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1
MATEI, Alexandru. "EUROPEAN UNION - MODEL OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION -IDENTITY THROUGH CULTURAL DIVERSITY." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 11, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v11.2(22).09.
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Cultural identity at both levels - national and international - remains one of the main psychological and spiritual needs. The inability to preserve their own identity automatically and naturally leads to conflicts within a society or within societies in a particular region.
There is tolerance, but not sincere acceptance by peoples on a higher stage of technological and civilization advancement, the values of the new countries that have entered or will enter the European Union.Harmonizing the different cultural systems within the European Union gives the European integration model itself a long-term perspective. This process involves knowledge and respect for cultures and awareness of the European and global interdependence phenomenon, based on the elements and specifics of cultural pluralism, excluding the imposition of a unique learning model while recognizing the importance of respect for the values of other cultures in the spirit of the cultivation of universal values, giving a greater role to international exchanges so that people can move to the European space.Understanding the implications of cultural diversity is one of the challenges of the contemporary world, being one of the main objectives of a new orientation in the globalization process.
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Bosetti, Giancarlo. "Introduction: Addressing the politics of fear. The challenge posed by pluralism to Europe." Philosophy & Social Criticism 37, no. 4 (May 2011): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453711400998.
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The introduction to this issue is meant to address the ways in which turbulent immigration is challenging European democratic countries’ capacity to integrate the pluralism of cultures in light of the current state of economic instability, strong public debt, unemployment and an aging resident population. The Reset-Dialogues on Civilizations Association has organized its annual İstanbul Seminars in order to fill the need for constructive dialogue dedicated to increasing understanding and implementing social and political change. Turkey’s accession to the European Union represents in this light a challenge to our liberal views, which must become more open-minded in order to address adequately cultural and religious differences, Islam included. We must set ourselves the task of finding a new perspective so that we may defuse the populist radicalization, fear-mongering politicians and xenophobia that are emerging in many countries. Yet it is equally essential that we reconfigure and recontextualize the traditional secular battle for freedom from the dominance of the Christian majority away from a binary opposition to a plural dimension that takes into account other religious communities. After introducing the major challenges our seminars were organized to address, the introduction will summarize and explain the articulation of the contents of this issue in the following three parts: (1) realigning liberalism in the context of globalization (with contributions by Nilüfer Göle, Alain Touraine, Albena Azmanova, Stephen Macedo, Zygmunt Bauman); (2) different paths: towards modernity and democracy from within different cultures and religions (Fred Dallmayr, Sadik Al Azm, Irfan Ahmad, Ibrahim Kalin); and (3) philosophical presuppositions of intercultural dialogue and multiculturalism (Maeve Cooke, Sebastiano Maffettone, Volker Kaul).
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Al-Shunnaq, Abdulmajeed, and Shawkat Hussain. "History of Democratization in Contemporary Spain Since (1936-1978)." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i1.1648.
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This study addresses the issue of the history of democratic transformation from the general dictatorial regime of General Francois to his death, which opened the door for transformation through gradual political reform, especially after the return of the monarchy led by Juan Carlos. The democratic forces succeeded in light of an open policy that believes in pluralism, and the freedom of Parties and unions, and the freedom of the media which guaranteed by the Constitution issued in 1978. In addition to these factors, European countries and the United States of America have played a supporting moral, cultural and economic role in the process of democratization in Spain in the contemporary history.
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Zavhorodnia, V. M. "The origin and development of the European Union sports policy and law." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 39 (2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i39.p.50.
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The presented work is devoted to highlighting the processes of evolution of the EU sports law and policy, identifying facts and events that have contributed to the development of communitarian regulation in this area and establishing trends and directions significant for Ukraine in the European integration aspect. Integration processes, first purely economic and then increasingly multidirectional, could not but affect this vital sphere of social life on the European continent and internationally. Sport is an essential element of the self-realization of a human personality and a sphere of economic activity. It is also a form of international communication, cross-cultural communication, the assertion of authority, and a positive image of countries. Also, sports can be an instrument of political and diplomatic influence or even a means of responding to violations of international law and order. The evolution of EU sports policy and law has been a difficult and long way in the general context of European integration processes. Initially, the sport was not covered by Community law and the spheres of competence of the Communities. However, since the 60s of the last century, the foundations of the European sports model began to form. Implementing the Council of Europe’s standards in the Member States’ practice was essential in forming this model. The European sports model implies, on the one hand, the unity of values and sports traditions of Europe. On the other hand, it is based on considering the national characteristics of European countries, pluralism, and diversity of the organization of sports relations and activities of non-governmental sports organizations. To the main features of the European sports model, which have developed historically and are preserved to this day, the author refers voluntary participation in sports competitions, non-discrimination, democracy, solidarity, compliance with the rules of “fair play,” good governance, and prevention of corruption and abuse. The article characterizes the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the creation of the EU acquis in the field of sport. CJEU developed the legal criteria system for extending communitarian rules and principles to the economic aspects of sports activities, including regulating relations with non-state actors such as national Olympic committees, sports federations, etc. Relevant CJEU decisions are analyzed in the study, approaches to the application of EU competition rules in sports, as well as to labor relations, freedom of movement of workers, and the provision of services, are revealed. Further integration and reform of the EU under the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty led to the emergence of a sector of the EU policy in the field of sports and several regulations and organizational measures aimed at realization of this policy. Implementation of the relevant standards in the national legislation, introduction of the best practices of governance in the field of sports in the state policy and activities of non-governmental sports organizations are important components of the implementation of Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, fulfillment of obligations under the Association Agreement and prospectively – the criteria for the EU membership.
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Alpa, Guido. "European Community Resolutions and the Codification of ‘Private Law’." European Review of Private Law 8, Issue 2 (June 1, 2000): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/268927.
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Alpa provides an examination of the problems and prospects for the development of a European private law. As a protagonist of the harmonisation of private law through codification, he first identifies the work in progress and some of the broad issues that have had to be addressed (such as the need to develop rules that transcend national characterisations of sphere of private law and the distinction between civil and commercial laws). He then sets out the advantages of a unified private law: rules in conflict between themselves in the various countries of the European Union can develop as a real market hindrance, while uniform private law rules emerge as conditions precedent for the implementation of the single market. Projects directed towards the harmonisation of private law through codification have faced various criticisms. Alpa tries to address these. He notes first the trend towards convergence of (some aspects of) national laws that has been observed by comparative lawyers and the existence of unifying frameworks such as the constitutional law of the EU and the European Convention on Human Rights. He then briefly addresses three particular issues: (i) the problems allegedly created by the difference between common law and civil law structures, (ii) claims concerning value of legal pluralism and the undesirability of eliminating national cultural characteristics, and (iii) the argument that techniques of harmonisation other than the drafting of a Civil Code are more appropriate. The paper concludes with a note on issues of the drafting and structure of a possible future Code.
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Helbig, Adriana, Nino Tsitsishvili, and Erica Haskell. "Managing Musical Diversity Within Frameworks of Western Development AID: Views from Ukraine, Georgia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina." Yearbook for Traditional Music 40 (2008): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0740155800012091.
