important. This study aims to determine how the performance of superior early childhood teachers and performance measurement as performance standards for outstanding teachers. Qualitative research is carried out with a psychological approach that is carried out directly on the object under study, to obtain data relating to aspects of teacher performance so that increased performance becomes an example for other teachers. Research data collection techniques using interviews, documentation, and observation. The results showed that the performance of outstanding early childhood teachers always tried to hone and control themselves by participating in outstanding teacher competitions to monitor their professional condition and performance. Early childhood teachers who have extraordinary grades also have strong scientific insight, understand learning, have broad social insights, are positive about their work, and show work performance according to the required performance criteria. The teacher's performance in the extraordinary category is the success and ability of the teacher in carrying out various learning tasks. Measuring the performance of early childhood teachers with achievement has two tasks as measurement standards, tasks related to the learning process and tasks related to structuring and planning learning tasks. Referring to these two tasks, there are three main criteria related to teacher performance in early childhood teacher professional development literacy, namely processes, teacher characteristics, and outcomes or products (changes in student attitudes). In the learning process, the performance of early childhood teachers who excel can be seen from the quality of work carried out related to professional teacher learning activities. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Outstanding Educator Performance, Professional Development References: Abry, T. (2015). Preschool and kindergarten teachers’ beliefs about early school competencies: Misalignment matters for kindergarten adjustment. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 11. Algozzine, B., Babb, J., Algozzine, K., Mraz, M., Kissel, B., Spano, S., & Foxworth, K. (2011). Classroom Effects of an Early Childhood Educator Professional Development Partnership. NHSA Dialog, 14(4), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/15240754.2011.613125 Anders, Y. (2015). Literature Review on Pedagogy. 62. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Razavieh, A., & Ary, D. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed). Wadsworth. Bukoye, R. O. (2019). 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Distinctions between academic versus intellectual goals for young children. 4. Kim, K. (2018). Early childhood teachers’ work and technology in an era of assessment. 14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2018.1533709 Molla, T., & Nolan, A. (2019). Identifying professional functionings of early childhood educators. Professional Development in Education, 45(4), 551–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2018.1449006 Moyles, J. (2001). Passion, Paradox and Professionalism in Early Years Education. Early Years, 21(2), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575140124792 Nolan, A., & Molla, T. (2018). Teacher professional learning as a social practice: An Australian case. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 27(4), 352–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2017.1321968 Oberhuemer, P. (2005). Conceptualising the early childhood pedagogue: Policy approaches and issues of professionalism. 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In recent years, STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) has received wide attention. STEAM complements early childhood learning needs in honing 2nd century skills. This study aims to introduce a loose section in early childhood learning to pre-service teachers and then to explore their perceptions of how to use loose parts in supporting STEAM. The study design uses qualitative phenomenological methods. FGDs (Focus Group Discussions) are used as data collection instruments. The findings point to two main themes that emerged from the discussion: a loose section that supports freedom of creation and problem solving. Freedom clearly supports science, mathematics and arts education while problem solving significantly supports engineering and technology education. Keywords: Early Childhood Educators, Loose-part, STEAM References: Allen, A. (2016). Don’t Fear STEM: You Already Teach It! Exchange, (231), 56–59. Ansberry, B. K., & Morgan, E. (2019). Seven Myths of STEM. 56(6), 64–67. Bagiati, A., & Evangelou, D. (2015). Engineering curriculum in the preschool classroom: the teacher’s experience. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(1), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.991099 Becker, K., & Park, K. (2011). Effects of integrative approaches among science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) subjects on students ’ learning : A preliminary meta-analysis. 12(5), 23–38. Berk, L. E. (2009). Child Development (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. Can, B., Yildiz-Demirtas, V., & Altun, E. (2017). The Effect of Project-based Science Education Programme on Scientific Process Skills and Conception of Kindergargen Students. 16(3), 395–413. Casey, T., Robertson, J., Abel, J., Cairns, M., Caldwell, L., Campbell, K., … Robertson, T. (2016). Loose Parts Play. Edinburgh. Cheung, R. H. P. (2017). Teacher-directed versus child-centred : the challenge of promoting creativity in Chinese preschool classrooms. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 1366(January), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2016.1217253 Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2016). Math, Science, and Technology in the Early Grades. The Future of Children, 26(2), 75–94. Cloward Drown, K. (2014). Dramatic lay affordances of natural and manufactured outdoor settings for preschoolaged children. Dejarnette, N. K. (2018). Early Childhood Steam: Reflections From a Year of Steam Initiatives Implemented in a High-Needs Primary School. Education, 139(2), 96–112. DiGironimo, N. (2011). What is technology? Investigating student conceptions about the nature of technology. International Journal of Science Education, 33(10), 1337–1352. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2010.495400 Dugger, W. E., & Naik, N. (2001). Clarifying Misconceptions between Technology Education and Educational Technology. The Technology Teacher, 61(1), 31–35. Eeuwijk, P. Van, & Zuzana, A. (2017). How to Conduct a Focus Group Discussion ( FGD ) Methodological Manual. Flannigan, C., & Dietze, B. (2018). Children, Outdoor Play, and Loose Parts. Journal of Childhood Studies, 42(4), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v42i4.18103 Fleer, M. (1998). The Preparation of Australian Teachers in Technology Education : Developing The Preparation of Australian Teachers in Technology Education : Developing Professionals Not Technicians. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education & Development, 1(2), 25–31. Freitas, H., Oliveira, M., Jenkins, M., & Popjoy, O. (1998). The focus group, a qualitative research method: Reviewing the theory, and providing guidelines to its planning. In ISRC, Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore (MD, EUA)(Vol. 1). Gomes, J., & Fleer, M. (2019). The Development of a Scientific Motive : How Preschool Science and Home Play Reciprocally Contribute to Science Learning. 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Exploring Young Children’s Understanding About the Concept of Volume Through Engineering Design in a STEM Activity: A Case Study. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 16(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-016-9776-0 Rahardjo, M. M. (2019). Implementasi Pendekatan Saintifik Sebagai Pembentuk Keterampilan Proses Sains Anak Usia Dini. Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 9(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2019.v9.i2.p148-159 Robison, T. (2016). Male Elementary General Music Teachers : A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 26(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083715622019 Rocha Fernandes, G. W., Rodrigues, A. M., & Ferreira, C. A. (2018). Conceptions of the Nature of Science and Technology: a Study with Children and Youths in a Non-Formal Science and Technology Education Setting. Research in Science Education, 48(5), 1071–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9599-6 Sawyer, R. K. (2006). 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Character education in early childhood is not new, and character education is also not just a transfer of knowledge, but something that needs to be built early on through various stimula- tions. This study aims to develop the character of early childhood through audio-visual media with traditional Javanese songs. Using educational design-based research to develop audio-visual media from traditional songs, this media was tested in the field with an experimental design with a control group. Respondents involved 71 kindergarten students from one experimental class in one control class. The data revealed that character education in children shows the average value of the experi- mental class is higher than the control group, this means character education in children can be built through traditional songs. Further research can be done to improve the character of early childhood through a variety of media that interests children. Keywords: Early Childhood, Character Education, Javanese Traditional Songs Media References: Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Bates, A. (2016). The management of ‘emotional labour’ in the corporate re-imagining of primary education in England. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 26(1), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2016.1175959 Bates, A. (2019). Character education and the ‘priority of recognition.’ Cambridge Journal of Education, 49(6), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2019.1590529 Battistich, V., Schaps, E., Watson, M., Solomon, D., & Lewis, C. (2000). Effects of the Child Development Project on students’ drug use and other problem behaviors. Journal of Primary Prevention, 21(1), 75–99. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007057414994 Berkowitz, M. W. (1933). The Science of Character. 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e4306078Faced with a socio-cultural context marked by inequality and oppression in relation to sexual and gender diversity in Brazil, generated by prejudice and intolerance resulting from homophobia, the space occupied by the school in this scenario is questioned, an institution that dialogues with the processes occurring in society in which it is inserted. Thus, this article aims to present the results of research on the theme of sexuality and gender in teacher education in Ribeirão Preto-SP and Jaboticabal-SP, as well as its consequences in teaching, in which the multifactorial issues that involve the approach of this teacher are analyzed. theme in teaching. This theme consists of theoretical and practical elements that touch on formative, institutional, behavioral, curricular, epistemological, sociocultural and didactic-pedagogical aspects of the schooling process. With a qualitative approach and adopting by theoretical basis, mainly authors of queer analytical perspectives in the educational environment, semi-structured interviews with teachers from public schools, working in the two mentioned municipalities, used information by through discursive textual analysis. Teachers reported formative, sociocultural and institutional problems and difficulties in working with the theme of sexuality and gender in teaching, such as the absence of this theme in initial training and the reflexes of this process in teaching, as well as in several aspects that make up the school environment. It was also verified the existence of openings and possibilities to trace paths that articulate changes and transformations in relation to sexuality and gender in the educational scenario.ResumoDiante de um contexto sociocultural marcado pela opressão sobre a diversidade sexual e de gênero no Brasil, gerados pelo preconceito e intolerância decorrentes da homofobia, questiona-se o espaço ocupado pela escola neste cenário, instituição que dialoga com os processos ocorridos na sociedade em que está inserida. Assim, apresentamos os resultados da investigação sobre a temática sexualidade e gênero na formação de professores em Ribeirão Preto-SP e Jaboticabal-SP, bem como seus desdobramentos na atuação docente, na qual se analisa as questões multifatoriais que envolvem a abordagem deste tema no ensino. Tal tema é constituído por elementos teóricos e práticos que tocam aspectos formativos, institucionais, comportamentais, curriculares, epistemológicos, socioculturais e didático-pedagógicos do processo de escolarização. Com abordagem qualitativa e adotando-se por fundamentação teórica, principalmente, autores de perspectivas analíticas queer no meio educacional, utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores da rede pública de ensino, atuantes nos dois municípios mencionados, informações trabalhadas por meio da análise textual discursiva. Os professores relataram problemas e dificuldades formativas, socioculturais e institucionais no trabalho com a temática sexualidade e gênero no ensino, como a ausência deste tema na formação inicial e os reflexos deste processo na atuação docente, assim como em diversos aspectos que compõem o âmbito escolar. Constatou-se, também, a existência de aberturas e possibilidades para traçar caminhos que articulem mudanças e transformações com relação a temática sexualidade e gênero no cenário educacional.ResumenAnte un contexto sociocultural marcado por la opresión de la diversidad sexual y de género en Brasil, generado por el prejuicio y la intolerancia derivados de la homofobia, se cuestiona el espacio que ocupa la escuela en este escenario, institución que dialoga con los procesos que ocurren en la sociedad en que se encuentra insertado. Así, presentamos los resultados de la investigación sobre el tema sexualidad y género en la formación del profesorado en Ribeirão Preto-SP y Jaboticabal-SP, así como sus consecuencias en el desempeño docente, en el que las cuestiones multifactoriales que involucran el abordaje de este tema en la docencia se analizan. Esta temática está constituida por elementos teóricos y prácticos que tocan aspectos formativos, institucionales, conductuales, curriculares, epistemológicos, socioculturales y didáctico-pedagógicos del proceso escolar. Con un enfoque cualitativo y adoptando como fundamento teórico, principalmente autores de perspectivas analíticas queer en el ámbito educativo, se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas como instrumento de recolección de datos con docentes de escuelas públicas, trabajando en las dos ciudades mencionadas, información trabajada a través de textos discursivos textuales. análisis. Los docentes informaron problemas y dificultades educativas, socioculturales e institucionales para trabajar la temática de la sexualidad y género en la docencia, como la ausencia de esta temática en la formación inicial y las consecuencias de este proceso en la docencia, así como en diversos aspectos que la integran. el entorno escolar. También se verificó la existencia de aperturas y posibilidades para trazar caminos que articulen cambios y transformaciones relacionadas con la sexualidad y el género en el escenario educativo.Palavras-chave: Ensino, Formação de Professores, Gênero, Sexualidade.Keywords: Teaching, Teacher’s Education, Gender, Sexuality.Palabras-clave: Docencia, Formación del profesorado, Género, Sexualidad.ReferencesALTMANN, Helena. Diversidade sexual e educação: desafios para a formação docente. Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad – Revista Latinoamericana, Rio de Janeiro, n. 13, p. 69-82, 2013.ALTMANN, Helena; MARIANO, Hugo Romano. Crianças e adolescentes ministram aulas sobre gênero na universidade: experiência pedagógica e constituição do sujeito. Revista Diversidade e Educação, v. 7, n. 1, p. 244-259, Jan/Jun, 2019.ALVES, Alda Judith. O planejamento de pesquisas qualitativas em educação. Cadernos de Pesquisa, São Paulo (77), maio 1991, p. 53-61.BANDEIRA, Andreia; VELOZO, Emerson Luís. Livro didático como artefato cultural: possibilidades e limites para as abordagens das relações de gênero e sexualidade no Ensino de Ciências. Revista Ciência e Educação, Bauru, v. 25, n. 4, p. 1019-1033, 2019.BENTO, Berenice. Na escola se aprende que a diferença faz a diferença. Revista Estudos Feministas, v. 19, n. 2, p. 549-559, 2011.BRANCALEONI, A. P. L.; KUPERMANN, D. Sexualidade, gênero e abjeção entre os muros da escola: um olhar da psicanálise. In: PERINELLI NETO, H. (org.). Ensino, Diversidades e Práticas Educativas: pistas, experiências e possibilidades. Port Alegre, RS: Editora Fi, 2018.BRANCALEONI, A. P. L.; OLIVEIRA, R. R. Silêncio! Não desperte os inocentes: sexualidade, gênero e educação sexual a partir da concepção de educadores. