Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cure Residual Strain (CRS)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cure Residual Strain (CRS)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cure Residual Strain (CRS)"

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Hamed, G. R., and K. Umetsu. "Gum and Black-Filled Double Networks of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Crosslinked with Sulfur Donors: Part I. Tensile Properties." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547866.

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Abstract Gum and black-filled double networks of cis-1,4 polyisoprene, crosslinked with sulfur donors, have been prepared by first partially curing sheets, then stretching them and completing cure. Double networks are anisotropic and exhibit a residual extension ratio λr, which is higher for filled compared to gum samples. Additionally, double networks of filled specimens have higher anisotropy than gum counterparts, presumably because carbon black promotes chain alignment and strain-crystallization. Tensile specimens cut parallel to the stretch direction are stiffer, less extensible, and sometimes stronger than simple isotropic networks, while perpendicular specimens have stress-strain responses much like that of the isotropic control.
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Takagaki, Kazunori, Shinsaku Hisada, Shu Minakuchi, and Nobuo Takeda. "Process improvement for out-of-autoclave prepreg curing supported by in-situ strain monitoring." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 9 (October 13, 2016): 1225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316672001.

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Vacuum-bag-only curing is an attractive out-of-autoclave method as an alternative to conventional autoclave curing. Previous extensive researches provided great insight into void formation during the vacuum-bag-only method and these findings are reflected in current vacuum-bag-only cure cycles to minimize void content. Cure process can be further improved by taking into consideration cure-induced residual stress/strain. The present paper proposed a residual stress/strain reduction method and evaluated its effectiveness using a commercially available vacuum-bag-only material by fiber-optic-based in-situ strain monitoring and tensile tests. First, cure process monitoring and tensile tests were conducted for the manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle. Cure process monitoring showed that the material vitrifies during post-cure temperature dwell. Furthermore, the tensile test revealed that the vacuum-bag-only material has lower strength than conventional autoclave materials, suggesting the importance of the effect of cure-induced residual stress/strain. Then, two cure cycles were proposed based on the findings from the manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle tests and a cure kinetics model. In the proposed cycles, resin vitrifies at a lower temperature than the manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle, leading to reduced residual stress/strain. Cure process monitoring and tensile test results for the new cycles showed that the residual strain was reduced by 12–18%, and the strength was increased by 26% in the best case. Moreover, void content was not significantly affected by changing the cure cycle. Although vacuum-bag-only material was used in this research, the proposed concept can be widely applied for autoclave cures and other types of vacuum-bag-only processes with slight modification.
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Jiang, Cheng Biao, Li Hua Zhan, Xiao Bo Yang, Xiao Ping Chen, Zi Jun Lin, and Cheng Long Guan. "Monitoring of Multidirectional and Cure-Induced Strain in CFRP Laminates Using FBG Sensors." Materials Science Forum 953 (May 2019): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.953.72.

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During the curing cycle, the residual stress has influence on cure-induced deformation for carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminates, which is highly susceptible to the ply design. Therefore, the change laws of strain and the effect of residual stress in CFRP laminates after curing, which is of great significance to ply design, were cleared by using the combining pattern of thermocouple and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. For the FBG sensors embedded with different directions in lay-up CFRP laminates, the temperature and strain in different directions of composite laminates were obtained in real-time. Monitoring results show that compared with strain in 45° direction, the carbon fibers (CF) act stronger to inhibit strain in 0° direction and weaker to inhibit strain in 90° direction of resin. After curing, the residual strain in 0° direction is tensile strain, and the residual strain in 45° direction and 90° direction are compressive strain. Meanwhile the value of residual strain in 90° direction is greater than that in 45° direction.
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Drake, Daniel A., Rani W. Sullivan, Jonathan E. Spowart, and Katie Thorp. "Influence of cure parameters in polymer matrix composites using embedded optical fibers." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 19 (January 22, 2020): 2611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319899153.