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Researchers have increasingly begun to critically assess local engagements with globalizing notions of civil society that have been introduced via Western-based supranational political, economic, financial, and cultural programmes (Fischer 1997; Okongwu and Mencher 2000; Yúdice 2003). Following the notion of thinking globally and acting locally, such programmes are usually set up by transnational structures such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the European Union, or global foundations such as the Open Society Institute, and put into practice by local actors, among them non-governmental organizations. This article positions music within intra-national discourses that work hand-in-hand with the political and cultural economics of Western cultural initiatives and aim to promote an understanding of pluralism in countries throughout Eastern and South Eastern Europe. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted by Nino Tsitsishvili, Erica Haskell, and myself in Georgia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine, respectively, this study juxtaposes the perspectives of policy makers and grant givers in Western Europe and the United States with the views of people in post-socialist conflict zones for whom such initiatives are intended. It analyses the political and cultural implications of UNESCO's declaration of Georgian polyphony as a masterpiece of intangible cultural heritage of humanity, the local effects of internationally sponsored music projects in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the role of national minority music festivals sponsored by Western philanthropic organizations in nation-building processes in Ukraine.
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Siri, Anna, Cinzia Leone, and Rita Bencivenga. "Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion Strategies Adopted in a European University Alliance to Facilitate the Higher Education-to-Work Transition." Societies 12, no. 5 (October 7, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12050140.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted higher education, imposing the need to add new strategies to academic educational models to facilitate young people’s transitions from education to work. Among the new challenges, the research study focuses on the importance of valuing and incrementing inclusion, raising awareness of equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) strategies and policies. Many universities have yet to develop inclusive processes and cultures that provide equality of opportunity for all, regardless of gender, ethnicity, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, identity, and cultural background. Since 2019, the European Commission has financed “European Universities”, networks of universities creating international competitive degrees that combine excellent study programmes in different European countries. Today, 340 institutions in 44 European University Alliances (EUAs) promote European values and identity and revolutionise their quality and competitiveness to become the "universities of the future". This article proposes a comprehensive approach to promote EDI within the EUA “ULYSSEUS” involving Spanish, Italian, Austrian, French, Finnish, and Slovakian universities through micro-actions to apply EDI principles at the project level. The authors will frame the theoretical basis of the experience through documentary analysis and their academic expertise in promoting strategies connected with the European values enshrined in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union: pluralism, tolerance, justice, solidarity, non-discrimination and equality. Implementing these values through visible micro-actions could document and counteract the disadvantages underrepresented groups face in academia. In the mid-term, the experience had by the students in the EUA could facilitate the higher education-to-work transition, allowing them to replicate their EDI-related experience as students to their future roles as citizens and workers. The outcome could thus contribute to a life-wide learning perspective for a more inclusive Europe in the long term.
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Latkovskyi, Pavlo, and Anna Marushchak. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEEPENING EU-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-96-103.
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Three countries: Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine have concluded European Union Association Agreements, under similar terms and conditions of European Partnership. Analytical review allowed determining that in their political integrative development, they have similar problems and ways to overcome them. They are distinguished by a relatively high level of democratic freedoms and political pluralism; however, none of them can be considered as a consolidated democracy, these countries have hybrid political regimes. Among the main obstacles occurring on the way of their integration processes, one can distinguish problems associated with ethical, regional, and cultural conflicts; specific features of the formation of constitutional systems; features of the formation of PR technologies of government and society; deep-rooted corruption and influence of oligarchs in party systems and, as a consequence, propensity to use non-constitutional means of political struggle and economic development. Despite these structural problems, favouring European values and norms demonstrated by societies of the three countries holds the promise of consolidating democratic institutions and overcoming problems. The purpose of the article is to determine problems and prospects of deepening relations of the EU with three countries: Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia, and to substantiate theses stating that consistent and reinforced integration of the European Union in this region is crucial for further success and development of all actors of this process. Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine do not compose a single region (both in a geographical and economic context); however, since 2014 they are developing according to the same scenarios. Their aspiration to integration has provoked problems in relations with Russia and intensified opposition to the policy of Europeanisation within the countries. In Ukraine, the most difficult and severe events took place: it passed through government overthrow, loss of territory, and military actions in Donbas caused by Russia, which continue to this day. For Moldova and Georgia, the choice of democratic imperatives also had grave consequences. In Georgia, they were identified as two long-term wars for the separation in Abkhazia and South Ossetia; ended with the defeat of central authorities and creation of two unrecognized states. Moldova has faced a similar problem in Transnistria in 1992. In all countries, Russian armed forces were important actors who played an important role in determining the results of these conflicts. According to the Democracy Index, Moldova is evaluated as “imperfect democracy”; Georgia – as “hybrid regime”; Ukraine has moved below, from the category of “imperfect democracy” to the lowest “hybrid regime”. Over the political pressure of Russia, the EU and Ukraine postpone the provisional application of the DCFTA (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area) to January 1, 2019. There are marked positive consequences of Ukrainian export to the EU, which volume has increased by 30% in 2017. The structure of exports to the EU has shifted towards machines and equipment, fats and oils of vegetable or animal origin, ready-made meals, and products of animal origin. The EU share in Ukrainian exports and imports has also increased due to a significant reduction in trade with Russia. The application of the EU tariff quotas for agricultural production has increased over the 2014–2017 years because Ukrainian producers have gradually overcome the problems with food safety and weak demand for their production. European choice is an extremely important factor for continuous democratization of all these three countries. In spite of competition among European and Eurasian identities, each of them considers itself a European country. The choice to continue the path of association with Europe, made by these countries, despite obvious political risks (especially severe for Ukraine), is the best evidence of their real adherence to European development path.
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Bobic, Mirjana. "Reorganization of marriage, relationships and family in contemporary society." Stanovnistvo 41, no. 1-4 (2003): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0304065b.
