Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cultures cellulaires – Modèles animaux'
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Ganem, Joseph-Yves. "Mise en culture et hétérotransplantation de tumeurs carcinoi͏̈des humaines et animales : études biochimique et ultrastructurale." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P622.
Full textSolassol, Jérôme. "Développement de modèles cellulaires humain et bovin des maladies à prion, approches thérapeutiques expérimentales et étude d'un nouvel agent de décontamination." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON1T027.
Full textBardoul, Michèle. "Récepteurs AMPA et kai͏̈nate précoces dans le tronc cérébral embryonnaire : effets de leur blocage ou de leur stimulation "in vitro"." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20177.
Full textAudet, Caroline. "Optimisation des conditions de culture des cellules endothéliales cornéennes félines pour la reconstruction d'un endothélium cornéen autologue." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27172/27172.pdf.
Full textMarret, Stéphane. "Développement des astrocytes et des oligodendrocytes dans les cultures de cerveaux de rats nouveau-nés : influence de deux composants de la matrice extra-cellulaire ; l'hyaluronane et l'hyaluronectine." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUE06NR.
Full textCardin-Bernier, Guillaume. "Simplification de modèles mathématiques représentant des cultures cellulaires." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8159.
Full textColleville, Bérénice. "Identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans le rétrécissement aortique." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR084/document.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvulopathy in Western countries and affects approximately 2% of subjects over 65 years of age. Originally considered a passive age-related degeneration of the aortic valve, AS is currently considered a complex and highly regulated pathology that results in thickening and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. To date the mechanisms initiating and promoting the progression of AS are not completely understood and secondly, no treatment has been effective to slow or stop its evolution. Aortic valve replacement (surgical or percutaneous) remains the only treatment for severe aortic stenosis. On the other hand, there is no reliable and reproducible animal model of AS to better understand the pathophysiology of this valvulopathy and to test new therapeutic targets. In the laboratory, we hypothesized that valvular endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the initiation and progression of AS and we wish to use an animal model to evaluate the effect of new therapeutics. This work focuses on assessing the role of the endothelinergic system in AS and the development of a novel mouse animal model of AS. First, we used the EgfrWa2/Wa2 mouse model. This model is induced by the substitution of the amino glycine residue by a valine. The EgfrWa2/Wa2 mice homozygous for the mutation have their tyrosine kinase activity decreased by 90%. This model induces fibrous thickening of the leaflets with little calcification, but the increase in transaortic flow is not related to AS but to aortic regurgitation (AR). In this model we evaluated the effect of a fat-enriched diet and vitamin D3 supplementation. Despite increased serum levels of cholesterol, vitamin D3 and serum calcium, we did not observe an increase in calcification. The EgfrWa2/Wa2 model remains essentially a model of AR whereas AS remains rare or absent. Second, we evaluated the role of the endothelinergic system in primary cultures of human interstitial valvular (hVICs) and endothelial (hVECs) cells, obtained from AS patients treated by surgical aortic valve replacement. The valves of patients treated by a Bentall procedure were used as a control group. We first observed, by quantitative RT-PCR, that stenotic valves showed an increase in mRNA encoding endothelin and for its ET-B receptor and a decrease in the endothelin converting enzyme in the hVECs compared to the control valves. The ET-B receptor was also overexpressed in the hVICs compared to the control valves. We did not find any variation in expression of its ET-A receptor in hVICs. We then assessed the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the hVICs. We found that hVICs calcify when they are in the presence of ET-1. These data suggest involvement of the endothelinergic system in aortic valve calcification. Further studies are needed to better understand its involvement, notably by evaluating the effect of endothelin receptor antagonist in hVICs cultures and then in a reliable animal model mimicking this pathology
L'Espérance, Sylvain. "Développement de nouveaux modèles cellulaires et animaux de cancer ovarien." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3391.
Full textCalmels, Nadège. "Développement et applications de modèles cellulaires pour l'ataxie de Friedreich." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13110.
Full textFriedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomic recessive neurodegenerative disease due to a loss of function of frataxin. My thesis project was to develop cellular models to unravel frataxin function and FRDA physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic molecules. The first model reproduced frataxin partial deficiency, as observed in a vast majority of patients, by using a ribozyme strategy targeted against murine frataxin. This cellular model has been used to screen a one-thousand compounds library for therapeutic molecules. Moreover I have set up a strategy based on complete inactivation of the murine frataxin gene by using a fluorescent recombinase associated with frataxin conditional allele. Complete frataxin deficiency in murine immortalized fibroblasts led to cell death. However this lethal phenotype could be rescued by transgenic expression of some human frataxin missense mutants (G130V and I154F). These first missense mutants cellular models displayed a spontaneous phenotype specific for Friedreich ataxia and the severity of the model was correlated with the clinical consequences of the mutations
Barrette, Benoit. "Facteurs cellulaires et moléculaires influençant la régénération axonale dans les systèmes nerveux central et périphérique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20332.