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The influence of cure processing parameters was investigated using strain distributions from embedded optical fibers. The determination of optimized cure parameters is often needed to achieve material properties which meet aerospace industry design requirements. Optical fibers were embedded near the midplane of thin (5 mm; [0/90/90/0]3s) composite laminates to monitor the internal strain during cure for two different cure cycles (manufacturer-recommended and an alternative two-step cure). Each laminate was fabricated using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process. The internal strain with respect to the spatial position and time were monitored. During cure, greater variations in the strain near the vicinity of the laminate edges were observed. However, a two-step cure cycle revealed that the variation of strain near the laminate edges is reduced. The results demonstrate the capability of high-spatial resolution optical fibers to measure the in-situ cure and residual strain during the processing of composite structures.
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Lee, Soo Yong, and Jung Sun Park. "Chemical Shrinkage and Residual Stresses in Laminated Composites during Cure." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2870.

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The residual stress that occurs in fiber-reinforced thermosetting composite materials during cure is one of the severe factors that can deteriorate the performance of composite structures. To investigate residual stresses occurring in laminated composites during cure, an incremental viscoelastic constitutive equation is derived as a function of temperature, degree of cure and chemical shrinkage. A finite element program is developed on the basis of a 3-D degenerated shell element and the first order shear deformation theory. Experiments were performed to measure the coefficients of chemical shrinkage of the Hercules AS4/3501-6 composite during cure. Residual strains were measured using strain gages during cure and compared with the results of finite element analysis. Good agreement is found between numerical and experimental results. It is found that the chemical shrinkage seriously affects the residual strains of the composite during cure.
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Gasser, Elisabeth, Pamela Kogler, Andreas Lorenz, Reinhold Kafka-Ritsch, Dietmar Öfner, and Alexander Perathoner. "Do we still need CRS and HIPEC in colorectal cancer in times of modern chemotherapy and immunotherapy?" memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology 13, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12254-020-00647-4.

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SummaryPeritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and is usually treated with systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy alone. In patients with isolated peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) without nonperitoneal metastases, however, cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has been shown to significantly improve outcome and to achieve even cure in selected patients in combination with systemic therapy. The additional use of a hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is primarily indicated to control microscopical residual tumor tissue in the peritoneal cavity after successful CRS. Another more recent option is the application of an adjuvant HIPEC to prevent peritoneal carcinomatosis in high risk patients with pT4 cancer or perforated cancer at the time of or after primary surgery. The aim of this short review is to highlight the corresponding available literature and assess the role of CRS and HIPEC in the context of modern chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Antonucci, V., A. Cusano, M. Giordano, J. Nasser, and L. Nicolais. "Cure-induced residual strain build-up in a thermoset resin." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 37, no. 4 (April 2006): 592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.05.016.

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Ifju, P. G., X. Niu, B. C. Kilday, S. C. Liu, and S. M. Ettinger. "Residual strain measurement in composites using the cure-referencing method." Experimental Mechanics 40, no. 1 (March 2000): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02327544.

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Crasto, Allan S., Ran Y. Kim, and John D. Russell. "In situ monitoring of residual strain development during composite cure." Polymer Composites 23, no. 3 (June 2002): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10447.

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Edward, Aghogho Bright, P. Stephan Heyns, and Schalk Kok. "A Numerical Investigation of a Single-Shot in a DEM-FEM Approach to Shot Peening Simulation." Metals 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2019): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111183.

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Shot peening (SP) is a controlled and systematic process of surface treatment that has a large number of controllable process parameters that make its application highly challenging. It involves the shooting of small and hard metallic balls at a targeted surface, with the aim of enhancing the fatigue strength of the workpiece under unfavorable service conditions. The compressive residual stress (CRS) induced by this application is expensive to evaluate experimentally. This paper presents a numerical model of the impact of a single-shot on a metallic surface, with the aim to set the stage for a realistic multiple shots peening simulation. The approach proposed herein is a sequential Discrete Element-Finite Element (DE-FE) coupled simulation, based on the use of different types of coefficients of restitution (CoRs) with emphasis on the energetic CoR. The energetic CoR relates the shot/target contact forces to the fractional strain energy needed for localized plastic deformation of the near-surface layer in the workpiece. The generated results of the induced compressive residual stresses (CRS) and equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) from single-shot simulations are validated with similar results from the literature. Our study clarifies the strain energy aspects of a single-shot impact responsible for the desired effects of CRS and PEEQ, thereby laying the groundwork for accurate and realistic modeling of the SP process via the DEM-FEM approach.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cure Residual Strain (CRS)"

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Mahto, Brindaban. "Characterization of Cure Residual Strain in CFRPs." Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4204.