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This paper describes contemporary changes in marriage, relationships and family in European populations, and then their evolution from the last decade of the twentieth century till present day, as well as various forms and types, in which plurality of contemporary partnership unions is revealed. The other goal of this supplement was to provide a wider theoretical-hypothetical, explanatory framework for understanding what is happening in population (on appearance level) but now in the context of contemporary societies. Three variables are introduced: macro (paradigm of modernization, namely social, i.e. structural and cultural changes), micro (paradigm: resources-limitations-behavior) and mezzo (differences in social and demographic development of countries of North, Western, South and Central and Eastern Europe (former socialistic countries in transition). Cautious predictions on what could be expected in future concerning: empirical documented differences of living arrangements of European populations of the West, but also of the East, as well as relative demographic consequences. On the macro level (paradigm structure/culture) the responses depend on the rate the two main social processes will develop: 1) development of "European society", and 2) the birth of "world" (global) society. Most of the authors conclude on the convergence of social and demographic development on the territory of Western, but not Eastern Europe (and especially the Balkans). This conclusion concerns even the countries of the South European region, considering that it is uncertain in which direction and speed will their integration into the European Union develop. With regards to the trend of decreasing fertility, a continuance of existing secular tendencies may be expected in future as well, even on the whole European territory, and that it will be supported by social changes of (post) modernization, individualization and rational behavior, so that it will become a general model. For now it is evident that convergence of social and demographic development may be demonstrated on the territory of Western but not Eastern Europe as well (and especially of the Balkans). The later is also valid when the Southern European region is in question, considering that it is uncertain in which direction and at what speed will their integration into the European Union develop. With regards to the trend of decreasing fertility, a continuance of tendencies may be expected in future as well, on the whole European territory, and that it will be supported by social changes of (post) modernization, individualization and rational behavior, so that in most cases parents will satisfy their needs with only one child. On the contrary, family forms and life styles will probably reflect differences between countries of the North and Western Europe in future as well on the one hand, and Southern on the other hand, and Central and Eastern Europe (former socialistic countries) on the third hand. Readiness for marriage, partnership styles, as well as aspirations to forming families will depend on individual decisions, which will result from personal resources and limiting factors (macro, mezzo and micro). On the aggregate level of population, the result will be polarization between non-family and family households. Social conditions of foregoing modernization (increase of risks, job uncertainty, country prosperity crisis) as well as globalization will probably contribute to increasing the polarization process. The same conclusion may be derived for the group of former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (and the Balkans) as well, whose key problem now is finishing the process of transformation towards market economy.
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Milutinovic, Irina. "Media pluralism in competitive authoritarian regimes - a comparative study: Serbia and Hungary." Sociologija 64, no. 2 (2022): 272–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2202272m.
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This paper explores media pluralism in two European former communist countries, which have regressed to electoral authoritarianism in recent years, after a period of democratic transition and partial consolidation - the Republic of Hungary and the Republic of Serbia. The aim of the study is to describe similarities and differences in the media policies of these countries regarding media pluralism, and to explain social and political context that generates the growing risk for media pluralism. Descriptive comparative methods were used, based on the original set of data quantified within the annual national MPM reports. The reference time frame covers 2020 and 2017. The risk assessment indicators for media pluralism were compared in three areas: normative protection, political independence and media market plurality. The research finds that competitive authoritarian regimes? methods for free, independent and pluralistic media suppression have been intensively used in both countries regardless of membership status in the European Union.
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KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. "Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.
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Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is presented. A modern analysis of the legislation of the European Union for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, including: copyright and related rights; protection of rights to inventions; utility models; industrial designs; brands; geographical indications; branded names; plant varieties; layout of semiconductor products; commercial secrecy; as well as legislation on civil law and customs ways to protect intellectual property rights in the European Union, the practice of application. It is established that in the national legal systems of European countries the regulation of public relations in the field of intellectual property is given considerable attention. At the same time, neither universal international treaties nor national legal regulation in the field of intellectual property can ensure the effectiveness of legal protection of the results of intellectual creative activity. The acts of the European Communities on Public Administration in the field of intellectual property are analyzed. The process of improving public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the legal framework of this process is presented. The conclusion was made on the relevance of the study of problems of public administration in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union. Key words: European Union, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Right, Procedure, Public Administration, Community Court, European Communities, Intellectual Property Sphere.
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Vasanicova, Petra, Sylvia Jencova, Beata Gavurova, and Radovan Bacik. "Coopetition of European Union Countries within Destination Management." Journal of Tourism and Services 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2022): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v13i24.368.
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Coopetition has been the issue of various studies in different fields, but there is a research gap in examining coopetition within the tourism sector and destination management. This paper aims to determine whether there are internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous groups of European Union countries regarding indicators of natural and cultural resources of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), and thus subsequently identify the importance and possibilities of competition among countries within the tourism sector. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis are used to verify the research hypothesis, along with ten indicators of the fourth sub-index (Natural and Cultural Resources) of TTCI. The results of the cluster analysis led to a six-group solution. Italy, Spain, and France have the best position in terms of tourism competitiveness. The results show space for competition in the international tourism market. Even though EU countries are competitors at a global level, their cooperation could be beneficial to tourism development. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning and strategy development for tourism policymakers and destination management organizations but can also be used to develop various marketing strategies. Furthermore, cooperation between destinations will support the need for strategic flexibility in the tourism sector, as the diversity of tourism attractions will increase.
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Mărășescu, Cristina. "The Emergence of an European Union Cultural Diplomacy." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia 65, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2020.3.03.
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"On 16 April 2020, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released preliminary figures according to which the collective Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the European Union (EU) and its Member States to developing countries amounted to 75.2 billion in 2019, representing 55.2% of global assistance. The EU and its Member States therefore maintain their position as the largest international aid donor. In spite of the vast amount of resources spent annually by the EU, there is widespread perception that the EU punches below its weight. Notwithstanding the undeniable positive impact that the EU external policies have on the ground, the EU’s role in international development remains mostly invisible. This paper presents the perception of the EU and EU’s policies abroad and makes the case for the necessity of an integrated and fully coordinated EU Public Diplomacy (PD) capable of communicating effectively and strengthening EU’s role as a global actor. It argues that culture has a substantial potential in Europe’s international relations, making the case for the necessity of an integrated and tailor-made EU Cultural Diplomacy. This paper shows that culture is a worthwhile investment in driving economic growth. Failure to capitalise on this would be a huge missed opportunity for Europe. Keywords: European Union, Economic Support to Developing Countries, Economic Growth, Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, European External Action Service JEL classification: O10, Z10 "
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Tihomirov, Denis. "Civil security: pluralism of understanding." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Pravo 10, no. 19 (2020): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3047-2020-10-19-68-73.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the theoretical and legal approaches to understanding civil security and to make relevant generalizations. The methodological basis was the methods that allowed to obtain sound and logically verified conclusions, in particular, the method of hermeneutics, which allowed to study the doctrinal sources and texts of the advisory mission of the European Union, the method of comparison, which allowed to identify a method that provided an opportunity to draw conclusions about the understanding of civil security. Scientific novelty. The article identifies the main directions of understanding civil security, defines the characteristics of the European vision of civil security and outlines the issues of understanding civil security for further theoretical and legal research. Conclusions. The tendency to understand civil security, which goes beyond public security, but covers it, brings civil security closer to the level of national security, is manifested in research linking civil security with crisis management, the transformation of civil defense as a sphere of military responsibility, to the demilitarized system civilian security, although military capabilities are used to varying degrees in crisis management in different countries, emphasize national features, a variety of terminological descriptions of crisis management, emergency response, note the need to strengthen the interaction between civil security and the military.
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Llorens, Carles, and Andreea Madalina Costache. "European Union Media Policy and Independent Regulatory Authorities: A New Tool to Protect European Media Pluralism?" Journal of Information Policy 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 396–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.4.2014.396.
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Abstract Can a uniform policy for media pluralism be adopted across the 28 Member States of the European Union through the involvement of independent regulatory authorities? According to the authors, the chances remain remote due to political and stakeholder opposition grounded in diverse structural, cultural, political, and economic interests. Based on a review of key documents from diverse sources, and case studies in Hungary and Italy, it appears that the goal of an EU-wide collaborative network of financially and politically independent audiovisual regulatory authorities, with common standards, faces significant challenges. However, the authors see hope in the increased debate on the topic, and suggest that some movement in that direction may yet be possible.