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educação, v. 10, 2015.BRANCALEONI, A. P. L.; OLIVEIRA, R. R.; SILVA, C. S. F. Diversidade sexual e de gênero e Base Nacional Comum Curricular: caracterizações e proposições. 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e4974049Teacher training for the development of digital skills is a key factor for in pedagogical innovation in Distance Higher Education. Taking into account the difficulties of many professors to work in this modality and the lack of training programs for online education, this study focus on professors’ competencies for online teaching in Higher Education. This article presents results regarding professors' perception about their competences for the exercise of teaching online. Under an online survey was used as data collection instrument. It was applied to professors who carry out online teaching activities in public or private higher education institutions in Brazil and Portugal, as they represent the Portuguese speaking countries with the greatest international relevance in the field of provision in this context. The study involved a simple non-probability sampling process, composed of 277 university professors, of which 236 from Brazil and 41 from Portugal. Descriptive statistical analysis and parametric tests were conducted to assess the differences between the professors’ perceptions of both nationalities. The results show that these teachers have favorable self-perceptions regarding their knowledge of content, pedagogy, technology as well as regarding their transversal skills associated with online education. However, they perceive some difficulty in effectively integrating different knowledges (scientific and pedagogical) with technology in their pedagogical practices. The differences found between countries were not statistically significant. The need to invest in professors’ training is detected, especially in the area of technologies and their integration with pedagogical and content knowledge. ResumoA formação docente para o desenvolvimento de competências digitais é fator primordial para a inovação pedagógica no Ensino Superior na modalidade a distância. Tendo-se em conta as dificuldades de muitos docentes para atuar nesta modalidade e a carência de programas de formação para a educação online, realizou-se um estudo sobre as competências de professores para a docência superior online. Este artigo apresenta resultados relativos à percepção dos docentes acerca de suas competências para o exercício da docência online. Utilizou-se o survey online como instrumento de recolha de dados. Este foi aplicado a professores que exercem atividades docentes online em instituições de ensino superior, públicas ou privadas, no Brasil e em Portugal, por representarem os países lusófonos com maior relevância internacional no domínio da oferta neste contexto. O estudo envolveu uma amostra aleatória simples, não probabilística, composta por 277 docentes universitários, dos quais 236 do Brasil e 41 de Portugal. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e testes paramétricos para avaliar as diferenças entre as percepções docentes das duas nacionalidades. Os resultados mostram que estes docentes apresentam autopercepções favoráveis relativamente aos seus conhecimentos de conteúdo, pedagógico, tecnológico e em relação às competências transversais associadas à educação online. Demonstram, contudo, dificuldade em integrar efetivamente os seus diferentes saberes (cientifico e pedagógico) com a tecnologia em suas práticas pedagógicas. As diferenças encontradas entre os países não foram estatisticamente significativas. 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Bacigalupo, Y. Punie (ed.), EUR 29000 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Joint Research Centre,Luxembourg, 2017.DAVIDSON, Phillip. Future Online Faculty Competencies: Student Perspectives. International Journal on E-Learning, v. 18, n. 3, p. 233-250, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/150552/. Acesso em: 22 out. 2019.ESPINOZA, Benjamin D.; NEAL, Makena. Incorporating Contextual Knowledge in Faculty Professional Development for Online Teaching. Journal on Centers for Teaching and Learning, v. 10, 2018.Disponível em: https://openjournal.lib.miamioh.edu/index.php/jctl/article/view/196. Acesso em: 23 out. 2019.FARMER, Heather; RAMSDALE, Jennifer. Teaching competencies for the online environment. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology/La revue canadienne de l’apprentissageet de la technologie, v. 42, n. 3, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.learntechlib.org/p/178060/. Acesso em: 19 out. 2019.GHOMI, Mina; REDECKER, Christine. 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What is technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)? Contemporary issues in technology and teacher education, v. 9, n. 1, p. 60-70, 2009. Disponível em: https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/29544/. Acesso em: 19 mai. 2020.KOEHLER, Matthew J.; MISHRA, Punya; CAIN, William. What is technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)? Journal of Education, v. 193, n. 3, p. 13-19, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.learntechlib.org/p/159628/. Acesso: 19 mai. 2020.LÉVY, Pierre. Cibercultura. São Paulo: Editora 34, 1999.LUCAS, Margarida; MOREIRA, António. DigCompEdu: quadro europeu de competência digital para educadores. Aveiro: UA, 2018.MASETTO, Marcos Tarciso. Competência pedagógica do professor universitário. Summus editorial, 2003.MAYERS, Andrew. Introduction to statistics and SPSS in psychology. Londres: Pearson Higher Education, 2013.MILL, Daniel; CARMO, Hermano. Análise das dificuldades de educadores e gestores da educação a distância virtual no Brasil e em Portugal. 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This article is an offshoot of a doctoral research on digital technologies, focusing on the use of the Google My Maps tool in the teaching of Geography, which was carried out in a practice that focused on the construction of maps on the cartography of Portugal, conceived in a perspective of a qualitative collaborative research involving twenty-eight secondary school students from a public school in Carcavelos - Portugal, in 2018. In general, the organization of this practice indicated that this tool has a good didactic potential and has versatility of use to develop the main notions of school cartography and contents about the Geography of Portugal. In addition, the importance of the use of technologies in the school context was emphasized, which enhances the use of new languages and approaches to teach and learn Geography.Resumo Esse artigo é um desdobramento de uma pesquisa de doutorado sobre a temática tecnologias digitais, concentrada na utilização da ferramenta Google My Maps no ensino de Geografia que se efetivou em uma prática que teve como foco a construção de mapas sobre a cartografia de Portugal, concebida numa perspectiva de investigação qualitativa de natureza colaborativa, envolvendo vinte e oitos estudantes do ensino secundário de uma escola pública de Carcavelos – Portugal, em 2018. Em linhas gerais, a organização desta prática indicou que esta ferramenta tem um bom potencial didático e apresenta versatilidade de uso para desenvolver as noções principais da cartografia escolar e conteúdos sobre a Geografia de Portugal. Ademais, ficou evidenciada a importância do uso das tecnologias no contexto escolar que potencializa o uso de novas linguagens e abordagens para ensinar e aprender Geografia.Palavras-chave: Ensino de geografia, Tecnologias digitais, Práticas Pedagógicas.Keywords: Geography teaching, Digital technologies, Pedagogical practices.ReferencesADRIÃO, Daniel. Um novo paradigma educativo para Portugal no século XXI. Editora: Educanologu, 2018. ALMEIDA, Maria Elizabeth Bianconcini; VALENTE, José. Armando. Tecnologias e Currículo: trajetórias convergentes ou divergentes? São Paulo: Paulus, 2011.CAVALCANTI, Lana de Souza; SOUZA, Vanilton Camilo de. A pesquisa colaborativa na formação de professores de Geografia e seus desdobramentos no ensino. In: MARTINS, Rosa Elisabete Militz Wypyczynki (Org.). Ensino de Geografia no contemporâneo: experiências e desafios. Santa Cruz do Sul: EDUNISC, 2014.CLAUDINO, Sergio; SPINELLI, Flavia. Educación geográfica y ciudadanía: un abordaje reflexivo. 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Play-based learning activities are important programs throughout the world of children's education. Through play, children learn creatively and constructively. This study aims to solve the problem of creativity in early-childhood dance movements with the hope that there will be an increase in aspects of fluency, flexibility and elaboration through play activities related to educational dance. This action research uses an action research method which is carried out in three cycles. The subjects in this study were 19 children aged 5-6 years in Kindergarten in Central Jakarta. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, field notes, video documentation and photos. The findings show every child's creativity in dance movements can be improved through playing activities. Increased creativity in dance movements occurs in the aspects of fluency, flexibility, and elaboration. Another important finding, there is an increase in the optimal ability of dance creativity in the third cycle of this action research. The implication from this research is that play activities suitable for learning creative dance in early childhood must be designed as a program that emphasizes aspects of fluency, flexibility, and elaboration. Keywords: Early Childhood, Creativity in dance movements, Play based learning activities References: Bläsing, B., Calvo-Merino, B., Cross, E. S., Jola, C., Honisch, J., & Stevens, C. J. (2012). Neurocognitive control in dance perception and performance. Acta Psychologica, 139(2), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.005 Brehm, M. A., & McNett, L. (2007). Creative dance for learning: The kinesthetic link. McGraw-Hill. Chatoupis, C. (2013). Young children’s divergent movement ability: A study revisited. Early Child Development and Care, 183(1), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.655728 Cheng, V. M. Y. (2010). 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Creativity in education & learning: A guide for teachers and educators. Kogan Page. Doherty, J., & Bailey, R. (2002). Supporting Physical Development and Physical Education in the Early Years (1st edition). Open University Press. Eckhoff, A. (2011). Creativity in the Early Childhood Classroom: Perspectives of Preservice Teachers. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 32(3), 240–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2011.594486 Garaigordobil, M., & Berrueco, L. (2011). Effects of a Play Program on Creative Thinking of Preschool Children. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 608–618. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.9 Gilbert, A. G. (2019). Brain-compatible dance education (Second Edition). Human Kinetics, Inc. Hoffmann, J. D., & Russ, S. W. (2016). Fostering pretend play skills and creativity in elementary school girls: A group play intervention. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 10(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000039 Hoffmann, J., & Russ, S. (2012). Pretend play, creativity, and emotion regulation in children. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026299 Hui, A. N. N., Chow, B. W. Y., Chan, A. Y. T., Chui, B. H. T., & Sam, C. T. (2015). Creativity in Hong Kong classrooms: Transition from a seriously formal pedagogy to informally playful learning. Education 3-13, 43(4), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2015.1020652 Jeffrey, B. (2006). Creative teaching and learning: Towards a common discourse and practice. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36(3), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640600866015 Karaca, N. H., Uzun, H., & Metin, Ş. (2020). The relationship between the motor creativity and peer play behaviors of preschool children and the factors affecting this relationship. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38, 100716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100716 Karpati, F. J., Giacosa, C., Foster, N. E. V., Penhune, V. B., & Hyde, K. L. (2016). Sensorimotor integration is enhanced in dancers and musicians. Experimental Brain Research, 234(3), 893–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4524-1 Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond Big and Little: The Four C Model of Creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013688 Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-67-2 Kuhn, J.-T., & Holling, H. (2009). Exploring the nature of divergent thinking: A multilevel analysis. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2009.06.004 Lai Keun, L., & Hunt, P. (2006). Creative dance: Singapore children’s creative thinking and problem‐solving responses. 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Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Third edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. Pürgstaller, E. (2021). Assessment of Creativity in Dance in Children: Development and Validation of a Test Instrument. Creativity Research Journal, 33(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2020.1817694 Repp, B. H., & Su, Y.-H. (2013). Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of recent research (2006–2012). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(3), 403–452. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0371-2 Rudowicz, E., & Hui, A. (2000). Hong Kong Chinese People’s View of Creativity. 16. Runco, M. A. (2003). Education for Creative Potential. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830308598 Runco, M. A., & Acar, S. (2012). Divergent Thinking as an Indicator of Creative Potential. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.652929 Saracho, O. (2002). Young Children’s Creativity and Pretend Play. 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The problem in this research relates to the learning theory that rarely considered as a basis in learning in Indonesia. learning plans and syllabus structure in the national curriculum is not included learning theory point. learning theory only has been less studied in the subjects in geography education undergraduate. This makes learning theory material less explored. Learning theory is also often forgotten in educational research undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Many research did not allude to the relevance of learning theory in learning. After graduating, they less develop or linking learning theory with the teaching profession. That condition makes learning essence should be strengthened to become weak or even disappear.This research aims to describe the compatibility when applying outdoor study environment subjects with the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning theory in senior high school. This research used a qualitative methodology with the type of descriptive exploitative research. Data sources are students and geography teachers. The process of collecting data uses the method of observation and interviews. Data were analyzed with the 6 Cresswell's qualitative analyzing steps. The results show that the application of outdoor study is suitable both the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning. The compatibility is reflected in the learning activities, there are: before, during, and after working in the outdoor. The teacher's ability to implement the basis of psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning makes learning more easily understood and meaningful for students. Keywords: meaningful learning, outdoor study, psychological theories. References Agra et al. (2019). Analysis of The Cocept of Meaningful Learning in Light of The Ausubel’s Theory. Rev Bras Enferm 72(1), 248-255. Anderson, L.W., & Krathwohl, D.R. (2015). 