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1
Черкай and A. Cherkay. "The Formulas of Direct Calculation a Balance of Accounts." Auditor 2, no. 8 (August 25, 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21060.
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Th e paper considers formulas of direct calculation of values of the fi nal and the current balance of the accounts
through the records their opening balances and turnovers with positive and negative signs.
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Karahan, Özcan, and Olcay Çolak. "An examination of the causality relationship between current and financial accounts in Turkey." Ekonomski anali 65, no. 224 (2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka2024007k.
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In today?s economies, where commerce and the economy are strongly interrelated, the relationship between current account and financial account has become crucial. However, economists have not reached a consensus regarding the direction of the causality relationship between capital and current accounts. Our study aims to contribute to the literature by determining the direction of the causality relationship between current and financial accounts in Turkey, applying the Johansen Cointegration Test and the Vector Error Correction (VEC) model to quarterly data for 2002-2018. The empirical results show that the causality relationship in Turkey runs from the financial account to the current account. This means that capital inflows to Turkey have the potential to deteriorate the current account balance. Therefore, it is of crucial importance that Turkey implement policies to manage the financial account in order to provide a current account balance.
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Hordei, Oksana, Maryna Riabokin, Yevgen Kotukh, Olena Novytska, and Oleksiy Bluma. "MANAGEMENT OF BALANCES ON THE ACCOUNTS OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN THE INFORMATION AND PROGRAM COMPLEX «LOCAL BUDGET»." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 28(56) (March 30, 2023): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2023-28(56)-58-68.
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The program-target method of the budget process made it possible to improve the mechanism of social and economic development, in particular, of communities and the country's society as a whole. This method has been used in the budget process of united territorial communities since 2017. Management of account balances is an integral part of the daily analysis of the implementation of the expenditure part of budgets and control over the implementation of budget programs. The introduction of automation of the budget process allowed for improving the balance management process. Features of software-based allocation balance management are considered. The importance and advantages of the information and program complex «Local budget» are described. Its capabilities during monitoring of allocation balances and the relationship with the «Logica» software are characterized. The positive impact of automation of the budget process at the local level is shown. Despite modern automation tools, the process of managing the balance is important. Therefore, algorithms for the analytical assessment of balances on local budget accounts are proposed. The mechanism for submitting reports on appropriation balances has been defined following the current legislation. The algorithm for the use of software capabilities during the assessment of daily and monthly balances of allocations and other financial resources on the accounts of united territorial communities and balances at the end of the year was studied. Three ways of forming an analytical form, which calculates the balance of allocations on the accounts of united territorial communities monthly, are considered. Namely, it is possible to build three analytical forms, when the information will be displayed: at the end of the month; with a cumulative total at the end of the month; with a running total for the current month and subsequent periods, and a refined plan. It was demonstrated that as a result of the automation of the budget process, in particular, it became possible to use the information on the execution of expenditures for the construction of analytical reporting using the data of budget requests (indicators of payables and receivables), planned and cash expenditures, reporting on the target tasks of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine (information on the state of social benefits, etc.), availability and distribution of free balance on accounts. The advantages of the «Local Budget» software for improving the process of managing balances on community accounts are substantiated.
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Graff, Michael, Kam Ki Tang, and Jie Zhang. "Does Demographic Change Affect the Current Account? A Reconsideration." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 4 (November 6, 2012): 1850272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1885.
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This paper re-examines the impact of demographic factors on the current account balance. To this end, we develop an analytical framework that is more general than the one commonly used in the literature in three aspects. First, it accounts for the facts that the world current account balance must be equal to zero. Second, a bigger economy will have greater impacts on others, but be influenced less by them. Third, a more open economy will have greater impacts on others and at the same time be more readily influenced by them. We then confront two alternative empirical specifications based on both the new and the conventional framework with a panel of data. In contrast to the findings based on the conventional framework, our results with the new framework indicate that population ageing does not appear to have discernible impacts on the current account balance.
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Syamsuri, Syamsuri, Nadhilah Nadhilah, and Atika Rukminastiti Masrifah. "Halal Industry Products influence on Current Account in OIC Economics in Asia on 2015 – 2019." Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 8, no. 3 (November 2, 2022): 3401. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v8i3.5407.
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The Halal industry is growing rapidly, which is driven by the high public demand for halal products. Halal products in various aspects of the industry are the new prima donna. The government hopes that halal products in the export and import approach can overcome the country's problems, especially the current account deficit. The purpose of this study analyses the effect of halal industrial products in the export and import approach on the current account balance of OIC member countries in Asia in 2015-2019. This type of research is quantitative research. The model calculated using the FEM (Fixed Effect Model) which discusses the correlation between the dependent variable and the independent variable to determine the effect on the current account balance from 2015 to 2019.
The results found the halal industrial products which are proxied by the export and import of halal products greatly affect the current accounts in 13 OIC member countries in Asia. Exports of halal products have a positive and significant effect on current accounts in OIC member countries in Asia. Meanwhile, imports of halal products have a negative and significant effect on current accounts in OIC member countries in Asia. Based on the results of the study, Kyrgyzstan ranked first with the highest number of halal product exports affecting current accounts among OIC member countries in Asia. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia ranks thirteenth with the lowest number of halal product exports affecting the country's current accounts. In contrast with exports, Malaysia ranks first with the highest number of imports of halal products affecting current accounts among OIC member countries in Asia. Meanwhile, Lebanon ranks thirteenth with the lowest number of imports of halal products affecting the country's current accounts.
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Ndo Ndong, Jean-Sylvain, and Ruphin Ndjambou. "Explanatory factors for the balance of current transactions in the CEMAC zone." Logistics and Transport 59, no. 2 (2023): 51–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26411/83-1734-2015-2-56-4-24.
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Most of the countries in Central Africa have recorded current account deficits since the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The aim of this article is to identify the main factors explaining the behavior of the current account balances of CEMAC member countries. Using a dynamic panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, we use annual data for the period 1970-2018. The results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between the current account balance of the CEMAC countries and the explanatory variables (real exchange rate, terms of trade, domestic savings, GDP growth rate, domestic investment, inflation rate, oil price). We also show that domestic investment boosts the competitiveness of the countries concerned, that domestic savings are directed towards the consumption of foreign goods, that oil revenues do not fuel productive investment, and that there is a structural difference between the CEMAC countries; thus, the terms of trade have an asymmetrical effect on their current accounts. The results of this study lead to recommendations to the effect that diversifying the productive base of CEMAC countries is the most effective way of enabling them to rebalance their current account balances in the long term and reduce their vulnerability to external shocks.
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Urbanovský, Tomáš. "The Connection between the Exchange Rate and the Balance of Payments Accounts in the Czech Republic: An Econometric Approach." Financial Assets and Investing 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/fai2017-1-4.
