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Joseph, Edith Michelle Maryse <1977>. "Application of FTIR microscopy to cultural heritage materials." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1404/.
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Research in art conservation has been developed from the early 1950s, giving a significant contribution to the conservation-restoration of cultural heritage artefacts. In fact, only through a profound knowledge about the nature and conditions of constituent materials, suitable decisions on the conservation and restoration measures can thus be adopted and preservation practices enhanced. The study of ancient artworks is particularly challenging as they can be considered as heterogeneous and multilayered systems where numerous interactions between the different components as well as degradation and ageing phenomena take place. However, difficulties to physically separate the different layers due to their thickness (1-200 µm) can result in the inaccurate attribution of the identified compounds to a specific layer. Therefore, details can only be analysed when the sample preparation method leaves the layer structure intact, as for example the preparation of embedding cross sections in synthetic resins. Hence, spatially resolved analytical techniques are required not only to exactly characterize the nature of the compounds but also to obtain precise chemical and physical information about ongoing changes. This thesis focuses on the application of FTIR microspectroscopic techniques for cultural heritage materials. The first section is aimed at introducing the use of FTIR microscopy in conservation science with a particular attention to the sampling criteria and sample preparation methods. The second section is aimed at evaluating and validating the use of different FTIR microscopic analytical methods applied to the study of different art conservation issues which may be encountered dealing with cultural heritage artefacts: the characterisation of the artistic execution technique (chapter II-1), the studies on degradation phenomena (chapter II-2) and finally the evaluation of protective treatments (chapter II-3). The third and last section is divided into three chapters which underline recent developments in FTIR spectroscopy for the characterisation of paint cross sections and in particular thin organic layers: a newly developed preparation method with embedding systems in infrared transparent salts (chapter III-1), the new opportunities offered by macro-ATR imaging spectroscopy (chapter III-2) and the possibilities achieved with the different FTIR microspectroscopic techniques nowadays available (chapter III-3).
In chapter II-1, FTIR microspectroscopy as molecular analysis, is presented in an integrated approach with other analytical techniques. The proposed sequence is optimized in function of the limited quantity of sample available and this methodology permits to identify the painting materials and characterise the adopted execution technique and state of conservation. Chapter II-2 describes the characterisation of the degradation products with FTIR microscopy since the investigation on the ageing processes encountered in old artefacts represents one of the most important issues in conservation research. Metal carboxylates resulting from the interaction between pigments and binding media are characterized using synthesised metal palmitates and their production is detected on copper-, zinc-, manganese- and lead- (associated with lead carbonate) based pigments dispersed either in oil or egg tempera. Moreover, significant effects seem to be obtained with iron and cobalt (acceleration of the triglycerides hydrolysis). For the first time on sienna and umber paints, manganese carboxylates are also observed. Finally in chapter II-3, FTIR microscopy is combined with further elemental analyses to characterise and estimate the performances and stability of newly developed treatments, which should better fit conservation-restoration problems.
In the second part, in chapter III-1, an innovative embedding system in potassium bromide is reported focusing on the characterisation and localisation of organic substances in cross sections. Not only the identification but also the distribution of proteinaceous, lipidic or resinaceous materials, are evidenced directly on different paint cross sections, especially in thin layers of the order of 10 µm. Chapter III-2 describes the use of a conventional diamond ATR accessory coupled with a focal plane array to obtain chemical images of multi-layered paint cross sections. A rapid and simple identification of the different compounds is achieved without the use of any infrared microscope objectives. Finally, the latest FTIR techniques available are highlighted in chapter III-3 in a comparative study for the characterisation of paint cross sections. Results in terms of spatial resolution, data quality and chemical information obtained are presented and in particular, a new FTIR microscope equipped with a linear array detector, which permits reducing the spatial resolution limit to approximately 5 µm, provides very promising results and may represent a good alternative to either mapping or imaging systems.
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Motteram, Gary. "Crossing material boundaries : a cultural-historical case study of e-learning materials development in China." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:147344.
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This thesis makes use of activity theory as a lens to explore how professionals learn. The study focuses initially on my professional understandings arising from the application of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) to the eChina-UK project funded by HEFCE in the UK, an attempt to develop collaborative elearning projects in British and Chinese universities, and secondly on purposeful interviews with project staff about their professional learning in the project. The thesis begins by setting the scene for the project showing how it came about. The literature review explores CHAT and allied issues of Adult Education considering how adults may learn in both formal and informal contexts. It also contextualises the project by giving background on Higher Education, China and distance/e-learning. The research questions that it addresses are: 1. What roles do artefacts have in mediating collaborative working on elearning materials? 2. How do boundary crossers/brokers impact on a project of this type? 3. How do different cultural histories have an impact on the disposition that the ‘developers’ have to artefacts and materials? 4. What and how do the subjects of the activity systems learn? What role, if any, do artefacts play? What role, if any, do the brokers play in the learning? This practitioner case study makes use of a variety of data. The initial data consisted of field notes which were part of the project process. Theoretically driven hunches that surfaced from these data led to further purposeful data collection via interviews investigating the following: Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs), a materials design template and pilots; and boundary crossers. Also considered is the nature of the professional learning that occurred for eight core participants in the project. The thesis in addition explores the constructs of transfer, transformation and expansive learning. The study proposes a refinement of our understanding of these constructs. It also demonstrates how important and significant boundary objects are to successful international project work along with the boundary crossers who support the development of the artefacts. In addition, it shows how an engagement with transfer, transformation and expansive learning contributes to the professional development of the subjects in their respective activity systems.
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Crawford, James Bruce. "Atmospheric microclimates : damaging & protecting indoor cultural heritage materials." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87502/.
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This thesis in applied physics analyzes and solves problems regarding destructive and protective atmospheric microclimates in order to slow down the deterioration of indoor cultural heritage materials. Fresh approaches to two longstanding areas of concern are made in laboratory studies with a view to future field testing and evaluation by heritage conservation practitioners and museum display case manufacturers. Methods used for observing and analysing materials are macrophotography, optical microscopy, metallography, image analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Structural engineering methods comprise geometric surveys and compression and deflection tests. Airtightness measurement techniques were tracer gas decay and pressure decay. Investigations into the corrosion of lead by oak-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) revealed the presence of a rarely reported crystalline phase which was confirmed to be associated with modern oak. The morphology and composition of the observed products of corrosion were almost identical to those found in field environments, but differed in specific ways to prior laboratory studies which used synthetic or oak-emitted VOCs. Five novel surface protection treatments using materials derived from ethanolic solutions of high molecular weight carboxylic acids (CH3(CH2)n-2COOH; n = 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18) were tested atmospherically for five years. Hexadecanoic (n = 16) and octadecanoic acid (n = 18) treatments inhibited corrosion of lead exposed to oak VOCs by up to ≈60%. These effective treatment materials showed lamellar morphologies similar to those made from aqueous solutions of lower molecular weight carboxylic acids (n = 10 or 11). In contrast, two materials with non-lamellar morphologies made from ethanolic decanoic acid (n = 10) and tetradecanoic acid (n = 14) were found to increase corrosion. Inspections of industry-made medium-sized (≈1 m3 ) museum display cases with doors located systematic leaks in sorbent compartments, around exhibit compartment doors and in ceilings: providing vertical leakage circuits driven by stack pressures (˜0.1 Pa). A walk-in test chamber with a custom-designed tracer gas and environmental monitoring system was made to evaluate three devices for passively controlling airtightness on a pair of display cases. Airtightness of the cases was increased by 7 to 13 times. Despite remaining leaks in the ceilings, the cases reached or went beyond the microbarometric limit; due to new pressure-proofed sorbent compartments and novel convex gaskets for the compliant unframed exhibit compartment doors; solving leakage caused by restorative forces imposed by gaskets. The greatest airtightness (0.013±0.004 air exchanges daily) was achieved by a case retrofitted with a pair of high compliance bellows (Δ±2 Pa) with high conductance pipework, while being subjected to temperature cycling (Δ+2°C daily) and natural barometric pressure fluctuations. A formula derived from Ohm’s Law to evaluate the minimum required airway resistance of gaps in display cases was proposed as a new way to calculate, and then measure, the capability of a case to have its airtightness increased by installing bellows.