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Nicoleta, ONOFREI, and PAŞA, Adina Teodora. "PRIVATE CONSUMPTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY 2019 NO. 1, no. 2021.1 (July 1, 2021): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2021.1-05.
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The aim of this paper is to study consumption of households from an economic and cultural perspective in the European Union with 28 Member States during the period 2010-2019. For this purpose, we compared the Eastern European countries, dominated by rapid economic growth and development with the Western European countries, which represent the most developed countries in the EU-28. From this perspective, we proposed a multidimensional analysis of consumption that includes macroeconomic indicators of households’ wealth, which strongly influence their consumption together with an overview on expenditure by consumption purpose. Moreover, we have also considered Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory based initially on four cultural dimensions (power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, and uncertainty avoidance) to observe the impact national culture plays on households’ consumption in Eastern and Western European countries tracking the historical changes of these countries. Our methodological approach consisted in descriptive and inferential statistics based on the selected economic and cultural indicators. Pearson’s product-moment correlations were calculated to assess the correlations between the variables. Our analysis shows that the level of wealth is lower in Eastern European countries compared to Western Europe, which influences significantly the private consumption in these countries. Moreover, the systematic differences of national culture between Eastern and Western Europe influence strongly the private consumption of their population. Results of this paper indicate that in Eastern European countries the highest share of expenditure is allocated to primary needs such as food, non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages and cigarettes to the detriment of health, education, recreation and culture.
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Ardielli, Eva. "Usage of ICT in EU Culture Sector as a Tool of Cultural Participation." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijek-2017-0009.
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Abstract Culture is not only an inherent part of human life but it also creates the potential for economic growth, employment and innovation. For this reason, the European Union considers the development of culture sector and Cultural and creative industries as very important. Nowadays the culture sector is confronted with the penetration of Information and communication technologies. The widespread use of Internet and Information and communication technologies implies more participatory behaviours on the side of users, who are increasingly involved in cultural activities electronically. The presented article is focused on the issue of electronic cultural participation in European Union member countries. The aim is to evaluate the usage of Information and communication technologies for cultural purpose. For the purpose of this aim the selected multi-criteria decision-making method MAPPAC is applied. In the result is presented the ranking of European Union member countries according to the participation of citizens in culture through Information and communication technologies. In the research there was confirmed the importance of Information and communication technologies in European Union culture sector. High involvement of individuals in electronic cultural participation is obvious in developed European Union countries; in less developed countries the electronic cultural participation is habitually lower.
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Kanunnikov, A. A. "European Civil Society or Civil Society of the European Countries?" RUDN Journal of Political Science, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2016-3-61-70.
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This article is devoted to the study of civil society in the European Union. It shows the existence of two terms - “European civil society” and “civil society in Europe”. There is a vagueness of the term “European civil society” because it does not disclose the principle of belonging to a “European civil society” - a socio-cultural or geographical. There is a doubt about the possibility of the application of the civil society concept developed to describe the realities at the level of the nation-state, to the description of the phenomenon at a transnational level, for example, in the case of the European Union. The article shows three periods of civil society participation in the European integration process. The article concludes that is premature to consider the European civil society as an autonomous social sphere, opposing the state.
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Ricca, Mario. "United Europe and Euclidean Pluralism On the Anthropological Paradox of Contemporary EU Legal Experience." UNIO – EU Law Journal 1 (July 1, 2015): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.1.2.
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The European Union was born under the sign of ‘unity in diversity’ and pluralism. Such a design with its rather oxymoronic combination of ends has so far found an institutional and procedural synthesis. From a cultural point of view, however, Europe is divided, and efforts towards anthropological translation, at least in as reflected by the law, have so far been very scant. This diffraction results in a legal pluralism that addresses the national cultures as if they were parallel entities and, just like in a Euclidean universe, doomed never to meet. This essay aims at opening a pathway to develop a European legal interculture, as an outcome of both anthropological-spatial understanding – chorology – and legal experience aligned with the needs of European citizens and amenable to support the project of a Europe whose ‘unity’ may no longer consist of reciprocal cultural indifference. A Europe that no longer shares a common space of justice but rather, precisely, shares an interspace of a common justice.
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Jankiewicz, Mateusz. "Cultural Differences and the Consumption Structure in the European Union Countries." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 5, no. 344 (October 31, 2019): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.344.07.
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The aim of the paper is to study the cultural differentiation in the European Union countries and compare it with the differentiation in their consumption spending. The question is whether similar countries in terms of culture have similar final consumption expenditures and consumption structures. Culture in this research is characterised by six Hofstede dimensions – power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence vs. restraint. The consumption structure is characterised by share of durable goods, semi‑durable goods, non‑durable goods and services in households’ final consumption. In the analysis, the influence of culture on the share of non‑durable goods and services in final consumption expenditures is considered. Countries’ similarities in these two aspects are evaluated with the use of the cluster analysis approach – the k‑means algorithm and the Ward clustering method. The dependence between the structure of final consumption expenditures and culture is investigated using spatial autoregressive (SAR) and spatial error (SE) panel data models.
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López Insua, Belén. "LÍMITES AL DERECHO DE ASISTENCIA SANITARIA TRANSFRONTERIZA Y PRINCIPIO DE PROPORCIONALIDAD TRAS LA SENTENCIA DEL TJUE DE 23 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2020." E-REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA PROTECCION SOCIAL 5, no. 2 (2020): 374–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/e-rips.2020.i02.17.
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Health protection is one of the fundamental pillars of the European Union and of the process of social-democratic constitutionalism. The achievement of a Community health care system is now more than ever one of the great challenges for the European community. In spite of these objectives, the European Union has adopted a logic that relies more on an interventionist model than on simple coordination, rather than on a harmonised system for all Member States. Unfortunately, this particular cooperative pluralism has made each of the Community countries competent and responsible for the coordination rules laid down by the Union. In this sense, Directive 2011/24/EU is set as the reference standard to guarantee the right of all European citizens to receive safe and quality healthcare, both in the public sphere and in the private sphere of another Member State. The aim is to guarantee the freedom of movement and movement of persons without damaging health. Today, the right to health care is a fundamental social right of a primary nature, which is linked to the right to life and dignity.
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Jansiz, Ahmad, Saeed Sadeghi, Jalal Mirzaei, and Mustafa Tarin. "Cultural Challenges Facing Turkey’s Membership in the European Union." Asian Social Science 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n9p1.