Full textLes réponses cellulaires et moléculaires qui sont mises en place après une lésion de la moelle épinière et des nerfs périphériques diffèrent. Les processus de réparation qui veillent à rétablir l’intégrité tissulaire favorisent la régénération axonale seulement dans le système nerveux périphérique (SNP) lésé. Des inhibiteurs associés aux débris de myéline exerceraient un blocage de la repousse axonale dans le système nerveux central (SNC) lésé. L’objectif de cette étude visait, dans un premier temps, à répertorier et à mesurer l’expression génique des récepteurs connus de ces inhibiteurs dans toutes les régions encéphaliques de la souris avant et à la suite d’une contusion de la moelle épinère. Les résultats démontrent que les expressions des récepteurs NGR1, NGR2 et LINGO-1 sont les plus importantes et disséminées dans tout le cerveau. L’expression du co-récepteur p75NTR est plus restreinte, mais détectable dans certaines voies surpra-spinales, tandis que l’expression de TROY est presque inexistante. L’expression de ces récepteurs ne varie pas suivant un traumatisme de la moelle épinière au niveau thoracique. À l’opposé, les débris de myéline sont rapidement neutralisés par les cellules immunitaires dans le SNP lésé, ouvrant la voie à la régénération axonale. Pour évaluer la corrélation possible entre la régénération axonale et le recrutement des cellules immunitaires, nous avons étudié la repousse des axones du nerf sciatique chez la souris transgénique CD11b-TKmt-30 dans laquelle des traitements au ganciclovir entraînent la mort des cellules myéloïdes, normalement recrutées au site de lésion et dans le segment nerveux distal. Les résultats indiquent qu’en diminuant l’apport en cellules immunitaires myéloïdes (CD11b+), le rétablissement des fonctions sensori-motrices est compromis et associé à une absence de régénération axonale, une accumulation des débris de myéline, une déprivation en neurotrophines et à une déstablilisation de la vasculature et/ou une inhibition de l’angiogénèse. Ainsi, les cellules immunitaires (CD11b+) sont requises pour supporter la régénération axonale par de multiples mécanismes. En contrepartie, les cellules immunitaires ont un accès restreint au SNC ce qui abrogerait la régénération des voies supra-spinales lésées par l’action des inhibiteurs associés à la myéline reconnaissant leur récepteur à la surface des cônes de à croisssance.
The cellular and molecular responses that are activated after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries are quite distinct. These processes help restore tissue integrity and facilitate axonal regeneration in the injured peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the injured central nervous system (CNS), axonal regrowth is believed to be prevented by several myelin-associated inhibitors. The goal of this study is to examine and measure mRNA expression for the most studied myelin-associated inhibitors in the brain before and after a spinal cord contusion. Results show that NGR1, NGR2 and LINGO-1 are widely expressed throughout the mouse brain. In contrast, the co-receptor p75NTR is more specifically expressed in neuronal descending pathways from the brainstem, whereas TROY mRNA expression is absent. Notably, expression for these receptors was not modulated after trauma. Because myelin debris are efficiently cleared by immune cells after PNS lesion, axonal regeneration can proceed. To prove the link between axonal regeneration and the recruitment of immune cells, we have studied sciatic nerve regeneration in the CD11b-TKmt-30 transgenic mouse model in which the recruitment of myeloid cells is severely impeded by ganciclovir treatments. Results demonstrate that depletion of myeloid CD11b+ cells leads to severe deficits in recovery of sensory-motor functions that are associated with axonal regeneration failure, myelin debris accumulation, decrease of neurotrophin expression, and vascular destabilization and/or angiogenesis inhibition. Thus, CD11b+ myeloid cells are required to stimulate axonal regeneration via multiple mechanims. These results also suggest that the limited access of immune cells in the injured CNS could be, at least partly, responsible for the lack of regeneration of central axons.
Chol, Marie. "Apports des modèles animaux et cellulaires dans l'étude de la pathophysiologie de la cystinose." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P607.
Full textCysinosis is an inherited disorder due to mutations in the CTNS gene, encoding a lysosomal transporter of cystine, cystinosin. Abnormal cystinosin leads to an intralysosomal accumulation of cystine which is associated with major kidney defects and multisystemic disease. We have shown that CTNS-/- fibroblasts contain decreased glutathione levels which can be replenished by cysteine precursors. In addition these cells are subject to oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the induction of superoxyde dismutase. We failed to detect such defects in Ctns-/- mouse proximal tubular cells that we generated and characterized. In addition two different congenic Ctns-/- strains were generated on C57BL/6 and FVB/N genetic backgrounds. Although both strains accumulate cystine, only the C57BL/6 Ctns-/- mice present with renal symptoms that partially mimic those observed in patients. Therefore these mice should be useful to test new therapeutic approaches
Delort, Florence. "Utilisation de modèles cellulaires et animaux dans l’étude des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les desminopathies." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC051.
Full textDesminopathies, belonging to the myofibrillar myopathies (MFM), are due to mutations in the DES gene, encoding desmin protein. It is an intermediate filament protein, essential for structural and functional alignment plus anchorage of myofibrils as well as the positioning of cell organelles and notably signaling events. Moreover among seventy mutations of DES gene, some can produce different phenotypes within a family, suggesting that environmental factors influence disease states. Beside this, patient muscle proteins show oxidative features and support a link between oxidative stress, protein aggregation and abnormal protein deposition in MFM. To improve our understanding of desminopathies, we have developed skeletal muscle cell models to observe desmin behavior upon formation of intra-cytoplasmic aggregates, in an isogenic context. These cells express human desmin carrying Wild Type or pathological mutations. We have already demonstrated that only the D399Y substitution localized in the desmin 2B domain presents an aggregative answer induced by oxidative stress, two other mutations in the head and the tail of the protein do not. Furthermore, a pretreatment with NAC but also with pro-autophagic molecules prevents this aggregation. In the continuity of this work, I thus studied the cellular phenotype of lineages expressing other mutations of the domain 2B. So, I showed that in answer to stress DesQ389P and DesD399Y share a common aggregative character without common structural modification. DesR406W also exhibits aggregates, but smaller and more spread in the cytoplasm. Of more this aggregation is also avoided by pretreatment with NAC for these three cell lines. In contrast, there is no stress inducible aggregation in DesA357P. Besides, the analysis of the redox intra-cytoplasmic contents as well as desmin posttranslational modifications in our cell models present variability for each mutation which can be corrected by the NAC. To analyze NAC anti-aggregative capacity in vivo, animal models were also built. So the surexpression of the desmin D399Y leads to similar physiopathological characteristics to those observed in patients. In conclusion, our results confirm that each mutation leads to its own pathological molecular mechanisms and it will be important to integrate these specific mutant behaviors to consider future treatment
Poitelon, Yannick. "Explorations de modèles animaux et cellulaires de la maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth de type AR-CMT2A." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20710.
