Journal articles on the topic 'Cultural policy – Europe – 1970-2000'

Pierre-Jean Benghozi and Christian Delage, eds., Une histoire économique du cinéma français (1895–1995): Regards croisés franco-américains (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997), 364pp., €28.97, ISBN 2-7384-5852-1. Laurent Creton, Economie du cinéma: perspectives stratégiques (Paris: Nathan, collection ‘Nathan Université’, 1994), 288 pp., €21.19, ISBN 209-190-219-5. Laurent Creton, Cinéma et marché (Paris: Armand Colin, collection ‘U’, 1997), 254 pp., €20.58, ISBN 2-200-01769-3. Eric Dubet, Economie du cinéma européen: de l'interventionnisme à l'action entrepreneuriale Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000), 286 pp., €22.87, ISBN 2-7384-9043-3. Martin Dale, The Movie Game: The Film Business in Britain, Europe and America (London: Cassell, 1997), 340 pp., $19.95 (pb), ISBN 0-304-33387-5. Jean-Michel Frodon, La projection nationale: cinéma et nation, collection ‘Le champ méthodologique’ (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1998), 248 pp., €20.58, ISBN 2-7381-0586-6. Andrew Higson and Richard Maltby, eds., Film Europe and Film America: Cinema, Commerce and Cultural Exchange (1920–1939) (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1999), 406 pp., £40.00, ISBN 0-85989-546-7. Albert Moran, ed., Film Policy: International, National and Regional Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1996), 286 pp., $24.99, ISBN 0-415-09791-6. David Puttnam, The Undeclared War: The Struggle for Control of the World's Film Industry (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 414 pp., £7.99 (pb), ISBN 0-00-255675-8. Jonathan Rosenbaum, Movie Wars: How Hollywood and the Media Conspire to Limit What Films We Can See (Chicago: A Cappella, 2000), 228 pp., $24.00, ISBN 1-55652-406-4.

Abstract This article inspects discursive shifts in the EU’s cultural policy and how these relate to the four ‘generations’ of EU cultural programmes: Raphaël, Ariane, Kaleidoscope; Culture 2000; Culture 2007; and the current Creative Europe programme. This paper therefore accounts for a ‘discursive journey’ that started in the 1970s and culminated with Article 128 in the Maastricht Treaty, which formally constituted the EU’s cultural policy. The article reveals that there can be detected certain shifts in discourses concerning the EU’s cultural programmes, but these shifts are aligned to older discourses within the cultural sector which, prior to the Maastricht Treaty, applied implicit cultural interventions. These therefore represented ‘camouflaged’ cultural understanding and appliances, which were instrumental and promoted economically and politically induced discourses. The major shift detected in the recent Creative Europe programme is a step away from discourses that facilitate the political construction of a ‘people’s Europe’, thereby utilising further discourses that promote aims which adhere to the Union’s Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.

Wolf-Dieter Eberwein and Karl Kaiser, Germany’s New Foreign Policy: Decision-Making in an Independent World (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001)Adrian Hyde-Price, Germany & European Order: Enlarging NATO and the EU (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)Matthias Kaelberer, Money and Power in Europe: The Political Economy of European Monetary Cooperation (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001)

AbstractThis article, which is part of a wider project, ‘Experiences of Communist Modernisation in a Bulgarian Muslim Village, 1945–2005’, examines the assimilation of Bulgarian-speaking Muslims in the Rhodope Mountains in the 1970s. By analysing communist efforts to ‘modernise’ Bulgarian Muslims, it sheds light on the relationship between modernity and the views of the communist state on such cultural categories as ‘nation’, ‘ethnicity’, ‘gender’ and ‘religion’. It argues that this particular campaign was not simply the latest chapter in an ongoing effort by the Bulgarian authorities to assimilate such populations, but should rather be seen as a specific response by the communist regime to ideas of modernity. Despite national and patriotic elements, the aim of the communist assimilation campaign was to introduce ‘modernity’ and ‘civilisation’ to the whole of Bulgarian society, especially those living at the social, cultural and political peripheries. In Bulgaria, as elsewhere in communist eastern Europe, gender and ethnic policy merged. Gender equality was one of the essential aims of the modernisation programme, but for the communist modernisers introducing gender equality among ethnically marginal groups, such as the rural Muslim group of Pomaks, was even more important. ‘Emancipating’ Muslim women was more significant than the ‘struggle against religion’ or the ‘fight for national homogeneity’.

By definition, the cold war was understood on both sides of the conflict to be a global struggle that stopped short of direct military engagement between the superpowers (the U.S. and the USSR). In Europe, the putative center ofthat struggle, the geopolitical battle lines were fixed after the early 1950s, or they at least could not be altered by normal military means without provoking World War III—which would result in mutual annihilation. Therefore, each side hoped to make gains over the other by using more subtle, political, and often clandestine methods, winning the “hearts and minds” of people in the other bloc (as well as maintaining potentially wayward support in one's own bloc), hoping to subvert the other side from within. The cold war was an enormous campaign of propaganda and psychological warfare on both sides. A vast range of cultural resources, from propaganda posters and radio broadcasts to sophisticated literary magazines, jazz bands, ballet troupes, and symphony orchestras, were weapons in what has recently come to be called the “Cultural Cold War” (Saunders 1999). Studies of the cultural cold war have proliferated since the late 1990s, most of which focus on U.S. cultural policy and are concerned with the European “theater” of this conflict (Hixson 1997; Fehrenbach and Poiger 2000; Poiger 2000; Berghahn 2001).

This study examines the four cases of World Heritage protected cultural landscapes in Europe that are characterized by mining in order to identify the role mining plays today in such cultural landscapes, the legal requirements for their protection, and also the exploration and exploitation in these areas and the differences that exist between the five European countries concerned. Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, the authors find that active mining is taking place in the Austrian case, and exploration is happening adjacent to the German/Czech protected cultural landscape. The legal protection of the cases is mainly based on heritage and monument protection legislation as well as environment protection legislation including the Natura 2000 network. Differences exist, as other than in Germany, exploration and mining could be allowed in protected areas, which is also contrary to the position of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, and the International Council on Mining and Metals.

The main purpose of this article is to present the most important conditions and variables characterizing the role of the Middle East in Yugoslavia’s foreign policy strategy in the 1970s, based on available literature and documentation. I also intend to analyze the conditions that contributed to intensifying Yugoslavia’s position in the region and led to a decrease in Yugoslavia’s importance in the Middle East in the second half of the decade. Firstly, I will describe Yugoslavia’s relations with the countries of the Middle East in 1970–1973, especially with Egypt, where Gamal Abdel Nasser, after his death, was succeeded by the country’s Vice President, Anwar Al-Sadat. It will also be important to shed light on the Yugoslav Government’s stance regarding the Middle East conflict from the point of view of the situation in Europe. Next, I will present the significance of the Yom Kippur War for Yugoslavia’s foreign policy and its implications for Belgrade’s relations with Cairo and Tel-Aviv. Moreover, it will be extremely important to explain why Yugoslavia’s importance in the Middle East gradually diminished as of the middle of the decade. In addition, I will address the issue of Yugoslav President Josip Broz-Tito’s position toward the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the fading of Yugoslavia’s interest in the region following Tito’s death and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In the summary, I want to note that the period under analysis in Yugoslav-Middle Eastern relations was decisive for the country’s foreign policy and its internal situation, as Yugoslavia never again played a significant role in the Arab world.

Researchers have increasingly begun to critically assess local engagements with globalizing notions of civil society that have been introduced via Western-based supranational political, economic, financial, and cultural programmes (Fischer 1997; Okongwu and Mencher 2000; Yúdice 2003). Following the notion of thinking globally and acting locally, such programmes are usually set up by transnational structures such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the European Union, or global foundations such as the Open Society Institute, and put into practice by local actors, among them non-governmental organizations. This article positions music within intra-national discourses that work hand-in-hand with the political and cultural economics of Western cultural initiatives and aim to promote an understanding of pluralism in countries throughout Eastern and South Eastern Europe. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted by Nino Tsitsishvili, Erica Haskell, and myself in Georgia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine, respectively, this study juxtaposes the perspectives of policy makers and grant givers in Western Europe and the United States with the views of people in post-socialist conflict zones for whom such initiatives are intended. It analyses the political and cultural implications of UNESCO's declaration of Georgian polyphony as a masterpiece of intangible cultural heritage of humanity, the local effects of internationally sponsored music projects in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the role of national minority music festivals sponsored by Western philanthropic organizations in nation-building processes in Ukraine.

This article is dedicated to the first crisis period in the history of global non-alignment, when in the latter half of the 1960s, a time when a number of leading non-aligned leaders had finally left the historical scene, mostly under the pressure of army coups or war defeats, there were no summits or other multilateral non-aligned meetings being held, with the first significant gatherings taking place only at the very end of this period, thus opening a historical stage marked by a paralysis of action on behalf of many countries adhering to this foreign policy course. These were also years when global non-alignment was facing a mounting challenge of becoming increasingly irrelevant in world affairs, since none of the great powers seriously took into consideration their opinion, while the number of crisis situations all around the non-aligned world had been steadily on the rise. This evident lack of capability of leading non-aligned countries to act in a coordinated and timely fashion proved to many worldwide observers that global non-alignment had finally reached its limit and could not be resuscitated again to exercise a proactive and dynamic role in international politics as had been the case in the early 1960s. Facing such a complex situation, often bordering on desperate, while being especially well aware that without this global non-aligned framework Yugoslavia was facing isolation and serious political constraints in Europe, Tito and other Yugoslav officials decided to undertake a number of diplomatic initiatives to re-galvanize the non-aligned group, tighten the ranks between some of the leading non-aligned countries, with the aim of reinventing the meaning and role of non-alignment in world politics, while setting up a more permanent mechanism for cooperation that could transform all non-bloc factors into a more relevant and widespread international movement ready to set off a constructive dialogue with the great powers over the major international issues of security and development. In spite of many ups and downs in these endeavors, as this article scrupulously analyzed them, eventually Yugoslavia did manage to reignite the spirit of cooperation and collective action among the various non-aligned countries, which finally led to the formal establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement at the Third Summit in Lusaka in September 1970.

There are many examples of cultural events that distinguish people nationally. Celebrating this can bring people closer, as inhabitants of different countries share similar cultural values. This study investigates a sustainable way to enhance these types of events. On the occasion of the 2000-year anniversary of the death of the Roman poet Ovid, we propose a mobile augmented reality (MAR) application that contains historical information related to his life. As Ovid often stated in his last poems, he feared his work would be forgotten after his exile from Rome. This paper focuses on assessing whether this is the case, while also disseminating factual, historic data to people who tested the application. Experiments were conducted in Italy and Romania, in three different cities: Sulmona, Rome, and Constanta. Based on the results collected, four constructs were investigated: comprehensibility, manipulability, enjoyment, and usefulness. The results revealed that the usability of the MAR application, and the interaction metaphor, are appropriate for the general public. The MAR application provided a positive experience, and thus, increased the extent of the occasion.

Abstract Chile is commonly described as “the best student” in the Latin America class. In 1985 Harrsion with his publication Underdevelopment is a state of mind [Lawrence, 1985] started research on the significance of cultural determinants in economic development. Having based his research on two examples, he proved his thesis that culture is a determining obstacle in the development of Latin American states. Causing many discussions, he initiated a wide range of socio-economic research, the aim of which was to present to what degree and what kind of cultural factors shape political and economic development, and which ones lead to social stagnation. Further research by Harisson and Huntington which was published in their work Culture matters [Lawrence, 2000] presented a wide spectrum of interconnections of culture with civilization development, institutions and geographic conditions. The scientific discourse includes the phenomenon of cultural changes promotion as an element of the pro-development policy as well as anthropological considerations on the influence of “cultural imperialism” of Europe and the States in the globalization era on the preservation of societies’ cultural identity. Many publications in the area of research on cultural conditions in management and negotiations appeared in the 1990s. This scientific discourse has gathered its own momentum as the amount of research brings about the increase of connections of interdisciplinary cultural determinants.