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Turkey is one of the first countries asking for membership in the European Union but has not been able to achieve this goal. Even today the prospect of its membership is vague. Turkey hopes to join the EU in its 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary of independence in 2023 and has set its strategies and policies in line with this goal. It is an Islamic country which might challenge the relatively homogeneous culture of the EU. Some European countries consider the EU a community with a homogeneous cultural, social and political principles and values and regard the orientalist policy of Turkey as an evidence for its heterogeneity with the values existing in the European societies. The present article attempts to investigate the cultural and social barriers as the main obstacle to Turkey’s membership in the EU. Erdogan also believes that cultural problems are the most important obstacle to his country’s presence in the EU. Turkey has only three alternatives if it cannot become an EU member: active involvement, becoming a bridge between East and West, and being an ordinary neighbor to Europe. If Turkey becomes a member of the EU, it can play an important and influential role in the union as the only Islamic member. The present article uses constructivism as its theoretical background and takes it for granted that Turkey faces serious challenges in its path to membership in the EU due to cultural and identity problems.
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Zvezdova, Olesia. "Popularization of European Values as a Task of the European Union Cultural Policy in Ukraine." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.3.
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This article deals with the main features of European values and their importance for the process of common European identity forming. The essence and main functions of the EU cultural policy, its peculiarities are formulated. The author describes the place of European values among the basic principles of the cultural policy of the European Union. According to sociological polls, these values are close to Ukrainian society but do not associate with the European Union as a single community and do not contribute to the formation of European identity. The main functions of the EU’s cultural policy are promotion and dissemination of European values through cultural events, grants and tourism. Approaches to common European values defining are analyzed, their degrees are structured. The author identifies the following basic European values: fundamental rights, including rights of communities and families; equality of all members of society, including minorities and regardless of gender; pluralism of thoughts; justice; self-realization; responsibility; unity; peace; respect for human life; democracy; legality; freedom of personality (freedom of expression, freedom of speech, freedom of the media); tolerance; solidarity; respect for human dignity; religion. The main differences between the European values and the common Western ones are emphasized. The main ways of raising awareness and mechanisms for promoting European values among the Ukrainian population are summarized. But the formation of a new value system is impossible without the participation of the state and its institutions. It is concluded that the formation of a new value system will have a consolidating effect on the Ukrainian people. Therefore, the promotion of European values should become not only a task for EU cultural policy, but also a top priority for the Ukrainian authorities.
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Astikė, Kristina. "DOES CULTURAL ECONOMICS AFFECT COUNTRY’S COMPETITIVENESS?" Journal Business, Management and Economics Engineering 20, no. 02 (August 12, 2022): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bmee.2022.17308.
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Purpose – the purpose of the article is to identify factors of cultural economics and examine their impact on countries’ competitiveness. Research methodology – in this study, the following factors have been determined to affect the competitiveness of the European Union countries: cultural employment by age (18–65), general government expenditure on cultural services, households expenditure on cultural goods, persons working as creative and performing artists, authors, journalists and linguists engaged in individual activity and employment. Panel data, which are processed with the Gretl software, are used for the study. Findings – the results revealed that all the distinguished factors affect the competitiveness of the European Union countries; however, general government expenditure by function has the most significant effect. Research limitations – the article analyses all countries of the European Union except Romania because there is a lack of statistical data on this country, which interferes with the research. Practical implications – as cultural economics is linked to both the public and private sectors, the revenue and the products it generates undoubtedly contribute to the country’s economic development and, hence, competitiveness. Originality/Value – cultural economics is an interdisciplinary field of scientific research described and analysed by various authors as the interaction of human-made activities with new technologies, various artistic forms, knowledge, and creativity. Consequently, cultural economics has received more and more attention. However, the factors of cultural economics and their impact on a country’s competitiveness level is a fragmentarily examined topic which shows its originality.
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Zawrotniak, Piotr. "The Cross-Border Transfer of Cultural Assets in the European Union." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 13, no. 3 (October 27, 2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.732.
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Monuments and mementoes of cultural assets are taken very special care of by descendant heirs, as a form of national heritage. The Hague Convention of 1954 introduced regulations concerning the definition of a cultural asset. The Convention drawn up in Paris, in 1970, extended the scope of international legal protection in case of conflicts and armaments. It also extended notions which regulate the status of — e.g., rare collections. In 1976, the Convention signed in Paris clarified identification and definition of any kind of assets belonging to the countries which are the parties of the agreement, and determined their borders. The member states of the EU act pursuant to the regulations of the EU law and domestic law. After the accession to the Community, Poland adopted the EU law, which has to be direct and superior to domestic regulations. The EU and domestic legal regulations concerning the issue of the transfer of cultural assets — monuments within the Community and with third countries, are applicable to their export to other member states of the EU and within not regulated areas on the Community level, as well as to third countries.
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Parente, Cláudia da Mota Darós. "COMPARED ANALYSIS OF THE SCHOOL DAY IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Cadernos de Pesquisa 50, no. 175 (March 2020): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/198053146760.
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Abstract This article aims to analyze the school days in European Union countries, systematizing similarities and differences between education systems. The compared analysis involved fifteen member countries and focused on the descriptive and comparative phases of the classical comparative method. School days are socio-historical and cultural constructions, which result in sometimes convergent, sometimes divergent policies in the region. In general, the compulsory school day in European countries is from 5 to 6 hours per day. However, there are many features, including investment in policies that integrate curricular and extracurricular activities, as supervised socio-educational times. Through compared analysis, it was possible to identify perspectives and alternatives to the school day configuration to better answer to the demands and needs of the subjects of education.
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Melnyk, Natalia, Natalya Bidyuk, Andrii Kalenskyi, Borys Maksymchuk, Nataliia Bakhmat, Olena Matviienko, Tetiana Matviichuk, Valeriy Solovyov, Nadiia Golub, and Iryna Maksymchuk. "Models and organisational characteristics of preschool teachers’ professional training in some EU countries and Ukraine." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 51, no. 1 (2019): 46–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1901046m.
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Comparative pedagogical analyses were obtained on the basis of the generalised theoretical results. The aim of the study is to discover theoretical, methodological, didactic principles of a professional training of preschool teachers in the context of socio-political, economic, socio-cultural and pedagogical determinants in some European Union countries in order to justify the possibilities of introduction of an innovative European experience in preschool teachers? professional training in Ukraine and other countries. The results of comparative pedagogical research on professional development of preschool teachers? in some countries of the European Union are generalised; models were characterised; organisational and pedagogical support for the professional development of preschool teachers in some countries of the European Union was specified; the influence of European integration processes on the modernisation of professional development of preschool teachers in Ukraine and the comparative analysis of systems of professional development of preschool teachers in some countries of the European Union and Ukraine were studied; promising directions were described in the implementation of innovative ideas of the European experience in the vocational education system in Ukraine.
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Mojanoski, Goran, and Vesna Bucevska. "Event study on the reaction of the Balkan stock markets to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine." Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/crebss-2022-0007.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the reaction of South Eastern European stock markets to the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine. With a sample of seven stock market indices, the event study methodology is applied to examine the influence of the conflict between two countries on European ground over stock indices of emerging markets in South Eastern Europe. Results indicate that beginning of the conflict in late February brought a very strong significant price correction and stock markets in the examined countries became maximum oscillatory and subjected to light and rapid changes on a daily level. The findings contribute to the research on economic impact of the armed conflict by providing empirical evidence that conflict between two European (Non-European Union members) countries has spill-over effects on stock markets on other European (European Union members and Non-European Union members) countries. The findings have important implications for portfolio diversification and thus can serve in the asset allocation decision of investment managers.