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Pitarch, i. Martí Àfrica. "Spectroscopic analytical methodologies for the study of cultural heritage materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285774.
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Els estudis que es presenten en aquesta tesi doctoral se centren en l’aplicació i millora de metodologies analítiques existents, relativament senzilles, i el desenvolupament de nous procediments que poden utilitzar-se per a l’estudi de materials del Patrimoni Cultural. La posada en pràctica i la modelització de la resposta analítica de les tècniques espectroscòpiques utilitzades en aquest treball s’ha dut a terme mitjançant l’anàlisi de materials antics de diferent tipus, començant amb materials de composició relativament senzilla com ara aliatges metàl·lics i passant, gradualment, a l’estudi de materials amb matrius més complexes tals com pigments minerals, papers i tintes. Els resultats obtinguts són de notable interès per a la conservació d’aquests materials, aspecte rellevant donada la seva fragilitat i elevat potencial d’alterabilitat.
En aquest sentit, en primer lloc es va fer un estudi exhaustiu de monedes antigues de diversa cronologia, mitjançant l’ús de la fluorescència de raigs X per dispersió d’energies (EDXRF). Els resultats de les anàlisis van permetre determinar no només la composició química elemental de les monedes i donar resposta a algunes de les qüestions plantejades pels historiadors, sinó que també van permetre optimitzar al màxim les condicions experimentals de les anàlisis i fixar els límits de quantificació per aquest tipus de matrius.
En segon lloc, es va dur a terme un estudi multi-espectroscòpic de pintures a l’oli sobre suports metàl·lics (coure i llautó) de diversa cronologia (una del segle XVII i l’altra de finals del segle XVIII). Els resultats de les anàlisis van esser útils, per una banda, per establir la distribució elemental en superfície a partir d’un mètode quantitatiu d’anàlisis EDXRF desenvolupat específicament per aquest tipus d’obres d’art i, per l’altra, identificar els compostos utilitzats en l’elaboració de les pintures (pigments i aglutinants) a partir de la utilització de difracció de raigs X (XRD) i espectroscòpies Raman (RS) i infraroja per transformada de Fourier (FTIR).
En tercer lloc, es va realitzar un ampli estudi analític (tot emprant EDXRF, RS i FTIR) de cromolitografies del segle XIX amb l’objectiu de caracteritzar el material de suport i identificar-ne les tintes utilitzades per a la seva coloració. A més de les conclusions històriques, els resultats de les anàlisis posaven de manifest la necessitat de dur a terme una aproximació multi-analítica per a una complerta caracterització dels materials estudiats.
Finalment, en quart lloc es va dur a terme un estudi arqueomètric (emprant EDXRF, XRD, FTIR, microscòpia òptica de polarització (PLM) i microscòpia electrònica de centelleig (SEM-EDS)) de pintura mural d’època clàssica. Els resultats de les anàlisis van permetre obtenir informació relativa a la naturalesa dels pigments utilitzats i la seva possible procedència per una banda, i per l’altra caracteritzar els materials de suport, descriure la qualitat dels estucs i determinar si seguien els models descrits pels autors clàssics.<br>Los estudios que se presentan en esta tesis doctoral se centran en la aplicación y mejora de metodologías analíticas existentes, relativamente sencillas, y el desarrollo de nuevos procedimientos que pueden ser utilizados para el estudio de materiales del Patrimonio Cultural. La puesta a punto y la modelización de la respuesta analítica de las técnicas espectroscópicas utilizadas se ha llevado a cabo mediante el análisis de materiales antiguos de distinta índole, empezando con materiales de composición sencilla tales como metales y pasando paulatinamente al estudio de materiales con matrices más complejas (pigmentos minerales, papeles y tintas). Los resultados obtenidos son de notable interés para la conservación de dichos materiales, aspecto relevante dada su fragilidad y elevado potencial de alterabilidad.
De este modo, en primer lugar se hizo un estudio exhaustivo de monedas antiguas de diversa cronología mediante el uso de la fluorescencia de rayos X por dispersión de energías (EDXRF). Los resultados de los análisis permitieron determinar no solo la composición química elemental de las monedas y dar respuesta a algunos de los problemas planteados por los historiadores, sino que también permitieron optimizar al máximo las condiciones experimentales de los análisis y fijar los limites de cuantificación para este tipo de matrices.
En segundo lugar se llevó a cabo un estudio multi-espectroscópico de pintura al óleo sobre cobre de dos ejemplares de distinta cronología (uno del siglo XVII y otro de finales del siglo XVIII). Los resultados de los análisis han sido útiles, por un lado, para establecer la distribución elemental en superficie a partir de un método semi-cuantitativo de análisis EDXRF desarrollado especialmente para este tipo de obras y, por el otro, identificar los compuestos empleados en la elaboración de las pinturas (pigmentos y aglutinantes entre otros) a partir de la utilización de la difracción de rayos X (XRD) y espectroscopías Raman (RS) e infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR).
En tercer lugar se realizó un amplio estudio analítico (utilizando EDXRF, XRD, RS y FTIR) de papeles del siglo XIX con el fin de caracterizar el soporte e identificar las tintas empleadas. Además de las conclusiones históricas, los resultados de los análisis ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de un estudio multi-analítico para una completa caracterización de los materiales estudiados.
Por último, en cuarto lugar se llevó a cabo estudio arqueométrico completo (empleando EDXRF, XRD, FTIR, microscopía óptica de polarización (PLM) y microscopía óptica de barrido (SEM-EDS)) de pintura mural de época clásica. Los resultados de los análisis permitieron obtener información relativa, por un lado, a la naturaleza de los pigmentos utilizados y su posible procedencia y, por otro lado, caracterizar los materiales de soporte, describir la calidad de los estucos y determinar si siguen los modelos propuesto por los autores clásicos.<br>The research presented in this thesis is focused on the application and improvement of analytical existing procedures and the development of new methodologies that can be employed for the study of Cultural Heritage materials. The starting up and modelling of the analytical response was fulfilled by the analysis of different type of ancient materials, starting with materials of relatively simply composition such as metallic alloys, and going through the analysis of materials with more complexes matrices, such as mineral pigments, ancient documents and inks). The obtained results are of considerable interest for the conservation of these materials, as they are usually fragile and have a high potential of alterability.
In this sense, the first analytical experience was carried out on metallic artefacts. The study involved the characterization of ancient coins from diverse chronology by means of non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results of the analysis allowed determining the elemental composition of the coins and answer some of the questions presented by the historians. Moreover the optimization of the experimental parameters and quantification limits (LOQ) were carefully determined for this kind of matrices.
In a second stage, a multi-spectroscopic study of two “oil on copper” paintings from different chronology (seventeenth and nineteenth centuries respectively) was carried out. The results allowed establishing, on one hand, the pigment mass distribution along the painting surfaces by using a semi-quantitative EDXRF method developed specifically for such kind of artworks. On the other hand, identifying the compounds employed to elaborate the paintings (pigments and binders amongst others) by using XRD, RS and FTIR spectroscopies.
In a third stage, a full analytical approach of chromolithographs from the nineteenth century was done by using EDXRF, XRD, RS and FTIR instrumentation. The study was carried out in order to characterize the supporting material and identify the employed inks for colouring the lithographs. Apart of the historical explanations, results of the analysis highlighted the necessity of having a multi-analytical approximation for the proper characterization of such kind of materials.
Finally, a complete archaeometric study of ancient wall-paintings was accomplished by employing EDXRF, XRD, FTIR, PLM and SEM-EDS. The results of the analytical campaign allowed not only obtaining information related to the nature of the employed pigments and their possible provenance but also characterizing the supporting materials (including their mineralogical and textural description), and determining whether they follow or not the procedures explained in the classical textual sources.
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Odlyha, Marianne. "Characterisation of cultural materials by measurement of their physicochemical properties." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247062.