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Relationships between the nominal exchange rate, the current account and the financial account of the balance of payments in the Czech Republic are investigated in this presented paper. The implemented cointegration analysis and vector error correction model suggest one pair of Granger causality. It has been discovered that change in the current account balance Granger-causes a change in financial account balance. This relationship has the nature of two-way Granger causality, which means that a reversed relationship holds as well. Other relationships implying Granger causality were not found. Error terms were significant only in regressions with both accounts as dependent variables, which imply that only these variables return to their long-term equilibria. Because an increase in financial account surplus leads to a decrease in current account surplus (or deepening the current account deficit), excessive liberalization of the Czech financial system can lead to a large capital inflow, jeopardizes current account sustainability and results in a currency crisis in the Czech economy.
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Helmy, Ashraf. "The Effect of Institutional Quality on the Balance of Payments in African Countries. A Comparative Study." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 7 (June 12, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n7p55.
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This study tries to examine the effect of the quality of the institutional framework on the accounts of the balance of payments in a sample of African countries (28 countries) and a sample of countries occupying advanced positions in international economics (15 countries) to determine different indicators of the institutional framework that affect the balances of the current and financial accounts of the balance of payments in the two sample countries through the period 2002-2019. The study applied the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, Akaike info criterion (AIC), to determine the short- and long-run relationships.
The empirical findings illustrate that the institutional indicators that support the current accounts of the balance of payments, in the long run, are not the same that support the financial accounts of the balance of payments of African countries. In addition, the effect of institutional indicators on international transactions is related to the level of economic development, where the effect of institutional indicators on countries with relatively low levels of economic development is more powerful than their effects on countries with advanced levels of development. Thus, the low quality of the institutional framework is considered an important impediment to the development of international transactions in African countries.
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Davoine, Thomas. "The long run influence of pension systems on the current account." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 20, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 67–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747219000258.
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AbstractExplaining cross-country differences in current accounts is difficult. While pay-as-you-go pensions reduce the need to save for retirement, contributions to capital-funded pensions are saved for future consumption. An overlapping-generations analysis shows that capital-funded pensions increase net foreign assets holdings. With a multi-pillar system whose capital-funded part accounts for 18% of pensions, the Austrian current account balance would be 1 percentage point of gross domestic product (GDP) higher than with pure pay-as-you-go pensions in 20 years. By comparison, the Austrian current account surplus averages 1.8% of GDP. Empirically, I find that the current account of high-income countries increases with the coverage and replacement rates of capital-funded pensions.
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Zoričić, Zdenka Obuljen, Boris Cota, and Nataša Erjavec. "Financial Liberalization and Current Account Developments in New EU Member States." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 23, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2020-0009.
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AbstractDue to negotiations on accession to the EU, the new EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe went through the financial opening. In the pre-crisis period followed by high liquidity in global markets, most of the EU new member states experienced rapid credit growth, which conditioned the appreciation of the exchange rate. External imbalances and vulnerabilities built up. Countries experienced deterioration in their current accounts. This paper investigates the link between financial openness, real effective exchange rate, financial crisis and current account balance within the Panel Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework for 11 new European Union members during the period from 1999 to 2016. The results obtained by the use of pooled mean group estimator (PMG) show that in the long run, financial openness has a significant negative impact on the current account balance. In the short run, crisis significantly influences the current account balance having a positive sign.
11
Camba-Crespo, Alfonso, José García-Solanes, and Fernando Torrejón-Flores. "Current-Account Imbalances, Real Exchange-Rate Misalignments, and Output Gaps." Economics 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2022-0021.
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Abstract This study analyzes the relationships between domestic and foreign output gaps, current-account imbalances, and real effective exchange-rate (REER) misalignments. We first set up a theoretical framework based on the elasticities and absorption approaches of the balance of payments to derive and clarify these relationships. Next, we perform panel VAR estimates in a sample of 18 advanced economies between 1986 and 2017. We find an inverse relationship between domestic output gaps and current accounts with reciprocal influences between the two variables. Moreover, we observe that increases in current accounts generally boost both temporary and structural growth. Additionally, our results indicate that REER misalignment shocks cause reactions of the opposite sign on the current account and on cyclical economic growth. We also find evidence of higher growth resulting in a real exchange-rate appreciation, which supports the Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis.
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Prayogo, Utomo, and Agnes Utari Widyaningdyah. "Developing accounts receivable accounting information systems for banks retention in real estate companies." Journal of Business and Information Systems (e-ISSN: 2685-2543) 4, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36067/jbis.v4i2.142.
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Real estate companies have this specific retention account receivable due to revenue recognition. The problem was demands to maintain the reliability of receivable balances stated in the balance sheet and to provide comprehensive information on retention receivables for the collection management process. It is necessary to develop an accounting information system for the retention of account receivables at the company. This study aims to develop an Accounting Information system using the waterfall model of the SDLC method. The current system needs to be improved in supporting the reliability of balance sheets and is not yet able to assist in the decision-making process regarding the collection management process. The result of this research is to successfully develop an accounting information system for retention receivables that can produce sufficient, comprehensive reports to support decision-making. It is suggested that system development be implemented in the design of a detailed database and its relation to the existing database and implemented by revising the current software so that it can be integrated with the retention receivables information system.
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Rekha, Dr G. Sai. "A STUDY ON IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON BALANCE OF PAYMENTS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 06 (June 25, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem36043.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) exerts a multifaceted influence on a country's Balance of Payments (BOP), encompassing both the capital and current accounts. In the capital account, FDI inflows represent crucial long-term investments by foreign entities into domestic assets, spanning from establishing new ventures to acquiring existing businesses or funding infrastructure projects. These inflows augment the country's capital base, providing essential funding for development endeavors, particularly vital for emerging economies. Additionally, FDI facilitates technology transfer and managerial expertise, fostering innovation and enhancing productivity. Consequently, this bolsters the competitiveness of domestic industries, potentially leading to increased exports and improved trade balances. However, FDI outflows, in the form of profits, dividends, and royalties repatriated by foreign investors, impact the income account of the current BOP, constituting outflows. Furthermore, FDI's influence extends to exchange rates, where significant inflows may lead to currency appreciation, affecting trade dynamics.
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Arystanbekov, K. "The Quality of Kazakhstan’s Economic Policy and Balance of Payments." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2008): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-12-120-132.
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Kazakhstan’s economic policy in 1996-2007, its character and the degree of responsibility, the correlation between economic development and balance of current accounts are considered in the article. Special attention is paid to the analysis of their macroeconomic efficiency. It is concluded that in conditions of high rates of economic growth in Kazahkstan in 2000-2007 the net profits of foreign investors are 10-11% of GDP every year. The tendency of negative balance of current accounts in favor of foreign investors is also analyzed.
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BONDARENKO, Olha, and Iryna MASIUK. "Ways to improve minimization of receivables and payments and management by them." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.4.5.
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Introduction. To date, every entity has faced accounts receivable and payable. There are times when debt becomes overdue. An entity cannot repay its debt because debtors do not repay their debt. In fact, receivables and payables are closely linked, which in turn has a negative effect on the balance sheet and financial performance of any counterparty. This article discusses cases of arrears and ways of overcoming (reducing) accounts receivable and payables. The purpose of the paper is to study the factors that influence the increase in accounts receivable and payable within the internal and external activities of the enterprise. Results. In today's economic environment, a large number of Ukrainian enterprises went bankrupt and liquidated because they were unable to pay their debt to creditors. Also this situation arose due to a certain amount of cash, which was in circulation and in time did not enter the current account of the enterprise for payment of accounts payable. On the balance sheet receivables and payables account for a large percentage of both their and others' debt. We'll look at how and under what conditions debt can be reduced. Conclusion. It is advisable to balance receivables and payables in order to control the debt at the enterprise. The constant cash flow should not stop. The debt of the debtors goes to pay off the debt to the creditors. The optimal ratio is when the accounts payable exceeds accounts receivable by 10-20%.