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Irimia, Ana Irina. "The European Union and Minorities." Scientific Bulletin 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2015-0021.
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Abstract We are currently in the process of making a Europe where the elements of national sovereignty will be narrowed through the sharing of sovereignty and for collective security. Another trend in the field was that of regionalization of the importance and implications of this issue, explicitly or implicitly considered as belonging to Central and Eastern Europe. Such an assessment neglects the significance of a number of factors pertaining to the historical and political developments has on the matter, particularly regarding economic development of Central and Eastern Europe areas, and that the conflictual degeneration of perceiving ethnical, cultural and regional otherness is not a phenomenon which affects this space alone, but also the West. In contradiction with this point of view, some foreign experts in the field say it is a social reality that discrimination and intolerance connected to religion and ethnicity can be found in all meetings of the world and in countries with different economic development phases.
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Landmann, Tomasz. "Cultural security within the European Union in terms of selected conditions of the cultural economics." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 200, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9789.
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The subject of the article is cultural security analyzed from the perspective of the economics of such security, and more broadly cultural economics. The analysis is based on statistical data published by Eurostat, reports from this statistical institution, and a critical analysis of scientific literature. The considerations aim to comparatively analyze trends and phenomena occurring in relation to selected spheres of cultural economics and cultural security in EU countries in 2011-2018. The article establishes that the selected economic conditions formed after 2011 may have positively impacted the state of cultural security in EU countries. That was primarily determined by the increase in employment in the cultural sector, the promotion of sustainable employment based on gender parity, and the continually increasing number of enterprises offering access to cultural goods and services. The disparities between EU countries in household expenditure on culture were a weakening factor.
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Udovič, Boštjan, and Ana Podgornik. "Cultural Diplomacy of Slavic European Union Member States: A Cross-country Analysis." Baltic Journal of European Studies 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2016-0015.
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Abstract The article deals with the role of cultural diplomacy in Slavic EU Member States. Its basic idea is to present the main characteristics of cultural diplomacy as a field of possible cooperation between the Slavic EU member countries. The conclusions of the research are three: firstly, the cultural diplomacy of the Slavic EU Member States is fragmented and diversified. Secondly, each country promotes its own cultural diplomacy and there is almost no cooperation between countries in the cultural field. Finally, cultural diplomacy is still an omitted instrument of Slavic EU Member States and a fertile ground for future collaboration within the EU and in the region of Central Europe.
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Lippolis, Carlo, Jacopo Bruno, Eleonora Quirico, Ali Taha, Hasinean Mohammed, and Haydar Taha. "The Tulul Al-Baqarat and Eduu Projects : Archaeological Research , Education and Cultural Heritage Enhancement." Al-Adab Journal 1, no. 125 (June 15, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i125.36.
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The present paper stems from the research activities carried out within the framework of EU funded project "EDUU - Educational and Cultural Heritage Enhancement for Social Cohesion in Iraq" (EuropeAid CSO-LA/2016/382-631). EDUU is an international project funded by the European Union. EDUU consists of an EU-Iraqi partnership in the area of education and cultural heritage enhancement, connecting Universities, secondary schools, and museums. This consortium operates with the aim of enhancing the pluralism of Iraqi civil society, raising awareness on the diverse and multicultural past of Iraq via developing initiatives for the promotion of the pre-Islamic cultural heritage.
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Pukeliene, Violeta, and Austeja Kažemekaityte. "TAX BEHAVIOUR: ASSESSMENT OF TAX COMPLIANCE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Ekonomika 95, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 30–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.2.10123.
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The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of the selected tax behaviour determinants for the overall tax (non) compliance in European Union countries for a period from 2003 to 2014. Firstly, the literature on tax behaviour is analysed through the viewpoint of behavioural economics and the systemisation of the main determinants is provided. Secondly, selected tax behaviour determinants for the analysis are presented, hypotheses raised and models formed. Research suggests that tax morale, socio-cultural determinants and the relationship between tax authority and taxpayers have an overall significant impact on tax behaviour in European Union countries. Nevertheless, the effect from different determinants varies greatly across regions and countries.
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Chechikova, Yulia S. "Library and Museum Collections Digitization Projects in Finland." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 1 (January 28, 2009): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-1-95-100.
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Digitization of a national cultural and scientific heritage is one of the long-term strategic problems of the European countries’ governments. Member countries of the European Union make major efforts in providing access to their cultural heritage. In the article the process of an access provision is described for Finland.
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Ćatović, Azra, Haris Zogić, and Elma Kujović. "Small and medium business and The European Union: Mutual definitions." Ekonomski izazovi 10, no. 19 (2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekoizazov2119080c.
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There are many controversial public perceptions about small and medium business. According to some interpretations, the development of small and medium business (SME) represents a great chance for the countries of the Western Balkans to be included in the economic and social flows of economically developed European Union (EU) countries on an equal basis. According to other interpretations, SME business is only an addition to great business, and as such, if the great business does not develop in the country, the chances for more intensive development of SME businesses are very limited. Also, cooperation with economic entities within the EU is very significant. What are the chances for the development of this business? The answer is given in this scientific article.
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Casanova, José Luís. "Crisis and Cultural Change: The Countries with Adjustment Programmes in the European Union." Comparative Sociology 17, no. 2 (April 4, 2018): 187–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341454.
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AbstractAfter the financial crisis in 2008 significant changes occurred in the European Union, particularly in the countries that had adjustment programmes. According to empirical work by Hofstede, Inglehart and Schwartz it’s predictable that societal changes have a cultural impact. Data from European Social Survey since 2002 show that changes in political orientations are bigger than in Human Values, and deepen after 2008. Changes on countries that had adjustment programmes diverge significantly from those in the rest of the Eurozone, mainly on political orientations. Bigger challenges to theeucome from the extensive fall on trust in politics, the European Parliament and satisfaction with democracy, the rise of the values of Tradition and Security, and the decrease of Self-direction. This evolving cultural conservatism associated with continued degradation of democracy is nurturing nationalism and authoritarianism.
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Ferran Vila, Susanna, Giorgia Miotto, and Josep Rom Rodríguez. "Cultural Sustainability and the SDGs: Strategies and Priorities in the European Union Countries." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n2p73.
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This research aims to analyze how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are included in the EU cultural policies and which are the priorities of the European Union (EU) in the cultural sustainability’s agenda. We performed a content analysis of the EU Countries’ cultural policies, evaluating the grade of inclusion of the SDGs. The conclusions show that the EU cultural policies, although not explicitly, include the SDGs in the definition of their strategies, policies, projects and actions. Specifically, eight of the seventeen SDGs are included in relation to the following interdisciplinary topics: Cultural and Natural Heritage (SDG11), Cultural Education (SDG 4), Cultural Diversity (SDG 4), Social Inclusion (SDG 10), Information Access (SDG 16), Cooperation with other institutions (SDG 17), Environment (SDG 13), Economic Growth (SDG 8) and Gender Equality (SDG 5). Topics’ priorities are generally commonly defined in the different EU countries.
