Academic literature on the topic 'Current cooling load'

One of the most attractive reserves of enhancing the energetic efficiency of air conditioning systems is to provide the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close to nominal modes by choosing rational design cooling loads (cooling capacities) and their distribution according to a cooling load behaviour within the overall design (installed) cooling load band to match current changeable climatic conditions and provide close to maximum annual cooling capacity generation according to cooling duties. The direction of increasing the efficiency of outdoor air conditioning in combined central-local type systems by rationally distributing the heat load - cooling capacity of the central air conditioner into zones of variable heat load in accordance with current climatic conditions and its relatively stable value, i.e. cooling capacity required for further air cooling at the entrance to the indoor recirculation air conditioning system is justified. By comparing the values of the excessive production of cold and its deficit within every 3 days for a rational design heat load of the air conditioning system (cooling capacity of the installed refrigeration machine), which provides close to maximum annual production of cold, and the corresponding values of the excess and deficit of cooling capacity in accordance with current climatic conditions during July substantiated the feasibility of accumulating the excess of cooling capacity of a central air conditioner at low current loads and its use for covering cooling deficit at elevated heat loads through pre-cooling the outdoor air. It is developed a scheme of a combined central-local air conditioning system, which includes the subsystems for the outdoor air conditioning in a central air conditioner and the local indoor recirculated air conditioning.

Maintaining the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close modes by selecting a rational design thermal load and distributing it in response to the behavior of the current thermal load according to the current climatic conditions is one of the promising reserves for improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems, which implementation ensures maximum or close to it in the annual cooling production according to air conditioning duties. In general case, the total range of current thermal loads of any air-conditioning system includes a range of unstable loads caused by precooling of ambient air with significant fluctuations in the cooling capacity according to current climatic conditions, and a range of relatively stable cooling capacity expended for further lowering the air temperature from a certain threshold temperature to the final outlet temperature. If a range of stable thermal load can be provided within operating a conventional compressor in a mode close to nominal, then precooling the ambient air with significant fluctuations in thermal load requires adjusting the cooling capacity by using a variable speed compressor or using the excess of heat accumulated at reduced load. Such a stage principle of cooling ensures the operation of refrigerating machines matching the behavior of current thermal loads of any air-conditioning system, whether the central air conditioning system with ambient air procession in the central air conditioner or its combination with the local indoors recirculation air conditioning systems in the air-conditioning system. in essence, as combinations of subsystems – precooling of ambient air with the regulation of cooling capacity and subsequent cooling air to the mouth of the set point temperature under relatively stable thermal load.

One of the most attractive reserves for improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems is to ensure the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close to nominal modes by selecting a rational design heat load and distributing it within its design value according to the behavior of the current heat load under variable current climatic conditions to provide the maximum or close to maximum annual cooling capacity generation according to cooling duties of air conditioning. In the general case, the overall range of current thermal loads of any air conditioning system includes a range of unstable loads associated with the precooling of ambient air with significant fluctuations in cooling capacity according with current climatic conditions, and a relatively stable range of cooling capacity consumed to further reduce air temperature from a certain threshold temperature to the final outlet temperature. It is quite obvious that a stable range of heat load can be ensured within operating a conventional compressor in a mode close to the nominal mode while precooling the ambient air with significant fluctuations in heat load requires regulation of the cooling capacity through the use of a variable speed compressor. Thus, in response of the behavior of the change in current heat loads, any air conditioning system, whether the central air-conditioning system with its heat procession in a central air conditioner, or a combination thereof with a local recirculation system of indoor air, essentially consists of two subsystems: pre-cooling the ambient air and then cooling it to the set point temperature. The proposed method of distribution of design heat load depending on the behavior of the current heat load is useful for the rational design of central air conditioning systems and their combined versions with the local air conditioning system.

The air conditioning processes (heat-humidity treatment) at the inlet of energy units by heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms with heat removal cooling towers of the cooling system are studied on the example of a gas turbine unit. Two-stage air cooling is considered applying a two-stage combined type heat-energized refrigeration mechanism, which applies the exhaust gas heat of a gas turbine unit and which includes absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector refrigeration mechanism as steps to convert waste heat into cold. Based on the results of modeling the operation of the cooling complex of a gas turbine unit, data was obtained on current heat loads on heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms and cooling towers in accordance with the climatic conditions of operation with different distribution of project heat loads on the air cooling stages and, accordingly, on the transformation of waste heat into cold. Due to the fact that the heat load on the cooling towers depends on the efficiency of transformation of waste heat into cold (heat coefficients) by absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector refrigeration mechanisms, a rational distribution of the project heat loads to the absorption and ejector stages of a combined type heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms that provides reduce heat load on cooling towers. It is demonstrated that due to this approach to determining the rational heat load on the cooling towers of the cooling system, which consists of calculation the redistribution of heat load between the absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector cooling stages with different efficiency and transformation of waste heat (different heat coefficients) in accordance with current climate conditions, is possible to minimize the number of cooling with a corresponding reduction in capital expenditures on the air conditioning system at the inlet of gas turbine unit

The processes of air cooling at the gas turbine unit inlet by absorption lithium-bromide chiller have been analyzed. The computer programs of firms-producers of heat exchangers were used for the gas turbine unit inlet air cooling processes simulation. The absorption lithium-bromide chiller refrigeration capacity reserve (the design heat load excess over the current heat loads) generated at the reduced current heat loads on the air coolers at the gas turbine unit inlet in accordance with the lowered ambient air parameters has been considered. The absorption lithium-bromide chiller refrigeration capacity reserve is expedient to use at increased heat load on the air cooler. To solve this problem the refrigeration capacity required for cooling air at the gas turbine unit inlet has been compared with the excessive absorption lithium-bromide chiller refrigeration capacity exceeding current heat loads during July 2017.The scheme of gas turbine unit inlet air cooling system with using the absorption lithium-bromide chiller refrigeration capacity reserve has been proposed. The proposed air cooling system provides gas turbine unit inlet air precooling in the air cooler booster stage by using the absorption lithium-bromide chiller excessive refrigeration capacity. The absorption chiller excessive refrigeration capacity generated during decreased heat loads on the gas turbine unit inlet air cooler is accumulated in the thermal storage. The results of simulation show the expediency of the gas turbine unit inlet air cooling by using the absorption lithium-bromide chiller refrigeration capacity reserve, which is generated at reduced thermal loads, for the air precooling in the air cooler booster stage. This solution provides the absorption lithium-bromide chiller installed (designed) refrigeration capacity and cost reduction by almost 30%. The solution to increase the efficiency of gas turbine unit inlet air cooling through using the absorption chiller excessive refrigeration potential accumulated in the thermal storage has been proposed.