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Шахбанов, Р. Б., З. М. Нурмагомедова, and А. А. Махмудилаева. "Accounting procedures for closing accounts and drawing up a balance sheet." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 3(128) (May 13, 2021): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.128.3.122.
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В статье рассматриваются процедуры закрытия счетов отчетного года, методика составления бухгалтерского баланса -главной и наиболее универсальной формы отчётности организации, в соответствии с действующим законодательством. Методика представлена в табличной форме. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы предприятиями как методический материал. The article discusses the procedures for closing accounts of the reporting year, the methodology for drawing up the balance sheet - the main and most universal form of reporting of the organization, in accordance with the current legislation. The technique is presented in tabular form. The research results can be used by enterprises as methodological material.
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Yu, Hao, and Jiaying Chen. "Have individual medical savings accounts accumulated meaningful balances after 10 years of enrolment? Empirical evidence from China." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 22, no. 3 (April 5, 2017): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819617696111.
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Objectives To examine whether medical savings accounts in China have achieved the intended goal of promoting individual savings for medical care. Method Longitudinal data were obtained from one of the first Chinese cities that implemented medical savings accounts. The sample includes 246,681 enrolees with participation of at least 10 years by the end of 2010. We conducted descriptive analyses of medical savings account balances and a series of multivariate logistic analyses of risk factors for having low medical savings account accumulation. Results Medical savings account accumulation was low, with 41% of the enrolees having a balance below the average cost per outpatient visit, and the proportion increased to 54% and 58% when the deductible for inpatient care at secondary and tertiary hospitals was used as the threshold, respectively. Factors associated with having low medical savings account accumulation include female, old age, below high school education, retired and having a lower salary. Conclusion Medical savings accounts have not achieved the intended goal of encouraging personal savings for medical care. Given the low medical savings account accumulation, China’s decision-makers need to adjust policies, especially during the current healthcare reform.
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Hanifah, Pitti Nur, and Nurul Wulandari Putri. "Implementation of Creating a Ledger and Trial Balance in PT Syafa Jaya Electric." International Journal of Advanced Technology and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijatss.v2i4.1688.
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On moment This every company need accountancy For take notes finance on every transaction . Transactions that have been made carried out in the books later processed For made report finance company . Order in making report finance , First of all, the recording process transaction in accordance with accountancy . Then the checking process return notes accounting , If happen error so can done journal reverser or journal adjustment For repair error existing records _ done . Next making report per month based on balance sheet existing lanes , for example report made _ is report profit and loss , report balance sheet , report internal company taxes , and etc . After made report so journal the must closed so as not to happen recording repeat return . Making process report finance This only Wrong One example from Lots Example of manufacturing process report finance . Balance Sheet the balance is not balanced show exists error entry journal , which is often caused by a number of reason like error in calculation balance account , arrangement _ credit and debit accounts , current . Objective writing This is For know understanding balance sheet balance , function balance sheet balance , type And component balance balance , method used _ in make balance sheet balance , as well method make balance sheet balance . Type study This use method study qualitative , with analysis descriptive And say library approach. Source study obtained from material teachings , book reading , journal And other . Based on results study obtained that There is four function general balance sheet balance, that is function preparation, bookkeeping, correction , and supervisin
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Lowsky, David J., Donald K. K. Lee, and Stefanos A. Zenios. "Health Savings Accounts: Consumer Contribution Strategies and Policy Implications." MDM Policy & Practice 3, no. 2 (July 2018): 238146831880937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468318809373.
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Background. Health savings accounts (HSAs) are tax-advantaged savings accounts available only to households with high-deductible health insurance. This article provides initial answers to two questions: 1) How should a household budget for its annual HSA contributions? 2) Do current contribution limits provide households with the flexibility to use HSAs efficiently? To answer these questions, we formulate the household’s problem as one of determining a contribution strategy for minimizing total expected discounted medical costs. Methods. We use the 2002–2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to develop a novel data-driven model for forecasting a household’s health care costs based on its current cost percentile and other characteristics. A dynamic policy, in which the contribution each year brings the HSA balance up to a household-specific threshold, is derived. This is compared to a simpler static policy in which the target HSA balance is simply the plan’s out-of-pocket maximum, with contributions in any year capped by a limit. Results. We find that: 1) the dynamic policy can save a household up to 19% in costs compared to the static one that is a proxy for typical contribution behavior; and 2) the recommended contribution amounts for 9% to 11% of households in a given year materially exceed what is currently allowed by the federal government. Conclusions. The dynamic policy derived from our data-analytic framework is able to unlock significant tax savings for health care consumers. To allow all households to use HSAs in a tax-efficient manner, a two-tiered contribution policy is needed: Allow unlimited contributions up to some balance, and then impose restrictions thereafter. The resulting impact on overall tax receipts is estimated to be well below what is currently allowed by legislation.
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Pain, Nigel, and Peter Westaway. "Why the Capital Account Matters." National Institute Economic Review 131 (February 1990): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019013100105.
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Most discussion of the balance of payments and its implications for exchange-rate prospects and economic policy falls into two distinct categories. Some authors focus on the current account alone while others argue that in a world of liberalised capital markets information from the volume of trade flows will simply be swamped by flows of highly mobile international capital. In this note we argue that both these viewpoints are too extreme; in aggregate both the current and capital accounts will matter.
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Kulicheva, E. V. "Savings Account." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (March 24, 2023): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2023.101.1.151-161.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal norms governing the accrual of interest on the account balance of an individual, and the existence of legal grounds for changing the amount of accrued interest on the account balance. When concluding contracts for the opening of popular so-called “savings” accounts, neither the client nor the bank have legal protection in terms of regulating changes in the amount of interest accrued on the account balance of an individual. Legal norms do not provide for the possibility of unilaterally changing the amount of interest accrued on the account balance both upwards and downwards, which encourages banks to initially set the amount of interest accrued on the account balance at a minimum level, or to include a condition on non-deduction of interest on the account balance. The analysis of the norms of legislation and practice made it possible to identify the problem that arises when credit institutions need to change the amount of interest accrued on the balance on the account of an individual, which is especially characteristic when working with the so-called “accumulative” account and come to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve the norms of current legislation in order to develop non-cash payments and competition, as well as uniformity in application of the norms of legislation and protection of the rights of consumers of financial services — individuals.
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Chandra, Kristian, Wahyuni Rusliyana Sari, Dwi Yantik Sriwulan, and Muhammad Raditya Adhimukti. "Effect of Yield Spreads (State Bonds) on Economic Growth Performance in Indonesia." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 3 (March 5, 2023): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16030175.