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Cieslukowski, Maciej. "A Sustainable European Union Own Resources System." Perspectives on Federalism 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): E—11—E—45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pof-2016-0008.
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Abstract From 1992, after the UN “Earth Summit” in Rio de Janeiro, sustainable development has become a priority of many countries and international organizations, including the European Union. After the crisis of 2008+ and the strong criticism of traditional economics, it also became a fundamental element of economic development in the XXI century. This new model is based on a solid and integrated economic, socio-cultural and ecological order. Such a development should be supported by suitable budgetary systems at each level of public government. The paper presents a conception of the sustainable EU own resources system and proposes the methodology of its evaluation.
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Al-Jaberi, Prof Dr Sattar Jabbar. "Iraq and the European Union towards a Strategic Partnership." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 220, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v220i2.487.
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The Iraq's relations with the European Union countries of the oldest and surest Iraq's foreign relations, in spite of the damage to those relationships during certain time periods, and sometimes degradation several considerations, they quickly return to normal, the importance of Iraq's strategy for European countries on the one hand, and interest in Iraq, the European its relations On the other hand .
The EU played an important role in Iraq in the era after 2003, through important political relations with the Iraqi government, and try to achieve a real partnership in the political, economic and cultural fields, and interested in EU areas of human rights, and civil society organizations, and strengthen the Iraqi security capacity and we will try in this Find the study of the positions of the European Union countries of Iraq, and then try the European Union and Iraq to establish a strategic partnership between them.
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Hamzaoui, Djaouida. "European Neighborhood Policy." Contemporary Arab Affairs 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2020.13.1.105.
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In 2004, the European Union proposed a project entitled the European Neighborhood Policy as a new strategic option. The project had been adopted by the European Council one year earlier in a proposal to the concerned states. The European Neighborhood Policy proposes the development of the scope of cooperation between the European Union and the southwestern Mediterranean countries through several political, economic, social, and cultural fields. Yet, the sphere of security is set at the top of its priorities. It is based on the principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law, as well as on establishing security and stability between the countries on the two shores of the Mediterranean neighboring Europe. This would be based on a common framework and a larger volume of mutual cooperation that is embodied in a genuine partnership that would confront common challenges. The study explores and provides an answer to the following question: To what extent can the European Neighborhood Policy be considered a representation of regionalism and the embodiment of a genuine European desire through which it would be able to build a “security group” in the Mediterranean basin?
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Al Hosani, Naeema. "Language Maps from Africa to Europe." Acta Neophilologica 55, no. 1-2 (December 14, 2022): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.55.1-2.133-158.
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Language maps, which reflect linguistic pluralism, multilingualism and the spread of languages across countries and empires were part of an evolving human history. Historically, language came under the impact of geography, political conflicts and colonization. Due to these factors, languages penetrate borders or ended up in isolation or even in extinction. In this context, the paper investigates selected language maps of many African, Asian, European and South American countries in order to underline the connections between language, politics, immigration, war and other related elements. The paper argues that current language maps in some geographical regions are similar to the political maps of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries because colonial languages continued to exist in these countries even after the departure of the colonizers. Further, the paper explores the spread of a variety of languages and their penetration in some countries, which constituted a great part of the European Union, in order to examine the impact of geo-politics on the changing status of language maps in Europe.
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Fathun, Laode Muhamad. "BREXIT REFERENDUM OF EUROPEAN UNION." Jurnal Dinamika Global 5, no. 01 (July 5, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v5i1.193.
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This paper describes the phenomenon Brexit or Britain Exit on the future of EU regionalism and its impact on Indonesia. This paper will explain in detail the reason for the emergence of a number of policies Brexit. Brexit event caused much speculation related to Brexit in the European Union. The policy is considered full controversial, some experts say that Brexit in the European Union (EU) showed the independence of Britain as an independent state. Other hand, that Britain is the "ancestor" of the Europeans was struck with the release of the policy, meaning European history can not be separated from the history of Britain. In fact the above reasons that Britain came out associated with independence as an independent state related to EU policies that are too large, as a result of the policy model is very holistic policy while Britain desire is wholistic policy, especially in the economic, political, social and cultural. In addition, the geopolitical location of the EU headquarters in Brussels who also became the dominant actor in a union policy that demands as EU countries have been involved in the formulation of development policy, including controversial is related to the ration immigrants. Other reason is the prestige associated with the currency. Although long since Britain does not fully adopt the EU rules but there is the possibility in the EU currency union can only occur with the assumption that the creation of functional perfect integration.
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Szilovics, Csaba. "Experience in Tax Changes in Certain Central European Countries in the Past Two Decades." Polgári szemle 16, no. 4-6 (2020): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2020.1010.
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This study reviews the tax regimes of four Central European countries. A hundred years ago, these countries were part of a single economic and political unit, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (which included the entire territory of today’s Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia, and a significant part of Romania: Transylvania, Banat and Partium). Already then, different regions had different economic strengths, but their legal and cultural conditions were the same. By the end of the 20th century, despite their different historical development models, these four countries became once again part of a legal, economic and cultural entity, i.e. the system of the European Union, and then during the first decade of the 21st century, they became its full members. The tax changes implemented by these countries in the recent decades and their success in catching up with the level of welfare in the European Union are studied in this context.
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Ulbrych, Marta. "The implications of Turkey’s accession to the European Union for the flows of labor." Oeconomia Copernicana 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2011.013.
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Analyzing the course of accession negotiations of Turkey to the European Union and taking into an account the experience of previous enlargements, the issue of free movement of persons appears to be one of the most difficult and controversial subject. EU members societies report concerns about job losses and reduced wages in the case of immigration of cheaper labor. In addition, ethnic prejudices and cultural, religious, social and language differences in the European Union hold the demand for foreign workers. Based on the theory and analysis of current migration flows of the Turkish population to European Union countries, it appears that the most important factors influencing decisions to migrate, and thus also on its size, there are differences in income. An important factor is also the presence of a number of Turkish minorities in European countries. In order to balance the benefits and losses associated with Turkish migration will be analyzed the trends in Turkish immigrants participation in the European Union and Germany.
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Ayata, Ali. "Human rights aspects of european foreign policy." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i2.406.
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The development policy of the European Union is a policy area that has developed rapidly, especially after the Cold War and the conflicts between Eastern countries. In the 1990s, the EU issued a development profile and started the human rights and democracy concepts into the Treaty of European Union officially as guiding principles in its foreign policy. Even before the importance of human rights and democracy in the founding treaties of the European Union was mentioned, strengthening the identity of the European Union could be brought at the international level from the start with respect for these criteria together, because these criteria were the grounds for the EU. The specific aim of this work is to consider the human rights dimension of EU development, cooperation and also some related policy issues and implementation problems in practice, which are considered in theoretical approaches in the study. It should be also noted that while the EU acts as an institution and also relief organization, it makes use of its own funds and budgets, not its Member States. Within this context, the activities of the Union to promote human rights could be interpreted as cultural imperialism.    Keywords: Human Rights, European Union, Foreign Policy, Cultural Imperialism.