The growing pressure on society due to global change requires better integration of ecosystem services (ES) into decision-making. Despite a growing number of ES assessments, Europe-wide information on recent changes of multiple ES is still rare. This study aimed at analysing changes in ES values between 2000 and 2018 across Europe based on land use/land cover (LULC) distribution. We mapped 19 ES for 52 ecoregions and identified six major groups of ecoregions with similar LULC distribution and trends. Our results indicated that provisioning ES mainly increased in the forest-dominated region (G2), decreasing in the near-natural grassland region (G1), the region with agricultural mixed systems (G3), and the intensively-used steppic region (G6). Regulating ES slightly decreased in G1 and G6, but increased in G2 and the wetland-dominated region (G5). Cultural ES had generally low negative trends for most ecoregions. In addition, our results revealed ecoregions with differing trends in ES that could be related to specific socioeconomic developments. Our findings provide spatial and quantitative information that can be used for policy development at European national and regional levels—as well as for monitoring of ES.

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of this study were to assess the changes that have occurred in food patterns in Europe over the last 40 years based on food availability data and to compare the stability of the traditional Mediterranean diet in the south of Europe in this period.DesignAn ecological study carried out on the basis of Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets for three geographical areas of Europe (Mediterranean, north and east) over two time periods: 1961–1963 and 1998–2000. The average availability of total energy, energy provided from macronutrients and food groups was calculated for each area and each period studied.ResultsOver the last 40 years total energy availability and energy availability from lipids have increased considerably in the three European areas, while the percentage of energy from carbohydrates has fallen. The greatest changes have occurred in Mediterranean Europe, with an increase of 20.1% in total energy availability, an increase of 48.1% in energy availability from lipids and a fall of 20.5% from carbohydrates. Moreover, Mediterranean Europe showed a significant fall in the energy supplied by cereals (29.9%) and wine (55.2%), while the contribution of milk (77.8%) and dairy products (23.6%) increased.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that European Mediterranean countries should take nutrition policy action to maintain their traditional healthy food pattern, with a cultural added value. This implies actions at all levels, including raising awareness of consumers, collaboration with the food sector and a call to set the agenda of the concerned politicians and stakeholders.

The European Capitals of Culture (ECOC) is the most ambitious cultural, collaborative programme in Europe. Up until 2000, ECOC projects were hosted by several national capitals and principal cultural cities in Europe. In the second phase, the programme also began to discover second-tier and less well-known cities hidden in the shadow of the cultural capitals. This paper focuses on assessing different ECOC strategies (traditional versus radical) and the corresponding legacies of two medium-sized cities: Guimarães (ECOC in 2012, Portugal) and Košice (ECOC in 2013, Slovakia). Cultural heritage is identified by the capacity of culture to change development trajectory and to boost the economy of cities. The strategies and legacies of Guimarães and Košice have revealed themselves to be comparatively different, especially due to their differences with respect to UNESCO cultural heritage. While Guimarães partially succeeded in enhancing its position as a tourist attraction and the visibility of its historical cultural heritage, the industrial city of Košice is an example of more radical and dynamic culture-led form of development, overcoming the provincialism of the city. Most importantly, and due to the strengthening pride of the locals, both ECOC cities have stepped out of the shadow of stronger cultural capitals in their countries. This joint research offers the possibility of a first-hand comparison of traditional and radical approaches and an in-depth interpretation of their legacies after a period of five years, explaining the mechanisms of forming different legacies in two types of ECOC cities. The results can help future ECOC cities to set their strategies in relation to their desired cultural and economic development.

The subject of the study is the norms of the national law of the Russian Federation on the protection and preservation of languages, as well as the norms and principles of international law in this area. The object of the research of this article is the relations in the field of legal regulation of the protection and preservation of the languages of indigenous peoples and local communities. Based on comparative legal, formal legal and systematic research methods, the article presents an analysis of the legal foundations of language policy in Russia, as well as the provisions of international legal acts in the field of the protection of the languages of indigenous peoples and local communities, namely: the Declaration of Principles of International Cultural Cooperation of 1966, the UN Declaration on the Principles of International Law of 1970., The European Convention on Human Rights of 1950, the European Charter of Regional or National Minority Languages of 1992, as well as PACE resolutions and recommendations. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of the modern legal foundations of language policy in Russia. In the article, the authors consider in detail the concepts of "national minorities" and "cultural values" in accordance with the national legislation of the Russian Federation and international legal acts. The authors come to the conclusion that the Russian historical experience and modern practice of preserving the languages of national minorities, as well as the legal mechanism for the protection of languages provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other normative legal acts, in many ways surpasses the mechanism provided for by the European Charter. Thus, the exclusion of Russia from the Council of Europe will not negatively affect their protection and preservation within our state.

The article presents a historical overview of Israeli studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the first two decades of the 21st century. The paper demonstrates the main research fields and publications of the Department for the Study of Israel and Jewish Communities, as well as the list of its heads and research fellows. The article shows how, having successfully overcome the difficulties of the 1990s that were rather hard on Russian Academy as a whole, the staff of the Israeli Studies Department in their numerous publications, speeches at Russian and international academic forums tried to respond to the new challenges in a scholarly way. In the 2000s the number of works published on the history of relations between the USSR / Russia and Israel increased, and this trend continued in subsequent years. Access to the archives for the first time made it possible to analyze the formation and development of Soviet-Israeli relations before the break (in 1953). The department expanded the directions of its academic activity. Its topics included such directions as the study of the collective memory of Jews in modern Russia, cultural identity, cultural memory, religious and secular identity of Russian Jews, attitude towards disability and people with disabilities, study of youth communities in Israel, Russia and Europe, the impact of the US-Israeli relations on the US Jewish community. Development of basic methodology for researching the state of Jewish charity in Moscow was one of the new tasks for the fellows of the Department to solve. The novelty of the tasks also included new methodology of researching the economic and socio-political development of Israel using social networks data. The Department continued to study all aspects of the life of the State of Israel — economic, socio-political and cultural processes developing in the Israeli state, including new features in regional policy and the concept of Israeli security. At present, members of the department’s, in addition to their current activities, are implementing a number of promising projects aimed at strengthening the department’s position as the leading center of Israeli studies in the post-Soviet space.

The most important recent policy initiative concerning quality and diversity, as well as natural and cultural landscape's values within all Europe is European Landscape Convention. The Convention was adopted by Council of Europe's Community of Ministers on 20th October 2000., in Firenze, Italy. The main goal of the Convention is protection, planning and management of the landscape as important part of the quality of life for people living everywhere: in urban areas and in countryside, in degraded areas as well as in the areas with high quality and those recognized as being of outstanding beauty. Serbia has singed Convention on 21 of September 2007. Diversity and quality, the cultural and natural values linked to European landscapes are part of Europe's common heritage, and it is important to co-operate towards its protection, management and planning According to explored international experiences, landscape plan, with its known methodology, is recognized as the most suitable tool in the most Countries which have already implemented European Landscape Convention. As to situation in Serbia, landscape planning is not treated in adequate or appropriate way within system of spatial planning. On the basis of the recent European experiences regarding The European Landscape Convention, the paper will underline the inevitability of landscape planning integration into the spatial planning system at the national, regional and city level, in Serbia.

IntroductionAmphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) including amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine/‘ecstasy’, methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and ‘Ritalin’ are the second most commonly used illicit drugs globally. Yet, there is little evidence on which factors are associated with the development of different patterns of ATS use over the life course. This study aims to examine which individual, social and environmental factors shape different pathways and trajectories of ATS consumption. The study will be conducted in five European countries: Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Czech Republic and the UK.Methods and analysisWe will use a sequential mixed-methods study design to investigate the multiple factors (familial, social and occupational situation, critical life events, general risk behaviour, mental and physical health, satisfaction with life) that shape individual ATS use pathways. A systematic literature review will be performed to provide an overview of the current academic literature on the topic. In module 1, qualitative semistructured interviews (n=ATS users and non-users) will be conducted to explore individual experiences of, and perspectives on, dynamics of change in stimulant consumption patterns. In module 2, structured questionnaires (n=2000 ATS users and non-users) will be administered via tablet computers to validate and enhance the generalisability of the interview findings. Data integration will take place at two key points. First, during the study, where the findings from the first qualitative interviews will inform the design of the structured questionnaire. Second, at the end of the study, where mixed methods data will be brought together to generate an in-depth, contextualised understanding of the research topic.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the respective responsible ethics committee in each participating country. Data will be treated confidentially to ensure participants’ anonymity. Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed scientific journals, national and international conferences, and in briefings for policy and practice.

Introduction: The importance of multiculturalism for the development of tourism, consistently emphasized in the literature, shows the long history and rich tradition of this form of tourism. Poland has historically been a land of transition between East and West, a land where different cultures have existed side by side: German, Jewish, Polish, and Russian. For centuries Poland was a meeting place of different religions and cultures and today’s landscape still shows evidence of this. The catastrophe of World War II brought the annihilation of a multicultural society and created a homogeneity, unprecedented in our history. Jewish heritage and urban cultural tourism: In their almost 2000-year diaspora, Jews have been present in Poland for eight hundred years: from the early middle ages until the Holocaust, the annihilation during World War II. The Jews were distinguished from other community groups by their religion, language, customs, art and architecture. In the interwar period of the 20th century, Poland was home to the largest Jewish community in Europe, distinguished by its enormous cultural and intellectual vitality. Pandemic time: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the tourism sector hard, and travel restrictions still apply to us. Therefore, it is necessary to verify the forecasts and prepare new recommendations for cultural tourism destinations during and after the pandemic. Conclusions: Recently there has been a revival of interests in Jewish heritage and many tourists (both domestic and foreign) want to explore Jewish culture and remaining monuments of the past. Despite pandemic time restrictions it is also possible, however new actions and policy are required to secure sanitary recommendations and rebuild consumer confidence.

July 12–13, 2007, the Institute of Art and Law, Leicester, invited numerous experts to an international meeting at Pecz, Hungary, about the legal and ethical issues of portable antiquities in Europe. Norman Palmer (Barrister, King's College, London) introduced the participants to the questions revolving around treasure trove and the various ways to legally structure claims for recovery of portable antiquities under both public and private law. In particular, he addressed the issue of interdependencies between potentially strong substantive law on treasure trove or protection of cultural property on the one hand and limits of implementation of such rules in cross-border cases on the other hand. Jeremy Scott (Withers LLP, London) further illustrated this issue with reference to the most recent English cases of Iran v. Berend—no renvoi in English choice of law on moveable property and (if there were renvoi) no lex originis under French choice of law—and Iran v. Barakat—no application of foreign public law such as Iranian patrimony law by English courts. In the meantime the latter case has been reversed on appeal. Kurt Siehr (Max-Planck-Institute for Private International and Foreign Law, Hamburg) outlined the mechanisms offered by community law, in particular under Directive 93/7/EEC, for the protection of cultural property of member states vis-à-vis other member states. Zsolt Visy (Pecz University) demonstrated the typical difficulties of the protection of archaeological objects found in the ground but illegally exported with reference to the highly problematic history of the Sevso Treasure. Visy also underlined the fact that most legal remedies depend on the precise attribution of the moveable object in question to a certain state. In the following a tour de raison was offered through various national legal systems on how treasure trove is regulated and to what extent claims for recovery of antiquities can be raised. Weller pointed to the peculiarity under German law that the rules on treasure trove are rather unsophisticated compared to the voluminous statutory regimes in other states and that the competency to rule on treasure trove primarily lies with the states of the Federal Republic of Germany—a situation that necessarily results in a variety of solutions. Although many rules of general nature supplement the regime of treasure trove under German law, the law on treasure trove appeared to be a suitable object for unification on the federal level, and on this occasion the protection of archaeological objects found in the ground should be strengthened. In the second part of the meeting, Guido Carducci (UNESCO, Paris) presented a comparison between the regimes of claims for recovery of antiquities under the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention. Patty Gerstenblith (DePaul University, United States) commented on the interaction between foreign patrimony law and domestic criminal prosecution under the National Stolen Property Act with reference to the famous case in US v. Schultz. In the following round table talk with Kurt Siehr, Jeremy Scott, and Weller, the crucial issue of the application of foreign public law such as patrimony law was discussed from a comparative perspective; and Weller drew the attention to the 1975 Wiesbaden Resolution on the Application of Foreign Public Law of the Institute of International Law, by which the world leading conflicts scholars of the time had already agreed on the principle that there was no good reason a priori to exclude foreign public law from its application by a domestic court. Further presentations on the relevance of soft law, codes of ethics, and practical issues of archaeological excavations provided a comprehensive picture of the legal and ethical issues of portable antiquities in Europe.