Full textPagé, Julie. "Régulation et fonctions du récepteur GPR84 dans le cerveau dans des conditions inflamatoires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20739.
Full textBrasselet-Sicé, Sabrina. "Mise en place de modèles cellulaires pour l'étude de l'absorption des médicaments." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4031.
Full textThe passage of the epithelial barriers constitutes a stage limiting for the absorption of drugs. With the aim of testing in vitro the effectiveness of lipoaminoacids, patented by the company Physica Pharma, as promoters of absorption, I set up at the laboratory two cellular models of epithelial barriers. The first model is a model of intestinal barrier constituted by immortalized human cells, the colon Caco-2 cell line. The second model is a model of nasal epithelial barrier consisting of primary cultures of human nasal epithelial cells available from surgical acts. The permeability of four active drugs was studied on these models. The in vitro studies showed an increase in the permeability of drugs, in the presence of different lipoaminoacids, owing to the opening of the intercellular junctions. From this work, several formulations were selected for preclinical studies on the whole animal. The intestinal model barrier didn’t predict absorption in vivo. Indeed, the in vivo oral absorption studies carried out on the dog could not be correlated with the in vitro results. On the other hand, this work validates an epithelial nasal barrier model for permeability studies of molecules administered by nasal airway, which was validated by in vivo studies in the sheep. Cell cultures gave a qualitative but not a quantitative aspect of the complex events which occur in vivo
Cottard, Virginie. "Développement et utilisation de vecteurs viraux et cellulaires en thérapie génique anti-inflammatoire : application à un modèle de polyarthrite rhumatoïde." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077029.
Full textGagnon, Vicky. "Étude des interactions entre les nerfs sensoriels et les follicules pileux dans un modèle in vitro de peau reconstruite par génie tissulaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22895/22895.pdf.
Full textDesangle, Valérie. "Recherche d'un phénomène d'induction des cytochromes P450 par un xénobiotique : utilisation d'hépatocytes de rat adulte en culture primaire." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P181.
Full textOuvrard-Pascaud, Antoine. "Rôle physiopathologique du récepteur minéralocorticoïde dans le rein et dans le coeur : approches utilisant des modèles conditionnels cellulaires et animaux." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077235.
Full textThe mineralocorticoid receptor is a transcription factor whose activity dépends on the binding to the hormone, aldosterone, that mediates sodium absorption in the distal nephron (cortical collecting duct), playing a critical role in the control of volemia and arterial pressure. Nevertheless, all the molecular targets and signalization pathways have not yet been identified. Further more, among other tissues, this receptor is also expressed in the heart myocardium where its precise functions remain to be elucidated. Using a rat cell line, we generated a subclone allowing conditional expression (Cre-lox) of a functional fusion protein between the human mineralocorticoid receptor and an eGFP fluorescent tag (Ouvrard-Pascaud et al. 2004). This subclone was used in a study proposing that the nuclear translocation of the receptor is not required for stimulating sodium absorption during the early phase of the hormonal response (1-2 hours) (Le Moellic et al. 2004). We generated two transgenic mice lines that over-express the human mineralocorticoid receptor (tet-OFF) specifically in cardiomyocytes. 50% of the mice die during the embryonic development without any apparent defects on cardiogenesis. Tissue analysis of adult animals indicated normal histology. Electrophysiological studies of isolated cardiomyocytes showed lengthened action potentials. Electrocardiograms revealed conduction defaults with the occurrence of premature ventricular complex and tachycardia. This phenotype suggests a role for the mineralocorticoid receptor in the heart electrical conduction signal and its possible implication in pathologies associated with arrhythmias and an increased risk of sudden death
Cuffley, Kristine. "Développement par génie tissulaire d'un modèle d'étude in vitro des voies de signalisation des cellules souches du follicule pileux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23211/23211.pdf.
Full textGallet, de Saint-Aurin Romain. "Utilisation de dérivés cellulaires d'origine cardiaque au cours de l’ischémie reperfusion et du remodelage post-ischémique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0084/document.
Full textBackground: Ischemic heart disease is the first cause of death in western countries. Despite early reperfusion and improvement of medical care, myocardial infarction (MI) mortality remains constant. Therefore new treatments are desirable. Among those new treatments, heart derived cells (obtained from cardiac explants) are promising. Those cells are grown from cardiac explants which, in culture, will spontaneously self-organized in three-dimensional multicellular cluster named cardiospheres. When replated in adherent surface, those cardiospheres will yield to a population of single cells named cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). Allogenic CDCs have been shown to decrease infarct size both in convalescent MI (pre-clinical and clinical studies) and in ischemia-reperfusion. However several small animal studies suggest that 1. Cardiospheres may be more potent than CDCs and 2. CDC-secreted exosomes are likely to be the mediator of CDC effect and their injection may recapitulate the effect of CDCs. Nevertheless, no study has assessed the efficacy of cardiospheres and CDC-derived exosomes in a relevant pre-clinical large-animal model. We aim to compare the effect of cardiospheres, CDCs and CDC-derived exosomes in pig models of convalescent MI (adverse remodeling) and acute MI (ischemia reperfusion).Methods: First, delivery, optimal dose and safety will be optimized. Then, randomized placebo-controlled study will be performed to assess efficacy. For all studies, MI will be performed by balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery after the 1st diagonal. For the acute studies, pigs will be treated 30 minutes after reperfusion and followed for 48 hours. For the chronic studies, pigs will be treated 4 weeks after MI and followed for 4 additional weeks. Efficacy will be evaluated by histology (no-reflow and infarct size) for the acute studies and by MRI (scar size and left ventricular function) for the chronic studies.Expected results: we expect to confirm the results obtained in small animal models. Efficacy of cardiospheres may be better than CDCs, and exosomes should be at least as effective as CDCs but with a more favorable safety profile (especially immunological)
Michaud, Jean-Philippe. "Phagocytes mononucléaires dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : caractérisation et stimulation de mécanismes cellulaires promouvant l'élimination de bêta-amyloïde." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25913.