Modelling and simulation of building stock is a valuable source of information for investigating the feasibility of implementing new heating and cooling system technologies. Some of these technologies have oversizing problem as the designers rely on their experience and previous knowledge. Building stock modelling can provide a solution for more accurate designing process. However, some of the current building stock modelling methods uses a representative building which can exclude whole ranges of the different combinations of building geometry and physical properties that can be crucial for heating and cooling load estimation. Therefore, we developed a methodology that allows faster and accurate building energy simulation (BES) multizone models from general building information of the whole building stock that is able to estimate load duration. This will help engineers and designers to decide on the system sizing at the early design stages. This paper presents first, the process of generating dynamically heating and cooling load duration curves by using BES-models from general geometrical data of the building stock. Second, we examine the process on a sample of the building stock where geometrical and physical parameters were varied. The workflow of the process has worked successfully, generating heating and cooling duration curves for 14 case studies. We observed that heating and cooling loads are highly influenced by different combinations of parameters. High glazing percentage affects highly the heat losses, thus more heating loads. Besides, for a west oriented building, the high glazing percentage combined with high internal gains can be the reason for significant cooling loads. In next steps, we are going to extend the current methodology to cover different building typologies within different climates across Europe.

Significant fluctuations of the current temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air lead to significant changes in the thermal load on the cooling system at the inlet of gas turbine units (GTU), which acutely raises the problem of choosing their installed (design) thermal load. Calculations of ambient air cooling processes were carried out for different climatic conditions, for example, southern Ukraine (Mykolaiv) and Central China (Beijing). It is analyzed two methods of determination of the installed (design) cooling capacity of the ambient air cooling system at the GTU inlet according to the maximum current reduction of fuel consumption and according to the maximum rate (increase) of annual reduction of fuel consumption following to increasing of the installed cooling capacity, calculated by summarizing the current values of fuel consumption reduction. It is shown that the values of the installed cooling capacity of the air cooling system at the GTU inlet, determined by both methods, are close enough but differ significantly for different climatic conditions. The advantage of the method of calculating the installed cooling capacity of the air cooling system at the GTU inlet according to the maximum rate of annual reduction in fuel consumption is the possibility of a more precise definition of it due to the absence of significant fluctuations in the annual reduction in fuel consumption, calculated by summarizing the current values of fuel consumption reduction. Since the maximum reduction in fuel consumption per year is achieved with some decrease in the rate of its increment at high values of the design cooling capacity, required in the hottest hours in the summer and excessive in somewhat cool periods (at night and in the morning even in the summer), the installed cooling capacity, determined according to the maximum rate of the reduction of fuel consumption, will be insufficient in times of increased thermal loads above their design value. In such cases, the elimination of the deficit in cooling capacity is possible by using an excess of cold accumulated during reduced thermal loads

The processes of gas turbine unit inlet air cooling with generation of condensate as a subproduct were investigated. The heat-humidity processes in the two-stage air cooler of combined type with the first low temperature cooling stage were water with temperature of about 7 °C as a coolant for precooling air from the changeable ambient temperature to the temperature not lower than 15 °C is used and low temperature cooling stage with a refrigerant boiling at the temperature of 2-4 °C as a coolant for further deep cooling air to the temperature of about 10 °C by utilizing the exhaust gas waste heat in the absorption lithium-bromide chiller as the high temperature cooling stage and refrigerant ejector chiller as the low temperature cooling stage of the combined thermotransformer has been analyzed for daily changing ambient air temperatures and heat loads on the stages as consequence. The processes of generating the condensate as a subproduct of gas turbine unit intake air two-stage cooling were simulated by using the computer simulation programs of the firms-producers of heat equipment for more than twice decreased heat load upon the high temperature cooling stage as compared with a heat load upon the low temperature cooling stage. The data about amount of condensate extracted in each air cooler stage was summed up over a day, three days and July and its temperature was calculated. The results of calculation have shown that the temperature of condensate received in the refrigerant low temperature cooling stage are lower by about 4 °C as compared with its value for high temperature cooling stage with a chilled water temperature of 7 °C from absorption lithium-bromide chiller. It was also shown that inspite of intensive changeable current temperatures of condensate from each and both stages mean weighted values of temperature of condensate from both stages of a combined two-stage air cooler remained nearly unchangeable during days. A conclusion about using the condensate from low temperature cooling stage as a coolant has been made

The efficiency of the outdoor air conditioning systems application depends on how full the installed cooling capacity is applied, that is, with a more complete load and for as long as the possible yearly duration in actual climatic conditions. The production of cold is taken as a criteria of a quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of applying the cooling capacity of air conditioning systems – the amount of cold produced in accordance with its current demand for air conditioning, which in turn depends on the current consumption of cooling capacity and its duration and equals to their multiplication. It is obvious that the maximum value of the current amount of cold produced/consumed indicates an effective application of the installed cooling capacity. However, since the current demands of cooling capacity and their duration, that is, the amount of cold produced/consumed, depending on the changing current climatic conditions, they are characterized by significant fluctuations, which makes it difficult to choose the installed cooling capacity of the air conditioning system. Obviously, if we determine the amount of cold produced/consumed by its current values and summarized during the year, it is possible to significantly simplify the choice of the installed cooling capacity. At the same time, the current amount of cold produced/consumed causes a change in the rate of increment of the annual cold production with a change in the installed cooling capacity, and the maximum rate corresponds to the installed cooling capacity, which provides its efficient use. Proceeding from a different rate of increment of annual cold production with an increase in the installed cooling capacity of the air conditioning system due to a change in heat load in accordance with current climatic conditions during the year, the value of design heat load on the air conditioning system (installed cooling capacity) that provides maximum or close to it the rate of increment of the annual production of cold, and hence the maximum efficient use of installed cooling capacity is chosen

Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) can reach temperatures below that obtained with a steady-state current by applying an electrical current pulse which enables a transitory state in a Peltier device. This effect is known as supercooling. In this paper, we study characteristics parameters, such as the minimum cooling temperature and spatial temperature profile, in a TEC operated under current pulses and a cooling load ( Q c ) . Numerical analysis for a one-dimensional thermoelectric model of the cooling system is developed, and a novel MATLAB programming code is proposed for the transient state based on finite element analysis. We also investigate the influence of the thermoelement’s length upon the cooling mechanism. A new parameter called the “characteristic cooling length” is proposed to describe the length in which the minimum cooling temperature occurs along the elements of a TEM. Results show the transient temperature profiles along the elements of the semiconductor P-type element, and a “characteristic cooling length” is characterized. We also propose a general principle, and the lowest cooling temperature values are obtained for a semiconductor’s small length and variable pulse cooling load under current pulse operation. The present study will serve as guidance for the geometric design of TECs under current pulse operations.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 141 "Електроенергетика, електротехніка та електромеханіка" (14 – Електрична інженерія) – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2020 р. Дисертаційна робота присвячена підвищенню експлуатаційних характеристик суднових кабелів за рахунок технологічних режимів охолодження та радіаційного опромінення ізоляції і оболонки на основі сучасних, які не поширюють полум'я, безгалогенних полімерних композицій, що забезпечують необхідний комплекс електричних, фізико-механічних параметрів при відповідному контролі технологічних процесів. Для досягнення цієї мети були поставлені задачі: – довести доцільність поступового охолодження поліетиленової ізоляції високовольтних силових кабелів для забезпечення як експлуатаційних параметрів, так і стабільності характеристик в процесі експлуатації; – обґрунтувати застосування методу електротеплової аналогії для побудови математичної моделі охолодження ізольованої струмопровідної жили з урахуванням розподілу температури по товщині ізоляції в несталому тепловому режимі; – розробити методику розрахунку технологічних параметрів режиму охолодження силових кабелів, що ґрунтується на розрахунку нелінійної теплової схеми заміщення ізольованої струмопровідної жили в несталому тепловому режимі з урахуванням залежності від температури теплового опору і теплоємності ізоляції методами дискретних резистивних схем заміщення і вузлових потенціалів; – визначити вплив технологічних режимів охолодження на розподіл температури по товщині екструдованої ізоляції та обґрунтувати тривалість перехідного процесу, що відповідає досягненню однакової температури по всій товщині ізоляції силових кабелів різного конструктивного виконання в різні моменти часу в залежності від температури води, що охолоджує; – експериментально перевірити ефективність виявлення технологічних дефектів в конструкції силового суднового кабелю за характеристиками часткових розрядів; – створити методику оптимізації силового суднового кабелю коаксіальної конструкції для забезпечення максимального розсіювання потужності теплового потоку в навколишнє середовище, що обумовлює збільшення струмового навантаження, за умови теплової стійкості ізоляції; – довести ефективність застосування захисної полімерної оболонки з високими теплопровідними властивостями для підвищення струмового навантаження силових суднових кабелів; – визначити вплив енергії прискорених електронів на механічні та електричні характеристики суднових кабелів та встановити діапазон коефіцієнта опромінення ізоляції, що забезпечує підвищення експлуатаційних характеристик, на підставі кореляційного зв'язку між електричними та механічними характеристиками радіаційно-модифікованої високонаповненої антипіренами безгалогенної композиції на основі співполімеру етилен-вінілацетату; – перевірити ефективність розподілу поглиненої дози по периметру й довжині при радіаційному опроміненні суднових кабелів за результатами фізико-механічних та теплових випробувань безгалогенної, яка не поширює полум'я, полімерної захисної оболонки кабелю; – визначити на підставі прискореного теплового старіння теплову стійкість радіаційно-модифікованої безгалогенної, яка не поширює полум'я, полімерної захисної оболонки, для прогнозування строку служби суднових кабелів та обґрунтувати можливість роботи в умовах підвищеної вологості і високих робочих температур неекранованого кабелю на основі неекранованих кручених пар з термопластичними ізоляцією і захисною оболонкою. Об'єкт дослідження – технологічні режими охолодження та радіаційного опромінення електричної ізоляції суднових кабелів, виготовленої з наповненої антипіренами безгалогенної композиції на основі поліолефінів. Предмет дослідження – експлуатаційні електричні, фізико-механічні та теплові характеристики полімерної ізоляції і оболонки, на основі наповненої антипіренами безгалогенної композиції, суднових кабелів. Методи дослідження. Теоретичні та експериментальні дослідження базуються на використанні методів чисельного та фізичного моделювання технологічних режимів охолодження та радіаційного опромінення прискореними електронами електричної полімерної ізоляції та захисної оболонки суднових кабелів. Методи теорії нестаціонарної теплопровідності для розрахунку режиму охолодження полімерної ізоляції кабелю. Диференційні рівняння теплопровідності та електропровідності. Метод електротеплових аналогій для визначення розподілу температури по товщині ізоляції в різні моменти часу, в залежності від температури води, що охолоджує судновий силовий кабель. Нелінійні теплова та електрична схеми заміщення ізольованої струмопровідної жили в перехідному тепловому режимі. Неявний метод Ейлера та метод вузлових потенціалів для отримання розподілу температури по товщині ізоляції кабелю. Метод оптимізації конструкції силового кабелю за умови забезпечення охолодження в експлуатації для підвищення струмового навантаження. Рівняння теплового балансу для визначення теплової стійкості ізоляції в експлуатації. Теорія радіаційного зшивання для визначення оптимальної дози опромінення полімерної ізоляції. Теорія теплового старіння ізоляції для прогнозування строку служби суднових кабелів в експлуатації. Апроксимація експериментальних електричних, фізико-механічних й теплових характеристик радіаційно-модифікованої ізоляції суднових кабелів. Кореляційний та регресійний аналіз електричних, механічних й теплових характеристик в процесі радіаційного модифікування полімерної ізоляції та захисної оболонки суднових кабелів. Техніка реєстрації часткових розрядів у високовольтній твердій полімерній ізоляції для виявлення дефектів на технологічній стадії виготовлення силових суднових кабелів. В роботі отримані такі наукові результати. У дисертаційній роботі вирішено науково-практичну задачу з підвищення експлуатаційних характеристик суднових кабелів за рахунок технологічних режимів охолодження та опромінення електричної ізоляції на основі сучасних безгалогенних полімерних композицій, які не поширюють полум'я. Удосконалено математичну модель технологічного процесу охолодження ізольованої струмопровідної жили в несталому тепловому режимі шляхом урахування температурної залежності теплофізичних характеристик полімерної ізоляції підчас розрахунку розподілу температури по товщині поліетиленової ізоляції в різні моменти часу в залежності від температури води при поступовому охолодженні, що дозволило визначити умови для забезпечення стабільних характеристик суднового силового кабелю в експлуатації. Запропоновано критерій для визначення технологічних параметрів режиму охолодження силових суднових кабелів, який являє собою час перехідного процесу охолодження ізольованої струмопровідної жили для досягнення однакової температури по всій товщині полімерної ізоляції. Встановлено оптимальну товщину полімерної захисної оболонки за умови довготривалої теплової стійкості радіаційно-зшитої ізоляції на основі поліолефінів, що забезпечує підвищення на 30 % струмове навантаження силового суднового кабелю коаксіальної конструкції. Визначено діапазон коефіцієнта опромінення прискореними електронами безгалогенної, що не поширює полум'я ізоляції суднових кабелів, що гарантує підвищення електричного опору радіаційно-модифікованої полімерної ізоляції більш ніж в два рази, пробивної напруги на постійному струмі в 1,3 рази відносно неопроміненого стану. Встановлено кореляцію між механічними і електричними характеристиками радіаційно-модифікованої ізоляції з безгалогенної композиції на основі поліолефінів, в залежності