Received 01.09.2020. In the early 21st century, many European countries saw an increased influence of political parties relying on localized communities. Many new regional parties (RPs) emerged, which put the scientific community in need of understanding the reasons behind their strengthening positions in Europe. The present research provides a critical review of the RPs’ definitions, examines their origins, place in the political spectrum, factors of electoral success and geographical distribution of their electorate. The study is based on the analysis of the parliamentary and regional elections results in 43 European countries in 2000–2019. A map of the RP support rate by region has been designed, showing areas of the strongest public support. Its correlation with ethnic and cultural composition, political structure, and uneven regional development of the countries of Western and Eastern Europe has been analyzed. Today, in parliamentary and regional elections, RPs receive more than 5% of votes in the area of around 600 sq. kms, or 40% of the European territory (overseas territories excluded). Particular attention is paid to party strategies in national and regional elections. Modern RPs diversify their programs going far beyond the interests of a particular sociocultural group. In parliamentary elections, they often make alliances with national parties. In turn, national parties sometimes speak in regional elections “under the local brand”. The satisfaction of the RPs’ demands to provide the regions with greater autonomy does not have a significant impact on their strategies, which request increasingly wider powers. Despite the fact that individual regional parties even get seats in national parliaments, they have practically no influence on the state policy shaping. Their rise is associated not with electoral results, but with trends in the European political process. One can speak not about the success of particular parties, but about the advancement of the idea of regionalism. Acknowledgements. The study was carried out at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences as part of the work supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF). Project no. 19-17-00232 “Post-Soviet Non-Recognized States: Factors of Viability and Risks for Russia”. Collection of electoral data for drawing up a schematic map (Fig.) was supported by a grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and Expert Institute of Social Research (EISR). Project no. 20-011-32284 “The Success of Regional Parties in Modern Europe: Causes and Characteristics”.

Beef and lamb meat production is associated with important cultural, economic and environmental impacts in most countries worldwide. However, it is also related with sustainability challenges. To enable cattle and sheep farming to develop in line with sustainability, existing knowledge need to be implemented and identified knowledge gaps filled. The purpose of this article was to systematically map the scientific literature on environmental, economic and social sustainability at farm-level beef and lamb meat production to identify knowledge gaps and to point to important future actions and areas of research. Papers published January 2000–August 2020 with a geographical origin in Europe, Northern America, and Australia-New Zealand were included. The systematic literature search resulted in a total of 1355 hits; however, after removing papers which were considered out of the scope of the study, and duplicate papers, only 22 and 11 papers related to beef and sheep farming, respectively were retained for further analysis. Of these, only 11 in total included all three sustainability dimensions. Several papers only mentioned one or two of the sustainability dimensions or put them in relation to that/those main dimension covered, thus limiting the extent to which possible synergies or tradeoffs between different sustainability aspects actually can be studied. This indicates a need for a more comprehensive approach when studying farm-level sustainability. Future research would benefit from a more holistic approach and include all dimensions of sustainability within the same study. Further, focus should also be on how to measure and assess sustainability aspects in a standardized way.

The article reveals the processes of social integration of the Roma in Montenegro in 2006–2017. The author analyses the performances of the government regarding the Roma issue. The article also shows that the Roma socialization process is an essential premise for Montenegro in their determination to European integration, which requires substantial adjustment and improvements in the legal system. In the research, the author assesses official documents concerning the Roma, which shows that the Roma community complies with a significant part of the overall Montenegrin population. Interestingly, almost two-thirds of Roma in Montenegro arrived at the country during the war in Kosovo in 1999–2000 and then received the status of internally displaced persons what made them hostages of international law for the decade. In addition, considering the social and cultural differences of the ethnic group with other nations living in the country, the integration process into the Montenegrin society is a real challenge for the state. The problem of social adaptation of the Roma is a topical issue for national welfare and security not only for Montenegro but for the whole of Central and Eastern Europe. Being a participant of the regional initiative “The Decade of Roma Inclusion” since 2005, the government of Montenegro have actively advanced the national legal system, developed and implemented projects for dwellings, education and culture of the Roma community. It is also noticeable that solving the Roma issue in the country correlates with the foreign policy objectives such as European and Euro-Atlantic integration. The author provides different examples to prove that in the first eleven years of independence, the government of Montenegro managed to make significant steps forward to the acceptance of European values through strenuous legal reforms.

The article is dedicated to Heorhiy H. Shevel, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Soviet Ukraine from August of 1970 to November of 1980.The authors presented sincere recollections about this well known person, under whose leadership they began their diplomatic service that lasted for several decades. The decision to share those memories with readers of Diplomatic Ukraine was prompted by the fact that on May 9 this year was Mr. Shevel`s 100 anniversary. Unfortunately, neither the researchers of the history of Ukrainian diplomacy, nor those in charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Diplomatic Academy paid the necessary tribute to this event. The authors of the article focus on the fact that with no previous experience in foreign policy matters Mr. Shevel managed in the conditions of a totalitarian Soviet system to realize important ideas in the interests of the Ukrainian diplomatic service and its development. From the very start of his duties as Minister of Foreign Affairs he undertook many practical steps to promote and improve the professional skills of his subordinates, to ensure their perfect command of foreign languages and to provide the Ministry`s staff and Ukraine`s permanent missions at the United Nations in New York, UNESCO in Paris and at other international organizations with a skilled personnel. Moreover, despite essential dependence on the policy of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Shevel also succeeded in ensuring more visible results of participation of the Ukrainian SSR in the activities of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and in the International Labour Organization. During his term as Minister for Foreign Affairs, representatives of the Ukrainian SSR were elected 37 times to the governing bodies of various international organizations, their sessions and conferences. As an evidence of substantial resurgence of Ukrainian diplomacy of the said period is the fact that the Ukrainian SSR also signed and ratified 64 multilateral international documents. Minister Shevel also paid particular attention to establishing Ukraine`s image abroad as one of the original members of the United Nations, by promoting its achievements in scientific, cultural and humanitarian fields, as well as to strengthening ties with Ukrainian communities in various foreign countries. This very important component of its work the Ministry of Foreign Affairs accomplished in close cooperation with two public organizations – the Society for ties with Ukrainians abroad (Society Ukraina) and the Ukrainian Society for friendship and cultural relations with foreign countries. Minister H. Shevel was also the initiator of the construction in Kyiv of several buildings to locate Consulates–General of Eastern-European states. Nowadays, these buildings are used by diplomatic missions of respective foreign states accredited in independent Ukraine. The authors of the reviewed article are confident that despite various fabricated and often unfounded conclusions about the Ukrainian diplomacy of the Soviet period the irrefutable fact is that during Minister Shevel`s years it acquired and strengthened the necessary practical experience and professional diplomatic skills. Therefore, they support as indisputable the conclusion made several years ago by one of the researchers of the history of National diplomacy that “it would be incorrect to consider the 1970s of the past century as such that passed off in vain for the Ukrainian foreign-policy office”.30 years have passed since the untimely death of Heorhiy H. Shevel on July 17, 1989. Being a man of his times and performing highly responsible duties of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in actually limited framework, he was at the same time a peculiar and extraordinary personality. And as such a figure he will always remain in the memory of all who knew him well and had the opportunity to work under his management. Because memory, emphasize the authors of the noted article, means first and foremost the ability not to forget the past. And this, they remark, is what the present generation of Ukrainian diplomats must keep in view and never forget. Keywords: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ukrainian diplomacy, foreign policy, international organizations, diplomatic service, memory.

The past trends in tertiary education attainment of selected post-communist countries are investigated through population projections. Did a common higher education policy manifest itself through attainment levels, and how did the situation change after the collapse of the Soviet regime? The approach is based on comprehensive back-projections ranging from year 2000 to 1970. Descriptive findings for most countries show that the level of tertiary education attainment for women has surpassed that of men sooner than in Western Europe. Results are discussed in light of individual countries’ pre-war higher education models and former communist policy, and possible implications are derived for future study of higher education attainment.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to map the barriers to women leadership across healthcare, academia and business, and identify barriers prevalence across sectors. A barriers thematic map, with quantitative logic, and a prevalence chart have been developed, with the aim to uncover inequalities and provide orientation to develop inclusion and equal opportunity strategies within different work environments. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review method was adopted across five electronic databases. Rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied to select relevant publications, followed by critical appraisal of the eligible articles. The geographical target was Europe, with a publication time range spanning the period from 2000 to 2015. Certain specialized international studies were also examined. The key themes were identified using summative content analysis and the findings were analyzed using qualitative meta-summary method to formulate hypotheses for subsequent research. Findings In total, 26 barriers were identified across the aforementioned sectors. A high degree of barriers commonalities was identified, with some striking differences between the prevalence of barriers across sectors. Research limitations/implications The results of this study may need further validation using statistical methodology given the knowledge base gaps regarding the range of barriers and the differences in their prevalence. Bias and interpretation in reporting anchored in different theoretical frameworks ought to be further examined. Additional variables such as ambiguously stated barriers, sector overlap, women’s own choices, cultural and educational background and analysis in the context of the economic crisis, ensuing austerity and migratory pressure, are also worth exploring. Practical implications Women’s notable and persisting underrepresentation in top leading positions across sectors reflects a critical drawback in terms of organizational and societal progress particularly regarding inclusion and balanced decision making. Practice-related blind spots may need to be further examined and addressed through specific policies. Originality/value The comparative nature of barriers to women leadership across three sectors allows the reader to contrast the differences in gender inequalities and to comprehend inclusion challenges in healthcare, academia and business. The authors draw attention to varying degrees of barriers prevalence that have been understudied and deserve to be further explored. This gap in knowledge extends to policy, thus, highlighting the need to address the gender equality and inclusion challenges in a context-specific manner across work environments.

The article is devoted to the transformation of the institute of family and family values in the conditions of globalization of the neoliberal type. The purpose of the article is to describe the process of reinstitualisation of a traditional family into a nontraditional one and the relevant changes of family values. Specifies that understanding the social necessity of the family as a social group in order to meet the needs of society in the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population is not a sociological, but a demographic characteristic. The necessity to distinguish the social function of the family from the demographic is substantiated. The first is to recreate the social structure and socialization, and the second - in the reproduction of the population. The article compares the information of Eurostat and World Values Survey 2017 with the results of all-Ukrainian sociological research conducted from July to August 2017 by the Center for Independent Sociological Research «Omega», commissioned by the Ministry of Youth and Sport of Ukraine, «Youth of Ukraine – 2017» and «Ukrainian Generation Z. Values and Landmarks» –by GfK Ukraine, commissioned by the New Europe Center. As a result of the comparison, the following conclusions are made: the transformation of the family institution in Ukrainian society slowly reflects pan-European tendencies. But if for Ukraine this can be considered as a trend, then for European countries - as a natural process, during which there were significant mental changes. It is noted that the transformation of family values should be considered in the context of relevant legislative initiatives that are associated with the process of re-institutionalization of family relations. It is emphasized that the traditional institute of the family is based on natural-historical laws, in accordance with which family policy is built up. On the basis of an analysis of the reasons for the transformation of the traditional family institution into untraditional one, described in the well-known bestseller of the American sociologist and futurist E. Toffler, "The shock of the future" (Future shock, 1970), an attempt was made to justify the role of state policy in the process of deinstitutionalisation and reinstitutionalization of the family . It turns out that the main reason for the emergence of a non-traditional institute is the increase in state spending in support of the traditional family. This circumstance is interpreted as a loss to be reduced. A married man has to support a family, not a married one, only himself. If somebody allows to stay in extra-marriage, crippling and disorderly sexual relationships, including the same-sex, the family institution loses its meaning, and the economic damage should be greatly reduced. The social energy of individuals begins to be spent not on the solving of social problems arised at the junction of intergroup relations, but in searching of a sexual partner and the protection of the right of free searching. Freudian sublimation begins to act here as a protective mechanism for the removal of internal energy, which is generated in support of the social injustice of the existing social system, but redirects to the achievement of the right to freedom in choosing a sexual partner. Consequently, sublimation is transformed from sexual to sexual-legal-political type. It is determined that the formation of the emancipative system of values in the modern Ukrainian society takes place under the influence of a number of factors of globalization, state-political, socio-cultural character. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the Ukrainian youth, according to all-Ukrainian sociological research, prefers the socio-cultural significance of the family and traditional family values. The results of the study can be implemented in courses of sociological disciplines and the deployment of new areas of sociological research. Foreseeable assumptions about the development of the research object are finding the best ways to preserve traditional family values and the family's institutes in the modern society.