Full textLa maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la plus fréquente cause de démence mondialement et son incidence augmente en parallèle au vieillissement de la population. La pathogenèse de cette maladie neurodégénérative, actuellement sans traitement curatif, est associée à l’accumulation de bêta-amyloïde (Aβ) dans le parenchyme et la vasculature du cerveau en réponse à l’élimination déficiente de ce peptide neurotoxique. Des évidences épidémiologiques et expérimentales soulignent le rôle crucial du système immunitaire inné dans la MA. Plus précisément, plusieurs études suggèrent que les phagocytes mononucléaires (microglies, monocytes et macrophages cérébraux) constituent des cellules pivots pour combattre l’accumulation d’Aβ. Les études incluses dans cette thèse de doctorat avaient comme objectif d’accroitre les connaissances concernant le rôle des phagocytes mononucléaires dans la pathologie du modèle murin APP/PS1 de la MA. Un nombre croissant d’études indique que les Toll-like receptors (TLRs) seraient critiques pour la clairance d’Aβ par les phagocytes mononucléaires. Nous avons donc étudié le rôle de la protéine adaptatrice myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), qui permet la transduction du signal intracellulaire de la plupart des TLRs. Nous avons observé une augmentation des niveaux d’Aβ solubles et une aggravation des déficits cognitifs dans les souris APP/PS1 avec une signalisation MyD88 défectueuse, vraisemblablement suite à une réduction de la phagocytose des phagocytes mononucléaires et une coordination défaillante de la réponse immunitaire innée. La stimulation des TLRs pourrait ainsi avoir un grand potentiel thérapeutique pour la MA. Nous avons démontré que des injections systémiques répétées du ligand TLR4 monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) dans les souris APP/PS1 ont mené à une réduction significative des niveaux d’Aβ et une amélioration des fonctions cognitives. Le MPL induit une forte réponse phagocytique des phagocytes mononucléaires tout en générant une réaction inflammatoire modérée. Finalement, en utilisant la microscopie intravitale biphotonique, nous avons dévoilé que les monocytes patrouilleurs en état basal sont attirés et rampent sur la face luminale de veines contenant de l’Aβ, capturent l’Aβ et ont la capacité de regagner à nouveau la circulation sanguine. L’ablation sélective des monocytes patrouilleurs dans les souris APP/PS1 a induit une augmentation significative des niveaux d’Aβ dans le cortex et l’hippocampe. Ensemble, ces données démontrent que les phagocytes mononucléaires sains et fonctionnels peuvent promouvoir l’élimination d’Aβ et constituent une cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour la MA.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and its incidence is rising in parallel with the aging population. The pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disease, currently without curative treatment, is associated with the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature in response to the impaired clearance of this neurotoxic peptide. Epidemiological and experimental evidence underline the crucial role of the innate immune system in AD. More precisely, several studies suggest that mononuclear phagocytes (microglia, monocytes and cerebral macrophages) constitute pivotal cells to fight the accumulation of Aβ. The studies enclosed in this doctoral thesis intended to better understand the role of mononuclear phagocytes on the pathology of the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Accumulating evidence indicates a critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the clearance of Aβ by mononuclear phagocytes. We thus investigated the role of the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which is the adaptor protein for most of these innate immune receptors, transducing the intracellular signal from TLRs to the nucleus. We observed increased soluble levels of A oligomers and enhanced cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice with impaired MyD88 signalling, likely through reduced phagocytosis of mononuclear phagocytes and an impaired coordination of the innate immune response. Compounds that stimulate TLRs to clear Aβ may therefore have great therapeutic potential in AD patients. We demonstrated that repeated systemic injections of the TLR4 ligand monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in APP/PS1 mice led to a significant reduction in Aβ load and improved cognitive function. MPL induced a potent phagocytic response by mononuclear phagocytes while triggering a moderate inflammatory reaction. Finally, using live intravital two-photon microscopy, we discovered that patrolling monocytes in steady state are attracted and crawl onto the luminal walls of Aβ-positive veins, uptake Aβ and are able to circulate back into the bloodstream. Selective removal of patrolling monocytes in APP/PS1 mice induced a significant increase of Aβ load in the cortex and hippocampus. Overall, these studies demonstrate that healthy and functional mononuclear phagocytes can promote the elimination of Aβ and constitute a promising therapeutic target for AD.
Beauchamp, Philippe. "Effets protecteurs du préconditionnement de cellules endothéliales de rat en culture. Effets sur l'adhésion des neutrophiles et sur l'expression d'ICAM-1 après anoxie et réoxygénation." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES069.
Full textMordant, Pierre. "Cancer bronchique primitif, voies de signalisation intra-cellulaires et modèles précliniques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809668.