від лінійної швидкості проходження кабелю під пучком електронів при незмінному струмі пучка електронів. Встановлено, в залежності від технологічних параметрів режиму опромінення суднових кабелів, розподіл поглиненої дози по периметру і довжині полімерної захисної оболонки з безгалогенної композиції, яка не поширює полум'я, що дозволяє визначити дозу опромінення кабелів, яка забезпечує підвищення стійкості захисної оболонки до дії агресивних хімічних речовин при збереженні високих фізико-механічних характеристик Експериментально, на підставі прискореного старіння неекранованого кабелю на основі неекранованих кручених пар, з термопластичної поліетиленової ізоляції в захисній оболонці на основі полівінілхлоридного пластикату за умови адекватного старіння в експлуатації, доведено стійкість конструкції до підвищеної температури та вологості, що дозволяє прогнозувати строк служби суднових кабелів в залежності від робочої температури. Розроблено методику розрахунку технологічних параметрів режиму охолодження силових кабелів, що ґрунтується на розрахунку нелінійної теплової схеми заміщення ізольованої поліетиленом струмопровідної жили в несталому тепловому режимі, з урахуванням залежності від температури теплового опору і теплоємності, методами дискретних резистивних схем заміщення і вузлових потенціалів. Запропонована методика та алгоритми можуть бути застосовані для визначення технологічних режимів охолодження полімерної ізоляції кабелів без застосування дороговартісних натурних експериментів, що особливо важливо при освоєнні нових матеріалів та конструкцій, а також при модернізації існуючого на кабельних підприємствах обладнання, для охолодження силових, симетричних, радіочастотних та оптичних кабелів. Доведено ефективність реєстрації часткових розрядів у високовольтній твердій ізоляції для виявлення дефектів на технологічній стадії виготовлення силових суднових кабелів, а також для налаштування технологічного процесу охолодження. Розроблено методику розрахунку теплопередачі в одножильному силовому кабелі коаксіальної конструкції на підставі критеріальних рівнянь природної конвекції, для оптимізації конструкції силового суднового кабелю, для забезпечення максимальної лінійної щільності теплового потоку, що розсіюється з поверхні кабелю. Показано ефективність застосування полімерних матеріалів на основі мікро- і нанокомпозитів з високими теплопровідними властивостями для захисної оболонки силових високовольтних суднових кабелів, що забезпечують збільшення розсіювання кабелем теплової потужності на 30 %. Встановлено, що енергія прискорених електронів на рівні 0,5 МеВ забезпечує більш високий ступінь зшивання полімерної безгалогенної ізоляції на основі високонаповненої антипіренами композиції в порівнянні з енергією 0,4 МеВ при однаковому коефіцієнті опромінення, струмі пучка і кількості проходів ізольованої жили під пучком електронів. Доведено підвищення механічної міцності при розтягуванні, електричного опору ізоляції та пробивної напруги на постійному струмі радіаційно-модифікованої полімерної безгалогенної ізоляції з коефіцієнтом опромінення 5–7 м/(мА∙хв) при сталому значенні відносного подовження при розриві ізоляції на рівні не менше 120 %, що забезпечує компроміс між еластичністю і жорсткістю суднового кабелю. Встановлено зростання в 1,5–2 рази часу досягнення критичного параметра – відносного подовження при розриві радіаційно-модифікованої полімерної захисної оболонки на основі безгалогенної композиції, в порівнянні з не модифікованою термопластичною оболонкою, що еквівалентно збільшенню строку експлуатації в 1,5–2 рази суднового контрольного кабелю в області максимальних робочих температур. Матеріали дисертаційної роботи використовуються в навчальному процесі на кафедрі електроізоляційної та кабельної техніки Національного технічного університету "Харківський політехнічний інститут" при підготовці бакалаврів та магістрів за спеціальністю "141 – електроенергетика, електротехніка та електромеханіка" спеціалізації "141.04 Електроізоляційна, кабельна та оптоволоконна техніка"; у ТОВ "Азовська кабельна компанія" (м. Бердянськ) при розробці і визначенні оптимальних технологічних параметрів режимів виготовлення безгалогенних суднових кабелів, що не розповсюджують горіння, асоціації "Укрелектрокабель", в ПАТ "Завод "Південкабель". Дисертаційна робота виконана в ПрАТ "Український науково-дослідний інститут кабельної промисловості" (м. Бердянськ) та на кафедрі електроізоляційної та кабельної техніки Національного технічного університету "Харківський політехнічний інститут" (м. Харків), згідно програм наукових досліджень ПрАТ "Український науково-дослідний інститут кабельної промисловості" (ПМ ЕИЮВ.505.564–2018 "Вивчення термічної стійкості оболонки кабелю марки СПОВЕнг-FRHF 12x2,5 до та після опромінення швидкими електронами", ПМ ЕИЮВ.505.584–2019 "Визначення величини та розподілу поглиненої дози при радіаційному модифікуванні оболонки суднових кабелів, що не розповсюджують полум'я"), де здобувач був одним з розробників і виконавців програм.
Ph.D. thesis undertaken in research specialization 141 "Electric Power Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Electric Mechanics" (14 – Electrical Engineering). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2020. The dissertation is devoted to increasing of the operational properties of shipboard cables due to the technological modes of cooling and electron beam irradiation of insulation and sheath based on modern flame retardant halogen-free polymeric compounds, which provide the necessary complex of electrical, physical and mechanical properties with appropriate control of technological processes. To achieve this, the following tasks were set: – to prove the expediency of gradual cooling of polyethylene insulation of high-voltage power cables to ensure both operational parameters and stability of properties during operation; – to substantiate the application of the method of electro-thermal analogy for the construction of a mathematical model of cooling of insulated conductor taking into account the temperature distribution over the thickness of insulation in a non-constant thermal mode; – to develop a method of calculating the technological parameters of the cooling mode of power cable, based on the calculation of a nonlinear thermal equivalent circuit of insulated conductor in a non-constant thermal mode, taking into account dependence the thermal resistance and heat capacity of the insulation from the temperature by methods of discrete resistive equivalent circuits; – to determine the influence of technological cooling modes on the temperature distribution in the thickness of extruded in sulation and to justify the duration of the transition process, which corresponds to achievement of the same temperature over the entire thickness of power cables insulation various design at different time points, depending on the cooling water temperature; – to verify experimentally the efficiency of detecting technological defects in the design of the power shipboard cable by partial discharges values; – to create a methodology for optimizing the power shipboard cable with coaxial construction to ensure maximum heat flow power dissipation into the environment, which causes an increase in current load, if insulation thermal resistance provided; – to prove the efficiency of the use a protective polymer sheath with high thermal conductive properties to increase the current load of power shipboard cables; – to determine the effect of accelerated electron beam energy on the mechanical and electrical properties of shipboard cables and determine the irradiation coefficient range for insulation which provides an increase of operational characteristics, on the basis of correlation between the electrical and mechanical properties of filled with flame retardants halogen-free compound based on ethylene-vinyl acetate modified by electron beam; – to verify the efficiency of absorbed dose distribution along the perimeter and length of shipboard cables after irradiation according to obtained results of mechanical and thermal tests of polymeric halogen-free flame retardant protective sheath of cable; – to determine the thermal stability of the halogen-free flame-retardant polymeric protective sheath modified by irradiating, on basis of accelerated thermal aging, to predict the service life of shipboard cables and to substantiate the possibility of operation in conditions with high humidity and high operating temperatures for unscreened cable with unscreened twisted pairs and thermoplastic insulation and protective sheath. Object of research – technological modes of cooling and irradiation of electrical insulation of shipboard cables, based on halogen-free filled with flame retardants polyolefin compound. Subject of research – electrical, mechanical and thermal operational properties