Marie Henehan presents a systematic study of every roll call vote on foreign policy taken by the Senate between 1897 and 1984. She predicts an increase in Senate activity and disagree- ment on foreign policy after "the emergence of imperialism as a critical issue in 1897, the crisis over involvement in Europe in 1917, the heightened importance of the response to commu- nism in 1947, and the perceived failure of the containment policy in Vietnam between the Tet Offensive in 1968 and the bombing of Cambodia in 1970" (p. 83). She also predicts a gradual decline in activity as the issue is resolved, but increases following major policy failures related to each critical issue.

Abstract China’s total fertility rate fell below replacement level in the 1990s. From the 1970s the fertility rate declined dramatically, mainly as a consequence of the national population policy whose aim has been to limit birth numbers, control population growth and boost economic growth. Having achieved such a low fertility rate, how will China’s population policy evolve in the future? This paper first reviews the history of China’s population policy since 1970 in three stages: 1970–1979; 1980–1999; and after 2000. We explore the impacts of China’s population policy, including relief of pressure on China’s environment and resources, fertility decline, the unexpectedly high male-biased sex ratio at birth (SRB), the coming shortage of labour force, and the rapid aging of the population, and extinction of racial and cultural diversity. We also investigate ethical issues raised by the implementation of the policy and its results. Finally we introduce the controversy over potential adjustment of the policy, acknowledging the problems faced by western countries with low fertility and the counter-measures they have taken. We offer some suggestions that might be appropriate in the Chinese context.

Norway has experienced a substantial influx of students in the 21st century. The number of students with foreign citizenship has increased from just over 5,000 in 2000 to more than 23,000 in 2018, as seen in Figure 1 (DBH, 2020). This growth may seem like a paradox, given that Norway has few well-known higher education institutions, high living expenses, a language not widely understood, and a geographical location at the northern fringes of Europe. Figure 1: Number of Bachelor and Master Students in Norway with Foreign Citizenship 2000–2018 So why do students choose Norway? A deliberate policy for internationalization of higher education developed is an important factor. From the 1980s, internationalization has increasingly become an integral part of national higher education policies as well as included as strategies of higher education institutions (Wiers-Jenssen & Sandersen, 2017). The main rationale for encouraging student mobility is educational; mobility is seen a tool for quality enhancement in higher education. However, economic, cultural,and political rationales are also present. The fact that the vast majority of higher education institutions are public partly explains why internationalization policies quite efficiently has trickled down from the national to the institutional level. Most Norwegian higher education institutions do not charge tuition fees. This has gradually become a comparative advantage, as an increasing number of neighboring countries have introduced fees for students from outside Europe. Hence, there may be economic rationales for choosing Norway as a study destination, despite high costs of living. Students from developing countries may qualify for funding from the Norwegian government, while students from other countries have to cover all expenses themselves. Higher education institutions have economic incentives other than tuition fees for attracting international students. A reform in Norwegian higher education implemented in 2003 introduced a performance-based funding system (Frölich, 2006). Higher education institutions are rewarded for the number of credit points awarded, implying a stronger focus on attracting students in general. A significant increase in the number of courses and programs in English has facilitated recruitment of international students (Wiers-Jenssen, 2019). International students cited courses in English and absence of tuition fees as the most frequently reported motives for studying in Norway (Diku, 2019a; Wiers-Jenssen, 2019). The latter is particularly important for students undertaking a full degree in Norway. Features of Norway, such as peaceful, safe, and technologically advanced society and unspoiled countryside are also accentuated. As these characteristics were present also before the number of international students started to grow, such motives must be understood in relation to conditions that have changed, such as availability of courses in English. Beautiful scenery and safety would have limited attractional value if courses in English were not offered. Quality is a less highlighted reason for choosing Norway as a study destination. But even if perceived quality is not a main attraction, international students in general give positive assessments of the quality of their education (Diku, 2019a). They cope quite well with academic demands, and their main challenges seem to be dealing with the high living expenses and limited interaction with Norwegians. The latter represents a challenge also for higher education institutions, as a major rationale for recruiting international students is to enhance “internationalization at home” (exposing Norwegian students and faculty to perspectives from abroad). If interaction is scarce, so is the exchange of ideas and perspectives. Foreign students in Norway consist of three groups (see Figure 2): (a) students who come to undertake a full postgraduate degree (international graduate students), corresponding to the definition of international students used in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2020) statistics; (b) students who come for a shorter study of 3 months or more (international exchange students); and (c)students who come for study sojourn of less than three months or who have come to Norway for other reasons, including (labor) migrants, refugees and more. In total, these three groups constituted 8.7% of total enrollments in Norwegian higher education institutions in 2018 (own calculation based on DBH). Figure 2: Bachelor and Master students in Norway with Foreign Citizenship, 2018: Number and Type of Students PhD students are not included in the figures mentioned above, and an exact numberof current doctoral students cannot be estimated. However, the number of foreign citizens completing a PhD was 657 in 2018, 42 per cent of all PhD graduates (Research Council of Norway, 2019). Hence, the proportion of foreign citizens is far higher at the doctorate level than at the bachelor and master level. This is in line with the situation in most European and North American countries (OECD, 2019). The largest universities (University of Oslo and Norwegian University of Science and Technology) attract the highest number of international students. These are also among the few Norwegian higher education institution found on international ranking lists. However, some small specialized higher education institutions such as the Academy of Fine Art, The Oslo School of Architecture and Design, and the Norwegian Academy of Music have higher proportions of international students. The majority of international students originate from Europe and Asia (Diku, 2019b). China, Nepal, Sweden and Germany are currently the major sending countries of full degree students. Exchange students are mainly Europeans, and many of these come through the European Union student exchange program ERASMUS. European exchange students are often attracted by the “exoticness” of studying in the northern fringes of Europe. The majority of full degree students are enrolled in master programs, while exchange students are in bachelor programs. Science and technology is the most popular field of study, and clearly more popular among international students than Norwegian students (Diku, 2019b). More than half of the international students report being interested in living and working in Norway upon graduation (Diku, 2019a). However, updated statistics on the number that actually settle in Norway are currently not available. While obtaining a residence permit in Norway is quite straightforward for those who are originate from countries in the European Economic Area, students from other countries generally face more barriers. Some countries see recruitment of international students as an instrument for so-called skilled migration, but Norway does not have an explicit policy on this. On the contrary, government policies have encouraged students to leave upon graduation, in order to avoid poaching highly skilled individuals from countries that already experience high emigration. As a part of foreign aid policy, students from developing countries have received grants for studying in Norway, on condition that they return to their home country. The last couple of years, the number of international students in Norway has ceased to grow (cf. Figure 1). The reasons for this are not clear. It may be that a (temporary) point of saturation is reached. Still, the overall picture shows a remarkable growth in the last two decades. This illustrates that a small country with weak traditions for inward mobility may be able to attract international students if higher education institutions and national policies match well. Further, it shows that institutional policies can attract international students as much as economic policies.

Abstract. Abstract: The RECOVER: 2010 project was designed to assess the current and future anthropogenic pressures on sensitive European freshwater ecosystems. This pan–European assessment utilised a standardised predictive modelling approach to evaluate the degree of compliance with respect to the restoration of acidified waters by 2016, as specified under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), and evaluated the environmental benefits of proposed UN-ECE protocols on emissions control. Between 1970 and 2000, observations and model simulations show a significant decline in acidic surface water in all regions of Europe. This demonstrated the success of policies aimed at reducing emission of acidifying compounds. The nature and extent of future regional recovery from acidification is, however, dependent upon the historical pattern of deposition, regional ecosystem characteristics and the role of confounding factors, which may delay the onset of recovery or the magnitude of response. Model predictions to 2010 and beyond emphasise the continued benefit of currently proposed reductions, as reflected by the degree of recovery of freshwater ecosystems. A key component was to link such hydrochemical recovery with ecological response, and the project aimed to evaluate this against current WFD criteria of “good status" and “reference conditions". The RECOVER: 2010 project research has also played a major role in defining the dynamic modelling outputs which will be required to support the review of the Gothenburg Protocol within the work of the UN-ECE CLRTAP Working Group on Effects (WGE), and model outputs have been made available to a range of national agencies throughout Europe. Keyword: recovery, acidification, modelling, policy, good status, reference conditions

Abstract. A phenological data set collected by citizen scientists from 1970 to 2018 in Latvia is presented, comprising almost 47 000 individual observations of eight taxonomical groups, in addition to agrarian activities and abiotic parameters, covering in total 159 different phenological phases. These original data published offline in annual issues of the Nature and History Calendar (in Latvian, Dabas un vēstures kalendārs) have been digitized, harmonized, and geo-referenced. Overall, the possible use of such data is extensive, as phenological data are excellent bioindicators for characterizing climate change and can be used for the elaboration of adaptation strategies in agriculture, forestry, and environmental monitoring. The data can also be used in cultural–historical research; for example, the database includes data on sugar beet and maize, the cultivation of which was imposed on collective farms during the Soviet period. Thus, such data are not only important in the Earth sciences but can also be applied to the social sciences. The data significantly complement current knowledge on European phenology, especially regarding northern regions and the temporal biome. The data here cover two climate reference periods (1971–2000; 1981–2010), in addition to more recent years, and are particularly important in monitoring the effects of climate change. The database can be considered the largest open phenological data set in the Baltics. The data are freely available to all interested at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3982086 (Kalvāne et al., 2020).

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the total factor productivity (TFP) gap between the USA and eight Latin American countries for the period of 1970-2000. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides an explicit application of TFP estimation by employing a growth accounting approach (Solow Residual) in the presence of non-constant returns to scale and a non-parametric approach (DEA – Malmquist Index) while relaxing the scale-related constraint. A macro-based economic model of innovator and follower countries is employed to explore the linkage between technology gaps and innovations, labor productivity, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and adult workforce illiteracy rates. A pooled model and a fixed effects model are used to determine the factors of the technology gap between the innovator and the follower countries. Findings – The results show that the labor productivity gap, adult work force illiteracy rates, patent filing gap, and trade openness are significant determinants of the technology gap between innovator and follower country. Practical implications – Latin American countries would benefit from the technology diffusion from an innovator country; but a minimum threshold of human capital, such as adult workforce illiteracy rates and patent filing has to be met. The authors find government policies on trade openness also have large effects on technology limitations in foreign countries. Originality/value – This paper is of value to researchers, policy makers, and economic development specialists trying to improve the rate of technology adoption and innovation.

