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Books on the topic 'Cultural values; Theories'
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1
Shuming, Liang. Fundamentals of Chinese Culture. Translated by Li Ming. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729659.
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Chinese culture, to readers of English, is somewhat veiled in mystery. Fundamentals of Chinese Culture, a classic of great insight and profundity by noted Chinese thinker, educator and social reformist Liang Shuming, takes readers on an intellectual journey into the five-thousand-year-old culture of China, the world’s oldest continuous civilization. With a set of "Chinese-style" cultural theories, the book well serves as a platform for Westerners' better understanding of the distinctive worldview of the Chinese people, who value family life and social stability, and for further mutual understanding and greater mutual consolidation among humanities scholars in different contexts, dismantling common misconceptions about China and bridging the gap between Chinese culture and Western culture. As a translation of Liang Shuming’s original text, this book pulls back the curtain to reveal to Westerners a highly complex and nuanced picture of a fascinating people.
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Bishop, Tom, Gina Bloom, and Erika T. Lin, eds. Games and Theatre in Shakespeare's England. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723251.
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This collection of essays brings together theories of play and game with theatre and performance to produce new understandings of the history and design of early modern English drama. Through literary analysis and embodied practice, an international team of distinguished scholars examines a wide range of games—from dicing to bowling to roleplaying to videogames—to uncover their fascinating ramifications for the stage in Shakespeare’s era and our own. Foregrounding ludic elements challenges the traditional view of drama as principally mimesis, or imitation, revealing stageplays to be improvisational experiments and participatory explorations into the motive, means, and value of recreation. Delving into both canonical masterpieces and hidden gems, this innovative volume stakes a claim for play as the crucial link between games and early modern theatre, and for the early modern theatre as a critical site for unraveling the continued cultural significance and performative efficacy of gameplay today.
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Ng, Jenna. The Post-Screen Through Virtual Reality, Holograms and Light Projections. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723541.
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Screens are ubiquitous today. They display information; present image worlds; are portable; connect to mobile networks; mesmerize. However, contemporary screen media also seek to eliminate the presence of the screen and the visibilities of its boundaries. As what is image becomes increasingly indistinguishable against the viewer’s actual surroundings, this unsettling prompts re-examination about not only what is the screen, but also how the screen demarcates and what it stands for in relation to our understanding of our realities in, outside and against images. Through case studies drawn from three media technologies – Virtual Reality; holograms; and light projections – this book develops new theories of the surfaces on and spaces in which images are displayed today, interrogating critical lines between art and life; virtuality and actuality; truth and lies. What we have today is not just the contestation of the real against illusion or the unreal, but the disappearance itself of difference and a gluttony of the unreal which both connect up to current politics of distorted truth values and corrupted terms of information. The Post-Screen Through Virtual Reality, Holograms and Light Projections: Where Screen Boundaries Lie is thus about not only where the image’s borders and demarcations are established, but also the screen boundary as the instrumentation of today’s intense virtualizations that do not tell the truth. In all this, a new imagination for images emerges, with a new space for cultures of presence and absence, definitions of object and representation, and understandings of dis- and re-placement – the post-screen.
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Chandra, Saurabh, ed. SOCRATES (Vol 3, No 2 (2015): Issue- June). 3rd ed. India: SOCRATES : SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL, 2015.
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The Barmen Declaration as a paradigm for a theology of the American church. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press, 1991.
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Muelder, Walter George. The Ethical Edge of Christian Theology: Forty Years of Communitarian Personalism. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1994.
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Maros, Marlyna, and Azianura Hani Shaari. Cultural values in Malay speech acts. UUM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672210986.
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How do members of the new generation praise each other? Do they still adhere to the communication strategies prescribed in their traditional cultural values or modernization has played a role in initiating changes in peoples linguistic behavior?The book addresses the changes in the cultural values that have emerged in the speech acts of compliments and compliment responses of native speakers of Malay in Malaysia. In the field of sociolinguistics, the discussion provides insights into the current practices of the Malay speech acts and linguistic identity among the speakers, especially after 60 years of Malaysias independence. The rapid developments in technology and cyber communication have contributed to linguistic innovation and changes in language use to a certain extent, hence calling for a look at its impact on Malay cultural values.Through empirical evidence, the book attempts to elucidate the emerging norms that indicate changes in the cultural values of the new Malays. Our arguments are supported by the theories related to how utterances are analysed linguistically, taking into consideration the social factors, such as power, social distance, social status of the interlocutors and weight age of the imposition on the speech acts.This book is written to bring you closer to the members of the new generation, by providing insights into their strategies of communication. Specifically, it is written to uncover and understand the norms and values of the Malays of the 21st century.
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Holmes, Robyn M. Cultural Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199343805.001.0001.
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Cultural psychology draws upon major psychological topics, theories, and principles to illustrate the importance of culture in psychological inquiry. It explores how culture broadly connects to psychological processing across diverse cultural communities and settings, highlighting its application to everyday life events and situations, and presenting culture as a complex medium in which individuals acquire skills, values, and abilities. One central theme is the view of culture as a mental and physical construct that individuals live, experience, share, perform, and learn; a second core theme is how culture shapes growth and development. Culture-specific and cross-cultural examples reveal connections between culture and psychological phenomena. The text is multidisciplinary and presents different perspectives on how culture shapes human phenomena. It provides an introduction to this field; covers the history of cultural psychology, cultural evolution, and cultural ecology; explains methods; and examines language and nonverbal communication, and cognition and perception. Topics investigating social behavior include the self, identity, and personality; social relationships, social attitudes, and intergroup contact in a global world; and social influence, aggression, violence, and war. Topics addressing growth and development include human development and its processes, transitions, and rituals across the life span; and socializing agents, socialization practices, and child activities. Additional topics explore emotion and motivation, mental health and psychopathology, and future directions for cultural psychology. Chapters contain teaching and learning tools, including case studies, multidisciplinary contributions, thought-provoking questions, class and experiential activities, a chapter summary, and additional print and media resources.