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This research analyzes the effect of the government bond yield curve spread on economic growth performance in Indonesia using the indicators of exchange rate, inflation, BI rate, foreign investment, portfolio investment, current account, and government accounts. Furthermore, it aims to prove the accuracy of the vector autoregression (VAR) or vector autoregression model in predicting economic growth from Q1 2010 to Q3 2020. The results showed that the yield curve spread has a significant effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, the exchange rate, inflation, and the BI rate have a negative effect on economic growth. Capital inflows such as foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, as well as the current account balance and government balance have a positive effect on economic growth. These results are useful to government policymakers, fund managers, and investors, as they provide further evidence of the potential use of yield curves as an indicator of future economic activity.
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Kirsten, Martin Branco, and Henrique Morrone. "Choques externos e desequilíbrios financeiros: uma interpretação sobre a crise brasileira." Brazilian Keynesian Review 5, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v5i1.167.
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<p>This paper investigates the causes of the Brazilian recession that began in 2014. If, on the one hand, the conventional diagnosis attributes the crisis to a lack of control of public finances, other interpretations emphasize external shocks and excessive indebtedness of the private sector. The alternative hypothesis is that the deterioration of public accounts is a consequence of the crisis and not its cause. The methodology developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) is used to verify the hypothesis of non-causality of Granger between the time series of the balances of the private sector, public sector and current account, from the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB, 2017) for the 2002-2017 period. The results suggest that the balances of the external and private sectors cause in the Granger sense the balance (result) of the public sector.</p>
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Wutzler, T., and M. Reichstein. "Soils apart from equilibrium – consequences for soil carbon balance modelling." Biogeosciences 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2007): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-125-2007.
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Abstract. Many projections of the soil carbon sink or source are based on kinetically defined carbon pool models. Para\\-meters of these models are often determined in a way that the steady state of the model matches observed carbon stocks. The underlying simplifying assumption is that observed carbon stocks are near equilibrium. This assumption is challenged by observations of very old soils that do still accumulate carbon. In this modelling study we explored the consequences of the case where soils are apart from equilibrium. Calculation of equilibrium states of soils that are currently accumulating small amounts of carbon were performed using the Yasso model. It was found that already very small current accumulation rates cause big changes in theoretical equilibrium stocks, which can virtually approach infinity. We conclude that soils that have been disturbed several centuries ago are not in equilibrium but in a transient state because of the slowly ongoing accumulation of the slowest pool. A first consequence is that model calibrations to current carbon stocks that assume equilibrium state, overestimate the decay rate of the slowest pool. A second consequence is that spin-up runs (simulations until equilibrium) overestimate stocks of recently disturbed sites. In order to account for these consequences, we propose a transient correction. This correction prescribes a lower decay rate of the slowest pool and accounts for disturbances in the past by decreasing the spin-up-run predicted stocks to match an independent estimate of current soil carbon stocks. Application of this transient correction at a Central European beech forest site with a typical disturbance history resulted in an additional carbon fixation of 5.7±1.5 tC/ha within 100 years. Carbon storage capacity of disturbed forest soils is potentially much higher than currently assumed. Simulations that do not adequately account for the transient state of soil carbon stocks neglect a considerable amount of current carbon accumulation.
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Wutzler, T., and M. Reichstein. "Soils apart from equilibrium – consequences for soil carbon balance modelling." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 5 (October 10, 2006): 1679–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-1679-2006.
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Abstract. Many projections of the soil carbon sink or source are based on kinetically defined carbon pool models. Parameters of these models are often determined in a way that the steady state of the model matches observed carbon stocks. The underlying simplifying assumption is that observed carbon stocks are near equilibrium. This assumption is challenged by observations of very old soils that do still accumulate carbon. In this modelling study we explored the consequences of the case where soils are apart from equilibrium. Calculation of equilibrium states of soils that are currently accumulating small amounts of carbon were performed using the Yasso model. It was found that already very small current accumulation rates cause big changes in theoretical equilibrium stocks, which can virtually approach infinity. We conclude that soils that have been disturbed several centuries ago are not in equilibrium but in a transient state because of the slowly ongoing accumulation of the slowest pool. A first consequence is that model calibrations to current carbon stocks that assume equilibrium state, overestimate the decay rate of the slowest pool. A second consequence is that spin-up runs (simulations until equilibrium) overestimate stocks of recently disturbed sites. In order to account for these consequences, we propose a transient correction. This correction prescribes a lower decay rate of the slowest pool and accounts for disturbances in the past by decreasing the spin-up-run predicted stocks to match an independent estimate of current soil carbon stocks. Application of this transient correction at a Central European beech forest site with a typical disturbance history resulted in an additional carbon fixation of 5.7±1.5 tC/ha within 100 years. Carbon storage capacity of forest soils is potentially much higher than currently assumed. Simulations that do not adequately account for the transient state of soil carbon stocks neglect a substantial amount of current carbon accumulation.
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Kovačević, Radovan. "The causal relationship between current account and financial account balance in Western Balkan countries: The case of Serbia." Bankarstvo 49, no. 4 (2020): 9–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bankarstvo2004009k.
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The Western Balkans (WB) countries registered an increase in the current account (CA) deficit and net capital inflow in the period before the outbreak of the global financial crisis of 2008. The external debt of these countries has increased. The aim of this paper is to examine the causality relationship between the CA and financial accounts (FA) balance of Serbia. A framework for the empirical analysis is the vector autoregression (VAR) model and the vector error correction (VEC) model. Using the Johansen cointegration test, we find the existence of a long-run causality relationship between these two variables. The estimated long-run coefficient on the FA variable as an independent variable shows that an increase of Serbia's FA balance by 1% leads to an increase in the CA deficit of Serbia by 0.58%. Applying the Granger causality test, it was found that causality runs from FA to the CA, which implies recommendations for economic policymakers. The finding indicates the need to continuously check the sustainability of the CA deficit of Serbia, as well as to monitor the level of presence of foreign capital in the Serbian economy.
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YEREMIAN, Olena, and Tatiana YERMOLENKO. "FINANCIAL ASSETS OF THE ENTERPRISE AS AN OBJECT OF ACCOUNTING." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 314, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-314-1-18.
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In order to reveal the economic essence of financial assets, the article systematizes current approaches to their classification as the basis of information support at various levels of enterprise management. It was concluded that there are many different definitions of the concept of “financial assets”, they can be used, especially in the scientific environment, as: “financial instruments”, “monetary assets”, “financial resources”, this ambiguity leads to problems in understanding the essence of this term and causes problems in the accounting of these objects. Therefore, the article specifies the economic essence of financial assets for the needs of accounting. Based on the study of the legislative and regulatory framework, which regulates the accounting methodology of financial assets in domestic and international practice, their components for the needs of accounting are determined. In order to determine the relationship between financial assets and accounting objects, the article highlights certain features characterizing financial assets. Taking into account the above characteristics, the financial assets of enterprises can be defined as funds involved in the financial and economic turnover of the enterprise from various sources for the purpose of obtaining economic benefits and intended to ensure current and investment activities. That is, for accounting purposes, financial assets are a group of economic assets of an enterprise in the form of cash and other financial instruments: financial investments, receivables, cash of the enterprise and their equivalents. Summarizing the conducted research, the relationship between financial assets and accounting objects based on the Chart of Accounts is given. It is noted that financial assets are clearly indicated in the Chart of Accounts, both in the part of non-current assets (class 1) and in the composition of funds, settlements and other assets (class 3). That is, they are directly reflected in the accounting accounts, and therefore in the balance sheet of the enterprise. The practical use of the given composition of financial assets, based on the essence of this concept, corresponds to the current regulatory framework, takes into account their features and will contribute to the arrangement of financial assets in the accounting accounts and reflected in the balance sheet.