The text analyzes the transformation of the accreditation/evaluation) of higher education from a policy of the Evaluative State, in the ´80s, to a global policy with different modalities. Based on the concepts developed by Susan Robertson and Roger Dale in relation to the multi-scalar governance of higher education, it is shown the existence of accreditation policies at different scales, as well as the participation of different institutions and actors (international, private and non profit). The impact of the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) in higher education, and specifically in evaluation/accreditation, generated policies such as global accreditation and regional accreditations. Also new institutions as accreditation agencies, and new strategies as guidelines for accreditation appeared, which are presented and analyzed in the text. It derives from a research, based on bibliography, documentary analysis and interviews with experts in internationalization and evaluation of higher education.ResumoO texto analisa a transformação da acreditação/avaliação da educação superior de uma política do Estado Avaliador na década de 1980 para uma política global desdobrada em diversas modalidades. A partir de conceitos desenvolvidos por Susan Robertson e Roger Dale acerca da governança multiescalar da educação, será mostrada a existência de políticas de avaliação em diversas escalas, assim como a participação de diversas instituições e atores (internacionais, privados e do terceiro setor). Mostra-se que o impacto do Acordo Geral de Comercio e Serviços (GATS) na educação superior e, especificamente na avaliação/acreditação, gerou políticas tais como o acreditador global e as acreditações regionais; e instituições como as agências de acreditação nacionais e/ou regionais e as redes dessas agências, que elaboram diretrizes apresentadas e analisadas no texto. Este é produto de pesquisa baseada em bibliografia, análise documental e entrevistas com especialistas em internacionalização e avaliação da educação superior.ResumenEl texto analiza la transformación de la acreditación/evaluación de la educación superior de una política del Estado Evaluador, en la década de 1980, a una política global desdoblada en diversas modalidades. A partir de conceptos desarrollados por Susan Robertson y Roger Dale acerca de la gobernanza multiescalar de la educación superior, será mostrada la existencia de políticas de evaluación en diferentes escalas, así como la participación de diversas instituciones y actores (internacionales, privados y del tercer sector). Se afirma que el impacto del Acuerdo General de Comercio y Servicios (GATS) en la educación superior y, específicamente en la evaluación/acreditación, generó políticas tales como el acreditador global y las acreditaciones regionales e instituciones como las agencias de acreditación, las redes de agencias que elaboran directrices para acreditación que son presentadas y analizadas en el texto. Este deriva de una investigación, basada en bibliografía, análisis documental y entrevistas con especialistas en internacionalización y evaluación de la educación superior.Palavras-chave: Educação superior, Avaliação da educação superior; Acreditação, Governança multiescalar.Keywords: Higher education, Higher education evaluation, Accreditation, Multi-scalar governance.Palabras clave: Educación superior, Evaluación de la educación superior, Acreditación, Gobernanza multiescalar.ReferencesAFONSO, Almerindo Janela. Mudanças no Estado-avaliador: comparativismo internacional e teoria da modernização revisitada. Rev. Bras. Educ., Rio de Janeiro, v. 18, n. 53, p. 267-284, jun. 2013.AFONSO, Almerindo Janela. Avaliação educacional. Regulação e emancipação. 3ª. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2000.ALTBACH, Philip; KNIGHT, Jane. The internationalization of higher education: motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, v. 11, n. 3-4, p. 290-305, 2007.ANDERSON, Perry. 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The analysis of works on the problems of vocational education pedagogy made it possible to highlight the crisis points in its development, associated, first of all, with the inconsistency of the educational results content with the requirements of employers and the priorities of state policy in the field of digitalization and innovation. The system of forming employees' key competencies has become one of the priority conditions for the creation and effective functioning of the Russian state innovative economy. The active and widespread introduction of modern science-intensive technologies leads to an increase in the requirements of the state and society for the qualifications of university graduates, the level of their intercultural competence, and readiness to master new approaches to professional activity. These factors explain the close attention of scientists and specialists from different branches of knowledge and areas of pedagogy, psychology, public administration, sociology, informatics, etc., to the problems of intercultural training of future specialists in the context of globalization. The article proposes the periodization of the development of the problem of forming digital intercultural competence, the identification of characteristic trends at the second stage of the problem development, the identification of socio-cultural, historical, scientific and theoretical prerequisites for its formation and development. At the same time, the etymological complexity and diversity of the research problem led to the identification of historical trends in several directions: emergence of information society; formation of the competence nature of the higher education system; development of the problem of forming intercultural competence.

<p><em>This paper observes the historical, cultural, political, and social aspects of Indonesian and Thailand women to understand the progress of the women’s role and position in the two countries, especially during the democratic transition period. This is qualitative research that utilized library sources to collect information and data through various resources such as books, documents, historical books, and webistes dated back from 1970s to 2000s in Indonesia and Thailand. Although there are similarities in development programs to address women's role and position before democratization in Indonesia and Thailand as both of them mainly focused on “practical gender interests”. Interestingly, this paper reveals that during the democratic transition period, Indonesian women’s role and position in politics are one step ahead. This is due to the political stability, persistent commitment of the government to the gender equality agenda, and growing support from progressive Muslim leaders. In contrast, political turbulence due to often military coups which result in the government’s slow performance for women’s advancement combined with less support from Buddhist leaders slowed the progress of Thailand women. This paper highlights the important role of the government policy on gender equality for women’s advancement, political stability, and the role of the majority religion (Islam in Indonesia and Theravada Buddhism in Thailand) to support women's role and position in politics</em>.</p><p>Tulisan ini mengkaji aspek sejarah, budaya, politik, dan sosial perempuan Indonesia dan Thailand untuk memahami perkembangan peran dan posisi perempuan di kedua negara, terutama pada masa transisi demokrasi. Ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang memanfaatkan sumber perpustakaan untuk mengumpulkan informasi dan data melalui berbagai sumber seperti buku, dokumen, buku sejarah, dan situs web dari tahun 1970-an hingga 2000-an di Indonesia dan Thailand. Meskipun ada kesamaan dalam program pembangunan untuk mengatasi peran dan posisi perempuan sebelum demokratisasi di Indonesia dan Thailand karena keduanya berfokus pada “kepentingan gender praktis”. Menariknya, tulisan ini mengungkapkan bahwa selama masa transisi demokrasi peran dan posisi perempuan Indonesia dalam politik selangkah lebih maju. Hal ini disebabkan oleh stabilitas politik, komitmen pemerintah yang gigih terhadap agenda kesetaraan gender dan dukungan yang semakin besar dari para pemimpin Muslim progresif. Sebaliknya, gejolak politik akibat seringnya kudeta militer yang mengakibatkan lambatnya kinerja pemerintah untuk kemajuan perempuan ditambah dengan kurangnya dukungan para pemimpin Buddhis memperlambat kemajuan perempuan Thailand. Tulisan ini menyoroti pentingnya peran kebijakan pemerintah tentang kesetaraan gender untuk kemajuan perempuan, stabilitas politik, dan peran agama mayoritas (Islam di Indonesia dan Buddhisme Theravada di Thailand) untuk mendukung peran dan posisi perempuan dalam politik.</p>