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Vorreyer-Hedges, Anita L. "Rape Risk Reduction Materials: How Do University Students of Color Perceive the Cultural Relevancy of These Materials?" UNF Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/325.
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Few studies have investigated how race and ethnicity influence people's beliefs about rape, or what impact these beliefs have on what and how we teach college students in efforts to raise awareness about rape. The purpose of this study was to gain understanding of how students of color perceive the cultural relevance of materials commonly used on campuses for rape risk reduction education. Participants were African American and Hispanic students at a mid-sized state university. Focus group sessions and interviews were conducted with 23 student participants. Students reported that they found the rape risk reduction materials culturally relevant; however, other revisions of the materials were necessary if the materials were to connect with students. Data analysis, based on the construction of grounded theory and the use of educational criticism, revealed three recurring themes-the influence of popular culture on student perceptions of social situations, the role of racial and ethnic identity development within a global context, and developmental influences on students' ways of constructing knowledge. Therefore, rape risk reduction efforts must be culturally sensitive and developmentally appropriate, and take into consideration the influence of popular culture in order to connect with students.
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Boriboon, Phaisit. "Cultural voices and representations in EFL materials design, pedagogy, and research." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3262.
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This study presents a multi-faceted analysis of EFL learners’ voices in a Thai context, aimed at testing a hypothesis that the discourse of foreign, western-compiled textbooks project identities disconnected from EFL learners’ lived experiences, adversely affecting their meaning-making during discursive practices. I employ a multi-modal, multi-case study for data collection: 1) the use of two sets of materials in mini-course action research with two groups of learners — one group using published materials selected from New Headway Elementary Course (Soars & Soars, 2000) and the other using modified, parallel ‘Third Space’ materials; 2) audio- and video-recordings of classroom interactions and their transcriptions; 3) post-lesson and post-course questionnaires; 4) semi-structured interviews; and 5) video-based stimulated recall interviews. Drawing from Bakhtinian-Vygotskian sociocultural theories, I show through a microscopic analysis of learners’ interactions and utterances how dialogic relations between Other-discourse and Self-discourse shape learners’ meaning construction during their appropriation of mediating discourse for activities such as role-play. A macroscopic analysis of learners’ attitudinal voices based on the questionnaires and interviews is then provided for triangulation. The findings are 1) both groups have marked potential to infuse their contextual meanings into the Other-discourse of their materials for Self-representation; 2) ‘Third Space’ materials have more potential to enrich linguistic resources and opportunities for learners’ meaning-making and scaffolded learning than ‘Headway’ materials; 3) the majority of participants prefer the coexistence of voices and meanings between their culture and Other cultures as the mediating discourse for speaking activities, rather than the conventional models. The study thus supports the use of a dialogic framework for inclusion of cultural voices and representations in EFL materials design, and also offers other implications for pedagogy and future research.
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Beltran, Sanchidrian Victòria. "Vibrational spectroscopies study of Pinus resin in materials from cultural heritage objects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404064.
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Many historical objects have coatings or varnish layers on the surface. In order to determine their conservation and historical contextualization is necessary to know its origin, why they were applied, the application technique and how they aged. In this context we found that one kind of material used is diterpenic resin obtained from species of the Pinaceae family.
A search in historical sources from 9th to 19th centuries was performed in order to know how Pinaceae resin was used during history. It has been observed that resins from certain Pinaceae species such as Abies alba Mill. or Larix decidua Mill. were mainly applied in valuable objects. On the other hand, Pinus species were mainly used in daily objects without artistic merit. Moreover, it is also noted that, generally, coatings made from Pinaceae species resin include also other resins, essential oils, drying oils, etc. However, the analytical data obtained from varnishes and coatings of historical objects from our geographical environment, demonstrate that Pinus resin was used in a wider range of objects than the ones mentioned in consulted historical sources. The analysis of varnish and coating layers is very intricate. Besides the complexity of its composition, these layers are very thin, <20 µm, and they are on the surface so many interferences can be found like deposition products or even remains of biological activity.
This work is focused on the study of main compounds of Pinaceae species resins used in varnishes and coatings. Particularly, it is centred in resin from Pinus genus species: its aging processes and its markers in FTIR and Raman spectra in order to detect the oxidation degree of this material. The main analytical techniques used are vibrational spectroscopies µRaman and µFTIR. While these techniques have some limitations, particularly its low sensitivity, they provide information from a wide range of molecular and intermolecular bonds. Additionally, analysis are fast, the cost is moderate and have a reduced environmental impact, since waste generated is very low.
Obtained results have been used for the analysis of coatings and varnishes from historical objects. These analysis have been performed with optimized sample preparation methods and using complementary analytical techniques such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and analytical techniques with synchrotron sources for small heterogeneous samples with complex structure (µSR-FTIR in Diamond Synchrotron Light Source, Oxfordshire and µSR-XRD Synchrotron ALBA-CELLS, Barcelona).<br>A la superfície de molts objectes d’interès històric s ’hi troben capes de vernís o recobriments dels quals, per la seva conservació i contextualització històrica, és necessari conèixer el seu origen, la raó per la qual van ser aplicats, la tècnica d’aplicació i com els ha afectat el pas del temps. En aquest context ens trobem que un dels materials que ha estat àmpliament utilitzat és la resina diterpènica obtinguda d’espècies de la família Pinaceae.
S’ha dut a terme una cerca en tractats i manuscrits d’entre els segles IX i XIX per veure quin impacte tenia el seu ús i com s ’aplicaven històricament. S'ha observat que resines d’espècies com ara Abies alba Mill. o Larix decidua Mill. eren principalment reservades per vernissos i recobriments d'objectes de valor artístic. En aquests tractats també es pot veure que l’ús principal de la resina extreta d’espècies de Pinus era per vernissos i recobriments d'objectes d’ús quotidià i, generalment, de poc valor artístic. De la mateixa manera, s'observa que habitualment els recobriments fets amb resina de Pinaceae contenien també altres tipus de resines, olis essencials, olis assecants, etc. No obstant això, les dades analítiques obtingudes d’objectes artístics de diferents èpoques del nostre entorn geogràfic, van indicant que la resina de Pinus era més àmpliament emprada del que es descriu a les fonts històriques consultades. La complexitat de l’anàlisi d’aquestes capes de vernís o recobriments, més enllà de la complexitat de la seva composició, és que acostumen a trobarse en capes de molt poc gruix, <20 μm, i que es tan en contacte amb l’ambient, i per tant s ’hi pot trobar també deposició de
pols i, fins i tot, res idus d’activitat biològica.
Aquest treball es centra en l’estudi dels components principals de les resines de la família Pinaceae utilitzades en vernissos i recobriments. Concretament en les espècies del gènere Pinus , els proces s os d’envelliment i l’obtenció de marcadors als espectres de FTIR i Raman per detectar-ne el grau d’oxidació del material. Les tècniques d’anàlisi principals han estat les espectroscòpies vibracionals μFTIR i μRaman. Si bé aquestes tècniques presenten algunes limitacions, especialment pel que fa a la sensibilitat, permeten obtenir informació d’un ampli ventall d’enllaços moleculars i intermoleculars. A més, les anàlisis són ràpides, el seu cost és relativament baix i tenen un reduït impacte mediambiental, ja que la generació de residus és gairebé nul·la.
Els resultats obtinguts s ’han utilitzat per l’anàlisi de recobriments d’objectes d’interès històrico-artístic. Per dur a terme aquestes anàlisis s ’han optimitzat mètodes de preparació de mostra i utilitzat tècniques analítiques complementàries, com ara la microscòpia òptica i la microscòpia electrònics de ras treig (SEM-EDX) i l’ús de tècniques associades a la llum
sincrotró quan la quantitat, heterogeneïtat i estructura de les mostres ho han fet necessari (μSR-FTIR al Sincrotró Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire i μSR-XRD al Sincrotró ALBA-CELLS, Barcelona).<br>En la superficie de muchos objetos de interés histórico se encuentran capas de barniz o recubrimientos de los que, por su conservación y contextualización histórica, es necesario conocer el origen, por qué motivo fueron aplicados, la técnica de aplicación y cómo les ha afectado el paso del tiempo. En este contexto nos encontramos que uno de los tipos de materiales utilizados son las resinas diterpénicas obtenidas de especies de la familia Pinaceae.