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Herda, David N., and John N. Herda. "TAKE THE GOOD WITH THE BAD: A GIRARDIAN RECOMMENDATION FOR AUDITING PEDAGOGY." Accounting Historians Journal 43, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.43.1.158.
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This essay considers the current state of the pedagogical auditing literature using a theoretical lens proposed by philosopher and literary critic René Girard. In extant pedagogical auditing cases that are based on historical events, auditors are often portrayed as villains. Presently, there are few pedagogical cases in which auditors are depicted as heroes. Appending the current literature with real world illustrations and accounts of auditors behaving virtuously would help balance the literature and improve the classroom experience for students. Moreover, these positive accounts should be memorialized in the auditing profession's history.
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Комарова, М. А., and С. В. Языкова. "A practical basics of an implementing a cash pooling system in the corporations." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 3(116) (May 15, 2020): 1172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2020.116.3.249.
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Существуют различные способы автоматического объединения денежных средств (кэш-пулинга), под которым понимается концентрация всех остатков на дату валютирования в одной и той же валюте. В прошлом кэш-пулы создавались на территории одной страны, но использование евро привело к неуклонному росту международного кэш-пулинга. Кэш-пулинг дает корпорации следующие преимущества: более строгий контроль над остатками денежных средств группы; лучшие процентные результаты благодаря тому, что кредитовые остатки уравновешивают дебетовые; деньги не находятся без движения на счетах дочерних фирм; возможность восполнения дефицита денежных средств или инвестирования их избытка на денежном рынке под более благоприятные проценты. Кэшпул (денежный пул) -это группа текущих счетов одной или более компаний, входящих в корпорацию, и главный счет (мастер-счёт). Главный счет обычно открывается на имя централизованного казначейства; другие счета называют операционными или субсчетами. В России сложилась своя практика в отношении операций пулинга, а также применяются новые модели управления денежными потоками, которые исследуются в научной статье. There are various ways to automatically combine money (cash pooling), which means the concentration of all balances on the value date in the same currency. In the past, cash pools were created on the territory of one country, but the use of the euro led to a steady increase in international cash pooling. Cash pooling gives the corporation the following benefits: tighter control over the group’s cash balances; the best interest results due to the fact that credit balances balance debit balances; money is not without movement in the accounts of subsidiaries; the possibility of replenishing the cash deficit or investing their surplus in the money market at more favorable interest rates. A cash pool (cash pool) is a group of current accounts of one or more companies belonging to a corporation and a main account (master account). The main account usually opens in the name of a centralized treasury; other accounts are called operational or subaccounts. You can concentrate balances on the main account either physically or conditionally for the purpose of calculating interest. A cash pool consisting of accounts opened in one country is called internal or in-country, and a cash pool of accounts opened in different countries is called international. Russia has developed its own practice with respect to pooling operations, which is dictated by the peculiarities of Russian tax and legal corporate legislation, as well as banking rules and regulations.
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Toledo, Yaron, Tai-Wen Hsu, and Aron Roland. "Extended time-dependent mild-slope and wave-action equations for wave–bottom and wave–current interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2137 (September 7, 2011): 184–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0377.
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Extended mild-slope (MS) and wave-action equations (WAEs) are derived by taking into account high-order derivatives of the bottom profile and the depth-averaged current that were previously neglected. As a first step for this derivation, a time-dependent MS-type equation in the presence of ambient currents that consists of these high-order components is constructed. This mild-slope equation is used as a basis to form a wave-action balance equation that retains high-order refraction and diffraction terms of varying depths and currents. The derivation accurately accounts for the effects of the currents on the Doppler shift. This results in an ‘effective’ intrinsic frequency and wavenumber that differ from the ones of wave ray theory. Finally, the new WAE is derived for the phase-averaged frequency-direction spectrum in order to allow its use in stochastic wave-forecasting models.
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SMIRNOV, Valerii V. "General financial and economic structure of modern Russia." Finance and Credit 28, no. 11 (November 29, 2022): 2492–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.28.11.2492.
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Subject. The article addresses financial and economic structure of modern Russia. Objectives. The purpose is to determine the financial and economic structure of modern Russia. Methods. The study draws on the systems approach, using the methods of statistical, neural network, and cluster analysis. Results. The paper shows a connection between the growth of accounts payable and the excess of growth in the profitability of sold goods, products, works, services over the growth in return on assets, and, as a result, increasing need to implement measures to tighten the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia concerning inflation targeting. It also defines the importance of GDP growth, including GDP per capita (in terms of purchasing power parity, constant and current prices) for the financial and economic structure of modern Russia that links the ability to provide general government expenditures (debt), primary and net lending (government sector borrowings), the volume of exports and imports. The positive moment of the current financial and economic structure is steadily high values of growth in the current account balance, in particular through a stable decline in the volume of exports of goods and services. Conclusions. Understanding the current financial and economic structure of modern Russia demonstrates the monetary authorities the importance of increase in the current account balance in the context of GDP growth and general government expenditures at current prices in the national currency.
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Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos. "New Developmentalism: development macroeconomics for middle-income countries." Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 629–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez063.
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Abstract This article resumes New Developmentalism—a theoretical framework being defined since the early 2000s to understand middle-income countries. It is constituted of a political economy and development macroeconomics and originated in development economics and post-Keynesian macroeconomics. From the start, it is an open and development-oriented economics. New Developmentalism focuses on two macroeconomic accounts, the fiscal and the current accounts, and in five macroeconomic prices which the market is unable to keep ‘right’. It affirms that the exchange rate tends to be cyclically overvalued, thus making the competent companies non-competitive and leading the economy to go from crisis to crisis, to the extent that countries are irresponsible in fiscal terms and search to grow with foreign indebtedness. New Developmentalism has a new definition of Dutch disease, and a means to neutralise it. Counterintuitively, it argues that middle-income countries should reject external finance and balance the current account.
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BELOMYTTSEVA, Ol'ga S. "On the development of individual investment accounts: The active income option." Finance and Credit 27, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 1476–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.7.1476.
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Subject. This article examines the statistics on the prevalence of individual investment accounts of passive income (Type A) and active income (Type B) options and compares them with American IRA accounts. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the tax effects on individual investment accounts from the investor's point of view, highlighting Type B accounts, as well as identify obstacles to the development of individual investment accounts of this type. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical and statistical analyses. Conclusions and Relevance. The choice between individual Types A and B accounts is a balance between current and deferred tax effects, respectively. Individual investment accounts of Type B are infrequently used due to insufficient information support, investor distrust, market volatility, and excessive benefits on individual investment accounts of Type A. The results of the study can be submitted for discussion to the State Duma of the Russian Federation to reform individual investment accounts to subsequently legitimize amendments in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law On the Securities Market.