RÉSUMÉLe principal objectif de cet article est d’encourager une approche plus large, supraconfessionnelle, du mariage et de la famille à l’époque moderne. La conjugalité a été “désacralisée” par les réformateurs protestants du 16e siècle. Martin Luther, parmi d’autres, a refusé le statut de sacrement au mariage, tout en valorisant celui-ci comme une arme contre le péché. En réaction, le concile de Trente a réaffirmé avec force que le mariage est bien un des sept sacrements chrétiens. Mais, promouvant la supériorité du célibat, l’Église catholique n’a jamais beaucoup insisté sur les vertus de la vie et de la piété familiales avant le 19e siècle. En parallèle, les historiens décèlent des signes de “sacralisation” de la famille protestante à partir du 16e siècle. Leurs conclusions doivent être relativisées à la lumière de recherches plus récentes et plus critiques, centrées sur les rapports et les représentations de genre. Elles peuvent néanmoins inspirer une étude élargie et comparative, inexistante dans l’historiographie traditionnelle, des réalités et des perceptions de la famille chrétienne au-delà des frontières confessionnelles.MOTS-CLÉ: Époque Moderne, mariage, famille, protestantisme, Concile de TrenteABSTRACTThe main purpose of this paper is to encourage a broader supra-confessional approach to the history of marriage and the family in the Early Modern era. Wedlock was “desacralized” by the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Martin Luther, among others, denied the sacramental status of marriage but valued it as a weapon against sin. In reaction, the Council of Trent reinforced marriage as one of the seven sacraments. But the Catholic Church, which promoted the superiority of celibacy, did little to defend the virtues of family life and piety before the 19th century. In parallel, historians have identified signs of a “sacralization” of the Protestant family since the 16th century. These findings must be relativized in the light of newer and more critical studies on gender relations and representations. But they can still inspire a broader comparative study, non-existent in traditional confessional historiography, of the realities and perceptions of the Christian family beyond denominational borders.KEY WORDS: Early Modern Christianity, marriage, family, Protestantism, Council of Trent BIBLIOGRAPHIEAdair, R., Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1996.Beaulande-Barraud, V., “Sexualité, mariage et procréation. Discours et pratiques dans l’Église médiévale (XIIIe-XVe siècles)”, dans Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2017, pp. 19-29.Bels, P., Le mariage des protestants français jusqu’en 1685. 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The objective of this study is to discuss affordances in foreign language (L2) teacher education in the digital age. With that aim, some pedagogical interventions were carried out in the course of “Supervised Internship” within the context of the Undergraduate Degree in English Language Teaching, at a federal university in the Southeast of Brazil in order to obtain empirical data concerning the perceptions of pre-service English teachers. The theoretical framework is based on the concept of affordance, in relation to the effects of globalization (and its Information and Communication Technologies - ICTs) on the education of language teachers in the digital age, considering aspects of interculturality, through hybrid approaches such as CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning), COIL (Collaborative Online International Learning) and the Intercomprehension approach. Data were obtained through participant observation and interviews with educators and pre-service teachers, and include: 1) discussion of texts about language teaching, interculturality and the use of technologies in education; 2) virtual meetings in COIL format with pre-service teachers enrolled in the course of “Supervised Internship” at a Brazilian university and at Alberto Hurtado University (AHU) in Chile; 3) discussion/reflection sessions; 4) interviews with participants. The analysis suggests that ICTs and approaches such as CLIL, COIL and Intercomprehension promote affordances for inclusive practices (for financially disadvantaged people, with the use of internet); multilingual practices (including other languages besides English); and intercultural practices, promoting contact and learning among different cultures and languages.ResumoO objetivo deste estudo é refletir sobre affordances na formação de professores de línguas adicionais (L2) na era digital. Com esse objetivo, algumas intervenções pedagógicas foram realizadas na disciplina de “Estágio Supervisionado” do curso de Licenciatura em Letras Inglês de uma universidade federal do Sudeste brasileiro, a fim de ilustrar e embasar essa reflexão por meio de dados empíricos das percepções de professores de inglês em formação. O arcabouço teórico se baseia na noção de affordance em relação aos efeitos da globalização com suas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) na formação de professores de L2 na era digital, com a ampliação da interculturalidade por meio de abordagens híbridas como a CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning), COIL (Collaborative Online International Learning) e Intercompreensão. Os dados foram gerados por meio de observação participante e entrevistas com os professores formadores e em formação, e incluem: 1) discussões de textos sobre ensino de idiomas, interculturalidade e uso de tecnologias na educação; 2) reuniões virtuais em formato COIL, com professores em formação, matriculados na disciplina de estágio supervisionado na universidade no Brasil e na Universidade Alberto Hurtado, no Chile; 3) sessões de reflexão; e 4) entrevistas com os participantes. A análise sugere que as TICs e abordagens como a CLIL, COIL e Intercompreensão propiciam affordances para uma prática mais inclusiva (alcançando pessoas desfavorecidas financeiramente por meio da internet); multilíngue (por meio da inclusão de outras línguas além do inglês); e intercultural, permitindo contato e aprendizado entre culturas e línguas diferentes.ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio es discutir las posibilidades en la educación de profesores de lenguas extranjeras (L2) en la era digital. Con ese objetivo, se llevaron a cabo algunas intervenciones pedagógicas en la asignatura de "Práctica Supervisada" de la carrera de Licenciatura en Inglés en una universidad federal en el sudeste de Brasil, con el fin de obtener datos empíricos sobre las percepciones de profesores de inglés en pre-servicio. El marco teórico se basa en el concepto de affordance, en relación con los efectos de la globalización (y sus Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación - TIC) en la educación de los profesores de idiomas en la era digital, considerando aspectos de la interculturalidad, a través de enfoques híbridos como CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning), COIL (Collaborative Online International Learning) e de Intercomprensión. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de la observación participante y entrevistas con educadores y profesores en pre-servicio e incluyen: 1) discusión de textos sobre enseñanza de idiomas, interculturalidad y el uso de tecnologías en educación; 2) reuniones virtuales en formato COIL con maestros de pre-servicio inscritos en la carrera de la universidad brasileña y en la Universidad Alberto Hurtado (AHU) en Chile; 3) sesiones de discusión / reflexión; 4) entrevistas con los participantes. 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The purpose of this article is to analyze the so-called human capital theory and to clarify the concept of public good, as well as the frequency of the expression "public" in the Declarations adopted at the Regional Conferences of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2008 and 2018. For this, in methodological terms, this article analyzes documents from certain International Organizations (UNESCO, World Bank and OECD) and seeks theoretical support in Reinhart Koselleck's History of Concepts and other authors such as Roger Dale, Susan Robertson, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson , Karl Polanyi and Pierre Bourdieu.ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a chamada teoria do capital humano e precisar o conceito de bem público, bem como a frequência da expressão “público” nas Declarações aprovadas nas Conferências Regionais de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe, em 2008 e 2018. Para isto, em termos metodológicos, o presente artigo analisa documentos de determinadas Organizações Internacionais (UNESCO, Banco Mundial e OCDE) e busca apoio na História dos Conceitos de Reinhart Koselleck e em autores como Roger Dale, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson, Karl Polanyi, Pierre Bourdieu.Keywords: Public good, Human capital theory, Commodification, Education, CRES 2008 and CRES 2018.Palavras-chave: Bem público, Teoria do capital humano, Mercadorização, Educação, CRES 2008 e CRES 2018.ReferencesALVES, Giovanni. O que é o precariado? Blog da Boitempo. Extraído de <https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2013/07/22/o-que-e-o-precariado/>, 22 Jul 2013, acesso em 28 fev 2019.ARENDT, Hannah. A crise na educação. In: Entre o passado e o futuro. Tradução: Mauro W. Barbosa de Almeida. 3ª reimpressão da 5ª ed. de 2000. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2005.AUDITORIA CIDADÃ DA DÍVIDA. Dividômetro: quanto pagamos (juros e amortizações) – dívida pública federal. Auditoria Cidadã da Dívída. Extraído de <https://auditoriacidada.org.br/>. Acesso em 28 fev. 2019.AZEVEDO, M. L. N.. Transnacionalização e mercadorização da Educação Superior: examinando alguns efeitos colaterais do capitalismo acadêmico (sem riscos) no Brasil - A expansão privado-mercantil. Revista Internacional de Educação Superior - RIESup, v. 1, p. 86-102, 2015.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. O Novo Regime Fiscal: a retórica da intransigência, o constrangimento da oferta de bens públicos e o comprometimento do PNE 2014-2024. Tópicos Educacionais, v. 1, p. 234-258, 2016.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. Regionalismo, regionalização e regionalidade: da integração pela paz à Estratégia Europa 2020. In: BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz; HIZUME, Gabriela de Camargo. (Orgs.). Regionalismos e Inter-Regionalismos na Educação Superior: projetos, propostas e influências entre a América Latina e a Europa. 1ed. Cascavel-PR: EDUNIOESTE, 2018, v. 1, p. 65-88.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. Universidade e Neoliberalismo: O Banco Mundial e a Reforma Universitária na Argentina (1989-1999). 2001. Tese (Doutorado em Educação), Faculdade de Educação da USP, 2001.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. Igualdade e equidade: qual é a medida da justiça social? Avaliação (UNICAMP), v. 18, p. 129-150, 2013.AZEVEDO, M. L. N.; CATANI, A. M. Políticas Públicas para o Ensino Superior no Brasil: de FHC a Lula. In: AZEVEDO, M. L. Política Educacional Brasileira. Maringá: EDUEM, 2005.BANQUE MONDIALE. Rapport Annuel 1996. Washington: Worl Bank: 1996.BID. Bienes Publicos Regionales: Promoviendo soluciones regionales para problemas regionales. 2007. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Extraído de <http://www.iadb.org/int/bpr>. Acesso em 20 fev. 2019.BOURDIEU, Pierre. Questões de Sociologia. Tradução de Jeni Vaitsman. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Marco Zero Ltda., 1983.BRÉMOND, Janine. Les économistes néo-classiques: de L. Walras à M. Allais, de F. Von Hayek à M. Friedman. 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We explored the sustainable business practices of selected Philippine corporations that promote the quest for peace. We used three key indicators of sustainable business practices, namely, fostering economic development, espousing corporate citizenship, and respecting the rule of law, as our variables to measure our sustainable business practices construct. On the other hand, we adopted sustainable development and sound business environmental our variables to measure the quest for peace construct. We assumed that sustainable business practices and quest for peace are interlinked and mutually reinforcing. We anchored our study on the Theories of Positive Peace, Sustainable Development, and Humanistic Management. We used the qualitative exploratory research design and the holistic multiple case study research strategy. We used the qualitative exploratory research design and the holistic multiple case study research strategy. We selected through the non-probability purposive sampling technique, the 20 Publicly - Listed Companies in the Philippines. We then, utilized the monomethod as the data collection technique for selecting the Sustainability Reports published in 2018 and uploaded in the websites of the respective corporations. With this deductive approach, we specifically adopted the pattern matching analytical procedure in the process of our content analysis of information from the Sustainability Reports. Results on fostering economic development revealed numerous jobs created, training and development, as well as trade and business development programs and activities executed. Analysis on espousing corporate citizenship disclosed many programs and activities related to encourage the use of voice from the firm, community engagement, and governance implemented. Findings on respecting the rule of law showed also various programs and activities that cover compliance with Philippine laws, international laws, and environmental standards. Findings also indicated that the nexus of sustainable business practices and the quest for peace aims to build companies of enduring greatness by doing good and working toward a sustainable future. In conducting responsible business, they were able to help in attaining positive peace in our coun try, which, in return, is essential for sustainable development, as manifested by their significant contribution in achieving sustainable development/growth, working closely with regulators to achieve shared goals; and protecting the environment and preserving natural resources. We recommend that there should be a coordinated effort of all the stakeholders to ensure that there is an integrated and holistic approach in the sustainability of the business sector to promote positive peace.We also propose to undertake further research on employing quantitative approach by using business, financial, and socio-economic indicators to address the limitations of this study. ReferencesBoulding, E. (2000). Cultures of peace: The hidden side of history. Syracuse University Press. Brauch, H. G., Oswald Spring, U., Grin, J., Scheffran, J. (Ed.). (2016). Handbook on sustainability transition and sustainable peace. Springer.Cortright, D. (2009). Peace: A history of movements and ideas. Cambridge University Press.Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.Edralin, D. & Pastrana, R. (2019). Sustainability initiatives and practices of selected top universities in Asia, Europe, and USA. 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e3828021The text is an essay based on theoretical reflections on institutional and symbolic violence in higher education which seeks to analyze the interface as evasion in exclusion processes. This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, which uses theoretical and documentary sources in order to elicit different investigations. The debate focuses on the contradictory elements of the university institution in the context of expanding access, it is assumed that the logic of its function, organization, and functioning contribute to the multiplication of inequalities and evasion mechanisms; Between opposites and contradictions, the analysis indicates the university institution as a space of criticism and combat to violence, fight and production of critical knowledge.ResumoO texto é um ensaio a partir de reflexões teóricas sobre a violência institucional e simbólica na educação superior em que se busca analisar a interface como a evasão em processos de exclusão. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e de abordagem qualitativa, que utiliza fontes teóricas e documentais a fim de suscitar diferentes investigações. O debate centra-se nos elementos contraditórios da instituição universitária no contexto de expansão do acesso, parte-se do princípio que a lógica de sua função, organização e funcionamento contribuem para a multiplicação das desigualdades e mecanismos de evasão. Entre opostos e contradições a análise indica a instituição universitária como um espaço de crítica e combate à violência, de luta e produção de conhecimento crítico.Palavras-chave: Educação superior, Violência, Evasão.Keywords: Higher education, Violence, Evasion.ReferencesARENDT, H. Da violência. Trad. Maria Cláudia Drummond Trindade. Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, 1985.BAUMAN. Z. Comunidade: a busca por segurança no mundo atual. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 2003.BELTRÁN, J. L. Ser para aprender. Los beneficios sociales de la educación a lo largo de la vida. 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Globalização econômica, formação de habilidades e as consequências para o ensino superior. In: Apple, M.; Ball, S. L.; Gandin, L. A. Sociologia da Educação. Análise Internacional. Tradução de Cristina Monteiro. Porto Alegre: Pensa, 2013. pp. 256-267.BUARQUE, C. A aventura da universidade. São Paulo: Editora da UNESP; Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1994.CASTEL, R. De l’ indigence à l’exclusión. La desaffiliation: précarité du travail et vulnerabilité relacionelle. In: Face à la exclusión: le modèle français. Paris: Sprit, 1991. CHAUÍ, M. Convite à filosofia. São Paulo: Ática, 1994.COSTA, A. F. da; LOPES, J. T.; CAETANO, A. (Orgs). Percursos de estudantes no Ensino Superior: fatores e processos de sucesso e insucesso. Lisboa: Editora Mundo social, 2014.COSTA, A. F.; MACHADO, F. L.; ÁVILA, P. (Orgs.). Sociedade e conhecimento (Portugal no Contexto Europeu, vol. II), Lisboa: Celta, 2007.DUBET, F. O. Que É Uma Escola Justa? 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Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.GIROUX, H. on: Higher Education and the Plague of Authoritarianism. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeHmqMgmSGw. Acesso em: 20 out. 2018.GONÇALVES NETO, W.; MAGALHÃES, J. Ação Privada e Poder Público Na Luta Pela Instrução: Portugal na segunda metade do Século XIX, 2009. Disponível em: http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/5019/1/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o %20Privada%20e%20Poder%20Pol%C3%ADtico.pdf. Acesso em: 22 out. 2018.GONZALES, C.O. Violencia, razón, discurso. Academia. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.academia.edu/26315287/Violencia_raz%C3%B3n_discurso?auto=downloademail_work_card=download-paper Acesso em 24 nov. 2020.GONZALES, C.O. Una teoría de la sociedad. Revista Cultura e Representaciones Sociales, año 12, n. 24. Marzo, p.273-309, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.journals.unam.mx/index.php/crs/issue/view/4858. Acesso em: 05 nov. 2019.IANNI, O. Violência na Sociedade Contemporânea. Estudos de Sociologia, Araraquara, ano 7, p. 7-28, 2002. Disponível em: https://periodicos.fclar.unesp.br › estudos › article › download. Acesso em: 05 nov. 2019.LIMA, F. S.; ZAGO, N. Evasão no ensino superior: tendências e resultados de pesquisa. Movimento-Revista de Educação. Niterói, ano 5, n. 09, pp. 131 – 164, jul/dez, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.periodicos.uff.br/revistamovimento/article/view/32679/18827. Acesso em: 27 set. 2019.MARTINS, J. de S. Exclusão social e a nova desigualdade. São Paulo: Paulus, 1997.MAUGER, G. Violência Simbólica In: CATANI, A. M.; NOGUEIRA, M. A.; HEY, A. P.; MEDEIROS, C.C.C. (Orgs.). Vocabulário Bourdieu. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2017.MULLER, J. M. O princípio de não-violência: Percurso Filosófico. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget, 1999.MOORE Jr., B. Injustiça. As Bases sociais da obediência e da revolta. São Paulo: Brasiliense.1987.NEAVE, G.; AMARAL, A. Introduction. In. G. NEAVE A. AMARAL (Eds.) Higher Education in Portugal 1974-2009. A Nation, a Generation. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012.NEUHOLD, R. S. O conceito de Exclusão e seus dilemas. Revista Acadêmica Multidisciplinar Urutágua. Maringá, n. 5. dez/março, 2005. Disponível em: http://www.urutagua.uem.br/005/19soc_neuhold.htm. Acesso em: 03 ago. 2019.NOGUEIRA, M.A. Capital Cultural. In: CATANI, A. M.; NOGUEIRA, M. A.; HEY, A. P.; MEDEIROS, C.C.C. (Orgs.). Vocabulário Bourdieu. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2017.OECD. Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2008. Employment and Industrial Relations, 2008. OECD Publishing, Paris. Disponível em: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/annual-report-on-the-oecd-guidelines-for-multinational-enterprises-2012_mne-2012-en. Acesso em: 03 ago. 2019.OECD. Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2012: Mediation and Consensus Building. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/annual-report-on-the-oecd-guidelines-for-multinational-enterprises-2012_mne-2012-en. Acesso em: 03 ago. 2019.OECD. Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2013. Responsible Business Conduct in Action. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/annual-report-on-the-oecd-guidelines-for-multinational-enterprises-2013_mne-2013-en. Acesso em: 27 set. 2019.PAVIANI, J. Conceitos e formas de violência. In: M. R. Modena (Org.). Conceitos e Formas de Violência. Caxias do Sul, RS: Educs, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.ucs.br/site/midia/arquivos/ebook-conceitos-formas_2.pdf. Acesso em: 05 nov. 2019PERRET, B.; ROUSTANG, G. La’economie contre la societé. Paris: Seuil, 1993.RAMALHO, B.; BELTRÁN, J. Universidad y sociedad: la pertinencia de la educación superior para una ciudadanía plena. Revista Lusófona de Educação, n. 21, pp. 33-52, 2012. Disponível em: https://revistas.ulusofona.pt/index.php/rleducacao/issue/view/234. Acesso em: 27 set. 2019.REAY, D. El fracaso escolar de la clase trabajadora: perspectivas teóricas, cuestiones discursivas, y aproximaciones metodológicas. Ponencia inaugural en Conferencia Internacional del ABJOVES, School success, school failure and Early School Leaving: political, institutional and subjective factors. Universitat Autonóma de Barcelona, Faculty of political Sciences and Sociology, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/events/international-conference-school-success-school-failure-and-early-school. Acesso em: 05 out. 2019.SANTOS, B. S. A construção multicultural da igualdade e da diferença. (Conferência). Anais VII Congresso Brasileiro de Sociologia. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da UFRJ, 4 a 6 de setembro de 1995. Disponível em: http://www.sbsociologia.com.br/portal/index.php?option=com_docmanItemid=171. Acesso em: 05 out. 2019.SANTOS, G. G.; SILVA, L. C. A evasão na educação superior: entre debate social e objeto de pesquisa. 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Aparece este nuevo número de INNOVAR, en un contexto de anuncios de recorte a la financiación del Sistema de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia1, debidos a la crisis que atraviesa la economía y el presupuesto público nacional. La situación no es exclusiva de nuestro país. Particularmente los países del sur de Europa han visto reducida la financiación en ciencia y tecnología luego de la crisis de finales de la década pasada, con impactos profundos en la investigación que persisten en la actualidad2. Esto puede estar ocurriendo también en Latinoamérica3. Esta realidad contrasta con las intervenciones públicas de los gobernantes y líderes políticos, quienes señalan permanentemente su "compromiso" indiscutible con la educación, el conocimiento científico y la innovación. También entra en clara contradicción con supuestas políticas públicas que buscan mejorar la educación, conseguir el avance social y la equidad, lo que requiere fuertes dosis de innovación. No obstante, el primer rubro a recortar ha sido la inversión en investigación.Existe en la actualidad una fuerte tensión entre lo que se dice y se hace en materia de investigación e innovación. Esto es cierto tanto fuera como dentro de las Universidades y centros de investigación. Además aplica tanto a los investigadores y gestores de la investigación (los directivos universitarios) como a los políticos y líderes públicos. Otro tanto de la tensión se presenta en la investigación aplicada en el mundo empresarial, enfocada esencialmente en la rentabilidad y en el retorno inversionista. A los permanentes reclamos por utilidad e impacto económico-social de la investigación, ahora se suman los recortes, que desalientan la ya poco reconocida labor investigativa.Desde este espacio de difusión de los resultados de la actividad académica e investigativa, convocamos a los diferentes actores a reflexionar con seriedad y rigor sobre el camino de la investigación y la educación de calidad para el país. La retórica no es lo más útil cuando se trata de impulsar y/o consolidar la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación. Los recortes del presente seguirán proyectando el atraso del pasado hacia el futuro.El número 58 de INNOVAR incluye once (11) artículos, distribuidos en cuatro (4) de nuestras tradicionales secciones. Como se ha venido presentando a lo largo de los últimos ocho años, la diversidad de países de origen de los autores y sus múltiples colaboraciones hacen de INNOVAR una revista de factura y alcance internacional.En la sección de Estrategia y Organizaciones, publicamos en este número tres (3) artículos de investigación.Los profesores Raquel Orcos y Sergio Palomas, de las Universidades de Navarra y de Zaragoza, respectivamente, aportan su trabajo titulado Liberalización del sector bancario y persistencia de las formas organizativas. En esta investigación se estudia el sector bancario español, para evaluar si el cambio en la regulación del mismo, que lo liberalizó, influyó en la transformación de las antiguas estrategias y formas organizativas que tenían los bancos, las cajas de ahorro y las cooperativas de crédito. El trabajo utiliza un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, para evaluar las dimensiones estratégicas de las firmas y definir así las implicaciones del cambio en las formas organizativas. Se evaluaron todas las entidades que operaron en el sector bancario español entre 1992 y 2008. El trabajo concluye que todavía hay importantes diferencias en la estrategia seguida por bancos, cajas y cooperativas, a pesar de la liberalización del sector, lo que hubiese supuesto una mayor homogeneidad organizacional en sus estrategias y formas organizativas.Por su parte, Magdalena Cordobés Madueño y Pilar Soldevila García, profesoras de las Universidades Loyola Andalucía y Pompeu Fabra, España, nos presentan el artículo Management Control in Inter-organisational Relationships: The Case of Franchises. La investigación busca contribuir a la comprensión de la manera en que las relaciones entre firmas impacta los instrumentos y las herramientas de control de gestión. Se aborda el caso de las franquicias (franquiciador y franquiciados), mostrando cómo las relaciones entre ambos implican la utilización de diferentes herramientas de control de gestión, tanto cuantitativas como cualitativas. Los resultados indican, con base en el modelo diseñado por Van der Meer-Kooistra y Vosselman (2000), que en este tipo de relaciones hay patrones basados en la burocracia y en la confianza.El tercer documento de esta sección está titulado La autorreferencia como estrategia comunicativa de la organización Comité de Cafeteros del Quindío y es fruto de la investigación de María Cristina Ocampo Villegas, de la Universidad de la Sabana, Colombia. En este trabajo se aborda el tema de la comunicación organizacional, particularmente el concepto de autorreferencia. El terreno y el objeto de estudio está constituido por las comunicaciones del Comité de Cafeteros del Quindío con los cultivadores. Por medio de una investigación descriptiva con un alcance de casi veinte años, utilizando el análisis del discurso y entrevistas a profundidad; el trabajo concluye que la estrategia de autorreferencia reforzó en los caficultores diferentes valores, participando en el proceso de construcción de la realidad cultural, lo que impactó en el posicionamiento y en el fortalecimiento de los procesos gremiales en la región.Nuestra sección de Ética Empresarial y Responsabilidad Social está conformada en esta edición por cuatro (4) colaboraciones académicas de profesores internacionales.El primer artículo de esta sección es una colaboración internacional entre profesores chilenos y españoles; ellos son Carolina Nicolas-Alarcón, Leslier Valenzuela-Fernández, Alexis Gutiérrez-Caques y Jaime Gil-Lafuente, vinculados con las Universidades de Chile, Santo Tomás de Chile y de Barcelona. El trabajo titulado Sensibilidad ética empresarial busca identificar las variables relevantes que podrían influir en la sensibilidad ética de los directivos. En el artículo, primero se presenta la necesidad contextual de unas actuaciones más éticas en los negocios, así como explora y sistematiza con suficiencia la bibliografía y caracteriza la tendencia creciente de artículos sobre este tópico en publicaciones académicas. A partir de un modelo cuantitativo y explicativo del constructo "sensibilidad ética", se desarrolla un trabajo empírico con datos recopilados de encuestas aplicadas a 143 directivos chilenos, y que luego permite contrastar un conjunto de hipótesis. En el trabajo se evidencia que de las once (11) variables independientes contrastadas, solamente el relativismo se relaciona de manera negativa, mientras que las demás presentan una relación positiva y significativa con la sensibilidad ética.Desde la Universidad Santiago de Compostela, España, la investigadora Ángeles Pereira y el profesor Xavier Vence participan en este número con el trabajo Environmental Policy Instruments and Eco-innovation: An Overview of Recent Studies. Esta investigación es una revisión crítica de cuarenta artículos científicos que analizan los instrumentos de política ambiental que promueven la ecoinnovación. El trabajo permite caracterizar la literatura y los hallazgos más significativos sobre cambio tecnológico en la dimensión ambiental. Tanto los estudios empíricos como teóricos analizados ayudan a comprender el rol de los mecanismos de mercado en el impulso de estas innovaciones. También se identifican frentes para el mejoramiento en la materia.De la Universidad de Porto, Portugal, los investigadores Manuel Castelo Branco e Isabel Baptista participan en esta sección con el trabajo titulado Compromisso com a RSE no Pacto Global da Organização das Nações Unidas. La investigación abordó el compromiso con la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) en Europa, a partir de observar el (in)cumplimiento de las empresas europeas en la divulgación del informe del Pacto Global de la ONU. Para ello se tomó una muestra de 3.481 empresas, agrupadas en cinco bloques de países europeos. Se concluye, entre otros aspectos, que en las empresas de los países nórdicos es mayor el compromiso con la RSE, en relación con las empresas de Europa occidental y del bloque oriental.Finalmente, en esta sección de Ética Empresarial y Responsabilidad Social se publica el artículo Responsabilidad Social Universitaria: estudio empírico sobre la fiabilidad de un conjunto de indicadores de Gobierno Corporativo, de autoría de las profesoras Montserrat Núñez, Inmaculada Alonso y Carolina Pontones, quienes están vinculadas a la Universidad de Castilla la Mancha en España. En este trabajo se estudia el papel de algunos indicadores de Gobierno Corporativo, en el proceso de rendición de cuentas, desde el punto de vista de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria (RSU). Particularmente les preocupa a las autoras la fiabilidad de los indicadores de medición de impactos organizacionales de RSU. Mediante un estudio empírico, se obtuvieron datos por medio un cuestionario dirigido a expertos en el tema, pertenecientes a las universidades españolas. Con las respuestas de 18 expertos, se identifica que la característica más determinante de la fiabilidad de tales indicadores es la verificabilidad, mientras que la menos influyente es la imagen (representación) fiel.En la sección de Marketing, para este número contamos con dos (2) artículos de investigación.El primer artículo de esta sección se titula La calidad y el valor percibido en el transporte de mercancías en España y su importancia en la segmentación de clientes, de autoría de los profesores españoles Irene Gil, Gloria Berenguer, María Eugenia Ruiz y Santiago Ospina, quienes están vinculados con la Universitat de València. La investigación se desarrolló en empresas de transporte internacional de mercancías en España. El objetivo fue caracterizar la capacidad de segmentación que el valor percibido tiene para las empresas de este sector, así como plantear un sistema conceptual para medir la calidad y el valor percibido del servicio, en el contexto del sector investigado. La muestra de empresas de este sector fue de 205 y se realizó un estudio empírico que permitió concluir que hay una relación directa entre la calidad y el valor percibido.En la segunda posición de esta sección, aparece una colaboración internacional entre España y Colombia; los profesores John Cardozo, Bernabé Hernandis y Nélida Ramírez, de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y de la Universitat Politécnica de València, aportan la investigación titulada Aproximación a una categorización de los sistemas de productos: el uso y la experiencia del consumidor como configuradores. En esta investigación se buscó establecer la manera en que el uso y la experiencia influyen en el diseño de los productos. Se propusieron ocho (8) agrupaciones para describir las formas de interacción de los consumidores con los productos, y se utilizó el modelo de sistemas de productos. Con base en encuestas a 57 expertos del área de diseño, se determinó el nivel de afectación de la experiencia y del uso en la caracterización de los sistemas de productos.Finalmente, la sección de Aportes a la Investigación y a la Docencia recoge dos (2) trabajos.Bajo el título Diseño y validación de un cuestionario que mide la percepción de efectividad del uso de metodologías de participación activa (CEMPA). El caso del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABPrj) en la docencia de la contabilidad, los profesores de la Universidad de Sevilla, Carrasco, Donoso, Duarte-Atoche, Hernández y López, aportan un interesante instrumento para medir la efectividad de una estrategia de aprendizaje activo (basado en proyectos). Pero este trabajo no solo entrega el instrumento que cuenta con 25 ítems, sino su aplicación a un grupo de 292 estudiantes de Administración y Dirección de empresas de la Universidad de Sevilla, quienes cursaron las asignaturas de Análisis Contable y Contabilidad Avanzada. La observación se realizó para un periodo de cuatro años y se utilizaron métodos cuantitativos (análisis factorial). Atendiendo al contenido de sus ítems los constructos identificados fueron: utilidad para el aprendizaje, decisiones, trabajo en equipo, comunicación, gestión e información.También desde la Universidad de Sevilla, los profesores Jiménez-Caballero, Camúñez, González-Rodríguez y De Fuentes, aportan el trabajo Factores determinantes del rendimiento académico universitario en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar y cuantificar la influencia que tienen determinados factores institucionales y personales en las calificaciones de los estudiantes del grado (programa o carrera) en Finanzas y Contabilidad. Utilizando técnicas estadísticas tradicionales, se tomó como muestra a 572 estudiantes del programa, durante el curso (año académico) 2009-2010. Los resultados permiten concluir diferentes aspectos sobre la irrelevancia del género, la importancia de la nota de acceso al grado y del orden de preferencia de acceso de los alumnos, sobre el rendimiento académico obtenido y la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos educativos y monetarios.Esperamos que nuestros lectores encuentren sugestivos y aportativos estos trabajos. Reconocemos el esfuerzo de nuestros autores en la compresión de los diversos campos de la gestión y el estudio de las organizaciones, por medio de la investigación. Por ello, reiteramos que estamos convencidos de la necesidad de una adecuada financiación de la investigación académica, no solo en Colombia, sino en el escenario internacional.