of the shipboard cables polymer insulation and sheath based on filled with flame retardants halogen-free compounds. Research methods. Theoretical and experimental studies are based on the use of methods of numerical and physical modeling of technological modes of cooling and electron beam irradiation of polymeric electrical insulation and protective sheath of shipboard cables. Methods of theory of non-stationary thermal conductivity to calculation of cooling mode of polymeric cable insulation. Differential equations of thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. The method of electro-thermal analogies to determine the temperature distribution in the thickness of insulation at different time points, depending on the temperature of cooling water for shipboard power cable. Nonlinear thermal and electrical equivalent circuits of insulated conductor in transient thermal mode. Implicit Euler method and nodal potentials method for obtaining temperature distribution in thickness of cable insulation. A method of optimizing the design of the power cable provided cooling during operation to increase the current load. Thermal balance equation to determining the thermal resistance of insulation during operation. Irradiation crosslinking theory to determine the optimal irradiation dose of polymeric insulation. The theory of thermal aging of insulation to predict the service life of shipboard cables. Approximation of experimental electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of modified by irradiation insulation of shipboard cables. Correlation and regression analysis of electrical, mechanical and thermal properties after modification by irradiation of polymeric insulation and protective sheath of shipboard cables. Partial discharge detection technique in high voltage solid polymeric insulation for defect detection on technological stage of production power shipboard cable. The following scientific results are obtained in the work. The dissertation solves the scientific and practical problem of increasing the operational properties of shipboard cables due to the technological modes of cooling and irradiation of electrical insulation based on modern halogen-free flame retardant polymeric compounds. The mathematical model of technological process of cooling insulated conductor in unsteady thermal mode, by taking into account dependence of thermal and physical characteristics of polymeric insulation from the temperature, for determine the temperature distribution throughout the thickness of polyethylene insulation at different time points depending on water temperature under gradual cooling, has been improved. Mathematical model allows to determine the conditions for ensuring stable characteristics of the shipboard power cable during operation. The criterion for determination of technological parameters of the cooling mode of power shipboard cables, which is the time of the transitional process of cooling the insulated conductor to achieve an equal temperature throughout the thickness of the polymeric insulation, is proposed. The optimum thickness of the polymeric protective sheath on condition of long-term thermal stability of irradiated cross-linked based on polyolefin insulation has been established. It provides a 30 % increase current load of the coaxial design shipboard power cable. The range of irradiation coefficient for halogen free flame retardant insulation of shipboard cables when guarantees increasing electrical resistance of polymeric insulation modified by electron beam more than twice, the breakdown direct current voltage 1,3 times relative to the non-irradiated condition, is determined. The correlation between mechanical and electrical properties of halogen-free based on polyolefin insulation modified by electron beam, depending on the linear velocity of the cable under the electron beam and constant value of electron beam current. The distribution of the absorbed dose along the perimeter and length of the halogen-free flame retardant polymeric protective sheath depending on the technological parameters of the irradiation modes of shipboard cables, is established and allows to determine the irradiation dose for cables, when protective sheath provides increasing the resistance to aggressive chemicals while high physical and mechanical properties is still available. The stability of the cables structure to high temperature and humidity is experimentally proved on the basis of accelerated aging of unscreened cable with unscreened twisted pairs, with thermoplastic polyethylene insulation and protective polyvinylchloride sheath with adequate aging during operation. It allows predicting the service life of shipboard cables depending on the operating temperature. A technique for calculating the technological parameters of the power cable cooling mode by the methods of discrete resistive equivalent circuits has been developed. A technique based on the calculation of a nonlinear thermal scheme of substitution of conductor with polyethylene insulation in a non-constant thermal mode, taking into account the dependence of thermal resistance and heat capacity from the temperature. The proposed methodology and algorithms can be applied to determine the technological modes of cooling cable polymeric insulation without using expensive full-scale experiments, especially important for the new compounds development and cable constructions, as well as modernization available at cable factories equipment for cooling power cable, data cable with twisted pairs, radio frequency and optical cables. The efficiency of determining partial discharges in high-voltage solid insulation has been proved to detect defects at the technological stage of the producing of power shipboard cables, as well as to adjust the technological process of cooling. The methodology for heat transfer in a coaxial design single-core power cable based on criterial equations of natural convection has been developed to optimize the design of the power shipboard cable to ensure the maximum linear density of heat flow dissipated from the cable surface. The efficiency of application of polymeric materials based on micro- and nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity for sheath of high-voltage shipboard cables, providing a 30 % increase in thermal dissipating of power cable, is shown. It is established the energy of accelerated electrons 0.5 MeV provides a higher degree of crosslinking of polymeric halogen-free insulation based on filled with flame retardants compound compared to the energy of 0.4 MeV at the same irradiation coefficient, electron beam current and the number of wire passages under electron beam. It is established an increase of tensile strength, electrical insulation resistance and breakdown DC voltage of crosslinked polymeric halogen-free insulation with irradiation coefficient 5-7 m/(mА∙min) with constant value of elongation at break not less than 120 % which ensure a compromise between rigidity and flexibility of the shipboard cable. It is established an increase in 1,5–2 times the time of reaching the critical parameter – elongation at break of the modified by electron beam polymeric sheath based on a halogen-free compound compared to the same thermop lastic non-modifying sheath. It is an increase service life of the shipboard control cable at maximum operational temperatures in 1,5–2 times. The materials of the dissertation are used at the educational process Department of Electrical Insulating and Cable Technique of National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" at education bachelors and masters in disciplines of specialty "141 – Electric Power Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Electric Mechanics" (specialization "141.04 Electrical Isolating, Cable and Fiber-Optic Technique"), at "Azov Cable Company" (Berdians'k) at development and determination of optimal technological parameters of production modes of halogen-free, flame retardant shipboard cables, Association "Ukrelectrocable", in PJSC "Yuzhkable Works". Dissertation work was performed at the PJSC "Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute of Cable Industry" (Berdians'k) and Department of Electrical Insulating and Cable Technique of National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (Kharkiv) according to research programs of PJSC "Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute of Cable Industry" (PM EIUV.505.564–2018 "The research of thermal stability of the sheath cable SPOVEng-FRHF 12x2,5 before and after exposure under electron beam", PM EIUV.505.584–2019 "Determination of the quantity and distribution of the absorbed dose after irradiation of the sheath of shipboard flame retardant cables") wherein the applicant was one of the program developers and executor of individual sections.