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The Covid-19 pandemic had a dangerous impact on early-childhood education, lost learning in almost all aspects of child development. The house-to-house learning, with the name Moving Home Learning Program (MHLP), is an attractive offer as an emergency remote teaching solution. This study aims to describe the application of MHLP designed by early-childhood education institutions during the learning process at home. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation. The respondents involved in the interview were a kindergarten principal and four teachers. The research data were analyzed using the data content analysis. The Findings show that the MHLP has proven to be sufficiently in line with the learning needs of early childhood during the Covid-19 pandemic. Although, the application of the MHLP learning model has limitations such as the distance from the house that is far away, the number of meetings that are only once a week, the number of food and toy sellers passing by, disturbing children's concentration, and the risk of damage to goods at home. The implication of this research can be the basis for evaluating MHLP as an adaptive strategy that requires the attention of related parties, including policy makers, school principals, and teachers for the development of new, more effective online learning models. Keywords: Moving Home Learning Program (MHLP), Children Remote Teaching References:Abdollahi, E., Haworth-Brockman, M., Keynan, Y., Langley, M. J., & Oghadas, S. M. (2020). Simulating the effect of school closure during COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario , Canada. BMC Medicine, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01705-8 Arends, R. I., & Kilcher, A. (2010). 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The present article involves an empirical psycholinguistic study aimed at examining syntactic complexity in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) by early balanced Bosnian/Swedish bilingual EFL learners. 15 early balanced bilingual Bosnian/Swedish EFL learners were recruited for the study and matched with their respective control groups of intermediate EFL learners (15 speakers of Bosnian as their first language (L1) and 15 speakers of Swedish as their L1). The experimental task involved an unprepared writing assignment in English about the most significant invention of the 20th century. The corpus of the participants’ written assignments was analysed in L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer and SPSS software programs respectively. Data analysis involved measures of syntactical complexity. It has been found that the participants’ written assignments are characterised by statistically significant number of T-units scores in comparison with the Swedish L1 monolingual controls. 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Digital storytelling is often used in various contexts today, especially in the world of education. Many educators have followed this trend in early childhood education (ECE). This study examines the application of digital storytelling in ECE in Indonesia. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) a method, this research is a qualitative approach which is also known as a meta-synthesis. The literature reviewed was 15 articles from 56 articles that researchers found in the Google Scholar database. The results show that digital storytelling serves as an important method and medium to ensure children's learning experiences are enjoyable. In general, it is used in ECE in Indonesia through simple technology. This technology can enhance a story or fairy tale by making it more fun, interesting, communicative, and dramatic. However, the findings of this review of studies and methodological gaps have implications for ECE policy, practice, and research in Indonesia. Keywords: digital storytelling, early childhood education, storytelling trend in Indonesia References: Agosto, D. E. (2016). Why storytelling matters: Unveiling the literacy benefits of storytelling. Children and Libraries, 14(2), 21–26. Ahmad, I. F. (2022). Urgensi Literasi Digital di Indonesia pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19: Sebuah Tinjauan Sistematis. Nusantara: Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 2(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.14421/njpi.2022.v2i1-1 Aisha, I., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2021). Digital Storytelling Intervention on Prosocial Behavior Improvement among Early Childhood. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v7i2.5713 Boltman, A., & Druin, A. (2001). Children’s storytelling technologies. Differences in Elaboration and Recall. Chambers, G. J., & Yunus, M. M. (2017). Enhancing Learners’ Sentence Constructions via ‘Wheel of Grammar’. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 25(4). Davies, D., Jindal-Snape, D., Collier, C., Digby, R., Hay, P., & Howe, A. (2013). Creative learning environments in education—A systematic literature review. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 8, 80–91. Demirbaş, İ., & Şahin, A. (2020). A Systemic Analysis of Research on Digital Storytelling in Turkey. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(4), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.268.4 Dixon-Woods, M. (2010). Systematic reviews and qualitative methods. Qualitative Research: Theory, Method, and Practice. 3rd Edn. London: Sage, 331–346. Egan, K. (1989). Teaching as storytelling: An alternative approach to teaching and curriculum in the elementary school. University of Chicago Press. Gagné, R. M., Briggs, L. J., & Wager, W. W. (1988). Principles of Instructional Design. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dAsmAQAAIAAJ Gough, D. (2007). Weight of evidence: A framework for the appraisal of the quality and relevance of evidence. Research Papers in Education, 22(2), 213–228. Karlina, D. N., Widiastuti, A. A., & Soesilo, T. D. (2018). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbicara Anak Tk B Usia 5-6 Tahun Melalui Digital Storytelling di TK Apple Kids Salatiga. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.21009//jpud.121.01 Kearney, M., Jones, G., & Roberts, L. (2012). An Emerging Learning Design for Student-Generated" iVideos". Teaching English with Technology, 12(2), 103–121. Kogila, M., Ibrahim, A. B., & Zulkifli, C. Z. (2020). A Powerful of Digital Storytelling to Support Education and Key Elements from Various Experts. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(2), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v9-i2/7483 Maghfiroh, Suarjana, I. M., & Astawan, I. G. (2020). Pengembangan Media Video Wayang Kreasi Untuk Mendukung Pembelajaran Storytelling Anak Kelompok B Tk Kristen Harapan Denpasar. Indonesian Journal of Instruction, 1(2), 66–75. Malik, M., Altaf, F., & Gull, M. (2020). Challenges Faced by Teachers in Teaching through Storytelling and Play-Way Method at Early childhood Education Level. Global Educational Studies Review, V(III), 152–165. https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(v-iii).16 Manullang, D., Banjarnahor, H., & Simanjuntak, L. (2021). Developing Digital Story Telling and Educational Games to Improve Early Childhood Cognitive Ability. 6th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2021), 591(Aisteel), 710–718. Maureen, I. Y., van der Meij, H., & de Jong, T. (2018). Supporting Literacy and Digital Literacy Development in Early Childhood Education Using Storytelling Activities. International Journal of Early Childhood, 50(3), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-018-0230-z Maureen, I. Y., van der Meij, H., & de Jong, T. (2020). Enhancing Storytelling Activities to Support Early (Digital) Literacy Development in Early Childhood Education. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00263-7 Maureen, I. Y., van der Meij, H., & de Jong, T. (2021). Evaluating storytelling activities for early literacy development. International Journal of Early Years Education, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2021.1933917 Nair, V., & Yunus, M. M. (2021). A systematic review of digital storytelling in improving speaking skills. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179829 Nuraina, Damayanti, E., & Ikawati, A. (2018). Digital Media Dongeng Berbasis Animasi Untuk Pendidikan Karakter Anak Usia Dini. Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH), 20(2), 177–183. Perry, A., & Hammond, N. (2002). Systematic reviews: The experiences of a PhD student. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 2(1), 32–35. Phillips, L. (2013). Storytelling as Pedagogy. Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 21(2). Porter, B. (2004). Digitales: The art of telling digital stories. Bernajean Porter. Psomos, P., & Kordaki, M. (2015). A novel educational digital storytelling tool focusing on students’ misconceptions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 82–86. Pusparina, I., Maria, I., & Norfitri, R. (2020). The Effectiveness of Religious Music and Digital Storytelling on the Level of Cooperativeness and Pain in Children During Invasive Treatment (Children’s Room, Zalecha Local Hospital, Martapura). Jurnal Ners, 15(2), 86–90. Rahiem, M. D. H. (2021). Storytelling in early childhood education: Time to go digital. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-021-00081-x Robin, B. R. (2008). Digital storytelling: A powerful technology tool for the 21st century classroom. Theory into Practice, 47(3), 220–228. Robin, B. R., & McNeil, S. G. (2019). Digital Storytelling. The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–8. Rosyidah, A., & Putri, A. (2019). Digital Storytelling Implementation for Enhancing Students’ Speaking Ability in Various Text Genres. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(4), 3147–3151. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d8002.118419 Sadik, A. (2008). Digital storytelling: A meaningful technology-integrated approach for engaged student learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56(4), 487–506. Shelton, C. C., Archambault, L. M., & Hale, A. E. (2017). Bringing digital storytelling to the elementary classroom: Video production for preservice teachers. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 33(2), 58–68. Smith, P. L., & Ragan, T. J. (2005). Instructional Design. John Wiley & Sons. Sulistianingsih, E. (2017). Efektifitas Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Dongeng Digital Untuk Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Emosi Peserta Didik. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 34(2), 121–126. Tahriri, A., Tous, M. D., & MovahedFar, S. (2015). The impact of digital storytelling on EFL learners’ oracy skills and motivation. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(3), 144–153. Tatli, Z., Uğur, N., & Çakiroğlu, Ü. (2018). Peer assessment through digital storytelling: Experiences of pre-service IT teachers. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology. Tri Aprilia, W., & Hasibuan, R. (2021). Pengaruh Dongeng Digital Terhadap Kemampuan Kosakata Bahasa Jawa Krama Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di Tk Dharma Wanita Ngimbang Lamongan. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 2(7), 1283–1294. https://doi.org/10.36418/japendi.v2i7.230 Tridinanti, G. (2017a). English Introduction Through Digital Storytelling in Early Childhood. Ijlecr - International Journal of Language Education and Culture Review, 3(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.031.06 Tridinanti, G. (2017b). Enhancing Children’S English Vocabulary Acquisition Through Digital Storytelling of Happy Kids Kindergarten of Palembang. 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The reflections presented in this article are part of the results produced by the research “Policies, Management and the Right to Higher Education: new modes of Regulation and trends under construction”, linked to the Universitas-Br Network, developed by Thematic Axis 7, whose research focuses on Rural Higher Education. The article provides analysis on teacher forming policies, focusing on the setbacks imposed on such policies, based on the approval of the “new” National Curriculum Guidelines for Initial Teacher Forming for Basic Education and the institution of the Common National Base for Education. Initial Forming of Teachers of Basic Education, especially in the field of the degree in Rural Education. The research method is anchored in historical and dialectical materialism through the categories of totality, historicity and mediation, in the field of teacher education policies in Brazil. Bibliographic studies of Resolutions No. 02/2015 and No. 02/2019 and the manifests of national scientific entities of teacher education were carried out. The results reveal dismantles and setbacks in the field of teacher forming policies, with the dissemination of skills pedagogy in the approval of Resolution No. 2/2019, which ignores the implementation of critical and emancipatory projects in the field of initial and continuing teacher forming. The Ministry of Education and the National Council of Education take measures to deconstruct policies aimed at rural, indigenous and quilombola subjects and threaten the continuity of the the degree in Rural Education Courses, which provokes a return to diverse and plural subjects in the guarantee of their rights.ResumoAs reflexões apresentadas neste artigo integram parte dos resultados produzidos pela pesquisa “Políticas, Gestão e Direito à Educação Superior: novos modos de Regulação e tendências em construção”, ligada à Rede Universitas-Br, desenvolvida pelo Eixo Temático 7, cuja investigação centra-se na Educação Superior do Campo. O artigo traz análises sobre as políticas de formação docente, com foco nos retrocessos impostos a tais políticas, especialmente às Licenciaturas em Educação do Campo, a partir da aprovação das “novas” Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Formação Inicial de Professores para a Educação Básica e a instituição da Base Nacional Comum para a Formação Inicial de Professores da Educação Básica. O método da pesquisa se ancora no materialismo histórico e dialético por meio das categorias totalidade, historicidade e mediação no campo das políticas de formação de professores no Brasil. Realizou-se estudos bibliográficos das Resoluções Nº 02/2015 e Nº 02/2019 e dos manifestos das entidades científicas nacionais da formação docente. Os resultados revelam desmontes e retrocessos no campo das políticas de formação de professores, com a disseminação da pedagogia das competências na aprovação da Resolução Nº 2/2019, que buscam deslegitimar a implementação de projetos críticos e emancipatórios no campo da formação inicial e continuada de professores. O Ministério da Educação e o Conselho Nacional de Educação tomam medidas que desconstroem políticas direcionadas aos sujeitos do campo, indígenas e quilombolas e ameaçam a continuidade dos cursos de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo, o que provoca uma r-existência dos sujeitos diversos e plurais na garantia de seus direitos.Palavras-chave: Formação de professores, Políticas públicas, Educação superior do campo, Licenciatura em Educação do Campo.Keywords: Teacher forming, Public policy, Higher education, Rural education.ReferencesAGUIAR, Márcia Ângela da S; DOURADO, Luiz Fernandes. BNCC e formação de professores: concepções, tensões, atores e estratégias. Revista Retratos da Escola, Brasília, v. 13, n. 25, p. 33-37, jan./mai. 2019. Disponível em: http//www.esforce.org.br. Acesso em 03. Jun, 2019.ANFOPE. A Anfope repudia a aprovação pelo CNE da Resolução que define as novas Diretrizes Curriculares para Formação Inicial de Professores da Educação Básica e Institui a Base Nacional Comum para a Formação Inicial de Professores da Educação Básica (BNC-Formação), [página online], 2019b. Disponível em: http://www.anfope.org.br/anfope-repudia-a-aprovacao-pelo-cne-da-resolucao-quedefine-as-novas-diretrizes-curriculares-para-formacao-inicial-de-professores-da-educacao-basica-einstitui-a-base-nacional-comum-para-a-formacao-in/. Acessado em 03/12/2019.ANFOPE. A ANFOPE se posiciona em defesa da Resolução 02/215 e pede arquivamento do parecer que propõe a sua alteração, [página online], 2019a. Disponível em: http://www.anfope.org.br/anfope-seposiciona-em-defesa-da-resolucao-02-215-e-pede-arquivamento-do-parecer-que-propoe-a-sua-alteracao/. Acessado em: 03/12/2019.ANFOPE. A ANFOPE se posiciona em defesa da Resolução 02/215 e pede arquivamento do parecer que propõe a sua alteração, [página online], 2019a. Disponível em: http://www.anfope.org.br/anfope-seposiciona-em-defesa-da-resolucao-02-215-e-pede-arquivamento-do-parecer-que-propoe-a-sua-alteracao/. Acessado em: 03/12/2019.ANFOPE. Documento Final do XIII Encontro Nacional da Anfope, 2016. Campinas, SP: Associação Nacional pela Formação dos Profissionais da Educação (ANFOPE), [página online], 2016. Texto digitado.ANFOPE. Reunião da Comissão Bicameral do Conselho Nacional de Educação sobre a Formação Inicial e Continuada de Professores, [página online]. Brasília, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.anfope.org.br/wpcontent/uploads/2018/05/ANFOPE-CNE-9abr-2018-.pdf. Acessado em: 03/12/2019.ANFOPE; et al. Contra a descaracterização da Formação de Professores. Nota das entidades nacionais em defesa da Resolução 02 /2015. [página online], 2019. Acessado em: 03/12/2019.ANJOS, Maura Pereira dos. A institucionalização da Licenciatura em Educação do Campo na Unifesspa: avanços e contradições. 