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Nguyen Thi, Vu Ha. "Surplus in balance of payments and some policy recommendations for Vietnam." Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2022.61-105384.
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The balance of payments (BoP) is a critical macroeconomic indicator that helps understand the overall picture of a country's economic transactions with foreign ones. Vietnam's BoP has continuously been in surplus in recent years, even when heavily affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on descriptive statistical methods, comparison, analysis and synthesis, this article has shown that the surplus in the current account of Vietnam was mainly due to the surplus in the trade balance. In addition, despite receiving large remittances, the amount of money that Vietnam had to pay to foreign investors was always much more excess than that Vietnam earns from investing abroad, causing the balance of income to run in deficit. Vietnam's financial account was also in surplus because she has received an enormous amount of foreign direct investments. The surplus in Vietnam's BoP has enhanced Vietnam's external position, but it has put pressure on the domestic currency to appreciate and warn of future macroeconomic uncertainties. Therefore, in the future, Vietnam needs to determine the priority in its policy whether to stabilise the exchange rate or have an independent monetary policy in the context of increasingly liberalised capital accounts.
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Asmarani, Tuti Eka. "THE PERSISTENCY AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE INDONESIA'S CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 17, no. 3 (March 27, 2015): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v17i3.35.
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Asian and European crises were witnesses of banks’ vulnerable due to market risks. The Basel Committee requires an internal risk assessment applying Value at Risk (VaR). However, a replacement of VaR with Expected Shortfall (ES) has been suggested recently due to an excessive losses produced by banks which are beyond VaR estimations. This paper studied the risk of Indonesian banks applying a historical expected shortfall. We used JIBOR (overnight) from 2009 – 2012 as a proxy of market risk. The assessment of a historical expected shortfall of the net position of 27 banks accounts for October 2012 showed that state owned banks placed among the five highest value of each component (net position) in the balance sheet, namely placement to Bank Indonesia, interbank placement, spot and derivatives claims, securities, and loans. It means that the state owned banks had the highest risk and were the most aggressive among Indonesian banks. It might be due to carrying some of the government’s program, such as small enterprise loans. Keywords: expected shortfall, value at risk, banks, risk. JEL Classification: D81, G210
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KOVTUNENKO, Kseniia, Kateryna LYKHASHCHENKO, and Oleksandr BIELOBROV. "Foreign currency services of advanced banks of Ukraine for seamen." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 12/1 (December 29, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.12(1).3.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of currency services of the leading banks of Ukraine for seafarers. The authors analyzed currency transfers of various banks in Ukraine, banks that provide services to seafarers, banks that cooperate with crewing companies. Terms of currency transfers from and to Ukraine and abroad, conditions of receiving foreign currency funds in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine. Conditions for opening dollar and euro accounts in Ukrainian banks, opening card accounts, restrictions on withdrawing currency from Ukrainian accounts. Bank power of attorney is free of charge. Ability to withdraw cash abroad without commission. Convenient currency exchange, online payments in the Internet banking. Savings account with higher interest rates. They showed statistics on the volume of money transfers, the benefits of tariff packages for seafarers, the possible consequences for the client in the case of using payment cards. New banking accounts management philosophy that is developed for different needs of different clients: account with increased interest rate for the funds’ remaining balance, pension account for people receiving pension or social allowances, account for sailors as well as current and salary accounts. Features of lending to seafarers in Ukraine. Possible consequences for the client in the case of using consumer loans. Each seafarer prepares a package of documents before departure and provides it through the crewing of his employer. One of the most important, first of all, for the sailor is a scan of bank account details. How and in which bank to open a dollar or euro account for a Ukrainian sailor, so that there is less commission and account conditions. We took four banks, the services of which are most often used by sailors.
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ROSALINA, RESTU DWI, COKORDA GEDE PUTRA YUDISTIRA, KADEK ENI MARHAENI, and KASIANI KASIANI. "PENGARUH PERPUTARAN PIUTANG DAN KAS TERHADAP LIKUIDITAS PADA HILTON GARDEN INN BALI." GANEC SWARA 16, no. 2 (September 10, 2022): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v16i2.337.
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Liquidity is an important factor for a company, especially in its long-term business. Healthy and ideal accounts receivable turnover and cash turnover are expected to help the company to achieve a good level of liquidity. This study aims to determine the effect of accounts receivable turnover and cash turnover on liquidity at the Hilton Garden Inn Bali, both partially and simultaneously. The data used in this study are secondary data, by collecting Hilton Garden Inn Bali's monthly financial statements consisting of balance sheet and income statements from January 2017 to December 2019. The amount of data used is 36 data. Data analysis techniques used in this study are calculating the value of each variable, the classic assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, and the coefficient of determination. The data analysis technique used SPSS version 24. The statistical test results showed that accounts receivable turnover had a significant positive effect on liquidity (current ratio), whereas cash turnover did not have a significant positive effect on liquidity (current ratio). Simultaneous accounts receivable turnover and cash turnover are not significant to liquidity (current ratio). Accounts receivable turnover and cash turnover affect liquidity by 15% while the remaining 85% is influenced by other variables not included in this study
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YILMAZ, Ebru Gül. "Cari Dengenin Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği." İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1078024.
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Tüm hükümetler ve politikacılar tarafından önemsenen cari işlemler dengesi, bir ülkenin genel ekonomik yapısının, enflasyon, döviz kurları, istihdam gibi farklı dinamiklerini etkileyebilecek en kritik makro ekonomik göstergelerden biridir. Literatürde cari işlemler dengesinin belirleyicileri konusunda fikir birliğine varılamamıştır. Öte yandan çoğu çalışma sadece sektörel ya da sadece makro gösterge temelli belirleyicilere odaklanmıştır. Hem sektörel hem de makro belirleyicileri bir modelde toplama motivasyonu ile teorik modelde bağımsız değişkenler; “enflasyon”, “doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar”, “ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı”, “büyüme” ve “turizm gelirleri” olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm değişkenlere ait verilerin bir arada temin edilebildiği dönem olması gerekçesiyle 2008-2019 dönemi için çalışma gerçekleştirilmiş, yetersiz veri adedi sorunun aşılabilmesi için ise aylık veri kullanıl ve “ARDL”- Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme Modeli, tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre belirlenen tüm bağımsız değişkenler ve cari işlemler dengesi arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı ve uzun vadeli ilişkinin varlığı kanıtlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, cari işlemler dengesi ile modelin 'turizm geliri', 'döviz kuru', 'enflasyon', 'büyüme' ve ' ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı' tüm bağımsız değişkenler arasında uzun dönemde ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen sonuca göre bağımsız değişkenlerdeki %1 oranındaki artışların cari denge üzerindeki etkileri şu şekilde belirlenmiştir: net turizm geliri/GSYİH %1,35'lik artışa, DYY %0,88'lik artışa, enflasyon %0,48'lik artışa, ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı %0,32'lik büyüme %0.047'lik artışa, döviz kuru artışındaki %1'lik artış ise cari işlemler dengesinde %0.89'luk düşüşe neden olmaktadır. Cari denge belirleyicilerinin, her ülkenin kendi dinamiklerine göre farklılık göstereceği açıktır. Araştırmamızda kurulan modelin, cari denge belirleyicilerinin Türkiye özelinde hem makro veriler hem de sektörel verilerin bir kombinasyonunu içermesi açısından literatüre katkı sunduğu düşünülmektedir.