Full textBouchard, Caroline. "Régulation transcriptionnelle du GPR84, un nouveau récepteur couplé aux protéines G exprimé par la microglie dans des conditions inflammatoires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24392/24392.pdf.
Full textGenty, Christian. "Réponse in vitro des cellules ostéoformatrices aux stimuli mécaniques : étude en microgravité réelle et sur les modèles animaux après surcharge et décharge mécanique." Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STET4013.
Full textBarateau, Alice. "Effets pléiotropes de la lamine A mutée en un site responsable de dystrophie musculaire congénitale : recherche translationnelle, de la clinique aux modèles cellulaires et animaux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC134/document.
Full textHundreds of mutations in the LMNA gene coding lamins A/C, nuclear intermediate filament proteins, cause several diseases. For my thesis, I studied the p.R388P LMNA mutation, newly identified as responsible for congenital muscular dystrophy (L-CMD) associated with lipodystrophy. My goals were to determine the properties of the mutant lamin A and its impact in cells and a skeletal muscle.Results: 1) Ex vivo culture of patient skin fibroblasts revealed their premature entry into senescence. 2) In immortalised cell lines, the overexpression of the mutant lamin A, which accumulates exclusively in the nucleoplasm and is abnormally soluble, modified the properties of two partners, LAP2α and emerin, increased the amount of genes bound by lamin A, decreased the compaction of chromatin and induced nuclear dysmorphies. Treatment of cells with histone acetyltransferase or deacetylase inhibitors did not rescue nuclear shape. 3) In mouse tibialis anterior muscle injected with adeno-associated virus coding for mutant lamin A, the number of oxidative type IIA myofibres was decreased and expression of few genes modified. Conclusion: We showed that R388P lamins A alter the structure of nuclei, nuclear envelope integrity and the organisation/expression of the genome, with consequences on skeletal muscle fibre typing. Because of its pleiotropic effects, the mutant lamin A appears particularly toxic, in agreement with the severity of the patient’s disease
Warter, Lucile. "Etude des déterminants de la réplication du virus GB-B en culture cellulaire et in vivo : développement d'un modèle d'étude du virus de l'hépatite C." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077076.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents an important public health concern. The study of HCV infection, as well as the development of specific drugs to combat this infection, have been hampered by the lack of small animal models susceptible to HCV. In this context, GB virus B (GBV-B), an hepatotropic virus which infects small South America non-human primates (marmosets and tamarins) and which is closely related to HCV, constitutes an interesting surrogate model to study HCV. For these reasons, we have developed a dicistronic subgenomic GBV-B RNA (replicon) which autonomously replicates in cell culture. Using this replicon System, we showed that proximal domains I and II of the GBV-B 5' nontranslated region (5'NTR), as well as GBV-B nonstructural proteins NS3, NS4A and NS5A are critical determinants for RNA réplication in vitro. Using the GBV-B replicon, we also showed that mutations within the 3'NTR and NS5A encoding sequence identified as essential for the in vivo infectivity of a chimeric GBV-B genome comprising the domain III of the HCV 5'NTR, do not act in translation or replication of the chimeric replicon in cell culture, but rather at a later stage of the virus life cycle, possibly for viral particle assembly. Moreover, we have undertaken to create GBV-B/HCV chimeric replicons encoding HCV polymerase NS5B, in the aim to develop a System to assess the efficiency of antiviral drugs targeting HCV NS5B in small primates infected by a corresponding GBV-B/HCV chimeric virus. Finally, we have investigated the infectivity of the GBV-B molecular clone used in the laboratory in marmosets
Boa, Olivier. "Analyse in vivo du remodelage à long terme de la peau reconstruite endothélialisée et de son réseau vasculaire et étude in vitro de la pseudo-vasculogénèse lors du développement tumoral au sein de la peau reconstruite endothélialisée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24705/24705.pdf.
Full textMokondjimobe, Etienne. "Hexosaminidase (HEX) et phosphatase alcaline (PAL) du cartilage articulaire de lapin et des chondrocytes en culture ; modifications au cours du vieillissement et de l'arthrose (modèles in-vivo et in-vitro)." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P607.
Full textGuyot, Christelle. "Caractérisation et activation des différentes cellules fibrogéniques hépatiques : utilisation du modèle "tranche de foie" en culture." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21344.
Full textHepatic fibrosis results from excessive extracellular matrix deposition by activated fibrogenic cells deriving from precursor cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and portal fibroblasts (PF) which acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype. We have developed an organotypic model of precision cut liver slice (PCLS) culture in which cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are maintained. We studied the effect of bile acids on PCLS and we shown that individual bile acids induce specific effects on activation, proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic cells. We studied fibrotic tissue remodeling in PCLS, and our data showed that fibrogenic cells behave differently in cultured PCLS depending on the fibrogenic cell type involved : HSC or PF. Finally, studying the expression of smoothelin, we showed that smooth muscle cells may also acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype and participate in fibrotic lesions. These data strengthen the concept of liver fibrogenic cell heterogeneity participating in fibrotic lesions
Rebaudo, François. "Modélisation de la dynamique spatio-temporelle d'insectes ravageurs des cultures dans des systèmes socio-écologiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836104.
Full textClément, Laurence. "Effets des lipides sur le contrôle nerveux de l'homéostasie glucidique chez le rat : aspects cellulaires et moléculaires." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA11T025.