2020, 330p. Tese de Doutorado em Educação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília - DF, 2020.BAZZO, Vera; SCHEIBE, Leda. De volta para o futuro... retrocessos na atual política de formação docente. Revista Retratos da Escola, Brasília, v. 13, n. 27, p. 669-684, set./dez. 2019. Disponível em: <http://retratosdaescola.emnuvens.com.br/rde>BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Decreto Nº 8.752, de 09 de maio de 2016. Dispõe sobre a Política Nacional de Formação dos Profissionais da Educação Básica. Diário Oficial da União, 10 de maio de 2016.BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Lei Nº 5.692, 11 de agosto de 1971. Fixa Diretrizes e Bases para o ensino de 1º e 2º graus, e da outras providências. Diário Oficial da União. Brasília, 1971.BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE). Lei Nº 13.005, de 25 de junho de 2014. Aprova o Plano Nacional de Educação- e da outras providências. Diário Oficial da União. Brasília, 2014.BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Resolução CNE/CP Nº 02, de 01 de julho de 2015. Define as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para formação inicial em nível superior (Cargos de licenciatura, curso de formação pedagógica para graduados e cursos de segunda licenciatura) e para formação continuada. Diário Oficial da União. Brasília, 2015.BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Resolução CNE/CP Nº 2, de 20 de dezembro de 2019. Define as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Formação Inicial de Professores para a Educação Básica e institui a Base Nacional Comum para a Formação Inicial de Professores da Educação Básica (BNC-Formação). Diário Oficial da União. Brasília, 2015.CHAVES, Vera Lúcia Jacob. O ensino superior privado-mercantil em tempos de economia financeirizada. In: CÁSSIO, Fernando. 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Dossiê temático - Formação do Magistério da Educação Básica nas universidades brasileiras: institucionalização e materialização da CNE CP nº 02/2015 In: Revista Formação em Movimento. Associação Nacional de Formação dos Profissionais da Educação. v. 1, nº 02, p. 197-217, jul/dez. 2019. Disponível em: http://costalima.ufrrj.br/index.php/FORMOV/issue/view/108/DA: Acesso em: 20.dez.2019.DOURADO, Luiz Fernandes. Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a formação inicial e continuada dos profissionais do magistério da educação básica: concepções e desafios. Educação & Sociedade, Campinas, v. 36, nº. 131, p. 299-324, abr.-jun., 2015.EVANGELISTA, Olinda; FIERA, Letícia; TITTON, Mauro. [Debate] Diretrizes para formação docente é aprovada na calada do dia: mais mercado. Universidade à esquerda: jornal independente e socialista. Online. Publicado 14/11/2019.FERNANDES, Bernardo Mançano. Movimentos socioterritoriais e movimentos socioespaciais: contribuição teórica para uma leitura geográfica dos movimentos sociais. Revista Nera, Presidente Prudente/SP, ano 8, n. 6, p. 14-34 jan./jun, 2005. Disponível em: https://revista.fct.unesp.br/index.php/nera/article/view/1460. Acesso: 10. jul, 2005.FREITAS, Helena Costa Lopes de. Os desafios na formação de educadores. TV-Fórum Nacional de Educação do Campo (FONEC). 28 de maio de 2020. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XoutXTFAiQFREITAS, Helena Costa Lopes de. Políticas educacionais em disputa e novas legislações na formação de professores. Sessão Especial, São Luís/MA. ANPED, 2017.FREITAS, Helena Costa Lopes de. A (NOVA) POLÍTICA DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES: A PRIORIDADE POSTERGADA. Educação & Sociedade. Campinas, vol. 28, n. 100 - Especial, p. 1203-1230, out. 2007. Disponível em https://www.cedes.unicamp.br/FREITAS, Helena Costa Lopes de. 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The focus of this study is the problematization of the supervised internship as praxis and its relationship with Pedagogy and Didactics, as well as its secondation in the Pedagogical Residence Program in the contemporary Brazilian social-political context. This study theoretically assumes that the internship as praxis, reflection and experimentation of planning, teaching and evaluation practices in the basic education network is a subsidy for the professional development and pedagogical training of undergraduate students. In particular, we emphasize that internships are praxis because this is a pedagogical process, a teaching instrument and a seizure of the teaching profession, comprising the principle of knowledge production from a critical reading of reality, and subsidized, above all, by Pedagogy and Didactics.ResumoO foco deste estudo é a problematização do estágio supervisionado como práxis, sua relação com a Pedagogia e a Didática, e sua secundarização no Programa de Residência Pedagógica no contexto social-político brasileiro contemporâneo. Neste trabalho, teoricamente, parte-se do pressuposto que o estágio como práxis, reflexão e experimentação de práticas de planejamento, de ensino e avaliação nas redes de ensino básico, é subsídio para o desenvolvimento profissional e a formação pedagógica dos estudantes dos cursos de licenciatura. Enfatizamos, em particular, que o estágio é práxis porque é um processo pedagógico; instrumento de ensino e de apreensão da profissão docente tendo como princípio a produção do conhecimento a partir da leitura crítica da realidade, e subsidiado, sobretudo, pela Pedagogia e a Didática.ResumenEl enfoque de este estudio es la problematización de las prácticas docentes supervisadas como praxis, su relación con la Pedagogía y la Didáctica y su secundarización en el Programa de Residencia Pedagógica en el contexto social-político brasilero contemporáneo. En este trabajo, teóricamente, se parte de la presuposición de que las prácticas docentes actúan como praxis, reflexión y experimentación de prácticas de planeamiento, de enseñanza y de evaluación en las redes de enseñanza básica, son fundamentales para el desarrollo profesional y la formación pedagógica de los estudiantes de las carreras de licenciatura. Enfatizamos, en particular, que las prácticas son praxis porque son un proceso pedagógico; instrumento de enseñanza y de aprehensión de la profesión docente teniendo como principio la producción del conocimiento a partir de la lectura crítica de la realidad, y subsidiadas, especialmente, por la Pedagogía y la Didáctica.Palavras-chave: Estágio, Práxis, Pedagogia e didática, Formação docente. Keywords: Internship, Práxis, Pedagogy and Didactics, Teacher training.Palabras-clave: Prácticas docentes, Praxis, Pedagogía y didáctica, Formación docente.ReferencesANDRÉ, Eliza Dalmazo Afonso de; ALMEIDA, Patrícia Cristina Albieri de. A profissionalidade do professor formador das licenciaturas. Rev. educ. PUC-Camp., Campinas, 22(2):203-219, maio/ago., 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0870v22n2a3640. Acesso em: 21 set. 2018.ANDRÉ, Marli; CALIL, Ana Maria Gimenes Corrêa; MARTINS, Francine de Paulo; PEREIRA, Marli Amélia Lucas. O papel do outro na constituição da profissionalidade de professoras iniciantes. Revista Eletrônica de Educação, v.11, n.2, p. 505-520, jun./ago. 2017. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271992231. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2018.ANFOPE, Associação Nacional pela Formação dos Profissionais da Educação. Manifesto contra a medida provisória N. 746/2016. Disponível em: http://www.anfope.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Manifesto-Anfope-MP-746-12.10.2016R.pdf. Acesso em: 01 Out. 2018.ANPED - Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação. A política de formação de professores no Brasil de 2018: uma análise dos Editais CAPES de Residência Pedagógica e PIBID e a reafirmação da resolução CNE/CP 02/2015. Rio de Janeiro – RJ, ANPED, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.anped.org.br/news/em-audiencia-no-cne-anped-e-entidades-de-pesquisa-repudiam-submissao-de-formacao-de-professores. Acesso em: 04 ago. 2018.ARAÚJO, Osmar Hélio Alves; RIBEIRO, Luís Távora Furtado. Tecendo relações entre a disciplina de Didática, a Universidade e o Contexto Escolar. Educação & Linguagem • v. 21 • n. 2 • jul.- dez. 2017. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-1043/el.v20n2p5-14. Acesso em: 09 maio 2018.ARAÚJO, Osmar Hélio Alves; RODRIGUES, Janine Marta Coelho. Escola básica no contexto social-político contemporâneo: considerações críticas. Interfaces Científicas - Educação • Aracaju • V.7 • N.1 • p. 71 - 82 • Outubro - 2018. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-1043/el.v20n2p5-14. Acesso em: 12 out. 2018.ARAÚJO, Osmar Hélio Alves. Qual educação é necessária para a superação da violência e de injustiças?. Revista Teias, v. 19, n. 53, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.12957/teias.2018.32120. Acesso em: 04 jul. 2018.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Conselho Nacional de Educação. Conselho Pleno. Resolução CNE/CP nº 2/2015. Define as diretrizes curriculares nacionais para a formação inicial em nível superior (cursos de licenciatura, cursos de formação pedagógica para graduados e cursos de segunda licenciatura) e para a formação continuada. Brasília, DF: MEC, 2015. Disponível em: http:// portal.mec.gov.br/cne/arquivos/pdf/. Acesso em: 05 ago. 2018.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Edital CAPES nº 06/2018 - Chamada Pública para apresentação de propostas no âmbito do Programa de Residência Pedagógica. Disponível em: http://www.capes.gov.br/images/stories/download/editais/01032018-Edital-6-2018-Residencia-pedagogica.pdf. Acesso em: 04 ago. 2018.CRUZ, Giseli Barreto da; ANDRÉ, Marli Eliza Dalmazo de. Ensino de didática: um estudo sobre concepções e práticas de professores formadores. Educação em Revista, Belo Horizonte, v.30, n.04, p.181-203, Outubro-Dezembro, 2014. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-46982014000400009. Acesso em: 01 mar. 2019.FARIA, Juliana Batista; PEREIRA, Júlio Emílio Diniz. Residência pedagógica: afinal, o que é isso? R. Educ. Públ. Cuiabá, v. 28, n. 68, p. 333-356, maio/ago. 2019. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.29286/rep.v28i68.8393. Acesso em: 29 set. 2019.FRANCO, Maria Amélia Santoro. Didática: uma esperança para as dificuldades pedagógicas do Ensino superior? Práxis Educacional, Vol. 9, n. 15, 2013. Disponível em: http://periodicos.uesb.br/index.php/praxis/article/view/1947. Acesso em: 04 set. 2018.FRANCO, Maria Amélia Santoro. Prática pedagógica e docência: um olhar a partir da epistemologia do conceito. Rev. Bras. Estud. Pedagog. [online]. 2016, vol. 97, n.247, pp.534-551. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-6681/288236353. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2018.FRANCO, Maria Amélia do Rosário Santoro. Pedagogia: por entre resistências e insistências. Rev. Espaço do Currículo (online), João Pessoa, v.10, n.2, p. 161-173, mai./ago. 2017. Disponível em: http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php. Acesso em: 01 out. 2018.GONÇALVEZ, Suzane da Rocha Vieira. Interesses mercadológicos: e o "novo" ensino médio. Revista Retratos da escola, Brasília, v. 11, n. 20, p. 33-44, jan./jun. 2017. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.22420/rde.v11i20.753. Acesso em: 03 out. 2018.GUEDES, Marilde Queiroz. A nova política de formação de professores no Brasil: enquadramentos da base nacional comum curricular e do programa de residência pedagógica. Da Investigação às Práticas, 9(1), 90 – 99, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.25757/invep.v9i1.174 . Acesso em: 299 set. 2019.LIMA, Maria Socorro Lucena. Mobilização da práxis pedagógica no estágio com pesquisa: a produção escrita de textos coletivos. In: D’ÁVILA, Cristina, [et al.] (Orgs). Didática: saberes estruturantes e formação de professores. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2019, p. 133-145.LIBÂNEO, José Carlos. O dualismo perverso da escola pública brasileira: escola do conhecimento para os ricos, escola do acolhimento social para os pobres. Educação e Pesquisa, São Paulo, v. 38, n. 1, p. 13-28, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ep/v38n1/aop323.pdf. Acesso: 14 out. 2018.LIBÂNEO, José Carlos. O campo teórico e profissional da Didática hoje: entre Ítaca e o canto das sereias. In: FRANCO, Maria Amélia Santoro; PIMENTA, Selma Garrido (Orgs.). Didática: embates contemporâneos. 3ª ed. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 2014. p.43-73.MARAFELLI, Cecilia Maria; RODRIGUES, Priscila Andrade Magalhães; BRANDÃO, Zaia. A formação profissional dos professores: um velho problema sob outro ângulo. Cadernos de Pesquisa, v.47 n.165 p.982-997 jul./set. 2017. Disponível em: http://publicacoes.fcc.org.br/ojs/index.php/cp/article/view/4293. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2018.MEDEIROS, Emerson Augusto de; AGUIAR, Ana Lúcia Oliveira. Formação inicial de professores da educação básica em licenciaturas de universidades públicas do Rio Grande do Norte: estudo de currículos e suas matrizes curriculares. Revista Ibero Americana de Estudos em Educação, Araraquara, v. 13, n. 03, p. 1028-1049, jul./set., 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21723/riaee.v13.n3.2018.10975. Acesso em: 14 out. 2018.MOLL, Jaqueline. Reformar para retardar. A lógica da mudança do EM. Revista Retratos da escola, Brasília, v. 11, n. 20, p. 33-44, jan./jun. 2017. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.22420/rde.v11i20.771. Acesso em: 03 out. 2018.MORGADO, José Carlos. Identidade e profissionalidade docente: sentidos e (im)possibilidades. Ensaio: aval. pol. públ. Educ., Rio de Janeiro, v. 19, n. 73, p. 793-812. Out./Dez. 2011. Disponível em: http://revistas.cesgranrio.org.br/index.php/ensaio/article/view/408 /. Acesso em: 14 out. 2018.NÓVOA, Antonio. “Se fosse brasileiro, estaria indignado com a situação da educação”. Carta Capital, 28 de março de 2017. Disponível em: http://www.cartaeducacao.com.br/reportagens/se-fosse-brasileiro-estaria-indignado-com-a-situacao-da-educacao/. Acesso em: 21 set. 2018.PANIAGO, Rosenilde Nogueira; SARMENTO, Teresa Jacinto. O processo de estágio supervisionado na formação de professores portugueses e brasileiros. Revista Educação em Questão, Natal, v. 53, n. 39, p. 76-103, maio/ago. 2015. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufrn.br/educacaoemquestao/article/view/8521. Acesso em: 04 set. 2018.PIMENTA, Selma Garrido; LIMA, Maria Socorro Lucena. Estágio e docência: diferentes concepções. Revista Poíesis -Volume 3, Números 3 e 4, pp.5-24, 2005/2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v3i3e4.10542. Acesso em: 09 out. 2019.ROLDÃO, Maria do Céu; LEITE, Teresa. O processo de desenvolvimento profissional visto pelos professores mentores. Ensaio: aval. pol. públ. Educ., Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 76, p. 481-502, jul./set. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ensaio/v20n76/04.pdf. Acesso em: 04 out. 2018.RIOS, Terezinha Azerêdo. É possível formar professores sem a Didática? In: LIMA, Maria Socorro Lucena et al. (Org.). Didática e prática de ensino: diálogos sobre Escola, formação de professores e sociedade. 1ed. Fortaleza: Universidade Estadual do Ceará, 2015, v. 4, p. 643-653.SILVA, Katia Augusta Curado Pinheiro da; CRUZ, Shirleide Pereira. A Residência Pedagógica na formação de professores: história, hegemonia e resistências. Momento: diálogos em educação, v. 27, n. 2, p. 227-247, mai./ago., 2018. Disponível em: file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/8062-23532-1-PB.pdf. Acesso em: 29 set. 2019.SIMÕES, Willian. O lugar das ciências humanas na "reforma" do ensino médio. Revista Retratos da escola, Brasília, v. 11, n. 20, p. 33-44, jan./jun. 2017. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.22420/rde.v11i20.752. Acesso em: 04 out. 2018.ZABALZA, Miguel. O ensino universitário: seu cenário e seus protagonistas. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.