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Śliwiński, Paweł. "Short and Long Term Determinants of the Net International Investment Position Resulting from the Balance of Payments of the European Monetary Union Countries." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 4, no. 336 (September 4, 2018): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.336.13.
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The paper aims at analysing the level, composition and factors determining changes of the net international investment position (NIIP) of the euro area countries. Although the improvement in the euro area’s NIIP during the period from 2Q2012 to 2Q2016 was largely driven by current account surpluses in 13 out of 19 countries, there is a visible difference between the NIIP changes and their components in the surplus and deficit countries. The group of net foreign assets countries increased its position primarily by running current account surpluses reflecting mainly a positive balance on goods and, on a minor scale, a positive primary income balance. The NIIP in the group of net foreign liabilities countries deteriorated although the cumulative current accounts were in surplus for this period. Here, the current account improvement was largely driven by services which, in contrast to the net foreign asset countries, were in surplus. In turn, the cumulative primary income in the group of net foreign liabilities countries was in minus. Statistical analysis aimed at estimation of determinants of the changes in the NIIPs over the subsequent quarters shows that their short term behaviour was on a large scale positively driven by the changes of valuation effect resulting, for example, from exchange rates and prices movements. It should not be surprising that the signs which indicate the direction of valuation effect on the NIIP pattern are different in the short and long term. It should be stressed that the valuation effect influence decreases over time since valuation gains and losses overlap and largely neutralise each other. Nevertheless, combined losses were higher than total gains and therefore its impact on the NIIP was negative in the analysed period. On the other hand, the EMU current account surpluses were repetitive and persistent, being the main factor behind the improvement of the cumulative euro area NIIP changes.
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Ulum, Khoirul, and Ayu Azizah. "ANALISIS PENYISIHAN PIUTANG TAK TERTAGIH PADA CV. MITRA SERVICE." Akrab Juara : Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 7, no. 4 (November 5, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58487/akrabjuara.v7i4.1930.
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This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the reserve for bad debts loss at the company CV. Service Partners for the balance sheet reporting period as of September 30, 2022. From the results of the research that the authors did for 5 months and on the basis of the data of the Balance Sheet report as of December 31, 2021 and the Balance Sheet report as of September 30, 2022, CV. Service Partners have not made a provision for uncollected receivables.
In this study, the author uses the age of receivables analysis to calculate and estimate the allowance for losses on receivables on the basis of the detailed list of accounts receivable data as of September 30, 2022. Furthermore, from the details of the receivables, an analysis of the age of receivables is compiled, namely the age group of accounts receivable 0-30 days, 31- 60 days, and >60 days with allowance for accounts receivable rates of 10%, 15% and 15% (table-3 & table-4). From the results of multiplying the receivables allowance rate and the amount of receivables that have been grouped based on the age of the receivables, an allowance for losses on bad debts is Rp. 75,641,783,- (table-5) and the effect on the current year's profit and loss forecast decreased to Rp. 397.201.853,-.
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B G, Srinivas, and Dr D. Jogish. "A STUDY ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT” AT MUSASHI, AUTO PARTS INDIA PVT LTD, DODDABALLAPUR." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26672.
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Working capital management is a critical aspect of financial, management for businesses of all sizes and industries. This paper provides an overview, of the concept, of working capital, its components, and its significance in ensuring the smooth operation and financial, stability of a company. The primary objective of working capital management is to strike a balance between the current assets, and current liabilities, confirming that a company has sufficient liquidity to meet its short-term obligations while optimizing its use of resources. This paper delves into the various components of working capital, including cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable. It explores strategies, and techniques that businesses can employ to effectively manage these components, such as cash flow, forecasting, inventory control, and credit management. The paper also discusses the role of technology, and financial tools in improving working capital, management processes Keywords: Motaal’s Comprehensive Test , Working Capital , Current Ratio , Working Capital Turnover Ratio , Net profit to Current Assets
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Alshubiri, Faris Nasif. "PUBLIC FINANCE INDICATORS AND THE VALUE OF INVESTMENT PROJECT DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GCC COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 20, no. 6 (September 27, 2019): 1143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.10783.
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This study aims to identify public financial indicators involved in the investment projects of GCC countries. The data was collected from the IMF and the MEED from 2011-2017. The study measured the impact of public finance based on eight variables and two proxies (national and trade accounts) on the investment project development proxy, which is measured by the total value of projects planned or currently underway and the value of the ten largest projects currently underway. The results showed that Saudi Arabia and the UAE rank high in both proxies of investment project development. The simple regression results also illustrated that real GDP, the real non-oil GDP variables of national account proxy, and the value of the exported goods and services variable of the trade accounts proxy have a significant impact on the total value of projects planned or currently underway. Meanwhile, only three factors of national accounts, gross national savings, CPI inflation, and current account balance, have a significant impact on the value of the ten largest projects currently underway. The overall conclusion of the study is that GCC countries have established high-value development projects in different cities that require a proper public policy to efficiently manage capital expenditure within the public sector.
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Turyagyenda, G., J. Yang, and H. Wu. "Precise account of frictional loads in motor current-based compensation system of cutting force-induced error." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes678.
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The balance between precision and its cost implications is a major determining factor for the competitiveness in the contemporary machining industry. The current paper presents an inexpensive compensation system for cutting force induced error based on current sensory system for indirect monitoring of cutting force. Based on machining parameters and online sensor signal, a dedicated model predicts the corresponding error. The model precisely accounts for the complex phenomena of coulomb and viscous frictions in the transmission system. Finally, the predicted error is compensated by means of external shifting of respective coordinate system origins in real-time. This system is convenient and reliable and, in addition, precise and easy to repair. The experimental evaluation of the system demonstrated robustness and great enhancement of machine accuracy.
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Petro, Fred. "A One Year Forecasting Project For Publicly Traded Companies." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 4, no. 9 (July 5, 2011): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v4i9.4809.
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This project is intended to teach students to apply the material covered in their first graduate accounting course. This is accomplished by applying the material to an actual company selected by each team. The project is described as follows: The project includes a computerized spreadsheet preparation of a master budget forecast for an actual publicly traded company for one year into the future. . The dates depend upon when the annual reports are prepared for your company. The forecast begins the day following the last available published annual report. The forecast does not comprise any actual numbers regardless of when the actual annual or quarterly statements are prepared for the company selected. The actual balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flow from the preceding year are included with the forecasted balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flow. The company must have a physical inventory, and accounts receivable from sales. The company may not be one in which any team member(s) are employed. The forecast will include the following items:1. Introduction, including the history of the company and a description of the company plan and policies as given in the project2. Sales budget (twelve months).3. Schedule of purchases (twelve months).4. Schedule of collection of credit sales (accounts receivable) and cash sales (twelve months).5. Cash budget (twelve months).6. An Income statement (for the current year and the projected year).7. A Balance sheet (for the current year and the projected year).8. A Statement of cash flow (for the current year and the projected year).9. Cost-profit-volume analysis (twelve months).10. Conclusion and recommendations
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Tran, Hien, Malcolm Abbott, and Chee Jin Yap. "How does working capital management affect the profitability of Vietnamese small- and medium-sized enterprises?" Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-05-2016-0070.