e4595074The article examines the transfer of evaluative policies on the internationalization of higher education. Although evaluative policies have always been shaped by international influence, the study assumes that the internationalization of evaluative policies has intensified since the World Conference on Higher Education (HE) for the XXI Century: Vision and Action (UNESCO, 1998) process that resembles several speeches in a single global educational discourse. In this sense, this interpretative research aims to analyze external policies resulting from the agreement reached at the World Conference on Higher Education for the XXI Century: Vision and Action with regard to 'internationalization of Higher Education', as well as advice transferred as educational policies and later translated to developing countries in general and to Brazilian Higher Education (HE) in particular. The research with an interpretative approach used Document Analysis to analyze the following texts, especially on the theme of Internationalization of Higher Education. They are: the Conference in question (UNESCO, 1998); the National Education Plan (2014); and the External Institutional Assessment Instrument (EIAI) - (INEP, 2017). As a result, it is confirmed that the advice of this particular Conference influenced the evaluative policies developed by INEP for HE, however, they also alert to the emergence of adaptation of academic practices from remote education, caused by the Coronavirus pandemic, which can have a significant impact on the internationalization concept of higher education, since communication technologies have brought about incredible changes in record time.ResumoO artigo examina a transferência de políticas avaliativas sobre internacionalização da educação superior. Ainda que as políticas avaliativas sempre tenham sido moldadas pela influência internacional o estudo parte do pressuposto de que a internacionalização das políticas avaliativas se intensificaram a partir da Conferência Mundial para a Educação Superior (ES) para o Século XXI: Visão e Ação (UNESCO, 1998) processo que aproxima diversos discursos em um único discurso educacional global. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa de cunho interpretativo, tem como objetivo, analisar políticas externas resultantes do acordo realizado na Conferência Mundial para a Educação Superior para o Século XXI: Visão e Ação no que se refere a ‘internacionalização da ES, bem como os aconselhamentos transferidos como políticas educativas e posteriormente traduzidos para os países em desenvolvimento em geral e para a Educação Superior (ES) brasileira em particular. A pesquisa de abordagem interpretativa utilizou-se da Análise Documental para analisar os seguintes textos, em especial sobre o tema da Internacionalização da ES. São eles: a Conferência em questão (UNESCO, 1998); o Plano Nacional de Educação (2014); e o Instrumento de Avaliação Institucional Externa (IAIE) – (INEP, 2017). Como resultado confirma-se que os aconselhamentos desta Conferência em particular, influenciaram as políticas avaliativas elaboradas pelo INEP para a ES, no entanto também alertam para a emergência de adaptação das práticas acadêmicas a partir do ensino remoto, provocado pela pandemia do Coronavirus, que podem ter um impacto significativo no conceito de internacionalização da educação superior, uma vez que as tecnologias de comunicação provocaram incríveis mudanças em tempo recorde.ResumenEl artículo examina la transferencia de políticas evaluativas sobre la internacionalización de la educación superior. Aunque las políticas evaluativas siempre han sido moldeadas por la influencia internacional, el estudio asume que la internacionalización de las políticas evaluativas se ha intensificado desde la Conferencia Mundial de Educación Superior (ES) para el siglo XXI: visión y acción (UNESCO, 1998) proceso que se asemeja a varios discursos en un solo discurso educativo global. En este sentido, esta investigación interpretativa tiene como objetivo analizar las políticas externas resultantes del acuerdo alcanzado en la Conferencia Mundial sobre Educación Superior para el siglo XXI: visión y acción con respecto a la 'internacionalización de la educación superior', así como asesoramiento transferido como políticas educativas y luego se tradujo a los países en desarrollo en general y a la Educación Superior Brasileña (ES) en particular. La investigación con un enfoque interpretativo utilizó el Análisis de Documentos para analizar los siguientes textos, especialmente sobre el tema de la internacionalización de la educación superior. Ellos son: la Conferencia en cuestión (UNESCO, 1998); el Plan Nacional de Educación (2014); y el Instrumento de Evaluación Institucional Externa (IAIE) - (INEP, 2017). Como resultado, se confirma que el consejo de esta Conferencia en particular influyó en las políticas evaluativas desarrolladas por INEP para HE, sin embargo, también alertan sobre la aparición de la adaptación de prácticas académicas de educación remota, causada por la pandemia de Coronavirus, que puede tener un impacto significativo en el concepto de internacionalización de la educación superior, ya que las tecnologías de comunicación han provocado cambios increíbles en un tiempo récord.Palavras-chave: Políticas avaliativas, Internacionalização da educação superior, Transferência de políticas.Keywords: Evaluative policies, Internationalization of higher education, Policy transfer.Palabras clave: Políticas evaluativas, Internacionalización de la educación superior, Política de transferencia.ReferencesALTBACH, P. G.; KNIGHT, J. The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, p. 290-305, 2007.BARTELL, Marvin. Internacionalization of universities: a university-culture-based framework. Higher Education. Manitoba: Winnipeg, p. 37-52. 2003.BEECH, Jason. Quem está passeando pelo jardim global? Agências educativas e transferência educacional. In: COWEN, Robert; KAZAMIAS, Andreas M.; UNTERHALTER, Elaine. (Orgs.). Educação Comparada: Panorama internacional e perspectivas. Vol.1. Brasília: UNESCO, CAPES, 2012. em: https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/1950621/mod_resource/content/1/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20comparada%20panorama%20internacional%20e%20perspectivas..pdf Acesso em: 15 out.2019.BEECH, Jason. A Internacionalização das políticas educativas na América Latina. Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.9, n.2, pp.32-50, Jul/Dez 2009. Disponível em http://www.curriculosemfronteiras.org/vol9iss2articles/beech.pdf Acesso em: 27 abr.2020.BRASIL. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (1988). Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm Acesso em: 28 jul.2019.BRASIL. Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE). Lei n° 13.005/2014. Disponível em: http://pne.mec.gov.br/18-planos-subnacionais-de-educacao/543-plano-nacional-de-educacao-lei-n-13-005-2014 Acesso em: 28 jul.2019.COWEN, Robert. Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) In.: Introdução: o Nacional, o Internacional e o Global. Educação Comparada. Vol.1º. 2012.GIDDENS, Anthony. A vida em uma sociedade pós-tradicional. In: BECK, U.; GIDDENS, A. LASH, S. (eds). Modernização Reflexiva. São Paulo: UNESP, 1997.HOLESCH, Adam. A Identidade Coletiva na União Europeia. Tensões Mundiais. Fortaleza. V.9, n.16, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.academia.edu/10513314/A_identidade_coletiva_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Europeia Acesso em: 10 mar.2021.HOWE, P. A Community of Europeans: The Requisite Underpinnings. Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.33,n.1,1995INEP. Instituto nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Anísio Teixeira. Instrumento de Avaliação Institucional Externa (2017). Disponível em: http://download.inep.gov.br/educacao_superior/avaliacao_institucional/instrumentos/2017/IES_recredenciamento.pdf Acesso em: 28 jul.2019.LYOTARD, Jean-François. A Condição Pós-Moderna. Rio de Janeiro-RJ: Editora José Olímpio, 12ª edição, 2009.MAINARDES, Jefferson. Abordagem do Ciclo de políticas: Uma contribuição para a análise de políticas educativas. Educação e Sociedade, Campinas, vol.27, n. 94, p.47-69, jan./abr. 2006. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/es/v27n94/a03v27n94.pdf Acesso em: 15 out.2019. MAYOR, Frederico; SEMA, Tanguiane. UNESCO: an ideal in action; the continuing relevance of a visionary text. Paris: UNESCO, 1997.MELLO, Alex Fiúza de. Globalização, sociedade do conhecimento e educação superior: os sinais de Bolonha e os desafios do Brasil e da América Latina. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2011.NOAH, H.; ECKSTEIN, M. Toward a science of comparative education. London: Macmillan, 1969.NÓVOA, A.; LAWN, M. (Eds.). Fabricating Europe: the formation of and education space. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002.ONU. Organização das Nações Unidas. Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=por Acesso em: 28 jul. 2019.PAPADOPOULOS, G. Education 1960-1990: the OECD perspective. Paris: OECD, 1994STEINER-KHAMSI, G. Transferring education, displacing reforms. Frankfurt, 2000.STALLIVIERI, Luciana. Compreendendo a internacionalização da educação superior. Revista de Educação do COGEIME – Ano 26 – n.50 – janeiro-junho 2017. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319020412_Compreendendo_a_internacionalizacao_da_educacao_superior Acesso em: 27 abr.2020.UNESCO. Conferência Internacional para Educação Superior para o Século XXI: Visão e Ação (1988).Disponível em: http://www.direitoshumanos.usp.br/index.php/Direito-a-Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o/declaracao-mundial-sobre-educacao-superior-no-seculo-xxi-visao-e-acao.html Acesso em: 28 jul.2019.