Full textType 2 diabetes represents 90 to 95% of all cases of diabetes and is characterised by insulinresistance along with an alteration pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. The mechanisms responsible for such alterations are not fully understood. In a preliminary study, we found that β-cell dysfunction partly results from a deleterious effect of free fatty acids (FFA) on the sympathetic nervous system. The aim of this work was to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in the alteration of nervous regulation of glucose homeostasis by lipids. In Wistar rats infused intracerebroventricularly with a triglyceride emulsion and heparin, we found that lipids may act on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce an increase in glucose-induced insulinsecretion (GIIS). As shown by the pancreatic turnover of norepinephrine, the effect of lipids is probably mediated by a decrease in the sympathetic output to the pancreas. We also found a decreased liver insulin sensitivity in these rats, associated with a hypercorticosteronernia. Consequently, our aim was to determine the molecular mechanisms les mécanismes cellulaires implicated in the action of lipids on the CNS. Microarray studies of the hypothalamic RNA of these rats showed that lipids induce transcriptional changes of specifie genes, which could account for the metabolic alterations, such as the leptine receptor. We then focused on the binding characteristics of pancreatic β-cell α2A adrenergic receptors in response to elevated circulating FFA levels. These receptors have been shown to mediate inhibition of GIIS by norepinephrine. We found a decreased number and an increased affinity of these receptors. We also found that FFA induce changes in islet membrane phospholipidic composition, which may account for the increased affinity of the receptors. We conclude that these data suggest that the diabetogenic effect of FFA may not only result from changes in glucose metabolisme, but also from alterations in the sympathetic nervous output to the pancreas, and to neurophysiologie modifications, probably mediated by changes in hypothalamic activity
Krezymon, Alice. "Altérations cellulaires hippocampiques liées à l'âge et récupération cognitive induite par un enrichissement environnemental chez les souris Tg2576 modèles de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1923/.
Full textTo understand the cellular mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we used transgenic mice (Tg2576) that develop phenotypic alterations mimicking some aspects of AD. We found that during the development of AD, hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in young Tg2576 mice and a remodeling of the neural network of the hippocampus may contribute to memory deficits. On the other hand, environmental factors have been suggested to impact the risk and development of AD. The "cognitive reserve" hypothesis proposes protective effects of complex experiences, such as sustained cognitive engagement, against dementia. We found that transient enriched housing of young mice to an enriched environment restores memory performance and decreases senile plaque formation in neo-cortical areas
Puig, Stéphanie. "Etude intégrée des variations comportementales, neurochimiques et cellulaires de la cocaïne : Analyse des variations à court et à long terme : Importance du profil d’administration et anticipation de l’effet renforçant de la drogue." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P620/document.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
Gingras, Marie. "Application du génie tissulaire à l'étude du système nerveux périphérique sensoriel et moteur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24182/24182.pdf.
Full textMorin, Sophie. "Relations cellulaires et moléculaires entre myoblastes et fibroblastes au cours de la régénération musculaire chez le mutant mdx, modèle murin de la myopathie de Duchenne." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28320.
Full textThe mdx mouse is an X-linked muscular dystrophic mouse presenting biochemical and histopathological features similar to those seen in DMD. Our purpose was to understand why mdx muscle fails to show the progressive degeneration which is observed in DMD. We have hypothesized that this difference may be associated 1) with the proliferation capacity of muscle fibroblasts and 2) with a modfication of the expression of basal lamina components. The in vitro analysis of mdx muscle fibroblast proliferation showed that during the acute phase of the disease the muscle fibroblasts lost approximately 50 % of their replication capacity, and 8-week-old mdx mouse muscle fibroblasts failed to replicate. Conditioned medium experiments revealed that these cells release an inhibition factor, specific for fibroblasts. The study of ECM showed an increase in immunofluorescence staining of laminin and HSPG in mdx muscle, especially in regenerating areas. Immunoblot and densitometric analysis confirmed these observations. On the contrary, DMD muscle, laminin and HSPG levels were lower than in control human muscle. These results suggest that the increase of basal lamina components and the proliferation arrest of muscle fibroblasts could be, at least partly, responsible for the successful regenerative process observed in mdx mouse muscle
Montbarbon, Muriel. "Régulation de la réponse inflammatoire intestinale par la fumée de cigarette : caractérisation des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires chez la souris." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951219.
Full textRagazzon, Bruno. "Contrôle hormonal de la stéroïdogenèse et tumorigenèse cortico-surrénalienne : utilisation de la trangenèse chez la souris pour le développement de nouvelles lignées cellulaires et de modèles animaux de pathologies tumorales par oncogenèse ciblée." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686939.
Full textWautot, Virginie. "Le gène de prédisposition aux Néoplasies Endocriniennes Multiples de type 1 : analyse des mutations chez les patients et étude de l'expression et de l'inactivation du gène NEM1 dans des modèles cellulaires et animaux." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T065.
Full textPlachez, Céline. "Etude des transporteurs du glutamate au cours du développement "in vitro" des neurones hippocampiques." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20002.
Full textMateu, Guylaine. "Toxicité du glutamate sur des cultures primaires de neurones mésencéphaliques de la substance noire de rat." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20257.
Full textAudoy, Julie. "Mécanismes de régulation des macrophages cérébraux dans des maladies du système nerveux central." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27079/27079.pdf.
Full textLe, Coz Carole. "Quelle contribution du centre germinatif et de ses composants moléculaires et cellulaires dans la physiopathologie du lupus ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ077.