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Danielson, J. Taylor, and Robin Stryker. Cultural Influences on Social Policy Development. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.032.
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Meaning-making is the core of all cultural mechanisms influencing policy development. Culture includes ideas; ideologies; values; concepts and theories; categories; beliefs; attitudes; opinions; norms; cognitive schema and paradigms; frames; discourse; spoken, written, or signed language; and any material object to which meaning is attached. Each shapes policies through meaning-making. This chapter explores how diverse aspects of culture play cognitive, normative-evaluative, and strategic roles in U.S. social policy development. It reviews exemplary research exploring the relationship between various cultural forces and that development, offering methodological and theoretical suggestions for future research. Cultural factors alone are unlikely to provide a sufficient explanation for any aspect of U.S. social policy development. However, understanding how they operate in the background and foreground of social policy debates is essential, because fully explaining the nature, timing, causes, and consequences of any particular American social policy development will require elucidating multiple aspects of—and roles played by—culture.
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Steinberg, Stephen. The Myth of Ethnic Success. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766031.013.020.
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Since its inception, social science has spawned a succession of theories that purport to explain differential rates of ethnic mobility as a byproduct of the cultural values of the groups themselves. The fatal flaw of these theories is that they reify culture by failing to examine its anchorage in history and social structure, eliding the very factors that produce and reproduce these value systems. This chapter critiques two theoretical propositions that currently pervade both popular and scholarly discourses: the projection of Asian Americans as “a model minority” and the supposition that black underachievement is the result of “acting white.” It is argued that these theories provide epistemic justification for the cleavages of race and class that continue to rend American society.
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Plock, Vike Martina. Novelty and the Market: Edith Wharton. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427418.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses Edith Wharton’s critical assessment of modern consumer culture, whose ascendancy she associated with standardised sartorial and literary tastes. By showing her indebtedness to Herbert Spencer’s evolutionary theories, it argues that she was suspicious of fashion’s imperative for ‘newness’ and thought that its cultural dominance was detrimental to cultural and artistic progress. Alongside essays such as ‘The Vice of Reading’, ‘The Great American Novel’, ‘Permanent Values in Fiction’, and ‘Fiction and Criticism’ as well as unpublished material from the Edith Wharton Collection in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, the chapter focuses on novels such as The Touchstone (1900), The Custom of the Country (1913), The Children (1928), Hudson River Bracketed (1929) and The Gods Arrive (1932).
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Ward, Tony, and Anthony Beech. The explanation of sexual offending. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.3.
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This essay focuses on four core issues and their normative implications associated with the “theory problem” as it relates to sexual offending. First, a critical task is to build multi-level and interfield theories that are directly responsive to the complex nature of human functioning and psychological architecture. Second, an important cognitive task is to take seriously the level of human agency and mental state psychological explanations of action. This requires accepting the significance of values and personal meanings, and appreciating that social and cultural practices causally influence a person’s sense of self and purpose in life. Third, we need to shift our attention from construct validity procedures and look to understand underlying causal processes. A preoccupation with measurement may trap us into surface-level explanations. Finally, some degree of integration should be attempted between research and conceptual work on dynamic risk factors and that on aetiological theories.
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Chryssochoou, Xenia. Social Justice in Multicultural Europe: A Social Psychological Perspective. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.18.
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Informed by Social Representations and Social Identity theories, this chapter argues that investigation of justice issues in multicultural Europe requires focusing on the ideological context in which justice is pursued or obstructed. Following Touraine (2005), it argues that two social representations of societal organization coexist in Europe with different implications for status, values, and justice attribution: one that organizes society and builds hierarchies in terms of merit; and another that organizes society according to cultural differences and to group membership. The use of each representation implies different criteria for distributive and procedural justice and emphasizes conflicts based on different memberships. A representation of society following a cultural order might hide the class membership of migrants and obstruct their individual mobility. Unable to fight in terms of class, migrants’ sole opportunity for seeking justice and equal treatment is to fight collectively by adopting an ethno-cultural or religious identity.
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Scheidt, Hannah K. Practicing Atheism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536940.001.0001.
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Practicing Atheism is a cultural study of contemporary atheism, focusing on how atheists negotiate meanings and values through media. This book examines a variety of cultural products, both corporate driven and grassroots, that circulate messages about what atheism means—what ideas, values, affinities, and attitudes the term denotes. Through the creation, consumption, and exchange of this media, atheism gains positive content, the term signaling much more than lack of belief in god(s) for those who identify with the emergent culture. Primary source materials for this book include grassroots Internet communities, popular television programming, organized atheist events, and material culture representations of the movement, such as those found in atheist fan art. Practicing Atheism argues that atheist culture emerges from a unique tension with religion—a category atheists critique and resist but also, at times, imitate and approximate. Using a framework based on ritual studies, this book theorizes ambivalence, ambiguity, and “in-betweenness” as the essential condition of contemporary atheist culture.
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Proust, Joëlle, and Martin Fortier, eds. Metacognitive Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.001.0001.
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This book focuses on the variability of metacognitive skills across cultures. Metacognition refers to the processes that enable agents to contextually control their first-order cognitive activity (e.g. perceiving, remembering, learning, or problem-solving) by monitoring them, i.e. assessing their likely success. It is involved in our daily observations, such as “I don’t remember where my keys are,” or “I understand your point.” These assessments may rely either on specialized feelings (e.g. the felt fluency involved in distinguishing familiar from new environments, informative from repetitive messages, difficult from easy cognitive tasks) or on folk theories about one’s own mental abilities. Variable and universal features associated with these dimensions are documented, using anthropological, linguistic, neuroscientific, and psychological evidence. Among the universal cross-cultural aspects of metacognition, children are found to be more sensitive to their own ignorance than to that of others, adults have an intuitive understanding of what counts as knowledge, and speakers are sensitive to the reliability of informational sources (independently of the way the information is linguistically expressed). On the other hand, an agent’s decisions to allocate effort, motivation to learn, and sense of being right or wrong in perceptions and memories (and other cognitive tasks) are shown to depend on specific transmitted goals, norms, and values. Metacognitive variability is seen to be modulated (among other factors) by variation in attention patterns (analytic or holistic), self-concepts (independent or interdependent), agentive properties (autonomous or heteronomous), childrearing style (individual or collective), and modes of learning (observational or pedagogical). New domains of metacognitive variability are studied, such as those generated by metacognition-oriented embodied practices (present in rituals and religious worship) and by culture-specific lay theories about subjective uncertainty and knowledge regarding natural or supernatural entities.