Se ha llevado a cabo una búsqueda en tratados y manuscritos de entre los siglos IX y XIX para conocer sus usos y cómo se han aplicado a lo largo de la historia. Se ha observado que resinas de ciertas especies de Pinaceae como Abies alba Mill. o Larix decidua Mill. eran principalmente reservadas a los objetos de valor artístico. En estos tratados también se comprueba que las resinas de las especies de Pinus se usaban principalmente en objetos de cotidianos y generalmente de poco valor artístico. Además se observa que, generalmente, los barnices hechos a partir de resinas de especies de Pinaceae suelen
incluir también otras resinas, aceites esenciales, aceites secantes, etc. Sin embargo, los datos analíticos de los barnices y recubrimientos de objetos artísticos de diferentes épocas de nuestro entorno geográfico, van indicando que la resina de Pinus era más ampliamente empleada de lo que se describe en las fuentes históricas consultadas. La dificultad del análisis de estas capas de barniz o recubrimientos, además de la complejidad de su composición, reside en que suelen encontrarse en capas de muy poco grosor, <20 μm, y que están en contacto con el ambiente, de modo que en la superficie
se puede encontrar también deposición de polvo e, incluso, residuos de actividad biológica.
Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de los componentes principales de las resinas de la familia Pinaceae usadas en barnices y recubrimientos. Concretamente se centra en la resina de las especies del género Pinus, sus procesos de envejecimiento y la obtención de marcadores en los espectros de FTIR y Raman para detectar el grado de oxidación del material. Las técnicas analíticas principales han sido las espectroscopias vibracionales μFTIR y μRaman. Si bien estas técnicas presentan algunas limitaciones, especialmente en cuanto a la baja sensibilidad, permiten obtener información de
un amplio abanico de enlaces moleculares e intermoleculares. Además, los análisis son rápidos, su coste es relativamente bajo y tienen un reducido impacto medioambiental, dado que la generación de residuos es prácticamente nula.
Los resultados obtenidos se han utilizado para el análisis de recubrimientos de objetos de interés histórico-artístico. Para llevar a cabo estos análisis se han optimizado los métodos de preparación de muestra y se han usado técnicas analíticas complementarias, como la microscopía óptica, la microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM-EDX) y el uso de técnicas asociadas a la luz sincrotrón cuando la cantidad, heterogeneidad y estructura de las muestras lo han hecho necesario (μSR-FTIR en el Sincrotrón Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire y μSR-XRD en el Sincrotrón ALBA-CELLS, Barcelona).
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Syvilay, Delphine. "Evaluation of LIBS LIF Raman spectroscopies to analyze materials from cultural heritage." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0797/document.
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Pas de résumé en français<br>One of the new challenges of conservation science is the development of field instrumentation to analyze works of art. In order to get the most information on the material, it is often necessary to perform complementary analyses by juggling different analytical techniques. This time-consuming drawback involves a difficulty to analyze the artwork on the same spot of the surface. However, some of spectroscopies have in common to use the same laser as excitation source and the collection of the emitted signal could be recorded by the same spectrometer. In this spirit, the aim of this research project is the development of a hybrid system in laboratory grouping together three analytical techniques (LIBS, LIF and Raman spectroscopy) in a single instrument. The relevance for combining these three spectroscopies is to identify a material (molecular and elemental analysis) without any preliminary preparation, regardless of its organic or inorganic nature, on the surface and in depth, without any surrouding light interference thanks to time-resolution. Such instrumentation would allow to characterize different materials from cultural heritage such as copper corrosion products and wall paintings organized in stratigraphic layers which are the example of applications in this work. A complete study on LIBS-LIF-Raman hybrid was carried out from conception to instrumental achievement, as well as automatic control to data fusion processings in order to elaborate a strategy of analysis according to the material and to be able to address conservation issues
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Sawdy, Alison Mary. "The kinetics of salt weathering of porous materials : stone monuments and wall paintings." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271674.
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The aim of this research is to improve ways of reducing the damage caused by salts to cultural property. A specific focus of attention is the use of environmental control as a passive measure. Environmental control attempts to specify optimum ranges of relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T), to control salt phase transitions. To undertake environmental control a range of suitable climatic conditions are selected on the basis of thermodynamic calculations. These calculations are used to determine a range of RH and T in which salt phase transitions are minimised, and require very accurate analytical data of the salt content of the object. Unfortunately, in practice it is rarely possible to maintain this close range of RH and T. It therefore becomes necessary to know the speed of salt deterioration at levels of RH and T outside the optimum range, and establish the time it takes for damage to occur. Consequently, for environmental stabilisation measures to be successful, there are two critical areas where further research is mandatory. Environmental control is dependent on reliable information of the object's salt content, and better methods for determining this are needed. Moreover, an understanding of the rate of salt phase transitions is essential, so that the degree of control achieved is sufficient to limit the damage. These two issues are addressed by the present research. The work comprised both ex situ and in situ investigations. A key feature throughout was the use of statistical methods for the design of each component of the project. This approach provided a means of unravelling complex multi factor interactions, and gave clear unequivocal results. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to assess the rate of water vapour sorption by salt-contaminated stone and limeplaster. Experimental design and analysis of variance techniques were used to determine the relative significance of the following kinetic factors: RH, T, airspeed, salt mixture composition, salt concentration, and support type. In situ investigations were carried out at Cleeve Abbey, Somerset, to study the Cl3th wall paintings in the Sacristy over one year. The work included documentation, sampling and analysis of the paintings, and environmental monitoring. The results were subjected to statistical analysis to assess changes in the salt distribution, spatially and over time, in relation to the environmental conditions. The outcome of the ex situ and in situ investigations collectively provide important new information about the kinetics and mechanisms of salt damage, and reveal better practical methods for assessing and ameliorating these problems
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Viquar, Sarwat. "Modernization and cultural transformation : change in building materials and house forms, Karimabad, Pakistan." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0025/MQ50693.pdf.
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Zhang, Xin. "Chengyu as Cultural Performances:Insights into Desigining Pedagogical Materials for Four-character Chinese Idioms." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339698374.
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Wickersham, William. "An Investigation of the Cultural Content in English Instructional Materials Used in Sweden’s Secondary Education." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34646.
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This thesis is a two-pronged analysis of the cultural content in two instructional materials series presently meant for use in the English language instruction in Swedish secondary education, and it integrates an examination of surface and deep cultural content with an ideology analysis focused on the representation of nations and the international world. The driving impetus of this thesis is an interest in the representation of culture meeting the students in their instruction. A theoretical framework has been used with perspectives on surface and deep culture, intercultural communicative competence, and theories of nationalism as an ideology. The study shows that the Swedish materials promote the development of communication skills across cultural boundaries to a greater extent than some international research would suggest, but confirms results from other related studies. The majority of the cultural content was found to be surface-level and is best understood as objective or static topics of culture which do little to prepare the readers to be critical, intercultural citizens. The materials were found to be strongly structured around the nation-state, and the argument is made that the materials feature international content with a national-perspective. The materials were also found to reproduce ethno- national sentiment when representing specifically the United States and Britain, where a great deal of the content is focused. This study shows that a combination of these two approaches provides a more complete consideration of the materials and produces important results, not only for the scholarly community, but for teachers and instructional material design.
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Oliveira, Osvaldo André. "OS VESTÍGIOS MATERIAIS DE UMA HERANÇA CULTURAL PASTORIL NOS CAMPOS NEUTRAIS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11000.