Neoliberal thinking has increasingly shaped global and national policy incursions in early childhood education. Research has highlighted the power effects of such policies with consequences for pedagogy, provision and the professional identities of educators. Less well understood are educator responses to these policies. Whilst literature offers some exploration of resistance movements, little is known from empirical studies about how acts of resistance are enacted individually (and collectively) in the professional lives of early years educators. This article explores how English early childhood educators resist policy constructions of ideal professional identities. Using reconceptualized critical theory, this paper considers both neoliberal shaped demands on early educators and their resistance to these. Employing data from professional life story interviews ( n = 16) by early educators in a range of contexts, narratives were constructed which document their responses to ECE policies. This paper draws on three of these narratives. A Critical Narrative Analysis reveals that educator resistances are not always large scale, collective or mobilized but are often expressed in atomized contexts through a dispersed network of actors. Individual responses included ‘micro resistances’ which were often local, quiet and invisible but multiple. The paper offers novel insights into c/overt resistances revealing educators’ complex, nuanced and subversive responses to discursive policy manoeuvres.

The work presents some reflections extracted from a hermeneutic and ethnographic experience, whose objective is to understand the daily school based on the observations made by undergraduate students from different undergraduate courses in schools of Canoas/RS, Brazil. This is a collective investigation, developed in the first semester of 2016, in the disciplines of Didactics and Curricula and Programs. From a pre-established script, we verified the Pedagogical Political Project, the methodological approach and the planning adopted by teachers in schools, as well as the educational models and routines identified. The dialectical movement between the school routine and the university education allowed articulating teaching and research, enhancing the reflective exercise of the evaluation of contexts and praxis. Based on the reports presented in class, it was possible to discuss and reevaluate that the changes in education go through social engagement and recognition of pedagogical contexts as a way to approximate the academic formation of the perplexities, tensions and contradictions of Praxis.ResumoO trabalho apresenta algumas reflexões extraídas de uma experiência hermenêutica e etnográfica, cujo objetivo é compreender o complexo cotidiano escolar a partir das observações realizadas por graduandos de diferentes cursos de licenciatura em escolas de Canoas/RS, Brasil. Trata-se de uma investigação coletiva, desenvolvida no primeiro semestre de 2016, nas disciplinas de Didática e de Currículos e Programas. A partir de um roteiro preestabelecido verificou-se o Projeto Político Pedagógico, a abordagem metodológica e o planejamento adotado pelos professores nas escolas, bem como os modelos educativos e as rotinas identificadas. O movimento dialético entre o cotidiano escolar e a formação universitária permitiu articular o ensino e a pesquisa, potencializando o exercício reflexivo da avaliação de contextos e da práxis. Com base nos relatos apresentados em aula foi possível discutir e reavaliar que as mudanças na educação passam pelo engajamento social e pelo reconhecimento dos contextos pedagógicos como forma de aproximar a formação acadêmica das perplexidades, tensões e contradições da práxis.Keywords: Observation, School daily life, Pedagogical praxis.Palavras-chave: Observação, Cotidiano escolar, Práxis pedagógica.ReferencesALVES, R. O currículo dos urubus. In: ALVES, R. Estórias de quem gosta de ensinar. 10. ed. Campinas: Papirus, 2000. p. 69-74.ANDRÉ, M. E. D. A. Etnografia da prática escolar. Campinas: Papirus, 2008.ARENDT, H. A condição humana. 10. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2007.AZAMBUJA, P. L.; CONTE, E.; HABOWSKI, A. C. O Planejamento Docente na Educação Infantil: metamorfoses e sentidos ao aprender. Pesquisa em Foco, São Luís, v. 22, n. 2, jul./dez. 2017. DOI: http://doi.org/10.18817/pef.v22i2.1503BAPTISTA, S. G.; CUNHA, M. B. Estudo de usuários: visão global dos métodos de coleta de dados. Perspect. ciênc. inf., Belo Horizonte, v. 12, n. 2, p. 168-184, maio/ago. 2007.CERTEAU, M. A invenção do cotidiano: as artes de fazer. 22. ed. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2014.CHARLOT, B. A questão antropológica na Educação quando o tempo da barbárie está de volta. Educar em Revista, Curitiba, v. 35, n. 73, p. 161-180, jan./fev. 2019. DOI: 10.1590/0104-4060.62350CONTE, E. Notas sobre Teoria e Práxis. Educação e Filosofia, Uberlândia, v. 30, n. 60, p. 883-903, jul./dez. 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/REVEDFIL.issn.0102-6801.v30n60a2016-p883a903FREIRE, P. Educação como prática da liberdade. 10 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1980.FREIRE, P. Pedagogia do Oprimido. 17. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987.FREIRE, P. Pedagogia da autonomia: saberes necessários à prática educativa. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1996.FREIRE, P. Extensão ou Comunicação? 11. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2006.FREIRE, M. O sentido dramático da aprendizagem. In: GROSSI, E. P.; BORDIN, J. (Org.). Paixão de aprender. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1992. p. 11-14.GADOTTI, M. Perspectivas atuais da Educação. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas Sul, 2000.GAMBOA, S. A. S. A dialética na pesquisa em educação: elementos de contexto. In: FAZENDA, I. (Org.). Metodologia da pesquisa educacional. 4. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2007. p. 91-115.HABOWSKI, A. C.; CONTE, E.; PUGENS, N. B. A perspectiva da alteridade na educação. Conjectura: Filos. Educ., Caxias do Sul, v. 23, n. 1, p. 179-197, jan./abr. 2018. DOI: 10.18226/21784612.v23.n1.10JACOBI, D. F.; HABOWSKI, A. C.; CONTE, E. Do caos ao cosmos: A metamorfose do aprender. Revista Diálogos (RevDia), Mato Grosso, v. 6, n. 1, p. 7-23, jan./abr. 2018.LÜDKE, M. O professor e a pesquisa. 5. ed. Campinas: Papirus, 2001.LUCKESI, C. C. Planejamento e Avaliação escolar: articulação e necessária determinação ideológica. In: BORGES, Silva Abel. O diretor articulador do projeto da escola. São Paulo: FDE, 1992. p.115-125.MÜHL, E. H. Habermas e a educação: racionalidade comunicativa, diagnóstico crítico e emancipação. Educ. Soc., Campinas, v. 32, n.117, p. 1035-1050, out./dez. 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-73302011000400008PARRA, J. D.; HERNANDEZ, C. Classroom observation in context: an exploratory study in secondary schools from Northern Colombia. Rev. Bras. Educ., Rio de Janeiro, v. 24, p. 1-25, mar. 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-24782019240005PUGENS, N. B.; CONTE, E.; HABOWSKI, A. C. Pedagogia Científica na Educação Infantil: pressupostos montessorianos. Revista Intersaberes, Canoas, v. 13, n. 29, 354-368, 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22169/revint.v13i29.1379SACRISTÁN, J. G. Poderes instáveis em educação. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 1999.SACRISTÁN, J. G. A educação obrigatória: seu sentido educativo e social. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2001.SAVIANI, D. Pedagogia histórico-crítica: primeiras aproximações. 10. ed. São Paulo: Autores Associados, 2008.VÁZQUEZ, A. S. Filosofia da Práxis. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1997.ZABALA, A. A prática Educativa: Como ensinar. Porto Alegre: ArtMed, 1998.

Educational Psychology is one of the subjects that help Pedagogy, since it corresponds to a branch of Psychology that discusses principles and psychological theories directed to teaching methods. To do so, it composes the curriculum of the Pedagogy degree, addressing the numerous dimensions of psychological development as well as the teaching and learning process, with the purpose of employing them as necessary subsidies for teacher training, and their performance. Therefore, the pivotal aim of the research is to analyze the contents covered in the subjects of Psychology in the courses of Pedagogy of the State Public Universities of Paraná and the perception of the undergraduate students in Pedagogy of one of the researched universities about the mentioned subject. With the analysis of the School Summary, it was noticed that there is no standard between the universities regarding the time and the nomination of the subjects, as well as the contents referring to the teaching of Educational Psychology. Through the results, it was possible to identify that the academics understand the importance of the subject of Educational Psychology for teacher education, although the workload is considered insufficient to cover the psychological theories related to Education and, even more, it was evidenced the lack of articulation between theory and practice in the discipline.ResumoA Psicologia da Educação é uma das disciplinas que auxilia a Pedagogia, uma vez que corresponde a um ramo da Psicologia que discute princípios e teorias psicológicas voltados aos métodos de ensino. Para tanto, compõe a grade curricular do curso de Pedagogia, abordando as inúmeras dimensões do desenvolvimento psicológico bem como do processo de ensino e de aprendizagem, com a finalidade de empregá-los como subsídios necessários à formação de professores e à sua atuação. Diante do exposto, o objetivo geral da pesquisa consiste em analisar os conteúdos abordados nas disciplinas de Psicologia nos cursos de Pedagogia das Universidades Públicas Estaduais do Paraná e a percepção das acadêmicas do curso de Licenciatura em Pedagogia, de uma das universidades pesquisadas, sobre a referida disciplina. Com a análise dos ementários, percebeu-se que não existe um padrão entre as universidades no tocante à carga horária e à nominação das disciplinas, bem como dos conteúdos referentes ao ensino de Psicologia da Educação. A partir dos resultados, identificou-se que as acadêmicas compreendem a importância da disciplina de Psicologia da Educação para a formação docente, ainda que a carga horária seja considerada insuficiente para abarcar as teorias psicológicas relacionadas à Educação; evidenciou-se, ainda, a ausência da articulação entre teoria e prática na disciplina.ResuménLa Psicología de la Educación es una de las asignaturas que ayudan a la Pedagogía, una vez que corresponde a una rama de la Psicología que trata principios y teorías psicológicas dirigidas a los métodos de enseñanza. Para ello, compone la rejilla curricular del curso de Pedagogía, abordando las innumerables dimensiones del desarrollo psicológico así como del proceso de enseñanza y de aprendizaje, con la finalidad de emplearlos como subsidios necesarios a la formación de profesores, y a su actuación. El objetivo general de la investigación consiste en analizar los contenidos abordados en las disciplinas de Psicología en los cursos de Pedagogía de las Universidades Públicas Estaduales de Paraná y la percepción de las académicas del curso de Licenciatura en Pedagogía, de una universidad del norte del estado, sobre el tema, el encaminamiento de la asignatura. Con el análisis de los eminentes, se percibió que no hay un estándar entre las universidades en cuanto a la carga horaria y la nominación de las disciplinas, así como de los contenidos referentes a la enseñanza de Psicología de la Educación. A partir de los resultados, se identificó que las académicas comprenden la importancia de la disciplina de Psicología de la Educación para la formación docente, aunque la carga horaria sea considerada insuficiente para abarcar las teorías psicológicas relacionadas a la Educación; se evidenció, además, la ausencia de la articulación entre teoría y práctica en la disciplina.Keywords: Pedagogy, Educational psychology, Psychology teaching.Palavras-chave: Pedagogia, Psicologia da educação, Ensino de psicologia.Palabras clave: Pedagogía, Psicología de la educación, Enseñanza de psicología.ReferencesALMEIDA, P. C. A. Discutindo a relação professor-licenciado e aluno-adolescente à luz da formação em psicologia. In: AZZI, R. G.; BATISTA, S. H. S. S.; SADALLA, A. M. F. A. Formação de professores: discutindo o ensino de psicologia. Campinas: Alínea, 2000, p.97-118.ASSOCIAÇÃO PSICOLÓGICA AMERICANA. Dicionário de Psicologia. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2010.BOCK, A. M. B; FURTADO, O.; TEIXEIRA, M. de L. T. Psicologias: uma introdução ao estudo de psicologia. São Paulo: Editora Saraiva, 2001.BOCK, A. M. B. A Psicologia no Brasil. In: Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão. Brasília, v. 30, n. especial, Dec. 2010. p. 246-271. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414-98932010000500013&lng=en&nrm=iso. Acesso em: 25 out. 2017.BRASIL. Decreto-Lei nº1190 de 04/04/1939. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/1937-1946/Del1190.htm. Acesso em 28 out. 2017.BRASIL. Conselho Nacional de Educação. Define as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a formação inicial em nível superior (cursos de licenciatura, cursos de formação pedagógica para graduados e cursos de segunda licenciatura) e para a formação continuada. Resolução CNE/CP n. 02/2015, de 1º de julho de 2015. Brasília, Diário Oficial [da] República Federativa do Brasil, seção 1, n. 124, p. 8-12, 02 de julho de 2015. Disponível em: http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/jsp/visualiza/index.jsp?data=02/07/2015&jornal=1&pagina=1&totalArquivos=72. Acesso em 28 out. 2017.CARRAHER, T. N. Aprender pensando: contribuições da psicologia cognitiva para a educação. 11. ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1997.CARRARA, K. (Org.). Introdução à Psicologia da Educação: seis abordagens. São Paulo: Avercamp, 2004.GATTI, B. A estrutura e dinâmica das licenciaturas: problemas antigos, alternativas e o papel da psicologia da educação. Psicologia da Educação. São Paulo. Revista do programa de estudos pós graduados, n. 1, nov. 1995. p. 21-33.GUERRA, C. T. Conhecimento psicológico e formação de professores. In: AZZI, R. G.; BATISTA, S. H. S. S.; SADALLA, A. M. F. A. (Org.). Formação de professores: discutindo o ensino de psicologia. Campinas: Alinea, 2000. p. 69-96.GUERRA, C. T. 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Pedagogia e pedagogos, para quê? 12 ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2010.MORAES, R. Uma tempestade de luz: a compreensão possibilitada pela análise textual discursiva. Ciência & Educação, v. 9, n. 2, 2003. p. 191-211.PARANÁ. Lei Complementar nº. 103/04. Plano de Carreira dos Professores. Publicado no Diário Oficial nº. 6687 de 15/03/2004.PARANÁ. Planos de Ensino do Curso de Pedagogia. Universidade Estadual do Paraná. Campus de Apucarana. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.fecea.br/userfiles/planos%20de%20ensino%20pedagogia%202017.pdf. Acesso em 29 set. 2017.PARANÁ. Projeto Político-Pedagógico do Curso de Pedagogia. Universidade Estadual de Londrina. 