Academic literature on the topic 'Cure Residual Strain (CRS)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Cure Residual Strain (CRS)"

1

Hamed, G. R., and K. Umetsu. "Gum and Black-Filled Double Networks of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Crosslinked with Sulfur Donors: Part I. Tensile Properties." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 1 (2005): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547866.

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Abstract Gum and black-filled double networks of cis-1,4 polyisoprene, crosslinked with sulfur donors, have been prepared by first partially curing sheets, then stretching them and completing cure. Double networks are anisotropic and exhibit a residual extension ratio λr, which is higher for filled compared to gum samples. Additionally, double networks of filled specimens have higher anisotropy than gum counterparts, presumably because carbon black promotes chain alignment and strain-crystallization. Tensile specimens cut parallel to the stretch direction are stiffer, less extensible, and sometimes stronger than simple isotropic networks, while perpendicular specimens have stress-strain responses much like that of the isotropic control.
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2

Takagaki, Kazunori, Shinsaku Hisada, Shu Minakuchi, and Nobuo Takeda. "Process improvement for out-of-autoclave prepreg curing supported by in-situ strain monitoring." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 9 (2016): 1225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316672001.

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Vacuum-bag-only curing is an attractive out-of-autoclave method as an alternative to conventional autoclave curing. Previous extensive researches provided great insight into void formation during the vacuum-bag-only method and these findings are reflected in current vacuum-bag-only cure cycles to minimize void content. Cure process can be further improved by taking into consideration cure-induced residual stress/strain. The present paper proposed a residual stress/strain reduction method and evaluated its effectiveness using a commercially available vacuum-bag-only material by fiber-optic-based in-situ strain monitoring and tensile tests. First, cure process monitoring and tensile tests were conducted for the manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle. Cure process monitoring showed that the material vitrifies during post-cure temperature dwell. Furthermore, the tensile test revealed that the vacuum-bag-only material has lower strength than conventional autoclave materials, suggesting the importance of the effect of cure-induced residual stress/strain. Then, two cure cycles were proposed based on the findings from the manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle tests and a cure kinetics model. In the proposed cycles, resin vitrifies at a lower temperature than the manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle, leading to reduced residual stress/strain. Cure process monitoring and tensile test results for the new cycles showed that the residual strain was reduced by 12–18%, and the strength was increased by 26% in the best case. Moreover, void content was not significantly affected by changing the cure cycle. Although vacuum-bag-only material was used in this research, the proposed concept can be widely applied for autoclave cures and other types of vacuum-bag-only processes with slight modification.
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3

Jiang, Cheng Biao, Li Hua Zhan, Xiao Bo Yang, Xiao Ping Chen, Zi Jun Lin, and Cheng Long Guan. "Monitoring of Multidirectional and Cure-Induced Strain in CFRP Laminates Using FBG Sensors." Materials Science Forum 953 (May 2019): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.953.72.

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During the curing cycle, the residual stress has influence on cure-induced deformation for carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminates, which is highly susceptible to the ply design. Therefore, the change laws of strain and the effect of residual stress in CFRP laminates after curing, which is of great significance to ply design, were cleared by using the combining pattern of thermocouple and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. For the FBG sensors embedded with different directions in lay-up CFRP laminates, the temperature and strain in different directions of composite laminates were obtained in real-time. Monitoring results show that compared with strain in 45° direction, the carbon fibers (CF) act stronger to inhibit strain in 0° direction and weaker to inhibit strain in 90° direction of resin. After curing, the residual strain in 0° direction is tensile strain, and the residual strain in 45° direction and 90° direction are compressive strain. Meanwhile the value of residual strain in 90° direction is greater than that in 45° direction.
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4

Drake, Daniel A., Rani W. Sullivan, Jonathan E. Spowart, and Katie Thorp. "Influence of cure parameters in polymer matrix composites using embedded optical fibers." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 19 (2020): 2611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319899153.