The efficiency of refrigeration capacity regulation in ambient air conditioning systems = Ефективність регулювання холодопродуктивності в системах кондиціювання зовнішнього повітря / E. Trushliakov, A. Radchenko, M. Radchenko, S. Kantor, O. Zielikov // Матеріали XI міжнар. наук.-техн. конф. "Інновації в суднобудуванні та океанотехніці". В 2 т. – Миколаїв : НУК, 2020. – Т. 1. – С. 475–480.
Розроблено новий метод і підхід до аналізу ефективності системи кондиціювання зовнішнього повітря, згідно з яким весь діапазон змінних теплових навантажень поділяється на дві зони: зона обробки навколишнього повітря зі значними коливаннями поточного теплового навантаження і зона без коливань. Пропонований спосіб регулювання холодопродуктивності дозволяє підвищити ефективність використання встановленої холодопродуктивності в поточних кліматичних умовах.
Abstract. A new method and approach to analyzing the efficiency of ambient air conditioning system has been developed, according to which the overall range of changeable heat loads is divided in two zones: the zone of ambient air processing with considerable fluctuations of the current heat load and a zone without fluctuations. The proposed method of the refrigeration capacity regulation allows to increase the efficiency of utilizing the installed refrigeration capacity in current climatic conditions.

Pulse on time, pulse frequency, peak current, and base current are the important parameters to be optimized in pulsed current tungsten inert gas (PCTIG) welding of Al–SiC metal matrix composite. Experiments were designed and conducted using the L9 orthogonal array technique. The regression equation was developed using Design Expert® statistical software package to predict the weld center’s micro hardness, yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation (%), bending load, weld depth, weld width, cooling rate, and peak temperature near the weld zone of Al-8% SiC composite, welded using PCTIG welding. Correlation coefficient shows 0.9 for all the mechanical properties. This showed that the regression equation and the mathematical model developed were adequate. Analysis of contour plot, interaction effect, signal-to-noise ratio, and mean response were developed, the influence of each pulsed current parameter was evaluated at each level, and the percentage of influence was calculated by using pulsed current parameters. Ultimate tensile strength and bending load values depend on the microstructure. When the cooling rate is higher, fine microstructures are observed due to grain refinement; higher tensile strength and bending load are also observed. Due to the decreased cooling rate, coarse microstructures are observed, which result in poor tensile strength and bending load. PCTIG welding parameters are responsible for the change in the cooling rate of the weld zone. The optimization of the PCTIG welding parameters shows that the peak current and base current should be 160 and 60 A, respectively. Pulse on time is recommended to be 50%–55% and pulse frequency to be 5 Hz.