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Coletta, Michela. Decadent Modernity. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941312.001.0001.
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How did Latin Americans represent their own countries as modern? By treating modernity as a ubiquitous category in which ideas of progress and decadence are far from being mutually exclusive, this book explores how different groups of intellectuals, between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, drew from European sociological and medical theories to produce a series of cultural representations based on notions of degeneration. Through a comparative analysis of three country case studies − Argentina, Uruguay and Chile − the book investigates four themes that were central to definitions of Latin American modernity at the turn of the century: race and the nation, the search for the autochthonous, education, and aesthetic values. It takes a transnational approach to show how civilisational constructs were adopted and adapted in a postcolonial context where cultural modernism foreshadowed economic modernisation. In doing this, this work sheds new light on the complex discursive negotiations through which the idea of ‘Latin America’ became gradually established in the region.
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Munson, Marit K., and Kelley Hays-Gilpin. Iconography. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.35.
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Images from archaeological sites are often engaging, sometimes mysterious, and always seem full of potential for insight into the lives and thoughts of people from the past. Unfortunately, most research into archaeological images relies on a narrow range of art historical methods and on parallels with ethnographic information. These approaches are valuable, but unnecessarily limited. In this chapter, we encourage researchers to expand their understanding of images, exploring how perceptual and social theories of pictures shape our understanding of meaning and discussing the benefits and drawbacks of formal, informed, and artifactual approaches to studying pictures. We also review major temporal and cultural patterns in image traditions in the Southwest, illustrating how iconography yields important insights into cosmologies, values, the advent and spread of religious movements, macro regional interactions, and social dynamics in the past.
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Song, Sarah. Philosophical Justifications of State Power over Immigration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 turns to political theory to explore the normative foundations of the state’s power over immigration. It examines theories based on (1) the value of cultural and national identity, (2) the right to property, (3) freedom of association, and (4) freedom from unwanted obligations. The first three appeal to the value of collective self-determination. On the nationalist view, the fundamental imperative of immigration control is the preservation of culturally distinctive nations. The property argument derives the right of immigration control from the labor of citizens. The freedom-of-association argument regards citizens as parties to associations, such as marriage or a golf club, which have the right to refuse association with nonassociates. The freedom-from unwanted-obligations-argument does not directly engage with the idea of collective self-determination. I argue that each of these theories falls short of providing a convincing theory of state authority over immigration.
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Melidoro, Domenico. Dealing with Diversity. Edited by Aakash Singh Rathore. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121136.001.0001.
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The diversity of cultures, religions, and moral values and the ways in which liberalism deals with this plurality is the topic at the centre of this book. The author illustrates, in a critical and original way, the recent international debate on liberalism and diversity. In doing that, he discusses some controversial issues such as multiculturalism and minority rights, immigration, religious pluralism, children education, and the place of religion in society as well. After an analysis of some recent liberal theories, the book works out a solution to the problem of ensuring a peaceful and stable coexistence of different groups within the same institutional setting. It is a solution that is liberal in its general orientation, since it has a liberal allegiance to equality and individual rights. However, the proposed solution tries to recognize the due space to community loyalties, religious belongings, and cultural traditions. In addition to this, the author proposes a new theory of political obligation, namely of how a plural society can persist, notwithstanding deep cultural and religious pluralism. In this book, the analytical rigour typical of the philosophical tradition, is not separated from attention to social reality and its problems. In fact, particularly interesting is the way in which the book tests its theoretical achievements with the issue of religious pluralism in India. The outcome is that peaceful coexistence and respect for religious freedoms is possible even in a fragmented society such as India.
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Hutchinson, Ben. Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198807278.001.0001.
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Comparative literature is both the past and the future of literary studies. Its history is intimately linked to the political upheavals of modernity: from colonial empire-building in the 19th century to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century. But what is comparative literature? Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction tells the story of comparative literature as an agent of international relations, from the point of view both of scholarship and of cultural history. Outlining the complex history and competing theories of comparative literature, it offers an accessible means of entry into a notoriously slippery subject, and shows the value and importance of encountering literature from outside one’s own culture.
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Bickerton, James, and Alain-G. Gagnon. 15. Regions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0017.
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This chapter explores the concept of region, defined as a territorial entity distinct from both locality and nation-state. The region constitutes an economic, political, administrative, and/or cultural space, within which diffrent types of human agency interact, and towards which individuals and communities may develop attachments and identities. Regionalism is the manifestation of values, attitudes, opinions, preferences, claims, behaviours, interests, attachments, and identities that can be associated with a particular region. The chapter first reviews the main theories and approaches that are used to understand the political role and importance of regions, including the modernization paradigm, Marxism, and institutionalism. It then considers the various dimensions and aspects of regions and regionalism, with particular emphasis on regionalism from below vs regionalization ‘from above’. It also examines the political economy of regions, tracing the changing economic role and place of regions within the national and global economy.
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Westphal, James, and Sun Hyun Park. Symbolic Management. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792055.001.0001.