2010. Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/ceca/pedagogia/pages/arquivos/Ementas pedagogia matutino e noturno.pdf. Acesso em 29 set. 2017.PARANÁ. Projeto Político-Pedagógico do Curso de Pedagogia. Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste. Campus de Irati e Guarapuava. 2009. 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Projeto Político-Pedagógico do Curso de Pedagogia. Universidade Estadual do Oeste. Campus de Francisco Beltrão. 2016. Disponível em: http://www.unioeste.br/campi/beltrao/bel-pedagogia.asp. Acesso em 29 set. 2017.PARANÁ. Projeto Político Pedagógico do Curso de Pedagogia. Universidade Estadual do Paraná. Campus de União da Vitória. 2008. Disponível em: http://uniaodavitoria.unespar.edu.br/ensino/graduacao/pedagogia. Acesso em 29 set. 2017.PARANÁ. Projeto Político-Pedagógico do Curso de Pedagogia. Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Campus de Ponta Grossa. 2013. Disponível em: http://www3.uepg.br/pedagogia/ppc/. Acesso em 29 set. 2017.PARANÁ. Resolução 128/2013-CI-CCH. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Modalidade de Educação à Distância. 2013. Disponível em: http://portal.nead.uem.br/site/img/_9NU_files/docs/128_13.pdf. Acesso em 29 set. 2017.PARANÁ. Ementa do Curso de Pedagogia. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Campus de Maringá e Cianorte. 2009. 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“I’m fat–and it’s okay! It doesn’t mean I’m stupid, or ugly, or lazy, or selfish. I’m fat!” so proclaims Joy Nash in her YouTube video, A Fat Rant. “Fat! It’s three little letters–what are you afraid of?!” This is the question I pose to my class on day one of Fat Studies. Sadly, many college students do fear fat, and negative attitudes toward fat people are quite prevalent in this population (Ambwani et al. 366). As I teach it, Fat Studies is cross-listed between Psychology and Gender Studies. However, most students who enrol have majors in Psychology or other behavioural health science fields in which weight bias is particularly pronounced (Watkins and Concepcion 159). Upon finding stronger bias among third- versus first-year Physical Education students, O’Brien, Hunter, and Banks (308) speculated that the weight-centric curriculum that typifies this field actively engenders anti-fat attitudes. Based on their exploration of textbook content, McHugh and Kasardo (621) contend that Psychology too is complicit in propagating weight bias by espousing weight-centric messages throughout the curriculum. Such messages include the concepts that higher body weight invariably leads to poor health, weight control is simply a matter of individual choice, and dieting is an effective means of losing weight and improving health (Tylka et al.). These weight-centric tenets are, however, highly contested. For instance, there exists a body of research so vast that it has its own name, the “obesity paradox” literature. This literature (McAuley and Blair 773) entails studies that show that “obese” persons with chronic disease have relatively better survival rates and that a substantial portion of “overweight” and “obese” individuals have levels of metabolic health similar to or better than “normal” weight individuals (e.g., Flegal et al. 71). Finally, the “obesity paradox” literature includes studies showing that cardiovascular fitness is a far better predictor of mortality than weight. In other words, individuals may be both fit and fat, or conversely, unfit and thin (Barry et al. 382). In addition, Tylka et al. review literature attesting to the complex causes of weight status that extend beyond individual behaviour, ranging from genetic predispositions to sociocultural factors beyond personal control. Lastly, reviews of research on dieting interventions show that these are overwhelmingly ineffective in producing lasting weight loss or actual improvements in health and may in fact lead to disordered eating and other unanticipated adverse consequences (e.g., Bacon and Aphramor; Mann et al. 220; Salas e79; Tylka et al.).The newfound, interdisciplinary field of scholarship known as Fat Studies aims to debunk weight-centric misconceptions by elucidating findings that counter these mainstream suppositions. Health At Every Size® (HAES), a weight-neutral approach to holistic well-being, is an important facet of Fat Studies. The HAES paradigm advocates intuitive eating and pleasurable physical activity for health rather than restrictive dieting and regimented exercise for weight loss. HAES further encourages body acceptance of self and others regardless of size. Empirical evidence shows that HAES-based interventions improve physical and psychological health without harmful side-effects or high dropout rates associated with weight loss interventions (Bacon and Aphramor; Clifford et al. “Impact of Non-Diet Approaches” 143). HAES, like the broader field of Fat Studies, seeks to eradicate weight-based discrimination, positioning weight bias as a social justice issue that intersects with oppression based on other areas of difference such as gender, race, and social class. Much like Queer Studies, Fat Studies seeks to reclaim the word, fat, thus stripping it of its pejorative connotations. As Nash asserts in her video, “Fat is a descriptive physical characteristic. It’s not an insult, or an obscenity, or a death sentence!” As an academic discipline, Fat Studies is expanding its visibility and reach. The Fat Studies Reader, the primary source of reading for my course, provides a comprehensive overview of the field (Rothblum and Solovay 1). This interdisciplinary anthology addresses fat history and activism, fat as social inequality, fat in healthcare, and fat in popular culture. Ward (937) reviews this and other recently-released fat-friendly texts. The field features its own journal, Fat Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Body Weight and Society, which publishes original research, overview articles, and reviews of assorted media. Both the Popular Culture Association and National Women’s Studies Association have special interest groups devoted to Fat Studies, and the American Psychological Association’s Division on the Psychology of Women has recently formed a task force on sizism (Bergen and Carrizales 22). Furthermore, Fat Studies conferences have been held in Australia and New Zealand, and the third annual Weight Stigma Conference will occur in Iceland, September 2015. Although the latter conference is not necessarily limited to those who align themselves with Fat Studies, keynote speakers include Ragen Chastain, a well-known member of the fat acceptance movement largely via her blog, Dances with Fat. The theme of this year’s conference, “Institutionalised Weightism: How to Challenge Oppressive Systems,” is consistent with Fat Studies precepts:This year’s theme focuses on the larger social hierarchies that favour thinness and reject fatness within western culture and how these systems have dictated the framing of fatness within the media, medicine, academia and our own identities. What can be done to oppose systemised oppression? What can be learned from the fight for social justice and equality within other arenas? Can research and activism be united to challenge prevailing ideas about fat bodies?Concomitantly, Fat Studies courses have begun to appear on college campuses. Watkins, Farrell, and Doyle-Hugmeyer (180) identified and described four Fat Studies and two HAES courses that were being taught in the U.S. and abroad as of 2012. Since then, a Fat Studies course has been taught online at West Virginia University and another will soon be offered at Washington State University. Additionally, a new HAES class has been taught at Saint Mary’s College of California during the last two academic years. Cameron (“Toward a Fat Pedagogy” 28) describes ways in which nearly 30 instructors from five different countries have incorporated fat studies pedagogy into university courses across an array of academic areas. This growing trend is manifested in The Fat Pedagogy Reader (Russell and Cameron) due out later this year. In this article, I describe content and pedagogical strategies that I use in my Fat Studies course. I then share students’ qualitative reactions, drawing upon excerpts from written assignments. During the term reported here, the class was comprised of 17 undergraduate and 5 graduate students. Undergraduate majors included 47% in Psychology, 24% in Women Studies, 24% in various other College of Liberal Arts fields, and 6% in the College of Public Health. Graduate majors included 40% in the College of Public Health and 60% in the College of Education. Following submission of final grades, students provided consent via email allowing written responses on assignments to be anonymously incorporated into research reports. Assignments drawn upon for this report include weekly reading reactions to specific journal articles in which students were to summarise the main points, identify and discuss a specific quote or passage that stood out to them, and consider and discuss applicability of the information in the article. This report also utilises responses to a final assignment in which students were to articulate take-home lessons from the course.Despite the catalogue description, many students enter Fat Studies with a misunderstanding of what the course entails. Some admitted that they thought the course was about reducing obesity and the presumed health risks associated with this alleged pathological condition (Watkins). Others understood, but were somewhat dubious, at least at the outset, “Before I began this class, I admit that I was skeptical of what Fat Studies meant.” Another student experienced “a severe cognitive dissonance” between the Fat Studies curriculum and that of a previous behavioural health class:My professor spent the entire quarter spouting off statistics, such as the next generation of children will be the first generation to have a lower life expectancy than their parents and the ever increasing obesity rates that are putting such a tax on our health care system, and I took her words to heart. I was scared for myself and for the populations I would soon be working with. I was worried that I was destined to a chronic disease and bothered that my BMI was two points above ‘normal.’ I believed everything my professor alluded to on the danger of obesity because it was things I had heard in the media and was led to believe all my life.Yet another related, “At first, I will be honest, it was hard for me to accept a lot of this information, but throughout the term every class changed my mind about my view of fat people.” A few students have voiced even greater initial resistance. During a past term, one student lamented that the material represented an attack on her intended behavioural health profession. Cameron (“Learning to Teach Everybody”) describes comparable reactions among students in her Critical Obesity course taught within a behavioural health science unit. Ward (937) attests that, even in Gender Studies, fat is the topic that creates the most controversy. Similarly, she describes students’ immense discomfort when asked to entertain perspectives that challenge deeply engrained ideas inculcated by our culture’s “obesity epidemic.” Discomfort, however, is not necessarily antithetical to learning. In prompting students to unlearn “the biomedically-informed truth of obesity, namely that fat people are unfit, unhealthy, and in need of ‘saving’ through expert interventions,” Moola at al. recommend equipping them with an “ethics of discomfort” (217). No easy task, “It requires courage to ask our students to forgo the security of prescriptive health messaging in favour of confusion and uncertainty” (221). I encourage students to entertain conflicting perspectives by assigning empirically-based articles emanating from peer-reviewed journals in their own disciplines that challenge mainstream discourses on obesity (e.g., Aphramor; Bombak e60; Tomiyama, Ahlstrom, and Mann 861). Students whose training is steeped in the scientific method seem to appreciate having quantitative data at their disposal to convince themselves–and their peers and professors–that widely held weight-centric beliefs and practices may not be valid. One student remarked, “Since I have taken this course, I feel like I am prepared to discuss the fallacy of the weight-health relationship,” citing specific articles that would aid in the effort. Likewise, Cameron’s (“Learning to Teach Everybody”) students reported a need to read research reports in order to begin questioning long-held beliefs.In addition, I assign readings that provide students with the opportunity to hear the voices of fat people themselves, a cornerstone of Fat Studies. Besides chapters in The Fat Studies Reader authored by scholars and activists who identify as fat, I assign qualitative articles (e.g., Lewis et al.) and narrative reports (e.g., Pause 42) in which fat people describe their experiences with weight and weight bias. Additionally, I provide positive images of fat people via films and websites (Clifford et al. HAES®; Watkins; Watkins and Doyle-Hugmeyer 177) in order to counteract the preponderance of negative, dehumanising portrayals in popular media (e.g., Ata and Thompson 41). In response, a student stated:One of the biggest things I took away from this term was the confidence I found in fat women through films and stories. They had more confidence than I have seen in any tiny girl and owned the body they were given.I introduce “normal” weight allies as well, most especially Linda Bacon whose treatise on thin privilege tends to set the stage for viewing weight bias as a form of oppression (Bacon). One student observed, “It was a relief to be able to read and talk about weight oppression in a classroom setting for once.” Another appreciated that “The class did a great job at analysing fat as oppression and not like a secondhand oppression as I have seen in my past classes.” Typically, fat students were already aware of weight-based privilege and oppression, often painfully so. Thinner students, however, were often astonished by this concept, several describing Bacon’s article as “eye-opening.” In reaction, many vowed to act as allies:This class has really opened my eyes and prepared me to be an ally to fat people. It will be difficult for some time while I try to get others to understand my point of view on fat people but I believe once there are enough allies, people’s minds will really start changing and it will benefit everyone for the better.Pedagogically, I choose to share my own experiences as they relate to course content and encourage students, at least in their written assignments, to do the same. Other instructors refrain from this practice for fear of reinforcing traditional discourses or eliciting detrimental reactions from students (Watkins, Farrell, and Doyle-Hugmeyer 191). Nevertheless, this tack seems to work well in my course, with many students opting to disclose their relevant circumstances during classroom discussions: Throughout the term I very much valued and appreciated when classmates would share their experiences. I love listening and hearing to others experiences and I think that is a great way to understand the material and learn from one another.It really helped to read different articles and hear classmates discuss and share stories that I was able to relate to. The idea of hearing people talk about issues that I thought I was the only one who dealt with was so refreshing and enlightening.The structure of this class allowed me to learn how this information is applicable to my life and made it deeper than just memorising information.Thus far, across three terms, no student has described iatrogenic effects from this process. In fact, most attribute positive transformations to the class. These include enhanced body acceptance of self and others: This class decreased my fat phobia towards others and gave me a better understanding about the intersectionality of one’s weight. For example, I now feel that I no longer view my family in a fat phobic way and I also feel responsible for educating my brother and helping him develop a strong self-esteem regardless of his size.I never thought this class would change my life, almost save my life. Through studies shown in class and real life people following their dreams, it made my mind completely change about how I view my body and myself.I can only hope that in the future, I will be more forgiving, tolerant, and above all accepting of myself, much less others. Regardless of a person’s shape and size, we are all beautiful, and while I’m just beginning to understand this, it can only get better from here.Students also reported becoming more savvy consumers of weight-centric media messages as well as realigning their eating and exercise behaviour in accordance with HAES: I find myself disgusted at the television now, especially with the amount of diet ads, fitness club ads, and exercise equipment ads all aimed at making a ‘better you.’ I now know that I would never be better off with a SlimFast shake, P90X, or a Total Gym. I would be better off eating when I’m hungry, working out because it is fun, and still eating Thin Mints when I want to. Prior to this class, I would work out rigorously, running seven miles a day. Now I realise why at times I dreaded to work out, it was simply a mathematical system to burn the energy that I had acquired earlier in the day. Instead what I realise I should do is something I enjoy, that way I will never get tired of whatever I am doing. While I do enjoy running, other activities would bring more joy while engaging in a healthy lifestyle like hiking or mountain biking.I will never go on another diet. I will stop choosing exercises I don’t love to do. I will not weigh myself every single day hoping for the number on the scale to change.A reduction in self-weighing was perhaps the most frequent behaviour change that students expressed. This is particularly valuable in that frequent self-weighing is associated with disordered eating and unhealthy weight control behaviours (Neumark-Sztainer et al. 811):I have realised that the number on the scale is simply a number on the scale. That number does not define who you are. I have stopped weighing myself every morning. I put the scale in the storage closet so I don’t have to look at it. I even encouraged my roommate to stop weighing herself too. What has been most beneficial for me to take away from this class is the notion that the number on the scale has so much less to do with fitness levels than most people understand. Coming from a numbers obsessed person like myself, this class has actually gotten me to leave the scales behind. I used to weigh myself every single day and my self-confidence reflected whether I was up or down in weight from the day before. It seems so silly to me now. From this class, I take away a new outlook on body diversity. I will evaluate who I am for what I do and not represent myself with a number. I’m going to have my cake this time, and actually eat it too!Finally, students described ways in which they might carry the concepts from Fat Studies into their future professions: I want to go to law school. This model is something I will work toward in the fight for social justice.As a teacher and teacher of teachers, I plan to incorporate discussions on size diversity and how this should be addressed within the field of adapted physical education.I do not know how I would have gone forward if I had never taken this class. I probably would have continued to use weight loss as an effective measure of success for both nutrition and physical activity interventions. I will never be able to think about the obesity prevention movement in the same way.Since I am working toward being a clinical psychologist, I don’t want to have a client who is pursuing weight loss and then blindly believe that they need to lose weight. I’d rather be of the mindset that every person is unique, and that there are other markers of health at every size.Jones and Hughes-Decatur (59) call for increased scholarship illustrating and evaluating critical body pedagogies so that teachers might provide students with tools to critique dominant discourses, helping them forge healthy relationships with their own bodies in the process. As such, this paper describes elements of a Fat Studies class that other instructors may choose to adopt. It additionally presents qualitative data suggesting that students came to think about fat and fat people in new and divergent ways. Qualitative responses also suggest that students developed better body image and more adaptive eating and exercise behaviours throughout the term. Although no students have yet described lasting adverse effects from the class, one stated that she would have preferred less of a focus on health and more of a focus on issues such as fat fashion. Indeed, some Fat Studies scholars (e.g., Lee) advocate separating discussions of weight bias from discussions of health status to avoid stigmatising fat people who do experience health problems. While concerns about fostering healthism within the fat acceptance movement are valid, as a behavioural health professional with an audience of students training in these fields, I have chosen to devote three weeks of our ten week term to this subject matter. Depending on their academic background, others who teach Fat Studies may choose to emphasise different aspects such as media representations or historical connotations of fat.Nevertheless, the preponderance of positive comments evidenced throughout students’ assignments may certainly be a function of social desirability. Although I explicitly invite critique, and in fact assign readings (e.g., Welsh 33) and present media that question HAES and Fat Studies concepts, students may still feel obliged to articulate acceptance of and transformations consistent with the principles of these movements. As a more objective assessment of student outcomes, I am currently conducting a quantitative evaluation, in which I remain blind to students’ identities, of this year’s Fat Studies course compared to other upper division/graduate Psychology courses, examining potential changes in weight bias, body image and dieting behaviour, adherence to appearance-related media messages, and obligatory exercise behaviour. I postulate results akin to those of Humphrey, Clifford, and Neyman Morris (143) who found reductions in weight bias, improved body image, and improved eating behaviour among college students as a function of their HAES course. As Fat Studies pedagogy proliferates, instructors are called upon to share their teaching strategies, document the effects, and communicate these results within and outside of academic spheres.ReferencesAmbwani, Suman, Katherine M. Thomas, Christopher J. Hopwood, Sara A. Moss, and Carlos M. Grilo. “Obesity Stigmatization as the Status Quo: Structural Considerations and Prevalence among Young Adults in the U.S.” Eating Behaviors 15.3 (2014): 366-370. Aphramor, Lucy. “Validity of Claims Made in Weight Management Research: A Narrative Review of Dietetic Articles.” Nutrition Journal 9 (2010): n. pag. 15 May 2015 ‹http://www.nutritionj.com/content/9/1/30›.Ata, Rheanna M., and J. Kevin Thompson. “Weight Bias in the Media: A Review of Recent Research.” Obesity Facts 3.1 (2010): 41-46.Bacon, Linda. “Reflections on Fat Acceptance: Lessons Learned from Thin Privilege.” 2009. 23 Apr. 2015 ‹http://www.lindabacon.org/Bacon_ThinPrivilege080109.pdf›.Bacon, Linda, and Lucy Aphramor. “Weight Science: Evaluating the Evidence for a Paradigm Shift.” Nutrition Journal 10 (2011). 23 Apr. 2015 ‹http://www.nutritionj.com/content/10/1/9›.Barry, Vaughn W., Meghan Baruth, Michael W. Beets, J. Larry Durstine, Jihong Liu, and Steven N. Blair. “Fitness vs. Fatness on All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis.” Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 56.4 (2014): 382-390.Bergen, Martha, and Sonia Carrizales. “New Task Force Focused on Size.” The Feminist Psychologist 42.1 (2015): 22.Bombak, Andrea. “Obesity, Health at Every Size, and Public Health Policy.” American Journal of Public Health 104.2 (2014): e60-e67.Cameron, Erin. “Learning to Teach Everybody: Exploring the Emergence of an ‘Obesity” Pedagogy’.” The Fat Pedagogy Reader: Challenging Weight-Based Oppression in Education. Eds. Erin Cameron and Connie Russell. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, in press.Cameron, Erin. “Toward a Fat Pedagogy: A Study of Pedagogical Approaches Aimed at Challenging Obesity Discourses in Post-Secondary Education.” Fat Studies 4.1 (2015): 28-45.Chastain, Ragen. Dances with Fat. 15 May 2015 ‹https://danceswithfat.wordpress.com/blog/›.Clifford, Dawn, Amy Ozier, Joanna Bundros, Jeffrey Moore, Anna Kreiser, and Michele Neyman Morris. “Impact of Non-Diet Approaches on Attitudes, Behaviors, and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 47.2 (2015): 143-155.Clifford, Dawn, Patti Lou Watkins, and Rebecca Y. Concepcion. “HAES® University: Bringing a Weight Neutral Message to Campus.” Association for Size Diversity and Health, 2015. 23 Apr. 2015 ‹https://www.sizediversityandhealth.org/content.asp?id=258›.Fat Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Body Weight and Society. 23 Apr. 2015 ‹http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ufts20/current#.VShpqdhFDBC›.Flegal, Katherine M., Brian K. Kit, Heather Orpana, and Barry L. Graubard. “Association of All-Cause Mortality with Overweight and Obesity Using Standard Body Mass Index Categories: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Medical Association 309.1 (2013): 71-82.Humphrey, Lauren, Dawn Clifford, and Michelle Neyman Morris. “Health At Every Size College Course Reduces Dieting Behaviors and Improves Intuitive Eating, Body Esteem, and Anti-Fat Attitudes.” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, in press.Jones, Stephanie, and Hilary Hughes-Decatur. “Speaking of Bodies in Justice-Oriented Feminist Teacher Education.” Journal of Teacher Education 63.1 (2012): 51-61.Lee, Jenny. Embodying Stereotypes: Memoir, Fat and Health. Fat Studies: Reflective Intersections, July 2012, Wellington, NZ. Unpublished conference paper.Lewis, Sophie, Samantha L. Thomas, Jim Hyde, David Castle, R. Warwick Blood, and Paul A. Komesaroff. “’I Don't Eat a Hamburger and Large Chips Every Day!’ A Qualitative Study of the Impact of Public Health Messages about Obesity on Obese Adults.” BMC Public Health 10.309 (2010). 23 Apr 2015 ‹http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/309›.Mann, Traci, A. Janet Tomiyama, Erika Westling, Ann-Marie Lew, Barbara Samuels, and Jason Chatman. “Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer.” American Psychologist 62.3 (2007): 220-233.McAuley, Paul A., and Steven N. Blair. “Obesity Paradoxes.” Journal of Sports Sciences 29.8 (2011): 773-782. McHugh, Maureen C., and Ashley E. Kasardo. “Anti-Fat Prejudice: The Role of Psychology in Explication, Education and Eradication.” Sex Roles 66.9-10 (2012): 617-627.Moola, Fiona J., Moss E. Norman, LeAnne Petherick, and Shaelyn Strachan. “Teaching across the Lines of Fault in Psychology and Sociology: Health, Obesity and Physical Activity in the Canadian Context.” Sociology of Sport Journal 31.2 (2014): 202-227.Nash, Joy. “A Fat Rant.” YouTube, 17 Mar. 2007. 23 Apr. 2015 ‹https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUTJQIBI1oA›.Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne, Patricia van den Berg, Peter J. Hannan, and Mary Story. “Self-Weighing in Adolescents: Helpful or Harmful? Longitudinal Associations with Body Weight Changes and Disordered Eating.” Journal of Adolescent Health 39.6 (2006): 811–818.O’Brien, K.S., J.A. Hunter, and M. Banks. “Implicit Anti-Fat Bias in Physical Educators: Physical Attributes, Ideology, and Socialization.” International Journal of Obesity 31.2 (2007): 308-314.Pause, Cat. “Live to Tell: Coming Out as Fat.” Somatechnics 2.1 (2012): 42-56.Rothblum, Esther, and Sondra Solovay, eds. The Fat Studies Reader. New York: New York University Press, 2009.Russell, Connie, and Erin Cameron, eds. The Fat Pedagogy Reader: Challenging Weight-Based Oppression in Education. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, in press. Salas, Ximena Ramos. “The Ineffectiveness and Unintended Consequences of the Public Health War on Obesity.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 106.2 (2015): e79-e81. Tomiyama, A. Janet, Britt Ahlstrom, and Traci Mann. “Long-Term Effects of Dieting: Is Weight Loss Related to Health?” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7.12 (2013): 861-877.Tylka, Tracy L., Rachel A. Annunziato, Deb Burgard, Sigrun Daníelsdóttir, Ellen Shuman, Chad Davis, and Rachel M. Calogero. “The Weight-Inclusive versus Weight-Normative Approach to Health: Evaluating the Evidence for Prioritizing Well-Being over Weight Loss.” Journal of Obesity (2014). 23 Apr. 2015 ‹http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jobe/2014/983495/›.Ward, Anna E. “The Future of Fat.” American Quarterly 65.4 (2013): 937-947.Watkins, Patti Lou. “Inclusion of Fat Studies in a Difference, Power, and Discrimination Curriculum.” The Fat Pedagogy Reader: Challenging Weight-Based Oppression in Education. Eds. Erin Cameron and Connie Russell. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, in press. Watkins, Patti Lou, and Rebecca Y. Concepcion. “Teaching HAES to Health Care Students and Professionals.” Wellness Not Weight: Motivational Interviewing and a Non-Diet Approach. Ed. Ellen Glovsky. San Diego: Cognella Academic Publishing, 2014: 159-169. Watkins, Patti Lou, and Andrea Doyle-Hugmeyer. “Teaching about Eating Disorders from a Fat Studies Perspective. Transformations 23.2 (2013): 147-158. Watkins, Patti Lou, Amy E. Farrell, and Andrea Doyle Hugmeyer. “Teaching Fat Studies: From Conception to Reception. Fat Studies 1.2 (2012): 180-194. Welsh, Taila L. “Healthism and the Bodies of Women: Pleasure and Discipline in the War against Obesity.” Journal of Feminist Scholarship 1 (2011): 33-48. Weight Stigma Conference. 23 Apr. 2015 ‹http://stigmaconference.com/›.