Over the last century, there has been increasing debate concerning the use of biomass for different purposes such as foods, feeds, energy fuels, heating, cooling and most importantly biorefinery feedstock. The biorefinery products were aimed to replace fossil fuels and chemicals as they are renewable form of energy. Biomass is a biodegradable product from agricultural wastes and residues, forestry and aquaculture. Biomass could be sourced from a variety of raw materials such as wood and wood processing by-products, manure, fractions of organic waste products and agricultural crops. As a form of renewable energy, they have the advantages of easy storage, transportation, flexible load utilization and versatile applications. The aim of this study is to provide an overview for thermochemical and biochemical biomass conversion technologies that were employed currently. Attention was also paid to manufacture of biofuels because of their potentials as key market for large-scale green sustainable biomass product.

Net-zero energy buildings (NetZEBs) are of a building typology designed to combine energy efficiency and renewable energy generation to consume only as much energy as produced onsite through renewable resources over a specified time. The successful creation of NetZEBs is crucial to combating the current climate crisis. Water flow glazing (WFG) is a key technology that will assist in achieving this goal. Several experimental facilities have been designed and constructed to collect data based on WFG technology. These experimental facilities demonstrate that the successful implementation of WFG will allow reducing heating and cooling loads, primary energy consumption, and CO2 emissions. However, a wrong WFG selection can lead to failure in NetZEBs design. The goal of this text was to assess WFG performance through key performance indicators to understand the need of other renewable energies so that the construction of NetZEBs becomes a realistic target.

The average equipment rack in most of today’s high-performance data centers is limited to 1–3 kW with a typical overall heat load density of less than 100 W/ft2. Near-future racks, however, will dissipate up to 15 kW; in 2–4 years, computer and communications rack heat loads are projected to balloon to 30 kW with heat load densities exceeding 500W/ft2. Handling these heat loads is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive using traditional rack and data center cooling approaches. Based on an analysis of a realistic data center expansion plan, the current paper compares capital and operating costs associated with three alternative cooling approaches: (1) a business-as-usual approach, (2) employment of cooling augmentation systems based on chilled water and refrigerant-based heat exchangers, and (3) deployment of water- and refrigerant-based device-level cooling for some of the heat load. A major conclusion of the work is that challenging current industry norms can result in significant energy savings while allowing the benefits associated with increased functional density.

Heating and cooling loads which are compensated by heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, are the main reason for energy uses in buildings. Energy utilized by HVAC system accounts for two-thirds of a building’s total energy consumption. Excessive energy is consumed when HVAC systems fail to operate as intended. This is often due to several factors such as inappropriate monitoring and control strategy, lack of understanding of the dynamics of thermal loads, and system complexity. Amidst several models, estimation of cooling load using Resistance Capacitance (RC) models have proved to provide more robust and accurate estimates of the building load based on measured data but the use of this method is not without challenges. This study aims to highlight common challenges associated with implementation of the RC method for thermal modeling of cooling load. Past and current research have handled some of the challenges by introducing simplifying assumptions which if not adequately selected can lead to significant deviation between model performance and measured data. Without proper understanding of the challenges, engineers may not be able to place a high degree of confidence in load calculation methods and the computer implementations that they use.

This paper presents issues associated with Chilled water system operations at a Nuclear facility that experiences problems with the cooling water flow control valves during the cold season under low load conditions. The system is used to provide safety related functions of cooling rooms such as the control rooms due to radioactive and toxic gas hazards. The valves experience excessive cycling under low load conditions during the cold seasons leading to maintenance and availability problems with the system. This problem is driven by the current system design and the need to utilize a chilled water system during times when natural ambient temperature conditions are low. The Chilled water system uses refrigeration units to cool the chilled water and service water to provide the heat sink for the refrigeration condensing units. The focus of the discussion is the cooling water (service water) flow control valves, which are the major source of the maintenance problem. The paper presents the integrated behavior of the Chilled water system to properly characterize the issue and the solutions. The paper will present the system details and performance parameters necessary to evaluate the problem. The behavior of the valves will be evaluated based on the system operations. This paper evaluates the technical merits of several options to provide stable control of the flow control valves, prevent high-pressure chiller unit trips and solve flow control valve actuator excessive wear.

Soaring electricity demand from space cooling and excellent solar photovoltaics (PV) resources are creating an opportunity for the financial viability of low-emission solutions in Qatar that can compete with existing approaches. This study examines the big picture viability of combining large utility-scale PV with decentralized building-scale ice storage for cooling in Qatar. Qatar is found to have consistently high repeatable solar radiation intensity that nearly matches space cooling requirement. A means to exploit the low installed costs of PV, combined with low cost and long lifetime of ice storage (as opposed to batteries) are examined to meet space cooling loads. Space cooling is responsible for about 65% of Qatar’s annual electric load (which averaged 4.68 GW in 2016). While multiple gas prices are considered, a scenario with the current gas price of $3.33/MMBTU, a PV system of 9.7 GW capacity and an aggregate ice-storage capacity of 4.5 GWh could reduce the gas-fired power generation in Qatar by nearly 39%. Here, gas-fired generation capacity to meet current load exists and hence is not costed.

BACKGROUND Nowadays with the demanding regulation of exhaust gas emissions comes a requirement on the operation of SI-combustion engine entirely with the stoichiometric fuel-air mixture (λ=1). Since the enriched mixture has been used mainly for preventing the overheating of catalytic convertor, it’s necessary to avoid the overheating with other technical solution. PRINCIPLE The close-coupled converter is together with the cooled exhaust manifold the State-of-the-art design for the most of the current engines. However only the part of the exhaust manifold integrated in cylinder head contains liquid cooling. This design seems to be sufficient (for λ=1 operation) for turbocharged engine (turbine consumes the entalphy of hot gases and thereby reduces their temperature before reaching the converter). Our goal was to develop the new concept for naturally aspirated engines, in which the current design is unable to fulfill the requirements. In our new patented design there is a liquid-cooled area extended beyond the cylinder head flange cooling the entire manifold up to the convertor. The most important is the design of water-jacket which is tied up to cylinder head’s, making single functional unit, reducing cost and technological complexity. DESCRIPTION From technological point of view was created a new part, which is quite uncommon for today’s engine production. It is basically aluminium component containing exhaust and coolant channels which are cast hollow using sand cores installed in the holder mould (the same technology as by cylinder head). The part is mounted to the cylinder head flange using 5 bolts, on the other side with V-clamp to the catalytic convertor. CHALLENGES The component has to withstand high thermal load, especially the V-clamp connection, which is located between two components with highly different temperatures. High temperatures represent the risk of coolant degradation after engine shutdown. The component has an impact on the whole engine, exhaust and also brings considerable changes to the software application. RESULTS New design containing the „Additional cooling of engine exhaust gas“, enables the stoichiometric operation of naturally aspirated SI-engine under all engine operating conditions. This solution has been successfully tested, met all required targets, qualified the concept for use into the serial production.