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This book presents the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive, behavioral theory of corporate governance. It describes a pervasive pattern of symbolic decoupling, or separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system. The processes of governance are less efficient or effective than they appear, at every level: from interpersonal relations within organizations, such as relations between chief executive officers and directors and between top managers and lower-level employees, between firm leaders and external stakeholders, and between communities of leaders and groups of constituents. There is even a separation between appearances and reality at the level of the governance system. Symbolic management comprises the agentic practices by which decoupling is maintained at different levels of the system, including internal and external communications by firm leaders that conform to prevailing cultural values. The symbolic management perspective not only provides an integrative, behavioral alternative to economic theories of governance such as agency theory, but it subsumes economic theory. Agency theory is reconceived as a historically contingent, institutional logic, or a set of cultural values, assumptions, and prescriptions that became taken for granted among key stakeholders for a period of time. We reveal a gradual shift in institutional logics of governance, away from the traditional agency logic, and toward an alternative “neo-corporate” logic that reinterprets agency prescriptions and drops fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory. Our theory and research ultimately demonstrate how the symbolic management activities of firm leaders have contributed to this historical shift in prevailing logics of governance.
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Vitikainen, Annamari. Multiculturalism and Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.252.
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Multiculturalism has been used both as a descriptive and a normative term, as well as a term referring to particular types of state policies. As a descriptive term, multiculturalism refers to the state of affairs present in contemporary societies: that of cultural diversity. As a normative term, multiculturalism affirms cultural diversity as an acceptable state of affairs, and provides normative grounds for accommodating this diversity. As a policy-oriented term, multiculturalism refers to a variety of state policies that aim to accommodate people’s cultural differences—most notably, different types of culturally differentiated rights.The main focus of the debates on multiculturalism within political philosophy has been on normative multiculturalism, and the broader normative questions relating to the appropriate grounds for responding to people’s cultural differences. The debates on descriptive multiculturalism and on particular multicultural policies, however, feed into the debates on normative multiculturalism. One’s views on the nature of culture, the value of culture, and the appropriate means of demarcating group boundaries have implications on the ways in which one understands the proper objects of cultural accommodation, as well as the extent to which such accommodation should be applied. The different types of multicultural policies—including rights of indigenous groups, immigrants, and national minorities—incorporate slightly different sets of normative considerations that must be independently assessed and that also feed into the more general debates on the normative foundations for cultural accommodation.Equality-based and identity-based arguments for cultural concern provide strong grounds for the state to be concerned about people’s cultural differences and to aim to alleviate culturally induced disadvantages. The case for (or against) culturally differentiated rights as a means for responding to these disadvantages may, however, come from several sources, including approaches to cultural diversity based on equality, autonomy, toleration, and state neutrality. While there is relative (albeit not full) agreement among normative theorists of multiculturalism that differentiated rights may be acceptable, though not always required or even desired, responses to cultural diversity, disagreements about the normative bases, and extents of application, remain.
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Schmidt, Johannes. Herder’s Religious Anthropology in His Later Writings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779650.003.0011.
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Herder uses the image of the spherical shape of the earth as a matrix to evaluate the contrast between plurality and universality: it illustrates the tension between the individuality of diverse peoples and cultures, on the one hand, and the universal identity of the human species, on the other. While Herder’s “globe ontology” implies a rejection of hierarchically structured—and thus normatively laden—theories of history and culture, it does rely on an idea of humanity as a telos embedded in western thinking. Thus at the end of the Ideen Herder praises the glory of Europe, while at the same time acknowledging the value of each individual people. This essay demonstrates that while Herder might think in oppositions, it is precisely this feature of his philosophy that enables him to advance a nuanced and innovative position that goes beyond many historiographical and cultural-theoretical conceptions of the eighteenth century.
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Pardo, Mary. Latinas in U.S. Social Movements. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.32.
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Latinas, members of the largest ethnic/racial group in the United States, often have been omitted from social movement accounts or dismissed as politically passive, hindered by traditional cultural values. Like other women of color, Latinas have faced sexism and racism and class bias in social science accounts and social movements (civil rights, labor rights, and women’s rights). This chapter begins by problematizing the pan-ethnic label “Latina,” drawing from conceptual frameworks, including Anzaldúa’s “borderlands,” Crenshaw’s “intersectionality,” social movement theories of identity, and decolonial feminist theory. It provides a brief historical overview of Latinas in U.S. social movements to illustrate the significance of conquest and colonization as the critical context for generating Latina activism. The chapter concludes with a closer look at two social movements, environmental rights and immigrant rights, where Latinas were prominent participants who utilized ethnic, class, and gender identities as movement strategies to make claims and to mobilize constituents.
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Costanzo, William V. When the World Laughs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190924997.001.0001.
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This is a book about the intersection of humor, history, and culture. It explores how film comedy, one of the world’s most popular movie genres, reflects the values and beliefs of those who enjoy its many forms, its most enduring characters and stories, its most entertaining routines and funniest jokes. What people laugh at in Europe, Africa, or the Far East reveals important truths about their differences and common bonds. By investigating their traditions of humor, by paying close attention to the kinds of comedy that cross national boundaries and what gets lost in translation, this study leads us to a deeper understanding of each other and ourselves. Section One begins with a survey of the theories and research that best explain how humor works. It clarifies the varieties of comic forms and styles, identifies the world’s most archetypal figures of fun, and traces the history of mirth from earliest times to today. It also examines the techniques and aesthetics of film comedy: how movies use the world’s rich repertoire of amusing stories, gags, and wit to make us laugh and think. Section Two offers a close look at national and regional trends. It applies the concepts set forth earlier to specific films across a broad spectrum of sub-genres, historical eras, and cultural contexts, providing an insightful comparative study of the world’s great traditions of film comedy.
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Berk, Laura E. Awakening Children's Minds. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124859.001.0001.