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Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) structures are widely used compared to metallic structures due to their superior mechanical properties and lightweight. However, anisotropy and heterogeneity inherent to FRPs cause a multitude of damage mechanisms during the life of these structures. Often, residual stresses generated in FRP structures due to mismatch in thermal properties of the constituents are not accounted for in the design phase. These cure residual stresses have known to be quite detrimental to the performance of the composite structures resulting in loss of functionality (distortions) or load-carrying capability. The present study, investigates process induced cure residual strain (CRS) development in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates composed of different layup sequences and thicknesses. In addition, CRS development due to internal temperature gradient due to exothermic polymerization reaction within the laminate has been characterized A comprehensive experimental test methodology is developed to measure the in-situ CRS in CFRP laminates prepared by wet layup technique. To delineate the effect of anisotropy and heterogeneity exhibited by CFRPs on CRS development, detailed experimental plan of measuring in-situ CRS in pristine epoxy, unidirectional (UD)-CFRPs and multidirectional (MD)-CFRPs has been established and CRS measured. Emphasis is laid upon quantifying the variation in CRS magnitudes as a function of laminates lay-up sequence and thickness. Calibration of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are carried out by following well established procedures. Open hole tensile (OHT) tests are also conducted to correlate in-situ strains with measured surface strains using digital image correlation (DIC). Results indicate process induced CRS measured are significant that may result in laminate deformation and micro stresses causing matrix micro-cracking during curing. ii
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Conference papers on the topic "Cure Residual Strain (CRS)"

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Mori, Kazuhiro, and Kuang-Ting Hsiao. "Embedded Carbon Fiber Sensor for Monitoring the Residual Strain Development During an Exothermal Polymer Matrix Composite Manufacturing Process." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67600.

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The strain development during the cure stage of a polymer matrix composite manufacturing process is mainly caused by the thermal expansion and the resin crosslinking shrinkage. In this non-isothermal cure stage, the electrical resistance of a carbon fiber depends on the temperature and the strain the carbon fiber experienced. In this paper, a methodology to decouple the temperature and strain effects is developed. An experimental study for characterizing the strain development history during the cure stage of a single fiber polymer matrix composite is presented. The strain development history recorded by the single carbon fiber sensor (CFS) is analyzed and discussed.
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Mailen, Russell, David A. Jack, and Lesley M. Wright. "Identification and Quantification of Residual Strains During Curing of Carbon Fiber Epoxy Laminates." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88385.

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Residual strains develop from matrix shrinkage and non-isotropic coefficients of thermal expansion in composite laminates throughout the cure cycle. These strains influence the final shape and strength of the laminate. It is hypothesized that cure strains depend on lamina orientation, lamina stacking sequence, spatial location, and cure kinetics. In the present study, embedded strain gages are used to monitor residual strain development. Changes in strain due to elevated temperature post cure are quantified and a study of the curing epoxy characteristics is performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These later studies provide insight to the measured internal laminate stresses and provide guidance in the interpretation of the strain measurements.
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Bass, B. Richard, Paul T. Williams, Terry L. Dickson, and Hilda B. Klasky. "Assessment of a Stress-Free Temperature Model for Residual Stresses in Surface Cladding of a Reactor Pressure Vessel." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65255.