Full textAbstract:
The lands of Southern Brazil comprising the municipalities of Santa Vitória do Palmar
and Chui, during the process of colonial occupation, were classified as neutral
ground. In this territory still hold the remains of a pastoral heritage: the Stables of
Palmas. The Stables of Palmas found in the landscape are square and circular
structure consisting of palm Butia capitata. Therefore, the general aim of this
research is to georeference the Stables of Palmas in order to record the traces of
human action that may corroborate or refute the hypothesis that the Stables of
Palmas in neutral camps are evidence of a cultural heritage building threatened with
extinction. Once they are exposed in areas of agricultural production, cattle ranching,
urban growth and weather. Therefore, this production agropastoral destroyed (and
continues destroying the trees) deep folds of the palms. However, the interest in
researching the Stables of Palmas in neutral camps rests with the need to record
these material traces of a pastoral heritage that, being a tree, certainly over time will
disappear. However, even time can bring relevant information to regional history, on
the historical process of occupation and exploitation of the land called the neutral
ground. This dissertation proposes not only to record information, but can also
promote further research on this forgotten region in Southern Brazil. Strengthen local
identity and memory, providing grants to educational projects to the community in
general and finally, the interpretation of landscape transformation that compromises
this cultural heritage.<br>As terras do extremo Sul do Brasil que compreendem os municípios de Santa Vitória
do Palmar e Chuí, durante o processo de ocupação colonial, foram denominadas de
Campos Neutrais. Nesse território ainda resistem os vestígios de uma herança
cultural pastoril: os Currais de Palmas. Os Currais de Palmas encontrados nesta
paisagem são estruturas quadradas e circulares constituídas de palmeiras Butia
capitata. Portanto, o objetivo geral dessa pesquisa consiste em georreferenciar os
Currais de Palmas no intuito de registrar os vestígios da ação humana que possam
corroborar ou refutar a hipótese de que os Currais de Palmas nos Campos Neutrais
são testemunhos de um patrimônio cultural construído ameaçado de extinção. Uma
vez que se encontram expostos em áreas de produção agrícola, ganadeira, de
crescimento urbano e a intempérie. Assim sendo, essa produção agropastoril
destruiu (e continua destruindo as árvores) profundamente os currais de palmas.
Contudo, o interesse em pesquisar os Currais de Palmas nos Campos Neutrais recai
sobre a necessidade de registrar esses vestígios materiais de uma herança cultural
pastoril que, se tratando de uma árvore, certamente ao longo do tempo irá
desaparecer. No entanto, ainda em tempo pode-se trazer relevantes informações
para a história regional, sobre o processo histórico de ocupação e exploração
dessas terras denominadas de Campos Neutrais. A presente dissertação se propõe
não somente em registrar informações, mas de poder também fomentar outras
pesquisas a esta região esquecida no extremo Sul do Brasil. Fortalecer a identidade
e a memória local, proporcionando subsídios a projetos educativos à comunidade
em geral e finalmente, interpretações à transformação da paisagem que
compromete este Patrimônio Cultural.
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Schmahl, Karolin. "Open Cultural Heritage – zum Hören!" De Gruyter, 2018. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36386.
Full textAbstract:
Digitale oder digitalisierte Tonaufnahmen sind zunehmend gefragte, wichtige Quellen für die Wissenschaft und als Dokumente des kulturellen Erbes auch für eine breite Öffentlichkeit von großem Interesse. Die Online-Bereitstellung frei zugänglicher Audiodokumente als Open Cultural Heritage erweist sich für Bibliotheken und Archive in der Praxis jedoch häufig als schwierig. Der Beitrag umreißt die besonderen Herausforderungen bei der Digitalisierung und Bereitstellung von Tondokumenten und skizziert – auch anhand von Praxisbeispielen – verschiedene Wege, auf denen Sammlungen den Anforderungen von Open Science gerecht werden können.<br>Digital or digitized sound recordings are increasingly demanded, and important sources for science. As documents of cultural heritage, they are also of great interest to the general public. However, providing freely accessible audio documents online as Open Cultural Heritage is often difficult for libraries and archives in practice. The article sketches the specific challenges of digitizing and publishing sound documents and outlines – also on the basis of practical examples – different ways in which collections can meet the requirements of open science.
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Branco, Ana Filipa do Rosário. "Utilização e caracterização de anticorpos para identificação de ligandos proteicos em pinturas de cavalete." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13001.
Full textAbstract:
Devido à relevância das proteínas como componentes das pinturas de cavalete, o seu reconhecimento é de grande interesse para caracterizar a técnica artística e para fins de conservação e restauro. Infelizmente, a degradação dos materiais originais, a coexistência de diferentes proteínas e as matrizes complexas das pinturas, tornam esta tarefa particularmente difícil de ser conseguida.
Neste trabalho selecionaram-se aglutinantes proteicos (colas) comummente utilizados nas pinturas de cavalete, testaram-se anticorpos para o reconhecimento das colas de coelho e desenvolveram-se ensaios em microamostras de provetes de camada de preparação para pintura de cavalete.
As colas são constituídas maioritariamente por proteínas, e os resultados mostram a presença de proteínas distintas, consoante a origem da cola animal. Quatro dos dez anticorpos testados reconheceram a cola de pele de coelho e o anticorpo 3.14 permitiu um reconhecimento seletivo deste aglutinante nas provetes, abrindo a possibilidade de se poder vir a utilizar este anticorpo em amostras reais; Utilisation and characterisation of antibodies to identify proteic binders in easel paintings
Abstract:
Due to the relevance of proteins as components in easel paintings, its recognition is of great interest to characterize the artistic technique and for conservation and restauration purposes. Unfortunately, the degradation of materials, the coexistence of different proteins and the complex matrices in paintings make this a particularly difficult task to achieve.
In this work we selected proteic binders (glues) commonly used in easel paintings, test antibodies for the recognition of rabbit fur glue and developed assays in microsamples of specimens of preparation layer to easel paintings.
The glues are constituted mostly by proteins and the results show the presence of distinct proteins according to the animal from which the glue origins. Four of the ten antibodies tested recognized the rabbit fur glue, and the antibody 3.14 allowed a selective recognition of the binder in microsamples, allowing the possibility of being able to use this antibody in real samples.
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Clawson, David Ernest. "Effects of text materials on cultural learning among Taiwanese students in south-east England." Thesis, Open University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690042.
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Larsson, Annah, and Lucia Karlsson. "Wings 7 blue and cultural understanding." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-30828.
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The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how culture is represented in the Wings 7 blue textbook and workbook and what implications this may have on learners’ cultural understanding. The research questions are: How is culture represented in the textbook and workbook Wings 7 blue?, and What cultural understanding is promoted through the task design of the learning material Wings 7 blue?The analysis of the learning material draws on the theoretical framework of the Swedish researcher Ulrika Tornberg. The result of our analysis, and first research question, displays that the main focus of the cultural content in the Wings 7 blue textbook is on the mainstream national culture of Britain, typical British behavior, and linguistic readiness.Cultural understanding may be seen as either general cultural understanding, based on Tornberg’s two first perspectives, or as intercultural understanding which can be found in Tornberg’s third and final perspective. The result of the analysis of the tasks shows that both types of cultural understanding are promoted in the workbook, but the possibility for learners to develop their own intercultural understanding is limited, which is the answer to our second research question. This leads to the conclusion that the learning material, by itself, does not cover the complete aim for cultural understanding in the National Syllabus.One might argue that the material should only be seen as a complement to the other tools of the teacher, who can compensate for any missing information in his or her communication with the class. However, according to the large National survey for English, teachers of English mostly use published learning materials and tend to trust that these correspond to the aims of the steering documents.
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Smiley-Davis, Kathlyn Elaine. "CULTURAL EVALUATION OF 4-H FOOD AND NUTRITION MATERIALS (HISPANIC, COGNITIVE INSTRUMENT, NEEDS ASSESSMENT, ATTITUDE)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291274.
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Knowles, Douglas R. "Evaluating the use of cultural transposition in making discipleship materials understandable to a multicultural group." Thesis, Nyack College, Alliance Theological Seminary, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687877.