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Parents and teachers today face a swirl of conflicting theories about child rearing and educational practice. Indeed, current guides are contradictory, oversimplified, and at odds with current scientific knowledge. Now, in Awakening Children's Minds, Laura Berk cuts through the confusion of competing theories, offering a new way of thinking about the roles of parents and teachers and how they can make a difference in children's lives. This is the first book to bring to a general audience, in lucid prose richly laced with examples, truly state-of-the-art thinking about child rearing and early education. Berk's central message is that parents and teachers contribute profoundly to the development of competent, caring, well-adjusted children. In particular, she argues that adult-child communication in shared activities is the wellspring of psychological development. These dialogues enhance language skills, reasoning ability, problem-solving strategies, the capacity to bring action under the control of thought, and the child's cultural and moral values. Berk explains how children weave the voices of more expert cultural members into dialogues with themselves. When puzzling, difficult, or stressful circumstances arise, children call on this private speech to guide and control their thinking and behavior. In addition to providing clear roles for parents and teachers, Berk also offers concrete suggestions for creating and evaluating quality educational environments--at home, in child care, in preschool, and in primary school--and addresses the unique challenges of helping children with special needs. Parents, Berk writes, need a consistent way of thinking about their role in children's lives, one that can guide them in making effective child-rearing decisions. Awakening Children's Minds gives us the basic guidance we need to raise caring, thoughtful, intelligent children.
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1955-, Santos-Granero Fernando, ed. The occult life of things: Native Amazonian theories of materiality and personhood. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2009.
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Sun, Huatong. Global Social Media Design. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845582.001.0001.
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Social media users fracture into tribes, but social media ecosystems are globally interconnected technically, socially, culturally, and economically. At the crossroads, Huatong Sun, author of Cross-Cultural Technology Design, presents theory, method, and case studies to uncover the global interconnectedness of social media design and reorient universal design standards. Centering on the dynamics between structure and agency, Sun draws on practices theories and transnational fieldwork and articulates a critical design approach. The culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUE2, or CLUE-squared) framework extends from situated activity to social practice and connects macro institutions with micro interactions to redress asymmetrical relations in everyday life. Why were Japanese users not crazed about Facebook? Would Twitter have been more successful than its copycat Weibo in China if not banned? How did mobilities and value propositions play out in the competition of WhatsApp, WeChat, LINE, and KakaoTalk for global growth? Illustrating the cultural entanglement with a relational view of design, Sun provides three provocative accounts of cross-cultural social media design and use. Concepts such as affordance, genre, and uptake are demonstrated as design tools to bind the material with the discursive and leap from the critical to the generative for culturally sustaining design. Sun calls to reshape the crossroads into a design square where differences are nourished as design resources, where diverse discourses interact for innovation, and where alternative design epistemes thrive from the local. This timely book will appeal to researchers, students, and practitioners who design across disciplines, paradigms, and boundaries to bridge differences in this increasingly globalized world.
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Novitz, David. Aesthetics of Popular Art. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0044.
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Questions about the aesthetic value and appreciation of popular art have only recently become an area of interest to Anglo-American aesthetics. This is curious, for the distinction between high and popular art — like that between high and popular culture, and between avant-garde art and mass art — is a familiar and longstanding one frequently drawn by critics, philosophers, and cultural theorists throughout the course of the twentieth century. It was extensively discussed by Marxist thinkers like Walter Benjamin, and was the stock-in-trade of the Critical Theorists Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. Not just those two, but high-modernist philosophers and critics like R. G. Collingwood, Clement Greenberg, and Dwight MacDonald also made much of the distinction between ‘high’ and ‘low’ (or popular) art. Even so, it was a distinction that did not earn the serious attention of philosophical aesthetics until the penultimate decade of the twentieth century.
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Canevaro, Mirko, Andrew Erskine, Benjamin Gray, and Josiah Ober, eds. Ancient Greek History and Contemporary Social Science. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421775.001.0001.
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Social scientists and political theorists have recently come to realize the potential importance of the classical Greek world and its legacy for testing social theories. Meanwhile, some Hellenists have mastered the techniques of contemporary social science. They have come to recognize the value of formal and quantitative methods as a complement to traditional qualitative approaches to Greek history and culture. Some of the most exciting new work in social science is now being done within interdisciplinary domains for which recent work on Greece provides apt case studies. This book features essays examining the role played by democratic political and legal institutions in economic development; the potential for inter-state cooperation and international institutions within a decentralized ecology of states; the relationship between state government and the social networks arising from voluntary associations; the interplay between political culture, informal politics, formal institutions and political change; and the relationship between empirical and formal methods of analysis and normative political theory. In sum, this book introduces readers to the emerging field of “social science ancient history.”
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Franko, Mark, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Reenactment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.001.0001.
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Starting from differences between reenactment and the more established practice of historical reconstruction, leading practitioners and theorists ask how the notion of preservation and representation associated with reconstruction is transformed by reenactment into historical experience and affective relation to the past in the present. In other terms: How does dance convey historical meaning through sensuous form? Danced reenactment poses the problem of history and historicity in relation to the troubled temporality inherent to dance itself. Ephemerality as the central trope of dance is hence displaced in favor of dance as a reiterative practice that confounds categories of chronological time and opens up a theoretical space of history that is often invisibilized by ideologies of immediacy traditionally attributed to dancing. The preponderance of the re- in contemporary choreographic creativity points to the operational value of reenactment in dance as synonymous with cultural production itself inasmuch as culture is engaged with the re-appropriation of signs, citationality, and intertextuality. Collectively, these chapters theorize choreographic reenactments’ potential not only to re-arrange the relationship between past, present, and future, but also to destabilize singular authorship, to unleash choreographies’ multiple meanings, to challenge the linearity of dance history, to rewrite and re-inscribe dance canons, and to the highlight the dancing body’s agentive status as archive.
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Dunagan, Colleen T. Dance-in-Advertising, Affect, and Contagious Movement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491369.003.0002.
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Chapter One introduces the concept of affect and its production through dance in advertising. Affect plays a key role in advertising’s ability to engage consumers in the production of cultural meaning. To this end, I argue that the marketing value of dance lies in the ability of the dancing body to produce affect through kinesthetic empathy and correspondingly to create the appearance of relational meaning and agency. By placing affect theory into dialogue with theories of cognition and kinesthetic empathy, I articulate how and why the moving body in advertising requires its own analysis. In these ads, choreographed movement holds the key to fully understanding the production of affect, affect’s contagion, and its role in the production of social relations and cultural meaning.