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This paper describes further results from an ongoing study of a simplified engineering model that is intended to account for effects of clad residual stresses on the propensity for initiation of preexisting inner-surface flaws in a commercial nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The deposition of stainless steel cladding during fabrication of an RPV generates residual stresses in the cladding and the heat affected zone of the under-lying base metal. In addition to residual stress, thermal strains are generated by the differential thermal expansion (DTE) of the cladding and base material due to temperature changes during normal operation. A simplified model used in the ORNL-developed FAVOR probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) code accounts for the clad residual stress by incorporating a stress-free temperature (SFT) approach. At the stress-free temperature (Ts-free), the model assumes there is no thermal strain, i.e., the thermal expansion stresses and clad residual stresses offset each other. For normal cool-down transients applied to the RPV, interactions of the latter stresses generate additional crack driving forces on shallow, internal surface-breaking flaws near the clad/base metal interface; those flaws tend to dominate the RPV failure probability computed by FAVOR. In a previous report from this study (PVP2015-45086), finite element analysis was used to compare the stresses and stress-intensity factors (SIF) during a cool-down transient for two cases: (1) the existing SFT model of FAVOR, and (2) directly applied RPV clad residual stress (CRS) distribution obtained from empirical (hole-drilling) measurements made at room temperature on an RPV that was never put into service. However, those analyses were limited in scope and focused on a single flaw orientation. In this updated study, effects of CRS on the SIF histories computed for both circumferential and axial flaw orientations subjected to a cool-down transient were determined from an extended set of finite element analyses. Specifically, comparisons were made between results from applying CRS experimental data to ABAQUS two-dimensional, inner-surface flaw models and those generated by the FAVOR SFT model. It is demonstrated that the FAVOR-recommended SFT value of 488 °F produces conservatively high values of SIF relative to the use of CRS profiles in the ABAQUS models. For the vessel and flaw geometry and transient under study, the circumferential flaw (360° continuous) required a decrease of SFT down to 390 °F to match the CRS SIF histories. For the infinite axial flaw model, a decrease down to 300 °F matched the CRS SIF histories. Future plans are described to develop more general conclusions regarding the FAVOR model.
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Kusaka, Takayuki, Peter X. Qing, and Fu-Kuo Chang. "Effect of Mechanical Loading on the Performance of Piezolelectric Transducer for the Health Monitoring of Composite Pressure Vessels." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2267.

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The performance of PZT (Piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate) transducer was investigated under static tensile loading using a layered actuator/sensor network (SMART Layer). The performance of PZT transducer remained unchanged when the applied strain did not exceed the static failure strain of PZT, whereas the degradation of the performance obviously occurred when the applied strain exceeded the static failure strain of PZT. Also, the performance of PZT transducer depended not on the materials of the host structure but on the thermal residual strain induced during the cure cycle. Microscopic observation showed that the degradation of the performance is a consequence of the interfacial debonding between the PZT and copper layer.
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Cunningham, William J. "Laser Interferometer Specimen Preparation of PCB Assembled Components at Second Level Interconnect for In-plane Shear Strain Measurements." In ISTFA 2003. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2003p0456.

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Abstract Preparing Laser Interferometer (Moiré) samples involves several steps that can be time consuming and labor intensive. This process requires diligence and discipline in order to create a successful sample. Previous Moiré sample preparation methods have yielded <30% for component characterization. The sample preparation presented in this document has increased yield to approximately 90%. Improvements are the result of optimized tooling and a novel epoxy application technique. Prepared laser interferometer samples are used to subsequently reveal inplane strain and residual stresses present at the component of interest. Two applications that benefit from Moiré are as follows: 1) inelastic strains due to deflection or thermal cycling, and 2) elastic coefficient of thermal expansion effects resulting from high temperature cure to ambient temperature. In the first case, the inelastic strain is typical due to permanent residual deformation. In the second case, the thermal expansion effects are the result of growing and bending and then coming back to normal position. In this presentation both the ambient (inelastic) and the high temperature (elastic) sample preparation techniques will be covered in detail, thus providing the end user great success in capturing strain data.
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Rigas, K., R. Greif, and A. Saigal. "Comparison of FEA and LPT Based Failure Analysis of P75 Graphite/934 Epoxy Composites." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0889.