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The influence of cure processing parameters was investigated using strain distributions from embedded optical fibers. The determination of optimized cure parameters is often needed to achieve material properties which meet aerospace industry design requirements. Optical fibers were embedded near the midplane of thin (5 mm; [0/90/90/0]3s) composite laminates to monitor the internal strain during cure for two different cure cycles (manufacturer-recommended and an alternative two-step cure). Each laminate was fabricated using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process. The internal strain with respect to the spatial position and time were monitored. During cure, greater variations in the strain near the vicinity of the laminate edges were observed. However, a two-step cure cycle revealed that the variation of strain near the laminate edges is reduced. The results demonstrate the capability of high-spatial resolution optical fibers to measure the in-situ cure and residual strain during the processing of composite structures.
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5

Lee, Soo Yong, and Jung Sun Park. "Chemical Shrinkage and Residual Stresses in Laminated Composites during Cure." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2870.

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The residual stress that occurs in fiber-reinforced thermosetting composite materials during cure is one of the severe factors that can deteriorate the performance of composite structures. To investigate residual stresses occurring in laminated composites during cure, an incremental viscoelastic constitutive equation is derived as a function of temperature, degree of cure and chemical shrinkage. A finite element program is developed on the basis of a 3-D degenerated shell element and the first order shear deformation theory. Experiments were performed to measure the coefficients of chemical shrinkage of the Hercules AS4/3501-6 composite during cure. Residual strains were measured using strain gages during cure and compared with the results of finite element analysis. Good agreement is found between numerical and experimental results. It is found that the chemical shrinkage seriously affects the residual strains of the composite during cure.
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6

Gasser, Elisabeth, Pamela Kogler, Andreas Lorenz, Reinhold Kafka-Ritsch, Dietmar Öfner, and Alexander Perathoner. "Do we still need CRS and HIPEC in colorectal cancer in times of modern chemotherapy and immunotherapy?" memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology 13, no. 4 (2020): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12254-020-00647-4.

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SummaryPeritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and is usually treated with systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy alone. In patients with isolated peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) without nonperitoneal metastases, however, cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has been shown to significantly improve outcome and to achieve even cure in selected patients in combination with systemic therapy. The additional use of a hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is primarily indicated to control microscopical residual tumor tissue in the peritoneal cavity after successful CRS. Another more recent option is the application of an adjuvant HIPEC to prevent peritoneal carcinomatosis in high risk patients with pT4 cancer or perforated cancer at the time of or after primary surgery. The aim of this short review is to highlight the corresponding available literature and assess the role of CRS and HIPEC in the context of modern chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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7

Antonucci, V., A. Cusano, M. Giordano, J. Nasser, and L. Nicolais. "Cure-induced residual strain build-up in a thermoset resin." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 37, no. 4 (2006): 592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.05.016.

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8

Ifju, P. G., X. Niu, B. C. Kilday, S. C. Liu, and S. M. Ettinger. "Residual strain measurement in composites using the cure-referencing method." Experimental Mechanics 40, no. 1 (2000): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02327544.

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9

Crasto, Allan S., Ran Y. Kim, and John D. Russell. "In situ monitoring of residual strain development during composite cure." Polymer Composites 23, no. 3 (2002): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10447.

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10

Edward, Aghogho Bright, P. Stephan Heyns, and Schalk Kok. "A Numerical Investigation of a Single-Shot in a DEM-FEM Approach to Shot Peening Simulation." Metals 9, no. 11 (2019): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111183.

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Shot peening (SP) is a controlled and systematic process of surface treatment that has a large number of controllable process parameters that make its application highly challenging. It involves the shooting of small and hard metallic balls at a targeted surface, with the aim of enhancing the fatigue strength of the workpiece under unfavorable service conditions. The compressive residual stress (CRS) induced by this application is expensive to evaluate experimentally. This paper presents a numerical model of the impact of a single-shot on a metallic surface, with the aim to set the stage for a realistic multiple shots peening simulation. The approach proposed herein is a sequential Discrete Element-Finite Element (DE-FE) coupled simulation, based on the use of different types of coefficients of restitution (CoRs) with emphasis on the energetic CoR. The energetic CoR relates the shot/target contact forces to the fractional strain energy needed for localized plastic deformation of the near-surface layer in the workpiece. The generated results of the induced compressive residual stresses (CRS) and equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) from single-shot simulations are validated with similar results from the literature. Our study clarifies the strain energy aspects of a single-shot impact responsible for the desired effects of CRS and PEEQ, thereby laying the groundwork for accurate and realistic modeling of the SP process via the DEM-FEM approach.
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