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Somin, Ilya. Free to Move. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.001.0001.
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Ballot box voting is often considered the essence of political freedom. But it has two major shortcomings: individual voters have only a tiny chance of making a difference, and they also have strong incentives to remain ignorant about the issues at stake. “Voting with your feet” is far superior on both counts. In Free to Move, Ilya Somin explains how expanding foot-voting opportunities can greatly enhance political freedom for millions of people around the world. That applies to foot voting in federal systems, foot voting in the private sector, and especially foot voting through international migration. These three types of foot voting are rarely considered together. But Somin explains how they have major common virtues, and can be mutually reinforcing. Free to Move addresses a variety of objections to expanded migration rights, including claims that the “self-determination” of natives requires giving them power to exclude migrants, and arguments that migration is likely to have harmful side effects, such as undermining political institutions, overburdening the welfare state, increasing crime and terrorism, and spreading undesirable cultural values. While these objections are usually directed at international migration, Somin shows how a consistent commitment to such theories would also justify severe restrictions on internal freedom of movement. That implication is yet another reason to be skeptical of such arguments. The book also shows how both domestic constitutional systems and international law can be structured to increase opportunities for foot voting while mitigating potential downsides of freedom of movement.
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Steinmo, Sven. Historical Institutionalism and Experimental Methods. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.6.
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Although a core insight of historical institutionalism (HI) is that history affects actors’ beliefs, values and preferences, it is difficult to test these propositions directly. This chapter argues that one way of testing HI theories is to integrate some of the methods and techniques of experimental social science. Using experimental methods, historical institutionalism can better explain how specific institutional structures, decision-making processes, and historical contexts frame individual choices and shape the broader ecology of political decisions. A combination of diverse research traditions and methodologies can illuminate the dynamic relationships between ideas, interests and institutions that yield variation in policies and preferences across cultures and over time.
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Chodat, Robert. The Matter of High Words. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682156.001.0001.
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Ambitious scientific accounts of human thought and behavior have been a mainstay of American intellectual culture since World War II. But if such theories are true, what is the status of our highest words, the vocabularies that orient and inspire our actions? What forms are available today for exploring and embodying such terms as “good,” “courage,” or “justice”? This book considers the rise of the “postwar sage,” a strand of post-1945 American writing that takes up these questions in distinctive and illuminating ways. Walker Percy’s clash with behaviorist and cognitivist theories; Marilynne Robinson’s encounter with evolutionary psychology; Ralph Ellison’s combat with sociology; the quarrel with analytic philosophy in Stanley Cavell and David Foster Wallace: at stake in such cases is the status of our normative concepts, and what it means to invoke them in a technological culture that divides “facts” from “values” and treats our high words with deep suspicion. Moving among literary fiction, memoir, essays, personal correspondence, moral philosophy, and contemporary theories of mind, the book examines not only what these philosophical and literary figures think about the relationship between nature and norms, but also how this thinking emerges: when they call upon art, when they call upon argument, and how these various modes can inflect, bolster, and—just as crucially—trouble one another.
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Reitz, Kevin R., ed. American Exceptionalism in Crime and Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190203542.001.0001.
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The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially acute in the United States, including mass incarceration, retention of the death penalty, racial and ethnic disparities in punishment, and the War on Drugs. While scholars do not universally agree that it is an apt or useful framework, there is no question that the United States is an outlier compared with other industrialized democracies in its punitive and exclusionary criminal justice policies. This book deepens the debate on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment through comparative political, economic, and historical analyses, working toward forward-looking prescriptions for American law, policy, and institutions of government. The chapters expand the existing American Exceptionalism literature to neglected areas such as community supervision, economic penalties, parole release, and collateral consequences of conviction; explore claims of causation, in particular that the history of slavery and racial inequality has been a primary driver of crime policy; examine arguments that the framework of multiple governments and localized crime control, populist style of democracy, and laissez-faire economy are implicated in problems of both crime and punishment; and assess theories that cultural values are the most salient predictors of penal severity and violent crime. The book asserts that the largest problems of crime and justice cannot be brought into focus from the perspective of a single jurisdiction and that comparative inquiries are necessary for an understanding of the current predicament in the United States.
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Klosko, George. The Transformation of American Liberalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199973415.001.0001.
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With passage of the Social Security Act, in 1935, the American government took on new social welfare functions, which have expanded ever since. As a work of political theory “on the ground,” The Transformation of American Liberalism explores the arguments American political leaders used to justify and defend social welfare programs since the Social Security Act. Students of political theory note the evolution of liberal political theory between its origins and major contemporary theorists who justify the values and social policies of the welfare state. But the transformation of liberalism in American political culture is incomplete. Beginning with Franklin Roosevelt, the arguments of America’s political leaders fall well short of values of equality and human dignity that are often thought to underlie the welfare state. Individualist—“Lockean”—values and beliefs have exerted a continuing hold on America’s leaders, constraining their justificatory arguments. The paradoxical result may be described as continuing attempts to justify new social programs without acknowledging incompatibility between the arguments necessary to do so and individualist assumptions inherent in American political culture. The American welfare state is notably ungenerous in its social welfare programs. To some extent this may be attributed to the shortcomings of public justifications. An important reason for the striking absence of strong and widely recognized arguments for social welfare programs in America’s political culture is that its political leaders did not provide them.