The ideas put forth here do not fit perfectly or entirely into the genre and form of what has established itself as the scholarly journal article. What is put forth, instead, is a juxtaposition of lines of thinking about the scholarly and popular in publishing, past, present and future. As such it may indeed be quite appropriate to the occasion and the questions raised in the call for papers for this special issue of M/C Journal. The ideas put forth here are intended as pieces of an ever-changing puzzle of the making public of scholarship, which, I hope, may in some way fit with both the work of others in this special issue and in the discourse more broadly. The first line of thinking presented takes the form of an historical overview of publishing as context to consider a second line of thinking about the current status and future of publishing. The historical context serves as reminder (and cause for celebration) that publishing has not yet perished, contrary to continued doomsday sooth-saying that has come with each new medium since the advent of print. Instead, publishing has continued to transform and it is precisely the transformation of print, print culture and reading publics that are the focus of this article, in particular, in relation to the question of the boundaries between the scholarly and the popular. What follows is a juxtaposition that is part of an investigation in progress. Presented first, therefore, is a mapping of shifts in print culture from the time of Gutenberg to the twentieth century; second, is a contemporary snapshot of the editorial mandates of more than one hundred member journals of the Canadian Association of Learned Journals (CALJ). What such juxtaposition is able to reveal is open to interpretation, of course. And indeed, as I proceed in my investigation of publishing past, present and future, my interpretations are many. The juxtaposition raises a number of issues: of communities of readers and the cultures of reading publics; of privileged and marginalised texts (as well as their authors and their readers); of access and reach (whether in terms of what is quantifiable or in a much more subtle but equally important sense). In Canada, at present, these issues are also intertwined with changes to research funding policies and some attention is given at the end of this article to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada and its recent/current shift in funding policy. Curiously, current shifts in funding policies, considered alongside an historical overview of publishing, would suggest that although publishing continues to transform, at the same time, as they say, plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose. Republics of Letters and Ghosts in Machines Republics of Letters that formed after the advent of the printing press can be conjured up as distant and almost mythical communities of elite literates, ghosts almost lost in a Gutenberg galaxy that today encompasses (and is embodied in) schools, bookshelves, and digital archives in many places across the globe. Conjuring up ghosts of histories past seems always to reveal ironies, and indeed some of the most interesting ironies of the Gutenberg galaxy involve McLuhanesque reversals or, if not full reversals, then in the least some notably sharp turns. There is a need to define some boundaries (and terms) in the framing of the tracing that follows. Given that the time frame in question spans more than five hundred years (from the advent of Gutenberg’s printing press in the fifteenth century to the turn of the 21st century), the tracing must necessarily be done in broad strokes. With regard to what is meant by the “making public of scholarship” in this paper, by “making public” I refer to accounts historians have given in their attempts to reconstruct a history of what was published either in the periodical press or in books. With regard to scholarship (and the making public of it), as with many things in the history of publishing (or any history), this means different things in different times and in different places. The changing meanings of what can be termed “scholarship” and where and how it historically has been made public are the cornerstones on which this article (and a history of the making public of scholarship) turn. The structure of this paper is loosely chronological and is limited to the print cultures and reading publics in France, Britain, and what would eventually be called the US and Canada, and what follows here is an overview of changes in how scholarly and popular texts and publics are variously defined over the course of history. The Construction of Reading Publics and Print Culture In any consideration of “print culture” and reading publics, historical or contemporary, there are two guiding principles that historians suggest should be kept in mind, and, though these may seem self-evident, they are worth stating explicitly (perhaps precisely because they seem self-evident). The first is a reminder from Adrian Johns that “the very identity of print itself has had to be made” (2 italics in original). Just as the identity of print cultures are made, similarly, a history of reading publics and their identities are made, by looking to and interpreting such variables as numbers and genres of titles published and circulated, dates and locations of collections, and information on readers’ experiences of texts. Elizabeth Eisenstein offers a reminder of the “widely varying circumstances” (92) of the print revolution and an explicit acknowledgement of such circumstances provides the second, seemingly self-evident guiding principle: that the construction of reading publics and print culture must not only be understood as constructed, but also that such constructions ought not be understood as uniform. The purpose of the reconstructions of print cultures and reading publics presented here, therefore, is not to arrive at final conclusions, but rather to identify patterns that prove useful in better understanding the current status (and possible future) of publishing. The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries—Boom, then Busted by State and Church In search of what could be termed “scholarship” following the mid-fifteenth century boom of the early days of print, given the ecclesiastical and state censorship in Britain and France and the popularity of religious texts of the 15th and 16th centuries, arguably the closest to “scholarship” that we can come is through the influence of the Italian Renaissance and the revival and translation (into Latin, and to a far lesser extent, vernacular languages) of the classics and indeed the influence of the Italian Renaissance on the “print revolution” is widely recognised by historians. Historians also recognise, however, that it was not long until “the supply of unpublished texts dried up…[yet for authors] to sell the fruits of their intellect—was not yet common practice before the late 16th century” (Febvre and Martin 160). Although this reference is to the book trade in France, in Britain, and in the regions to become the US and Canada, reading of “pious texts” was similarly predominant in the early days of print. Yet, the humanist shift throughout the 16th century is evidenced by titles produced in Paris in the first century of print: in 1501, in a total of 88 works, 53 can be categorised as religious, with 25 categorised as Latin, Greek, or Humanist authors; as compared to titles produced in 1549, in a total of 332 titles, 56 can be categorised as religious with 204 categorised as Latin, Greek, or Humanist authors (Febvre and Martin 264). The Seventeenth Century—Changes in the Political and Print Landscape In the 17th century, printers discovered that their chances of profitability (and survival) could be improved by targeting and developing a popular readership through the periodical press (its very periodicity and relative low cost both contributed to its accessibility by popular publics) in Europe as well as in North America. It is worthwhile to note, however, that “to the end of the seventeenth century, both literacy and leisure were virtually confined to scholars and ‘gentlemen’” (Steinberg 119) particularly where books were concerned and although literacy rates were still low, through the “exceptionally literate villager” there formed “hearing publics” who would have printed texts read to them (Eisenstein 93). For the literate members of the public interested not only in improving their social positions through learning, but also with intellectual (or spiritual or existential) curiosity piqued by forbidden books, it is not surprising that Descartes “wrote in French to a ‘lay audience … open to new ideas’” (Jacob 41). The 17th century also saw the publication of the first scholarly journals. There is a tension that becomes evident in the seventeenth century that can be seen as a tension characteristic of print culture, past and present: on the one hand, the housing of scholarship in scholarly journals as a genre distinct from the genre of the popular periodicals can be interpreted as a continued pattern of (elitist) divide in publics (as seen earlier between the oral and the written word, between Latin and the vernacular, between classic texts and popular texts); while, on the other hand, some thinkers/scholars of the day had an interest in reaching a wider audience, as printers always had, which led to the construction and fragmentation of audiences (whether the printer’s market for his goods or the scholar’s marketplace of ideas). The Eighteenth Century—Republics of Letters Become Concrete and Visible The 18th century saw ever-increasing literacy rates, early copyright legislation (Statute of Anne in 1709), improved printing technology, and ironically (or perhaps on the contrary, quite predictably) severe censorship that in effect led to an increased demand for forbidden books and a vibrant and international underground book trade (Darnton and Roche 138). Alongside a growing book trade, “the pulpit was ultimately displaced by the periodical press” (Eisenstein 94), which had become an “established institution” (Steinberg 125). One history of the periodical press in France finds that the number of periodicals (to remain in publication for three or more years) available to the reading public in 1745 numbered 15, whereas in 1785 this increased to 82 (Censer 7). With regard to scholarly periodicals, another study shows that between 1790 and 1800 there were 640 scientific-technological periodicals being published in Europe (Kronick 1961). Across the Atlantic, earlier difficulties in cultivating intellectual life—such as haphazard transatlantic exchange and limited institutions for learning—began to give way to a “republic of letters” that was “visible and concrete” (Hall 417). The Nineteenth Century—A Second Boom and the Rise of the Periodical Press By the turn of the 19th century, visible and concrete republics of letters become evident on both sides of the Atlantic in the boom in book publishing and in the periodical press, scholarly and popular. State and church controls on printing/publishing had given way to the press as the “fourth estate” or a free press as powerful force. The legislation of public education brought increased literacy rates among members of successive generations. One study of literacy rates in Britain, for example, shows that in the period from 1840–1870 literacy rates increased by 35–70 per cent; then from 1870–1900, literacy increased by 78–261 per cent (Mitch 76). Further, with the growth and changes in universities, “history, languages and literature and, above all, the sciences, became an established part of higher education for the first time,” which translated into growing markets for book publishers (Feather 117). Similarly the periodical press reached ever-increasing and numerous reading publics: one estimate of the increase finds the publication of nine hundred journals in 1800 jumping to almost sixty thousand in 1901 (Brodman, cited in Kronick 127). Further, the important role of the periodical press in developing communities of readers was recognised by publishers, editors and authors of the time, something equally recognised by present-day historians describing the “generic mélange of the periodical … [that] particularly lent itself to the interpenetration of language and ideas…[and] the verbal and conceptual interconnectedness of science, politics, theology, and literature” (Dawson, Noakes and Topham 30). Scientists recognised popular periodicals as “important platforms for addressing a non-specialist but culturally powerful public … [they were seen as public] performances [that] fulfilled important functions in making the claims of science heard among the ruling élite” (Dawson et al. 11). By contrast, however, the scholarly journals of the time, while also increasing in number, were becoming increasingly specialised along the same disciplinary boundaries being established in the universities, fulfilling a very different function of forming scholarly and discipline-specific discourse communities through public (published) performances of a very different nature. The Twentieth Century—The Tension Between Niche Publics and Mass Publics The long-existing tension in print culture between the differentiation of reading publics on the one hand, and the reach to ever-expanding reading publics on the other, in the twentieth century becomes a tension between what have been termed “niche-marketing” and “mass marketing,” between niche publics and mass publics. What this meant for the making public of scholarship was that the divides between discipline-specific discourse communities (and their corresponding genres) became more firmly established and yet, within each discipline, there was further fragmentation and specialisation. The niche-mass tension also meant that although in earlier print culture, “the lines of demarcation between men of science, men of letters, and scientific popularizers were far from clear, and were constantly being renegotiated” (Dawson et al 28), with the increasing professionalisation of academic work (and careers), lines of demarcation became firmly drawn between scholarly and popular titles and authors, as well as readers, who were described as “men of science,” as “educated men,” or as “casual observers” (Klancher 90). The question remains, however, as one historian of science asks, “To whom did the reading public go in order to learn about the ultimate meaning of modern science, the professionals or the popularizers?” (Lightman 191). By whom and for whom, where and how scholarship has historically been made public, are questions worthy of consideration if contemporary scholars are to better understand the current status (and possible future) for the making public of scholarship. A Snapshot of Scholarly Journals in Canada and Current Changes in Funding Policies The here and now of scholarly journal publishing in Canada (a growing, but relatively modest scholarly journal community, compared to the number of scholarly journals published in Europe and the US) serves as an interesting microcosm through which to consider how scholarly journal publishing has evolved since the early days of print. What follows here is an overview of the membership of the Canadian Association of Learned Journals (CALJ), in particular: (1) their target readers as identifiable from their editorial mandates; (2) their print/online/open-access policies; and (3) their publishers (all information gathered from the CALJ website, http://www.calj-acrs.ca/). Analysis of the collected data for the 100 member journals of CALJ (English, French and bilingual journals) with available information on the CALJ website is presented in Table 1 (below). A few observations are noteworthy: (1) in terms of readers, although all 100 journals identify a scholarly audience as their target readership, more than 40% of the journal also identify practitioners, policy-makers, or general readers as members of their target audience; (2) more than 25% of the journals publish online as well as or instead of print editions; and (3) almost all journals are published either by a Canadian university or, in one case, a college (60%) or a scholarly or professional society (31%). Table 1: Target Readership, Publishing Model and Publishers, CALJ Members (N=100) Journals with identifiable scholarly target readership 100 Journals with other identifiable target readership: practitioner 35 Journals with other identifiable target readership: general readers 18 Journals with other identifiable target readership: policy-makers/government 10 Total journals with identifiable target readership other than scholarly 43 Journals publishing in print only 56 Journals publishing in print and online 24 Journals publishing in print, online and open access 16 Journals publishing online only and open access 4 Journals published through a Canadian university press, faculty or department 60 Journals published by a scholarly or professional society 31 Journals published by a research institute 5 Journals published by the private sector 4 In the context of the historical overview presented earlier, this data raises a number of questions. The number of journals with target audiences either within or beyond the academy raises issues akin to the situation in the early days of print, when published works were primarily in Latin, with only 22 per cent in vernacular languages (Febvre and Martin 256), thereby strongly limiting access and reach to diverse audiences until the 17th century when Latin declined as the international language (Febvre and Martin 275) and there is a parallel to scholarly journal publishing and their changing readership(s). Diversity in audiences gradually developed in the early days of print, as Febvre and Martin (263) show by comparing the number of churchmen and lawyers with library collections in Paris: from 1480–1500 one lawyer and 24 churchmen had library collections, compared to 1551–1600, when 71 lawyers and 21 churchmen had library collections. Although the distinctions between present-day target audiences of Canadian scholarly journals (shown in Table 1, above) and 16th-century churchmen or lawyers no doubt are considerable, again there is a parallel with regard to changes in reading audiences. Similarly, the 18th-century increase in literacy rates, education, and technological advances finds a parallel in contemporary questions of computer literacy and access to scholarship (see Willinsky, “How,” Access, “Altering,” and If Only). Print culture historians and historians of science, as noted above, recognise that historically, while scholarly periodicals have increasingly specialised and popular periodicals have served as “important platforms for addressing a non-specialist but culturally powerful public…[and] fulfill[ing] important functions in making the claims of science heard among the ruling élite” (Dawson 11), there is adrift in current policies changes (and in the CALJ data above) a blurring of boundaries that harkens back to earlier days of print culture. As Adrian John reminded us earlier, “the very identity of print itself has had to be made” (2, italics in original) and the same applies to identities or cultures of print and the members of that culture: namely, the readers, the audience. The identities of the readers of scholarship are being made and re-made, as editorial mandates extend the scope of journals beyond strict, academic disciplinary boundaries and as increasing numbers of journals publish online (and open access). In Canada, changes in scholarly journal funding by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada (as well as changes in SSHRC funding for research more generally) place increasing focus on impact factors (an international trend) as well as increased attention on the public benefits and value of social sciences and humanities research and scholarship (see SSHRC 2004, 2005, 2006). There is much debate in the scholarly community in Canada about the implications and possibilities of the direction of the changing funding policies, not least among members of the scholarly journal community. As noted in the table above, most scholarly journal publishers in Canada are independently published, which brings advantages of autonomy but also the disadvantage of very limited budgets and there is a great deal of concern about the future of the journals, about their survival amidst the current changes. Although the future is uncertain, it is perhaps worthwhile to be reminded once again that contrary to doomsday sooth-saying that has come time and time again, publishing has not perished, but rather it has continued to transform. I am inclined against making normative statements about what the future of publishing should be, but, looking at the accounts historians have given of the past and looking at the current publishing community I have come to know in my work in publishing, I am confident that the resourcefulness and commitment of the publishing community shall prevail and, indeed, there appears to be a good deal of promise in the transformation of scholarly journals in the ways they reach their audiences and in what reaches those audiences. Perhaps, as is suggested by the Canadian Centre for Studies in Publishing (CCSP), the future is one of “inventing publishing.” References Canadian Association of Learned Journals. Member Database. 10 June 2008 ‹http://www.calj-acrs.ca/>. Canadian Centre for Studies in Publishing. 10 June 2008. ‹http://www.ccsp.sfu.ca/>. Censer, Jack. The French Press in the Age of Enlightenment. London: Routledge, 1994. Darnton, Robert, Estienne Roche. Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775–1800. Berkeley: U of California P, 1989. Dawson, Gowan, Richard Noakes, and Jonathan Topham. Introduction. Science in the Nineteenth-century Periodical: Reading the Magazine of Nature. Ed. Geoffrey Cantor, Gowan Dawson, Richard Noakes, and Jonathan Topham. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. 1–37. Eisenstein, Elizabeth. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983 Feather, John. A History of British Publishing. New York: Routledge, 2006. Febvre, Lucien, and Henri-Jean Martin. The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800. London: N.L.B., 1979. Jacob, Margaret. Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Johns, Adrian. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1998. Hall, David, and Hugh Armory. The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Klancher, Jon. The Making of English Reading Audiences. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1987. Kronick, David. A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals: The Origins and Development of the Scientific and Technological Press, 1665–1790. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1961. ---. "Devant le deluge" and Other Essays on Early Modern Scientific Communication. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2004. Lightman, Bernard. Victorian Science in Context. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1997. Mitch, David. The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England: The Influence of Private choice and Public Policy. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1991. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Granting Council to Knowledge Council: Renewing the Social Sciences and Humanities in Canada, Volume 1, 2004. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Granting Council to Knowledge Council: Renewing the Social Sciences and Humanities in Canada, Volume 3, 2005. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Moving Forward As a Knowledge Council: Canada’s Place in a Competitive World. 2006. Steinberg, Sigfrid. Five Hundred Years of Printing. London: Oak Knoll Press, 1996. Willinsky, John. “How to be More of a Public Intellectual by Making your Intellectual Work More Public.” Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy 3.1 (2006): 92–95. ---. The Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to Research and Scholarship. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. ---. “Altering the Material Conditions of Access to the Humanities.” Ed. Peter Trifonas and Michael Peters. Deconstructing Derrida: Tasks for the New Humanities. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. 118–36. ---. If Only We Knew: Increasing the Public Value of Social-Science Research. New York: Routledge, 2000.