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Abstract A comparison between a micro-mechanical finite element model (FEM) and the macro-mechanical laminated plate theory (LPT) has been undertaken to investigate the failure of an 8-ply [0/0/90/90]s P75 Graphite/934 Epoxy composite subjected to mechanical and thermal loads. This study deals with the initiation of failure, ultimate failure, and resulting stresses at each failure, as well as the effect of thermal residual stresses on the failure of the composite material. Thermal residual stresses develop as a result of the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion of the fiber and the matrix, and the operating (75°F) and stress-free or cure temperature (350°F). Relationships between the boundary condition of the FEM and LPT are also explored. The ANSYS finite element program has been used in this research. The initiation of failure is based on the ultimate radial stress criterion developed by Bowles and Griffin. For LPT analysis, the first-ply failure and consequent failures are derived using the Tsai-Wu failure theory. The analyses indicate intermediate degradation of the laminate as the applied stress/strain is increased. This information is used to predict the loss in overall stiffness as a function of loading.
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Castro, Raúl Nava, Jean M. E. Audibert, Willard DeGroff, Kuat C. Gan, and Paul Ruckman. "Variation of Mechanical Properties of Soft Marine Clay With Methane Gas Content." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10800.

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To quantify the effects of methane gas on mechanical properties of soft marine clay, an exhaustive laboratory testing program was developed using zeolite to uniformly disseminate gas bubbles inside the clay matrix. Results from controlled rate-of-strain (CRS) tests indicated that as the gas content increases, there is a reduction in the interpreted preconsolidation pressure, although the rigidity of the clay with more gas increased throughout the test. Minivane test results indicated that the undisturbed shear strength decreases as the amount of methane gas increases, while the residual and remolded strengths remain practically unchanged, i.e., are independent of the gas content. Similarly results from triaxial tests indicated that the undisturbed shear strength is reduced as the gas content increases, but there was no change in the failure mode. Interestingly, the normalized shear strength increased for the clay with gas, when the samples were tested at 100 percent of deformation per hour. It is theorized that the methane gas bubbles interact with both the clay platelets and the pore water, and, to certain point, bear part of the load, thus modifying the distribution of the load in the soil structure; that is to say, there is a partial load transfer from the gas bubbles to the soil structure, as the clay particles confine the methane gas.
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SCHOENHOLZ, CALEB, DANIEL SLADE, ENRICO ZAPPINO, MARCO PETROLO, and NAVID ZOBEIRY. "REPRESENTATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND SIMULATION OF TOOL-PART INTERACTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON PROCESS-INDUCED DEFORMATIONS IN COMPOSITES." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35832.

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The interaction between a tool and part during composites processing contributes to the formation of residual stresses and dimensional changes. A resultant mismatch of part geometries during assembly can cause a potential loss of mechanical performance in aerospace structures. Costly shimming steps are needed to compensate for processinduced deformations and satisfy specifications on mechanical performance. Due to difficulties associated with accurate measurement of interfacial shear stresses, current analysis methods fail to represent the interaction between a tool and part throughout processing. A combined approach to represent, characterize, and simulate tool-part interaction and its effects on dimensional changes is proposed. First, a characterization method was established using a custom Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) shear test setup to measure tool-part interfacial stress development in a simulated autoclave curing environment. Tool-part interfacial stresses were characterized for Toray T800S/3900-2 UD prepreg as a function of temperature, degree of cure, strain rate, and tool surface condition. Then, a previously developed numerical model was modified to include the effects of tool-part interaction in predicting dimensional changes of L-shape parts. For validation, composite parts were fabricated on tools with different surface conditions and successfully compared to simulation results. This paper demonstrates that tool-part interaction significantly impacts the spring-in of angled composite parts. The proposed method is a comprehensive and practical approach to study and simulate the effects of tool-part interaction. The results of this paper can be used to understand the complex interaction between a tool and part throughout processing and potentially mitigate processinduced deformations.
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