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Klosko, George. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199973415.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
With passage of the Social Security Act, in 1935, the American government took on new social welfare functions, which have expanded ever since. The Transformation of American Liberalism explores the arguments American political leaders used to justify and defend social welfare programs since 1935. Students of political theory note the evolution of liberal political theory between its origins and major contemporary theorists who justify the values and social policies of the welfare state. But the transformation of liberalism in American political culture is incomplete. Beginning with Franklin Roosevelt, the arguments of America’s political leaders fall well short of values of equality and human dignity that are often thought to underlie the welfare state. Individualist—“Lockean”—values and beliefs have exerted a continuing hold on America’s leaders, constraining their justificatory arguments. The paradoxical result may be described as continuing attempts to justify new social programs without acknowledging incompatibility between the arguments necessary to do so and individualist assumptions inherent in American political culture. The American welfare state is notably ungenerous in its social welfare programs. To some extent this may be attributed to the shortcomings of public justifications. An important reason for the striking absence of strong and widely recognized arguments for these programs in America’s political culture is that its political leaders did not provide them.
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Trask, Michael. Ideal Minds. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752438.001.0001.
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Following the 1960s, the decade's focus on consciousness-raising transformed into an array of intellectual projects far afield of movement politics. The mind's powers came to preoccupy a range of thinkers and writers: ethicists pursuing contractual theories of justice, radical ecologists interested in the paleolithic brain, cultists, and the devout of both evangelical and New Age persuasions. This book presents a boldly revisionist argument about the revival of subjectivity in postmodern American culture, connecting familiar figures within the intellectual landscape of the 1970s who share a commitment to what the book calls “neo-idealism” as a weapon in the struggle against discredited materialist and behaviorist worldviews. In a heterodox intellectual and literary history of the 1970s, the book mixes ideas from cognitive science, philosophy of mind, moral philosophy, deep ecology, political theory, science fiction, neoclassical economics, and the sociology of religion. It also delves into the decade's more esoteric branches of learning, including Scientology, anarchist theory, rapture prophesies, psychic channeling, and neo-Malthusianism. Through this investigation, the book argues that a dramatic inflation in the value of consciousness and autonomy beginning in the 1970s accompanied a growing argument about the state's inability to safeguard such values. Ultimately, the thinkers who the book analyses found alternatives to statism in conditions that would lend intellectual support to the consolidation of these concepts in the radical free market ideologies of the 1980s.
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Jones, Stephen H., Tom Kaden, and Rebecca Catto, eds. Science, Belief and Society. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529206944.001.0001.
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The relationship between science and belief has been a prominent subject of public debate for many years, one that has relevance to everything from science communication, health and education to immigration and national values. Yet, sociological analysis of these subjects remains surprisingly scarce. This wide-ranging book critically reviews the ways in which religious and nonreligious belief systems interact with scientific theories and practices. Contributors explore how, for some secularists, ‘science’ forms an important part of social identity. Others examine how many contemporary religious movements justify their beliefs by making a claim upon science. Moving beyond the traditional focus on the United States, the book shows how debates about science and belief are firmly embedded in political conflict, class, community and culture.
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Stern, Marc J. Social Science Theory for Environmental Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793182.001.0001.
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Social science theory for environmental sustainability: A practical guide makes social science theory accessible and usable to anyone interested in working toward environmental sustainability at any scale. Environmental problems are, first and foremost, people problems. Without better understandings of the people involved, solutions are often hard to come by. This book answers calls for demonstrating the value of theories from the social sciences for solving these types of problems and provides strategies to facilitate their use. It contains concise summaries of over thirty social science theories and demonstrates how to use them in diverse contexts associated with environmental conflict, conservation, natural resource management, and other environmental sustainability challenges. The practical applications of the theories include persuasive communication, conflict resolution, collaboration, negotiation, enhancing organizational effectiveness, working across cultures, generating collective impact, and building more resilient governance of social-ecological systems. Examples throughout the book and detailed vignettes illustrate how to combine multiple social science theories to develop effective strategies for environmental problem solving. The final chapter draws out key principles for enhancing these efforts. The book will serve as a key reference for environmental professionals, business people, students, scientists, public officials, government employees, aid workers, or any concerned citizen who wants to be better equipped to navigate the social complexities of environmental challenges and make a meaningful impact on any environmental issue.
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Feather, N. T. Historical Background to Research on Job Loss, Unemployment, and Job Search. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.001.
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This chapter provides a selective review of past research on job loss, unemployment, and job search up to the beginning of the 1990s. The Great Depression studies in the 1930s at Marienthal by Jahoda and colleagues and by Bakke at Greenwich and New Haven are described, along with other research at the time. These early studies sowed the seeds for subsequent research programs in England, Europe, and Australia; the theories that emerged from this early and later research are described. They include stage theory, deprivation theory, agency theory, and vitamin theory. Other more general approaches—such as stress and coping models and expectancy-value theory—are also described as relevant to the unemployment experience. The historical review provides lessons about the importance of using a variety of methodologies that include descriptive field research, survey and questionnaire studies, longitudinal research, and research across cultures. It also suggests that progress will involve the application of midrange theories about work, paid employment, and unemployment targeted to particular issues such as psychological well-being, health-related problems, social and family effects, and job-search behavior.
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Wadeson, Nigel. Cognitive Aspects of Entrepreneurship: Decision-Making and Attitudes to Risk. Edited by Anuradha Basu, Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson, and Bernard Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0004.
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This article reviews literature on the study of the cognition of entrepreneurs, and how this affects their attitudes to risk. The review begins with the heuristics and biases approach. Various decision-making biases related to over-optimism are then considered. Following this perceived self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation and intentions-based models are discussed. Some theories dealing specifically with attitudes to risk are then covered. These include prospect theory, Kahneman and Lovalo's model of risk-taking, and Das and Teng's theory of risk horizons and future orientations. Finally, the option value and information cost approach to the analysis of entrepreneurs' decision-making is discussed. Some relevant references to culture research are also given in the conclusion.
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Kruglanski, Arie W., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, and Rohan Gunaratna. The Three Pillars of Radicalization. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851125.001.0001.