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Maras, Marin. "The spillover effect of European Union funds between the regions of the new European Union members." Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/crebss-2022-0005.
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Abstract As the differences between the regions are more pronounced than among the countries, NUTS 2 regions of the new members that joined the EU after 2000 are considered. Due to the presence of externalities between the regions, the Solow growth model using interregional externalities is used. This is modelled by spatial econometrics, the method of maximum likelihood. According to previous research, the effects of European funds in the EU on reducing disparities are not unique, but contradictory. From the mentioned research for new members, we can conclude that the research shows a positive effect of European funds on growth rates. There is a noticeable lack of research analyzing the impact of EU funding on new members after the 2008 crisis, including their mutual regional interaction. The aim is to determine the impact of EU funding on reducing regional disparities as measured by GDP per capita. The paper shows that an increase in European funding increases growth rates, thus contributing to the reduction of interregional disparities. European funding, which is mostly targeted at less developed regions, represents an opportunity for new members and potential new members to move closer to more developed old members. The spillover effect of European funds represents the key contribution to the positive effect of EU funds, i.e. the advantage of the application of spatial econometrics. Also, these spillovers have proven to be an important factor whose omission in models estimated by the OLS leads to bias. Regional externalities should be taken into account in regional divisions by regional policymakers, and in creating the distribution of funds for the next programming period. The effect of funding in the region itself without the spillover effect does not contribute to reducing disparities, which represents a future opportunity, especially for the poorest regions, such as the regions in Bulgaria and Romania.
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Lifintsev, D. S., T. P. Blyznyuk, and M. O. Kokhan. "Prospects for Cross-Cultural Business Cooperation in the Context of Ukraine’s European Integration." Business Inform 5, no. 520 (2021): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-371-377.
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The research is aimed at studying and analyzing the attitude of the Ukrainian generation Z to potential cooperation with partners from the countries of the European Union. The article identifies and analyzes the priority of choosing specific countries for cooperation, as well as the motives of such a choice. To verify the hypotheses formulated in the course of research, empirical data collection was carried out by conducting an online survey using the survio.com. 403 respondents took part in the survey: 97 boys (24.1%) and 306 girls (75.9%). The respondents were students of Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman (n = 130), Lviv National University named after Ivan Franko (n = 108), Kharkiv National Economic University named after S. Kuznets (n = 165). The results of the research showed that the vast majority of respondents are positive about cooperation with partners from the European Union countries. The research displayed that Ukrainian students are most interested in cooperation with partners from Germany, Sweden, Austria, France and Italy. It is worth noting that the countries that took the two highest positions in the overall ranking (Germany and Sweden), as well as France, which shared the overall third place with Austria, were in the top 5 according to the survey results in each of the three cities where it was conducted, i.e.: Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv. The respondents who have no experience of cross-cultural interaction also expressed a desire to interact with partners from the EU countries. At the same time, the top 5 countries that are interesting for potential interaction, according to these respondents, completely coincide with the overall top five. Among the main motives for choosing countries priority for business interaction, the respondents defined the following: «General positive impression of the country», «High level of economic development of this country», «Reliability of partners from this country», and «High probability of profit from interaction with partners from this country». Ukrainian youth are interested in cooperation with business partners from the countries of the European Union, which is extremely important in view of the European integration of our country. Among the countries that students have identified as priorities for business interaction are both lower-context Germany, Sweden and Austria, and higher-context France and Italy. This once again demonstrates the importance of professional preparation for cross-cultural interaction and the acquisition by Ukrainian students of the competencies of doing business in a global multicultural business environment.
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Sojka, Elżbieta. "Health condition of ageing populations of the European Union." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 23, no. 23 (March 1, 2014): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0009.
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AbstractThe paper is a comparative analysis of health condition of EU-27 states that are differentiated with respect to demographic situation and the level of social and economic development with the use of methods of multidimensional comparative analysis. Relationships between macroeconomic values and health indices of EU populations were also studied with the use of demometric models. The study was performed for 2009. The most favourable health situation (in the light of diagnostic qualities adopted for the study) was observed in Cyprus, where the value of synthetic measure was almost 0.9. Cyprus is a relatively young country, with the lowest rate of mortality due to malicious tumours among all the countries of the European Community. Apart from Cyprus, Ireland was found in the first group (the lowest rate of people at 65+ years of age of all EU countries), Luxembourg (low rate of infant mortality) and Spain (relatively low mortality due to diseases of circulatory system). Definitely the worst health situation was observed in majority of the countries of the former Eastern bloc. On the grounds of the correlation diagram it was possible to conclude that, together with social and economic development of the country and resulting growth in expenditures on health protection per capita, mean life expectancy at birth significantly extended. However, these relations are not linear. Logarithmically constructed regression functions proved a strong and statistically significant impact of macroeconomic values on indices of population health condition.
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Cornea, Delia. "Credit card payments: do cultural values matter? Evidence from the European Union." Managerial Finance 47, no. 8 (March 29, 2021): 1128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-06-2020-0336.
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PurposeThis study analyzes how cultural and social values shape specific attitudes toward credit cards and indebtedness and consumption behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a panel dataset for a selection of European Union countries from 2003 to 2016. The relation between credit card use and social and cultural attitudes is constructed by controlling for past habits in payment behavior and cross-substitution with alternative payment instruments by employing a dynamic panel data analysis based on the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator.FindingsThe total value of credit card payments positively correlated with values emphasizing risk-taking attitudes. When analyzing the propensity of using these instruments for larger purchases, the level of trust is the most relevant predictor. However, the results seemed region-specific with some variables correlating consumption behavior with credit card usage depending on the political and the economic background of the country. Moreover, risk-taking attitudes prevail when they are related to the extent to which countries rely on cash as a preferred payment instrument. Also, credit card usage is mainly explained by past habits and the economic context.Originality/valueThe model expands on previous credit card transaction research by including an additional set of cultural values able to account for the complex nature of payment instruments and their effects on indebtedness and consumption behavior.
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Zyznarska-Dworczak, Beata, Ivana Mamić Sačer, and Daša Mokošová. "Accounting systems in Croatia, Poland, and Slovakia – a comparative study." Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 109, no. 165 (October 29, 2020): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4348.
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Purpose: This paper provides a comparative analysis of accounting systems in three Central and East-ern European countries − Croatia, Poland, and Slovakia. The main goal of the paper is to contribute to the understanding of the main differences and their main economic, historical, and cultural reasons. Methodology/approach: The research based on a comparative analysis of Croatian, Polish, and Slovak accounting regulations allows for the identification of important differences in accounting standards, despite the geopolitical proximity of the analysed countries and their Slavic roots. Findings: The paper demonstrates that the economic differences between the countries may influence the development of their accounting systems. Our empirical research also reveals that accession to the European Union had a significant impact on the development of accounting in these countries. Moreover, our research verified whether cultural differences influence accounting systems and financial reporting in the analyzed coun-tries. Originality/value: The similarities and differences in accounting systems indicated in this paper may help regulators assess real opportunities to harmonize accounting regulations in the member states of the European Union in the face of economic and cultural factors.