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<p> As people groups have immigrated to the United States, churches have struggled to keep up with the demands of discipleship. Culture, language, and communication have proved to be formidable challenges, particularly when the written materials used to disciple people are construed with an inherent American bias. This research project sought to address this ministry problem by utilizing the concept of cultural transposition. By having a multicultural work group transpose a portion of American-based discipleship materials, this project attempted to determine whether the transposed materials are more understandable to a multicultural church congregation than the original. The study also analyzed the interactions among the transposition group to identify common problems that culture groups experience in understanding American-based materials. </p>
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Kendix, Elsebeth Langholz <1972>. "Trasmission and Reflection (ATR)Far-Infrared Spectroscopy Applied in the Analysis of Cultural Heritage Materials." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2266/.
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FIR spectroscopy is an alternative way of collecting spectra of many inorganic pigments
and corrosion products found on art objects, which is not normally observed in the MIR region.
Most FIR spectra are traditionally collected in transmission mode but as a real novelty it is now
also possible to record FIR spectra in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) mode. In FIR
transmission we employ polyethylene (PE) for preparation of pellets by embedding the sample
in PE. Unfortunately, the preparation requires heating of the PE in order to produces at
transparent pellet. This will affect compounds with low melting points, especially those with
structurally incorporated water. Another option in FIR transmission is the use of thin films. We
test the use of polyethylene thin film (PETF), both commercial and laboratory-made PETF.
ATR collection of samples is possible in both the MIR and FIR region on solid, powdery or
liquid samples. Changing from the MIR to the FIR region is easy as it simply requires the
change of detector and beamsplitter (which can be performed within a few minutes). No
preparation of the sample is necessary, which is a huge advantage over the PE transmission
method. The most obvious difference, when comparing transmission with ATR, is the
distortion of band shape (which appears asymmetrical in the lower wavenumber region) and
intensity differences. However, the biggest difference can be the shift of strong absorbing bands
moving to lower wavenumbers in ATR mode. The sometimes huge band shift necessitates the
collection of standard library spectra in both FIR transmission and ATR modes, provided these
two methods of collecting are to be employed for analyses of unknown samples. Standard
samples of 150 pigment and corrosion compounds are thus collected in both FIR transmission
and ATR mode in order to build up a digital library of spectra for comparison with unknown
samples. XRD, XRF and Raman spectroscopy assists us in confirming the purity or impurity of
our standard samples. 24 didactic test tables, with known pigment and binder painted on the
surface of a limestone tablet, are used for testing the established library and different ways of
collecting in ATR and transmission mode. In ATR, micro samples are scratched from the
surface and examined in both the MIR and FIR region. Additionally, direct surface contact of
the didactic tablets with the ATR crystal are tested together with water enhanced surface
contact. In FIR transmission we compare the powder from our test tablet on the laboratory
PETF and embedded in PE. We also compare the PE pellets collected using a 4x beam
condenser, focusing the IR beam area from 8 mm to 2 mm. A few samples collected from a
mural painting in a Nepalese temple, corrosion products collected from archaeological Chinese
bronze objects and samples from a mural paintings in an Italian abbey, are examined by ATR
or transmission spectroscopy.
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Annandale, Neil O. "States' School Crisis Planning Materials: An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Considerations and Sensitivity to Student Diversity." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1484.pdf.
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Moeller, Robin Ann. ""No thanks, those are boy books" a feminist cultural analysis of graphic novels as curricular materials /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3331264.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Education, 2008.<br>Title from home page (viewed on Jul 24, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4231. Advisers: David Flinders; Marilyn Irwin.
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Veerman, Nora. "Fashioning Cultural Equity : A study of the materials, practices, products and consumers of fashion company Afriek." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Modevetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170349.
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In today’s globalising world, cultural differences are often exacerbated and exploited for commercial purposes. Recently, various transnational fashion companies have arisen that aim to soothe such cultural tensions, establishing cross-cultural dialogue through the production of fashion. This thesis explores how one of such companies, Afriek, may bridge cultural differences through the production of garments made of African kitenge cloth, in a crosscultural collaboration between The Netherlands and Rwanda. In this study, the company is regarded not as a homogenous, profit-directed entity, but as a complex network of mutually affective human and non-human actors. Through a material culture study of kitenge and ethnographic interviews with Afriek’s team and consumers, their encounters and interactions are located. These are analysed with Homi Bhabha’s concepts of Third Space and cultural hybridity, concepts that challenge cultural binaries. In a transnational and cross-cultural journey past Afriek’s materials, practices, products and consumers, this thesis positions Afriek as a company that productively and affirmatively engages with existing cultural diversity through fashion.
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Bonini, James Prior. "A case study on designing performance measures to nurture cultural change on the factory floor." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12782.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1992 and (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1992.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-103).<br>by James Prior Bonini.<br>M.S.
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Geiges, Beth J. "Pedagogy for Reading in Rural Alaska| The Effect of Culturally Relevant Reading Materials on Student Reading Achievement in Chevak, Alaska." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10685938.
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<p> This study used Culturally Relevant Reading materials (CRRM) with a proprietary, culturally relevant pedagogy for Reading. It was focused on results in Reading Achievement, both reading fluency and comprehension, involving 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> grade students in a twelve (12)-week program of Reading Language Arts. It was an exploratory sequential mixed methods study using a quasi-experimental design, with two student groups, A and B, experimental and control respectively. The results are situated within cultural expert views of Native perspectives on reading from the community as well as student surveys on motivation. </p><p> Results from the study indicate that student achievement in Reading using the CRRM program, as measured by standardized tests, namely Edformation’s AIMSweb® (2002) tests of both R-CBM and MAZE, met with similar results in student Reading achievement using a Western curricular program. Both control and experimental groups in the quasi-experimental, exploratory sequential mixed methods study showed significant growth in Reading achievement in both fluency and comprehension, on standardized tests over a 12-week interval. </p><p> Results from the study showed students in the CRRM program showed no significantly greater growth in reading comprehension or fluency during the study, as measured by AIMSweb® tests of MAZE and R-CBM. Student survey results showed increases in student motivation to read, enjoyment of reading class, and desire to read CRRM. Written questionnaires from community members outlined criteria for student success in reading. </p><p> The results indicate that Alaska Native culturally relevant materials and teaching techniques can be used interchangeably with Western curricular materials in Alaska Native village schools with expectation of similar success in student Reading achievement. Students are eager to have CRRM in Language Arts classes, and the community is encouraged by the promising results.</p><p>
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Arthur, Linda Faustina Clare. "An analysis of the nature and implementation of policies concerning cultural and racial bias in curriculum materials." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29140.pdf.
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Williams, Nadine A. "Adaptation of Heart Failure Education Materials for the Middle Eastern Population." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6873.
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Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, is the leading cause of death among male and female Middle Eastern Americans. In 2016, a medical center located in the northeastern region of the United States had an estimated 35% of heart failure patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge, 10% of these readmitted patients belonged to the local Middle Eastern community. The gap in nursing practice noted by nursing staff, patients, and their families was that the patient education materials on heart failure were not tailored to the cultural beliefs and customs of this high-risk population. The purpose of this project was to adapt the American Heart Association teaching tools on heart failure education to the Middle Eastern community to enhance compliance with treatment care plans, minimize days spent in the hospital, and decrease the readmission rates. The practice-focused question explored whether a team of experts could adapt heart failure education materials for the Middle Eastern community. An expert team met weekly to adapt the teaching materials to include information regarding effective communication techniques, adaptation to religious strictures, and modification of behavioral risks specific to Middle Eastern cultures. The information gathered was compiled and will be shared with the host medical facility. The positive social change resulting from this project might include improved culturally appropriate communication and support for the medical center's Middle Eastern population of heart failure patients, which may result in improved health outcomes.
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Black, Amelia Kathleen. "Language Translation for Mental Health Materials: A Comparison of Current Back-Translation and Skopostheorie-Based Methods." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6720.