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Purpose Well-designed and implemented working capital management (WCM) will encourage positive returns for a business and establish the firm’s value, while ineffective management will undoubtedly lead to failure of the enterprise. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In business, fixed capital and working capital are the two main forms of capital used. The current assets used in the business as working capital for day-to-day operations include raw materials, work in progress, finished goods, bills receivable, cash and bank balance. This paper analyses the relationship between WCM and profitability in Vietnamese small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) after integration into the global economy. Findings The results suggest that SME owner-managers can increase their firm’s profitability by reducing the number of days of accounts receivable, accounts inventories and accounts payable to an optimal minimum. In addition, a robustness check of this study indicates that high profitability will be achieved, with an optimal level of working capital investment in accounts inventories, accounts receivable and accounts payable. Originality/value No work of this sort has been applied to Vietnamese circumstances. It is also rare in SE Asia more generally.
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Пушинин, А. В., and Н. Г. Коломенская. "IMPROVEMENT OF PROCEDURE OF FORMING ASSETS INDICATORS IN BALANCE SHEET." ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, no. 2 (June 8, 2023): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2023.57.21.038.
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Сложившиеся подходы в условиях эволюции отечественной системы учета (активном внедрении МСФО, принятии новых ФСБУ и пр.) требуют пересмотра и существенной трансформации. В настоящее время информация об объектах учета, формирующая определенные показатели баланса, не имеет однозначной привязки к счетам бухгалтерского учета. При формировании финансовой отчетности необходимо отступать от традиционной методики представления информации. В представленной статье исследуется актуализированный подход к формированию отдельных показателей, включаемых в актив бухгалтерского баланса с учетом изменений, наблюдаемых в национальной системе учета. The current approaches need reviewing and require substantial transformation under the evolution of the national accounting system (active implementation of International Accounting Standards, new Federal Accounting Standards). At the moment, the information concerning accounting units forming certain balance sheet indicators has no unambiguous correlation with accounts. When preparing reports, it is essential to depart from the conventional procedure of presenting information. The research focuses on an updated approach to the formation of certain indicators comprising balance sheet assets taking into consideration the changes in the national accounting system.
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Renukadevi, S., P. Roshini, and K. Latha. "A study of working capital management at power related industry in field of manufacturing and EPC projects." i-manager's Journal on Economics & Commerce 3, no. 3 (2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jecom.3.3.19899.
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Working capital means the funds available and used for the day-to-day operations of a business. Efficient management of working capital is essential for the successful operation of a business enterprise and improving its rate of return on the capital invested in assets. Working capital management involves balancing movements related to five main items, such as cash management, accounts receivable, accounts payable, short-term debt management, and inventory, to ensure a business can operate efficiently with adequate resources. It is also essential to maintain the liquidity portion to ensure that the day-to-day operations of the business continue. The study is based on secondary data from records and reports. The study aims to compare the present financial performance with that of the past five years and examine the company's current financial position. The data used in this study was derived from the balance sheet, profit and loss statements, and cash flow statements. The types of analysis used in this study to reveal the financial position of the company were ratio analysis and comparative balance sheet analysis. Additionally, the study incorporates trend analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of the company's financial trajectory. By examining both historical data and current financial indicators, this research seeks to offer valuable insights into the company's performance and potential areas for improvement.
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Jeremy Julio Wijaya. "PERLAKUAN PIUTANG TAK TERTAGIH PADA PT CDX SURABAYA." AKUNTANSI '45 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30640/akuntansi45.v1i2.99.
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Accounts receivable is part of the balance sheet that is in the current asset position, which arises as a result of a sale of goods, services or from a seller to the buyer, usually given a maturity of 30-90 days. Accounts receivable whose age exceeds 120 days will be included in the bad debts category. PT CDX is a trading company that has a material amount of receivables with a long collection period. This study intends to discuss the treatment of uncollectible accounts at PT CDX. This research was conducted using qualitative methods carried out through interviews, observation and primary data collection from PT CDX. The results of this study found that the accounts receivable turnover of PT. CDX is slow and the collection period for accounts receivable is also long. Where this shows that the cash obtained will also decrease from the end the cash flow that enters the company will also decrease and ultimately the company's cash flow is also ineffective. Management of accounts receivable at PT CDX that are still ineffective can be improved by giving a discount on each payment of receivables before maturity and a billing policy for accounts receivable before maturity and a firmer billing policy.
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Kudryashova, I. "China’s Exchange Rate Policy: Forty Years of Reforms and Prospects." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 12 (2020): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-12-33-43.
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After four decades of reforms, China has become one of the biggest economies of the world and its exchange rate policy is a key factor in this process. The paper focuses on the conditions that have shaped the directions of China’s exchange rate policy at every stage of its evolution, the measures taken and the results achieved in terms of the policy’s effect on the economic growth and balance of payments. It is shown that active state interference in the exchange market policy in the early stages resulted in the undervalued yuan exchange rate and also encouraged positive dynamics of internal production due to the enhanced national export competitiveness. In subsequent stages, liberalization of China’s economy, its integration in the global economic relations, its bigger contribution to the global product manufacturing and export led to the increased role of market forces in the yuan exchange rate formation. Some practical measures taken in this direction encouraged the balanced yuan exchange rate, lower surplus of current accounts and increase in balance volatility of capital and financial accounts. Currently, the yuan exchange rate is still controlled. China’s monetary authorities mostly use international reserves to regulate the yuan exchange rate. The paper concludes that it is necessary to further increase the influence of market factors in the yuan exchange rate formation and diversification of the yuan stability instruments in order to maintain export growth rates, to develop China’s financial market and to expand the scope and international spheres of the yuan use.
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Ramlau-Hansen, H. "Life Insurance Accounting at Current Values: A Danish View." British Actuarial Journal 3, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 655–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700005079.
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ABSTRACTTraditional life insurance accounting standards rely on various types of book and cost values, the result being that the income and balance sheet statements do not necessarily give a true and transparent picture of the result of the life business. As examples, assets are typically stated at a mix of cost, current and amortised cost values, whereas life insurance provisions are calculated according to the approved technical basis.In this paper, it is suggested that this deficiency can be corrected by preparing life insurance accounts at current value. The proposed method implies that the life insurance provisions shall amount to the present value of the company's net liabilities to the policyholders including a provision for future bonus distribution. Moreover, any unrealized investment reserves are thrown into light, and it is shown how a bonus equalization provision at current value may serve as a key indicator of the financial strength of the company.The method has been designed primarily for the Danish market, but aspects of the method should be of relevance more widely.Finally, the results are illustrated by a number of numerical examples.