Abstract: An important stream of cultural policy thinking in recent years has concerned the cluster of public policy interests often subsumed within the term "social cohesion," yet conceptual and analytical examination of the linkages between social cohesion and culture (and, by extension, cultural policy) is young and underdeveloped. To address this situation, cultural researchers from Canada and Europe came together in Edmonton, Alberta, May 26-27, 2000, to participate in a round table entitled "Making Connections: Culture and Social Cohesion in the New Millennium." The round table was co-organized by the Canadian Cultural Research Network (CCRN) and the Cultural Information and Research Centres Liaison in Europe (CIRCLE) and sponsored by the Department of Canadian Heritage. This paper briefly reviews the main themes and ideas presented during this event. Résumé : Un courant important dans la conception des politiques culturelles des dernières années porte sur le groupement d'intérêts en politique publique souvent inclus dans la catégorie « cohésion sociale ». Pourtant, l'examen conceptuel et analytique des liens entre la cohésion sociale et la culture (et, par extension, les politiques culturelles) est jeune et sous-développé. Pour faire face à cette situation, des chercheurs culturels du Canada et de l'Europe se sont réunis à Edmonton, Alberta, les 26-27 mai 2000, pour participer à une table ronde intitulée « Établir des liens : la culture et la cohésion sociale dans le nouveau millénaire. » La table ronde fut organisée conjointement par le Réseau canadien de recherche culturelle (RCRC) et le Réseau d'information sur la recherche culturelle en Europe (CIRCLE) et parrainée par le ministère du Patrimoine canadien. Cet article passe brièvement en revue les idées et thèmes principaux présentés lors de cet événement.

Policy, voluntary, psychological and educational interest in gifted children emerged across Europe in the early twentieth century but surged dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s. This article explores the transnational voluntary circles hoping that gifted youth would bring peace and liberal democracy across Europe in these years. It analyses, also, how such work came into conflict with the expectations of conservative press in Britain: that gifted children would in fact bolster national economic progress. Critically, the article demonstrates that parents and children, drawing on professional and cultural capital, resisted ideas of gifted youth as global assets. Interest in giftedness revealed the growing ‘agency’ of articulate, affluent, middle-class families within the contexts of individualism and neoliberalism, but also its limits. Further, we can and must centre the experiences of young people in our scholarship, to truly understand how ‘agency’ operates within families and beyond.

AbstractThis paper is on migration and migration policy transition of Turkey. The focus is on the Turkish National Development Plans from the 1960s until today and the socio-political and economic context. We identify three distinct periods. The first period of the 1960s is characterized by an explicit support of out-migration to reduce population pressure and on remittances to promote economic growth. The second period from the 1970s to 2000 is marked by diaspora policies of Turkey relative to Europe, thereby acknowledging the role of the Turkish diaspora in the promotion of Turkish economic development and international relations. Since the year of 2000, Turkish migration policy turned to the promotion of highly skilled immigration, aiming at the promotion of technological progress towards a knowledge society with the support of intellectual elites. The policy transition towards the promotion of highly skilled immigration goes hand in hand with institutional and legal changes, which we specify.