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As mental health professionals seek to disseminate information in many languages in order to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population, it is important to consider the methods of written translation that the field is choosing to employ. The method chosen for translation can affect the accuracy and usability of the translated text. This study begins with a survey of current literature, the results of which suggest that the most popular translation method in the mental health field is back-translation, a translation method based in the premise that translating a text back into its original English after it has been translated into a second language provides an accurate indication of the success of the translation. This study then compares back-translation with an alternative translation approach based in skopostheorie, an area of translation theory that asserts that translational activity should be ultimately grounded in the purpose of the translation rather than the objective equivalency of the source and target texts. Each of the two approaches is applied separately in the translation of the Centers for Disease Control's handout, "Helping Parents Cope with Disaster," into Spanish and Chinese. The two resulting target texts for each language are compared in terms of linguistic equivalence by review committees and compared in terms of usability by individuals from the target audiences. Feedback from reviewers and audience members in both languages suggest that the skopostheorie based approach to translation may facilitate higher quality translation than back-translation in terms of both equivalence and usability. Suggestions for mental health professionals engaging in translation are then offered, as well as directions for future research.
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Ulrich, Natalie. "The cultural dimension in the secondary MFL classroom and textbook materials in the UK : an investigation into the student perspective." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406999.
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Dedecker, Kevin. "Multifunctional Hybrid materials for the capture and detection of volatile organic Compounds : Application to the preservation of cultural heritage objects." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV003.
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Lors de leur stockage ou de leur exposition, les objets du patrimoine sont soumis à des processus physico-chimiques d’altération liés à leur environnement et en particulier à l’action de polluants primaires (e.g. dioxyde de soufre, oxydes d’azote), secondaires (ozone) ou de composés organiques volatils (COVs). Il a été démontré que ces gaz/vapeurs se comportent comme des agents d’hydrolyse et d’oxydation. L’acide acétique fait partie des COVs ayant un impact considérable et reconnu dans la conservation des objets du patrimoine en particulier des films photographiques. En vue de lutter contre ses effets délétères, ce projet de thèse s’est focalisé sur la conception de nouveaux matériaux poreux hybrides multifonctionnels appelés « Metal-Organic Frameworks » (MOFs) pour la capture sélective de l’acide acétique en présence d’humidité (40% humidité relative) et à température ambiante. Les remarquables propriétés d’adsorption (sensibilité, sélectivité et capacité) et la grande versatilité des MOFs (balance hydrophile/hydrophobe, taille/forme des pores,…) ont été utilisés pour préconcentrer de façon sélective l’acide acétique en milieu humide. Les matériaux les plus performants ont ensuite été préparés sous forme de nanoparticules pour l’élaboration de films minces de qualité optique afin d’en étudier les propriétés d’adsorption et de co-adsorption (acide acétique/eau) par ellipsométrie. L’incorporation de nanoparticules métalliques plasmoniques a ensuite été effectuée afin de concevoir un capteur colorimétrique. L’objectif final de ce travail est de concevoir un nouveau type d’adsorbant caractérisé par une capacité et une sélectivité d’adsorption élevée et dont on pourrait aisément déterminer le niveau de saturation en acide acétique afin d’anticiper son remplacement et ainsi assurer la préservation des objets stockés et exposés dans les musées<br>During their storage or their exhibition, the cultural heritage objects undergo physicochemical alteration processes related to their environment and in particular to the action of primary (e.g. sulfur dioxide, nitric oxides), secondary (ozone) pollutants or Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). It has been demonstrated that these gases/vapors are involved in hydrolysis and oxidation reactions. Among the most common VOCs encountered in museums, Acetic acid has a significant and recognized role in the deterioration of cultural heritage objects such as photographic films. In order to face this issue, this Ph.D. thesis focused on the design of new porous multifunctional hybrid materials denoted « Metal-Organic Frameworks » (MOFs) for the selective capture of acetic acid in the presence of moisture (40% relative humidity) and at room temperature. The remarkable adsorption properties (sensitivity, selectivity and capacity) and the great versatility of MOFs (hydrophicity/hydrophobicity balance, size/shape of pores,…) were used to preconcentrate selectively the acetic acid in humid conditions. The most performing materials were then prepared as nanoparticles and then used for the elaboration of high optical quality thin films in order to study the coadsorption (acetic acid/water) properties of MOFs by ellipsometry. The incorporation of plasmonic metal nanoparticles was then carried out in order to design a colorimetric sensor. The final objective is to devise a novel type of adsorbent that integrates a high VOC adsorption capacity and selectivity under humid conditions and an easy on-line monitoring of their saturation capacityin order to anticipate its replacement and therefore ensure the preservation of the stored and exhibited objects in museums
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Nogelmeier, Marvin Puakea. "Mai Pa'a I Ka Leo: Historical voice in Hawaiian primary materials, looking forward and listening back." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1252.
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This dissertation explores a unique body of historical writings published in the native-language newspapers of the Hawaiian kingdom during the 19th century and examines the incorporation of these materials into contemporary knowledge. Scholars of the 20th century have translated a fraction of the historical material, reorganized its contents and published those portions as reference texts on Hawaiian history, culture and ethnography. These English presentations, along with other translated texts have become an English-language canon of Hawaiian reference material that is widely used today. The canon of translated texts is problematic in that it alters the works of the original authors, recasting important auto-representational writings by Hawaiians of the 19th century into a modern Western framework. General reliance upon these translated texts has fostered a level of authority for the canon texts similar to that of primary source material. Such authority and reliance have in many ways eclipsed the Hawaiian authors' original works and have obscured the larger corpus of published writings from the period. General acceptance of the sufficiency of the translated works, a dearth of access tools and few fluent readers of Hawaiian has resulted in much of the archive of historical material remaining unutilized and largely inaccessible to date. However, the impetus of Hawaiian language renewal efforts and more recent Hawaiian scholarship has brought new attention to this body of writings, and such awareness is generating new efforts to rearticulate this neglected resource into the production of knowledge, now and in the future.
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Iriskulova, Alena. "The Investigation Of The Cultural Presence In Spot On 8 Elt Textbook Published In Turkey: Teachers." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614432/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cultural load of the reading texts of the Spot On 8 ELT textbook published in Turkey, and to find out the teachers&rsquo<br>and students&rsquo<br>perceptions concerning the presence of native, target and other world cultures (C1, C2 and C3 respectively) in ELT textbooks.
In order to fulfill these aims, a checklist, a teacher questionnaire, a student questionnaire, a teacher interview were developed by the researcher. Moreover, the impressionistic overview and the item frequency procedure were applied for the analysis of cultural content of the textbook. Quantitative data were analyzed by calculating the frequencies, percentages, and the Chronbach alpha. Qualitative data were analyzed by applying the coding system for the categorization of collected responses and content analysis.
The results showed that the cultural load of the textbook was insufficient and that the percentage of cultural elements in the reading passages is significantly low. The teachers&rsquo<br>satisfaction with the textbook appeared to be relatively low and students showed neither high level of satisfaction with their textbook nor dissatisfaction with it.
Overall, there is a serious mismatch between teachers&rsquo<br>and students&rsquo<br>perceptions of culture and the real cultural load of the textbook. The target culture prevails in the reading texts although teachers considered native and other world cultures to be important as well, and students showed equally low interest in target and other world cultures giving the preference dominantly to their native culture.
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Costa, Alice Maria Tavares Alves da. "Integrated conservation strategy of built heritage: traditional construction systems and natural materials." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14808.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil<br>The risk of losing ancient construction systems is highly relevant in the whole Mediterranean region, but also in many other countries worldwide. The earthen heritage and the mixed construction systems with timber are decreasing very fast and being identified in lists of risk by UNESCO, ICOMOS and by many researchers all over the world. They represent a cultural value of the societies that is being neglected due to unbalanced development, demolitions, lack of knowledge, and guidelines for conservation, instead of the expected unique reason of decay due to natural agents or ageing. Although some conservation approaches have been successful, the results are still scarce and the mistakes continuously repeated imposing irreversible gaps in reading this relevant heritage, mainly in urban areas. This entails questions about the approach to protection, conservation, and the reasons behind such disseminated failure in these objectives. The earthen architecture shows precisely the difficulties in the establishment of a strategy able to successfully achieve the goal of preserving its cultural value. This needs continuous research and ability to communicate the best conservation strategy as just one of the steps of a balanced framework. This investigation aims to discover reasons for failure of conservation strategies involving the traditional construction systems, valuing the case of adobe architecture; to give significance to traditional construction systems as a cultural value to protect and preserve; to propose conservation research areas necessary in a framework of integrated conservation of built heritage, involving the specific case of adobe buildings.