Full textSystemic lupus erythematosus is a disabling chronic autoimmune disease characterized by B cell hyperactivity leading to the production of autoantibodies, some of which exerting pathogenic effects. Autoantibodies are produced by plasma cells, which originate from the differentiation of B cells through a process that mainly takes place in germinal centers (GC) in secondary lymphoïd organs and involves many molecular and cellular parameters. The aim of my PhD project was to analyze the individual contribution of GC components, such as follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and IL-21, to lupus development. During this work, we have shown both a quantitative and qualitative impairment of Tfh cells in lupus patients and in a mouse model, leading, among other things, to high IL-21 levels. We also observed that B cells from lupus mice display a specific intrinsic sensitivity to this cytokine, due to over-expression of key molecules such as STAT3, which results in increased plasma cell differentiation. Thus, all elements are gathered that favor "Tfh-B" cell interactions and the GC reaction, and therefore the autoimmune response. Finally, the discovery of functional ectopic GC in the kidneys of lupus mice allows envisaging that local responses occur within the target organs and likely participate to kidney injury. The fundamental data we obtained are promising and anticipate new and better targeted biotherapies for lupus treatment
Marin, Matthieu. "Xénobiotique et détoxication cellulaire : couplage d'un mécanisme de détoxication cellulaire de type MDR/MXR à des courants chlorures osmorégulés." Le Havre, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LEHA0055.
Full textAmong the molecular actors of cellular detoxification, P-glycoproteins (P-gp) represent a first line of defense against various toxic compounds. These proteins were first identified in neoplastic tumors (MDR phenotype, Multi Drug Resistance). This concept was the enlarged to MXR phenotype (Multi Xenobiotic Resistance), a set of defense mechanisms against toxins in aquatic organisms. In 90's, studies proposed that MXR was coupled to volume regulation. The aim of the study was to highlight cross regulations between osmoregulated chloride channels and MXR-MDR mechanisms in terms of enzymatic activity, regulation, cell viability and modulation of osmoregulated chloride currents, in MCF-7 cell line, expressing or not P-gp, and in primary-cultured cells of the blue mussel
Liu, Xuanli. "Rôle de la leucocidine de Panton-Valentine dans l'infection oculaire staphylococcique : étude des cibles cellulaires et des conséquences inflammatoires tissulaires rétiniennes sur des modèles d'endophtalmie in vivo et ex vivo chez le lapin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ076/document.
Full textStaphylococcus aureus is responsible for many infections. It secretes various virulence factors aggravating the staphylococcal infections. Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) is a virulent leukotoxin from S. aureus and presents active effects towards leukocytes and neuronal cells via the C5a receptor (C5aR). The effects of PVL on retina is little known. We explored PVL retinal cell target and early retinal inflammation and tried to find the processes of bacterial toxins aggravating bacterial endophthalmitis. We employed two different rabbit models to study the PVL effects on retina: intravitreal injection in vivo and retinal explant ex vivo. In the two models, retinal ganglion cells were the only retinal neurons which express C5aR and the major cell targets of PVL in retina. PVL induced retinal Müller and microglial cell activation. The retinal explants were easily manipulated and showed obvious cellular targets of PVL and glial cell activations, they can contribute to research the effects of PVL on retina in future. PVL alone without S. aureus could induce great retinal inflammation after targeting specifically retinal neurons
De, Conto Véronique. "Importance du microenvironnement dans les modèles cérébraux in vitro pour le criblage phénotypique." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUS046.
Full textAbout 90% of drug candidates fail in clinical trials, for efficacy- and toxicity-related reasons, which often involve the Central Nervous System (CNS). This high failure rate highlights a lack of relevance in experimental models used upstream, including human in vitro models. Indeed, they do not take into account the complexity of the CNS, in which neurons are organized in 3 dimensions (3D) and interact with their microenvironment, composed of cells, soluble factors and extracellular matrix (ECM). The objectives of this PhD were i) to study the influence of these three microenvironment components on neuronal cells in cerebral in vitro models by automatized cellular imaging, and ii) to develop more relevant cerebral in vitro models for phenotypic screening, to assess neurotoxic or therapeutic effects, in the frame of Parkinson’s Disease (PD).First, the BIOMIMESYS® Brain technology has been developed. This acid hyaluronic based-matrix allows the simulation of the ECM and a 3D culture of cerebral cells in 96-well plates. The sensitivity of Luhmes cells, a dopaminergic neuronal cell line, to PD inducers has been studied: the cells displayed a lower sensitivity in BIOMIMESYS® Brain compared to cells cultured in 2 dimensions (2D). This difference was explained by two phenomena: a partial retention of toxic molecules in the matrix, and a lower neuronal maturity compared to cells cultured in 2D.The importance of the cellular microenvironment has been studied through a co-culture of Luhmes cells and primary human astrocytes in 2D. This co-culture has then been transposed in BIOMIMESYS® matrix, to form a complex model including both the glial and the matricial microenvironments.In parallel, the influence of the molecular microenvironment has been studied on the SH-SY5Y cells, a cell line derived from a neuroblastoma, commonly used for neurotoxicity assessment. In this study, the 24 major differentiation media described in the literature to differentiate these cells into neurons have been screened. The 3 most differentiating conditions in terms of proliferation slowdown and neurite elongation have been selected: retinoic acid, staurosporine, and cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) combined to B21 supplement. The neuronal protein marker expression and the cell sensitivity to compounds of known-toxicity have been measured, in 2D and in 3D in BIOMIMESYS® Brain. Both maturity and sensitivity of these neurons varied according to the differentiation medium, and were higher in B21+cAMP. The 3D cell culture modified also the cell response, with a lower sensitivity of cells cultured in 2D.This PhD highlighted that the microenvironment of neurons, including the ECM, the glial cells and the soluble factors, can modify the neuronal response in vitro, and should thus be considered carefully in academic research and as early as possible in the drug discovery industrial process
Jaeger, Catherine. "Organisation tissulaire de l'horloge circadienne dans la rétine de rongeur." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ066/document.