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This book identifies the three major determinants of radicalization that progresses into violent extremism, the three Ns of radicalization. The first determinant is the need: Individuals’ universal desire for personal significance. The second determinant is the narrative. Because significance is conferred by members of one’s group, the group’s narrative guides members in their quest for significance. The third determinant is the network: membership of one’s group who validate the narrative and who dispense rewards (respect and veneration) to members who implement it. The quest for significance is activated in one of three major ways: (a) through a loss of significance occasioned by personal failure or affront to one’s social identity (e.g., ethnicity, religion, race), (b) through a threat of significance loss if one failed to respond to a challenge or to defend one’s group values, and/or (c) through an opportunity for a significance gain (e.g., becoming a hero or a martyr) by selflessly defending one’s group values. In groups that see their values (e.g., religion, sovereignty, culture) under threat from some (real or imagined) actor, the narrative often justifies violence against the detractor and portrays it as a supreme road to significance. Especially where violence is contrary to the norms of the mainstream society, validation of the violence–significance link by the local network is particularly important. The present 3N model of radicalization and the varied empirical evidence that supports it are leveraged to interpret prior theories of radicalization and to address major issues in the domains of deradicalization and recidivism.
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Aarts, Kees, Carolien van Ham, and Jacques Thomassen. Modernization, Globalization, and Satisfaction with Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0003.
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This chapter tests the validity of the major propositions of modernization and globalization theories. Modernization theory attributes legitimacy decline to the socioeconomic and cultural transformation of advanced industrial societies after the Second World War, leading to value change and cognitive mobilization among citizens, while globalization theory attributes legitimacy decline to the negative consequences of (economic) globalization for citizens of lower socioeconomic status in advanced industrial societies. This chapter evaluates the empirical evidence for the effects of individual modernization and of economic globalization on political support, differentiating between citizens of lower and higher socioeconomic status. Using Eurobarometer data on political support from 1973 to 2015, the authors show that political support in most countries has increased among both the higher educated and lower educated. To the extent that there is support for the globalization thesis, the increase in satisfaction with democracy has been less pronounced among the lower educated, generating a widening “satisfaction gap.”
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Elliott, Kamilla. Theorizing Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197511176.001.0001.
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Asking why adaptation has been seen as more problematic to theorize than other humanities subjects, and why it has been more theoretically problematic in the humanities than in the sciences and social sciences, Theorizing Adaptation seeks to both explicate and redress “the problem of theorizing adaptation” through a metacritical history of theorizing adaptation from the late sixteenth century to the present, a metatheoretical theory of the relationship between theorization and adaptation in the humanities, and analysis of and experimentation with the rhetoric of theorizing adaptation. Adaptation was not always the bad theoretical object that it increasingly became from the late eighteenth century: in earlier centuries, adaptation was celebrated and valued as a means of aesthetic and cultural progress. Tracing the falling fortunes of adaptation under humanities theorization, the history nevertheless locates dissenting voices valorizing adaptation in every period. Adaptation studies can learn from history not only how to theorize adaptation more positively, but also to consider “the problem of theorization” for adaptation. The metatheoretical section finds that theorization and adaptation are rival, overlapping, inimical processes, each seeking to remake culture—and each other—in their images. It is not simply the case that adaptation has to adapt to theorization: rather, theorization needs to adapt to and through adaptation. The final section attends to the rhetoric of theorizing adaptation, analyzing how tiny pieces of rhetoric have constructed adaptation’s relationship to theorization, and turning to figurative rhetoric, or figuration, as a third process that can mediate between adaptation and theorization and refigure their relationship.
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Wróbel-Best, Jolanta, ed. Wheels of Change: Feminist Transgressions in Polish Culture and Society. University of Warsaw Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323549482.
Full textAbstract:
Using rich and varied narrative images and resources, literary artworks, excerpts from philosophical and sociological writings, musicological theories and film studies, historical documents, and other materials, this collection of essays strongly sides with the feminist theory. All chapters tirelessly construct feminist discourse by depicting a new reality, language, and values to assess as well as understand the life, goals, and social achievements of women over a span of centuries in Polish culture and society. Feminist transgression is envisioned as a thematic category bridging diverse, seemingly loose, distant, and even apparently contradictory women’s accounts. This theme develops a cohesiveness among chapters and provides an underlying unity, built on the coincidence of opposites, known in Latin as the principle of “coincidentia oppositorum.” Even if the dialogue among chapters may be perceived on the surface as difficult, the volume’s parts communicate deeply with each other by narrating, detailing, elaborating, and enlarging in space and time the presented dynamics of women’s transgressions. Transgression thus creates a special form of debate.
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Clapham, Andrew. 1. Looking at rights. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198706168.003.0001.
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Where does the concept of human rights come from? How has the human rights movement developed such a solid set of obligations that can be applied worldwide? The human rights issue is often contentious and the language of international human rights has become associated with all sorts of claims and disputes. ‘Looking at rights’ considers early historical invocations of the concept of rights and how modern rights theorists have sought to justify the existence and importance of rights by reference to some overriding value, such as freedom, fairness, autonomy, equality, personhood, or dignity. It shows how the concept of a ‘human rights culture’ means different things to different people.
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Leaper, Campbell. Gender, Dispositions, Peer Relations, and Identity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658540.003.0010.
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This chapter considers possible ways that peer relations, group identity, and dispositional preferences are interrelated and contribute to children’s gender development. The author advances an integrative theoretical model of gender development that bridges complementary theories by linking sex-related dispositions and physical characteristics to the process of assimilation within same-gender peer groups. Research suggests some (but not all) children have strong behavioral dispositions (temperaments and intense interests) and physical characteristics that are either highly compatible or highly contradictory with culturally valued in-group prototypes (e.g., boys strongly inclined toward physical activities vs. dress-up play, respectively). These children may either become same-gender role models or disidentify with the gender in-group, respectively. In contrast, children without strong dispositions may be most amenable to developing a broad repertoire of interests when provided opportunities and encouragement. Implications of this model for the development and well-being of children as well as future directions for research are discussed.