The Bell OH-58 Kiowa helicopter was first introduced in 1969 and has undergone several retrofits to the present OH-58D Kiowa Warrior (KW) model. The KW has become heavily loaded with electronics for communications, weapons and sensors to enhance its overmatch capability against the enemy. However, the ability to cool the heating load of these systems is being stretched thin, especially in current hot operational environments. As a result, electrical component failure has resulted in reduced operational availability and extended maintenance periods. This paper presents a theoretical study performed by cadets and faculty at the U.S. Military Academy, in support of a request by Army PEO Aviation to explore alternatives. The thermal and flow characteristics of the current KW electronics bays are analyzed to identify weaknesses and potentials for quick retrofits. Several novel solutions are proposed and assessed, including redirection and enhancement of the flow, as well as cooling of the intake air or direct cooling of the electronics through mechanical, thermoelectric, evaporative and heat pipe methods.

Abstract The Inside-out ceramic turbine (ICT), a novel microturbine rotor architecture, has an air-cooled ring which keeps its composite rotating structural shroud within operating temperature. The cooling ring must achieve a significant radial temperature gradient with a minimal amount of cooling. The cooling ring is made through additive manufacturing, which opens the design space to tailored cooling geometries. Additively manufactured pin fin heat transfer enhancers are explored in this work to assess whether they hold any significant performance benefit over current rectangular cross-section open channels. Experimental friction factors and Nusselt numbers were determined for small, densely-packed pin fins over an asymmetrical thermal load. Results indicate that pressure loss is similar to what can be expected for additively manufactured pin fins, whereas heat transfer is lower due to the extremely tight streamwise pin spacing, in both in-line and staggered pin configurations. A design study presented in this paper suggests that pin fins are beneficial to an ICT for reducing cooling mass flow rate up to 40%, against an increase in cooling ring mass of roughly 50%.

Energy efficiency in data center operation depends on many factors, including power distribution, thermal load and consequent cooling costs, and IT management in terms of how and where IT load is placed and moved under changing request loads. Current methods provided by vendors consolidate IT loads onto the smallest number of machines needed to meet application requirements. This paper’s goal is to gain further improvements in energy efficiency by also making such methods ‘spatially aware’, so that load is placed onto machines in ways that respect the efficiency of both cooling and power usage, across and within racks. To help implement spatially aware load placement, we propose a model-based reinforcement learning method to learn and then predict the thermal distribution of different placements for incoming workloads. The method is trained with actual data captured in a fully instrumented data center facility. Experimental results showing notable differences in total power consumption for representative application loads indicate the utility of a two-level spatially-aware workload management (SpAWM) technique in which (i) load is distributed across racks in ways that recognize differences in cooling efficiencies and (ii) within racks, load is distributed so as to take into account cooling effectiveness due to local air flow. The technique is being implemented using online methods that continuously monitor current power and resource usage within and across racks, sense BladeCenter-level inlet temperatures, understand and manage IT load according to an environment’s thermal map. Specifically, at data center level, monitoring informs SpAWM about power usage and thermal distribution across racks. At rack-level, SpAWM workload distribution is based on power caps provided by maximum inlet temperatures determined by CRAC speeds and supply air temperature. SpAWM can be realized as a set of management methods running in VMWare’s ESXServer virtualization infrastructure. Its use has the potential of attaining up to 32% improvements on the CRAC supply temperature requirement compared to non-spatially aware techniques, which can lower the inlet temperature 2∼3°C, that is to say we can increase the CRAC supply temperature 2∼3°C to save nearly 13% −18% cooling energy.

Vehicle Thermal Management covers the engineering field of solutions that maintain the complete vehicle in acceptable operating conditions regarding components and fluid temperatures in an engine. The maximum efficiency rating of a Diesel engine reaches up to 45%; a vast amount of the energy produced is transformed into heat. This heat is partly rejected in the exhaust gases and partly transmitted to the engine cooling circuit. The latter can be seen in two different ways, on the one hand, cooling is necessary to regulate the fluids and component temperature to an optimum operating point for fuel efficiency and maintain engine performance. On the other hand it constitutes a loss since the coolant system actuators are engine driven (pump, fan, etc.). In order to improve the fuel efficiency of the vehicle one can reduce the losses generated by the cooling system. Ideally, the full motive force of the engine should be used for propulsion, and new and more efficient energy sources have to be explored to power the secondary systems (cooling, compressed air…). The electrification of some components in the cooling system can limit losses and improve component energy efficiency but it is not the only answer and in many cases this approach might be a limited. Recent studies have shown that by improving the control strategy of the cooling system the fuel consumption can be improved, however no real data is available since its implementation has been limited. In keeping with latter approach, this paper introduces a novel control which aims at a more efficient regulation of the cooling system operation of a Heavy Duty Truck cooling system. The main complexity in such a system remains the interactions between actuators. In this paper we propose a way to solve this using a control based on model inversion and decoupling strategy. It needs to be noted that any new approach requires the current control specifications to be modified. This enables also a better understanding of the system. However, other goals can be exploited through the use of an advanced control and the new control specifications such as a reduction of thermal shock, reduction of thermal fatigue, minimization of system overcooling (directly impacts fuel consumption but also the noise levels). Finally, the controller has been tested on a Simulation Platform using a Matlab/Simulink (Controller) and compared to the existing system control using a reference driving cycle.

Electrical leads used for the supply of current to superconducting magnets and electronics must span the temperature range from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures. Because the conventional materials used for such purposes (e.g., copper and aluminum) have both a finite electrical resistance and a significant thermal conductivity, operation of the leads results in both thermal generation and conductance. The resulting thermal loads must be removed from the cryogenic environment. This paper describes a method for integrating cryogenic refrigeration technology with current leads in an efficient and practical manner. The key to this concept is the use of a mixed-gas cooling cycle that absorbs the distributed refrigeration load continuously over the temperature range that it is generated, as opposed to allowing it to pass down to the cold end of the lead where the same energy flow constitutes a much higher entropy load on the cryocooler. Additional benefits of this technology include a more isothermal electronic package, as well as improvements in reliability, and reduction in size and mass. Mixed-gas working fluids can be used within Joule-Thomson devices to achieve a greater refrigeration effect for the same pressure span than is possible with a pure substance. This paper describes a computational tool that allows the composition of gas mixtures to be optimized for the case where the refrigeration load is not completely concentrated at the cold end, as is typically the case, but rather the refrigeration load is distributed over the entire temperature range. A genetic optimization algorithm was found to be the most robust and reliable technique for identifying optimum gas mixture composition. The thermodynamic advantage associated with accepting the refrigeration load at the temperature of its origin, rather than at the cold end, is quantified.