Full textThe retina exhibits physiological rhythms that are under the control of a circadian clock whose location and organization are poorly understood in mammals. We studied the retina clock in rat and mouse through in vitro bioluminescence monitoring of the rhythmic expression of molecular elements of the clockwork: the Period1 gene and the PERIOD2 protein respectively. We showed that each of the three retinal layers harbors a functional circadian oscillator, which period is strikingly longer than in the whole retina and depends on asymmetric coupling between layers. We pharmacologically investigated the nature of the coupling signals and showed that glutamate, GABA, glycine and dopamine are dispensable. We nevertheless highlighted that casein kinases 1δ and 1ε strongly modulate the period of the retina clock. Finally, we observed that the retina clock also entails cell-to-cell coupling that involves at least partially gap-junctions
Drapeau, Annie. "Effet d'un traitement au témozolomide par infusion intra-artérielle avec ou sans ouverture osmotique de la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11311.
Full textAbstract : Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Its’ standard treatment, maximal surgical resection followed by an adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy and temozolomide [TMZ]) offers only a modest median survival benefit of 14.6 months (vs. 12.1 months with post-surgery radiotherapy alone) (Stupp et al., 2005). TMZ remains the therapeutic agent of choice for the treatment of GBM. Despite its bioavailability approaching 100% after a per os administration (Diez et al., 2009), its cerebrospinal fluid penetration is only of 20% (Ostermann et al., 2004). Thus, TMZ’s therapeutic limitations could be due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Alternative routes of drug delivery attempt to bypass these barriers. For example, intra-arterial (IA) administration with an osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (OBBBD) allows greater drug distribution to the central nervous system (CNS). Its use with TMZ, with or without radiotherapy, has never been studied. We hypothesized that it will increase TMZ concentration in the CNS and that, when combined to radiotherapy, it will intensify its anti-neoplastic activity. The project was divided in three parts: (1) the evaluation of F98 cells’ in vitro sensitivity to TMZ; (2) the in vivo caracterization of TMZ’s neuropharmacokinetics, following different routes of administration; and (3) the in vivo evaluation of TMZ’s anti-tumoral effect, following different routes of administration. The syngenic glioma Fischer-F98 model was used in all in vivo experiments. Our results showed the F98 cells to be resistant to TMZ in vitro. The methodology developed showed that an IA infusion with and without OBBBD increased TMZ’s peak concentration and area under the curve in the brain tumor and ipsilateral brain parenchyma in the Fischer-F98 rat. All the while limiting systemic exposure. However, no survival benefit was observed with the use of these alternative strategies. More so, TMZ’s enhanced delivery to the CNS seemed toxic. A survival benefit was measured following the addition of radiotherapy. This was independent of the route of delivery of TMZ or normal saline. In summary, our results provide evidence that the method of TMZ administration does impact its CNS delivery. By bypassing the BBB, the judicious use of local delivery approaches combined with the appropriate therapeutic agent can have a great clinical potential in the treatment of glioblastomas.
Jabaudon, Gandet Matthieu. "Approche translationnelle de la voie RAGE au cours du syndrôme de détresse respiratoire aiguë : implications diagnostiques, physiopathologiques et thérapeutiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM09.
Full textThe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with diffuse alveolarinjury leading to increased permeability pulmonary edema and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Despite recent improvements in intensive care, ARDS is still frequent and associated with high mortality and morbidity. Two major features of ARDS may contribute to mortality and response to treatment: impaired alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), i.e. altered capacity of the alveolar epithelium to remove edema fluid from distal lung airspaces, and phenotypes of severe inflammation. Pharmacological approaches of ARDS treatment are limited and further mechanistic explorations are needed to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a multiligand pattern recognition receptor that is abundantly expressed by lung alveolar epithelial cells andmodulates several cellular signaling pathways. There is growing evidence supporting sRAGE (the main soluble isoform of RAGE) as a marker of epithelial cell injury, and RAGE may be pivotal in ARDS pathophysiology through the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory responses. Our objectives were to characterize the roles of RAGE in ARDS through a translational approach combining preclinical and clinical studies. First, observational and interventional clinical studies were conducted to test sRAGE as a biomarker during ARDS.Then, cultures of epithelial cells, macrophages and a mouse model of acidinduced lung injury were used to describe the effects of RAGE pathway on AFC and inflammation, with special emphasis on a macrophage activation through NodLikeReceptor family, Pyrindomain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Acidinjured mice were treated with an antiRAGE monoclonal antibody or recombinant sRAGE to test the impact of RAGE inhibition on criteria of experimental ARDS. Results from clinical studies support a role of sRAGE as a biomarker of ARDS, withdiagnostic, prognostic and predictive values. In addition, plasma sRAGE is correlated with a lung imaging phenotype of nonfocal ARDS and could inform on therapeutic response. Herein, we also describe in vivo and in vitro effects of RAGE activation on transepithelial fluid transport and expression levels of epithelial channels (aquaporin 5, αNa,KATPaseandαENaC) and on macrophage activation through NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, RAGE inhibition improves AFC and decreases lung injury in vivo. Taken together, our findings support a role of RAGE pathway in the regulation of lung injury, AFC and macrophage activation during ARDS, albeit precise regulatory mechanisms remain uncertain. sRAGE has most features of a validated biomarker that could be used in clinical medicine, but whether it may help to identify subgroups (or phenotypes) of patients that would benefit from tailored therapy remains underinvestigated. Modulation ofRAGE pathway may be a promising therapeutic target, and though validation studies are warranted, such findings may ultimately open novel diagnostic and therapeutic perspectivesin patients with ARDS