The research methodology of this investigation is based mostly on qualitative methods and a case study about adobe construction system, its evolution since the 19th century until the middle of 20th century, and its interaction with architecture. The case study was used to address the main identified gaps of research needed to proceed with an integrated conservation and protection approach of adobe heritage in Portugal. A combination of sources was used following a multi-method approach: in situ surveys, collection of archive files (drawings, written documents and photos), published literature, published and unpublished reports from international organisations, photographic reports, open interviews, and laboratory tests.
The first analyses show evidence of multiple causes of failure for the support of conservation strategies. The most important is the lack of a long-term integrated strategy within a recognized and supported framework. Secondly, the continuity of shortcomings is expressed in inadequate choices at several levels of decision-making, absence of measures of maintenance and conservation. Thirdly, the lack of knowledge about the adobe traditional construction system, its evolution and wide interaction with architecture, the approach to the present standards of comfort, and finally, the problem of waterproof barrier and salt’s effects are the main causes of failure in the promotion of adobe conservation strategies.
This research recommends the use of the construction system as a cultural value to guarantee the longevity of traditional building heritage, supported by research. It also stresses the importance of understanding the difficulties of application of conservation strategies, looking to a wider international area to better understand the reasons behind causes and eventual successes. It proposes an interpretation of evolution of the adobe construction system and identifies the main defects, both of which should constitute the base of knowledge of any conservation strategy. Finally, considering an integrated framework of conservation strategy, an approach is recommended that integrates key issues of awareness for heritage and research. The specific case study of adobe construction emphasized three main approach areas: the vernacular architecture for public awareness; thermal and comfort issues for protection strategy; and finally, the waterproof barrier with diatomaceous earth, its role in the decrease of salt’s effects and as an effective barrier, for the use of research to solve technical problems of earthen construction.<br>O risco de perder sistemas de construtivos antigos é altamente relevante em toda a região do Mediterrâneo, mas também em muitos outros países do mundo. O Património de terra e os sistemas construtivos mistos com madeira estão a decrescer rapidamente e são alvo de propostas para integrarem listas de Risco pela UNESCO, ICOMOS e com alertas de vários investigadores de todo o mundo. Estes sistemas, representam um valor cultural das sociedades, que está a ser negligenciado devido ao desenvolvimento desequilibrado, às demolições, à falta de conhecimento, e à falta de diretrizes para a conservação, em vez de a expectável única razão, de deterioração devido aos agentes naturais ou ao seu próprio envelhecimento.
Embora algumas experiências de Conservação tenham sido bem sucedidas, os resultados ainda são escassos e os erros continuamente repetidos, impondo lacunas irreversíveis na leitura deste Património relevante, principalmente em áreas urbanas. Isto levanta questões sobre a abordagem à proteção, à conservação, e às razões que estão por trás de tão disseminada falha nos objetivos. A Arquitectura de Terra sofre precisamente destas dificuldades no estabelecimento de uma estratégia capaz de alcançar com sucesso o objetivo de preservar o seu Valor Cultural. O que requer uma investigação contínua e capacidade de comunicar a melhor estratégia de conservação capaz de alcançar com sucesso a compatibilização para a preservação do seu valor cultural, como apenas uma das etapas de um enquadramento equilibrado. Esta investigação tem como objetivo: descobrir as razões subjacentes ao fracasso de estratégias de conservação; investigar os sistemas de construção tradicionais, valorizando o caso da arquitetura de adobe; estudar a significância dos sistemas construtivos tradicionais como valores culturais a proteger e preservar; propor áreas de pesquisa de conservação dentro de um quadro de Conservação Integrada do Património construído, envolvendo o caso específico dos edifícios de adobe.
As primeiras análises mostram evidências de múltiplas causas de fracasso para o apoio de medidas de conservação. O que mais se destaca é a falta de uma estratégia integrada de longo prazo, num programa reconhecido e apoiado. Em segundo lugar, a continuidade das deficiências é expressa nas escolhas inadequadas em vários níveis da tomada de decisão, a ausência de medidas de manutenção e conservação. Em terceiro lugar, a falta de conhecimento sobre os sistemas construtivos tradicionais (de adobe), sua evolução e ampla interação com a arquitetura, a abordagem sobre compatibilização dos atuais padrões de conforto com o valor cultural, e, finalmente, o problema particular do corte hídrico e controlo da ação dos sais no edificado antigo, são causas de falha nas estratégias de conservação de adobe, por falta de informação e de investigação.
Esta pesquisa recomenda o reconhecimento do sistema construtivo como um valor cultural, para garantir a longevidade do Património construído tradicional, apoiado na investigação. Aborda as dificuldades de aplicação de estratégias de conservação, a nível internacional para melhor compreender as razões de sucesso ou fracasso. Propõe uma interpretação da evolução do sistema construtivo de adobe e identifica os principais defeitos, para apoiar a base de conhecimento de estratégias de conservação. Por fim, considerando o âmbito de uma Conservação Integrada recomenda uma abordagem que integre questões-chave de sensibilização para o património e investigação. O caso de estudo de construção de adobe enfatiza três destas áreas: a ligação entre a arquitetura vernacular e a arquitetura, para sensibilização do público; os problemas de compatibilidade com o conforto, para estratégia de proteção; e finalmente, o efeito da diatomite em barreiras de corte hídrico e aos sais, para apoio aos problemas técnicos de conservação do Património de Terra.<br>FCT - SFRH/BPD/113053/2015
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Peng, Yi. "Cross cultural lampworking for glass art : the integration, development and demonstration of Chinese and Western lampworking approaches, materials and techniques for creative use." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2014. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/5185/.
Full textAbstract:
This research was undertaken from the perspective of an artist working with glass and lampworking techniques. Lampworking involves working with prepared glass tubes and canes which are heated with the aid of a gas burner and shaped with small pincers. This art-based project offers an example of an artist attempt to integrate what might be termed ‘Chinese’ and ‘Western’ lampworking approaches. Through the creation of artworks this project offers a model of artistic practice using lampworking which forms a counterpoint to the more common kilnformed approach currently prevalent in China. In addition, the artworks that form part of this PhD submission are examples of a current interest amongst some Chinese artists in combining inspiration, commentary and experiences from ‘East’ and ‘West’ into their practice. This project details and contextualizes examples of how lampworking might be used as a medium to this end. ‘Craft’ objects are used as a starting point to develop artworks that highlight what I personally found to be diminishing aspects of Chinese culture; for example the Chinese notion of ‘Change’. This project offers a new body of lampworked artworks which have been exhibited in professional venues at a national level and that demonstrate an artist’s approach to combining aspects of Chinese and Western culture in glass art. The themes, inspiration and making process of the creative works are documented in a written thesis to form a model on which other artists might build. The recent history of Chinese lampworking (1930-2013) is presented, building on interviews and literature review of works not previously published in English. The emergence of lampworking in China as a medium for studio glass practice is also charted. For Western audiences, this research offers an example of how the inspirations from Chinese culture and philosophy have been incorporated into contemporary glass art. It also clarifies the current situation of contemporary Chinese lampworking. For Chinese audiences, this research is an instance of western art influence in Chinese lampworking practice. The demonstration of the contemporary lampworking making process is useful for other Chinese lampworking artists.
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Odegaard, nancy Nell, and n/a. "Archaeological and ethnographic painted wood artifacts from the North American Southwest : the case study of a matrix approach for the conservation of cultural materials." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1996. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060822.132115.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines and demonstrates the value of a matrix approach in the
discipline of conservation and the concerns specific to the conservation of
archaeological and ethnographic objects. The chapters identify the relevance of
the matrix to current conservation practices through a history of artifact
conservation and a discussion of the factors that compromise the conservators'
role in the study and preservation of material culture. The discussion evaluates
the nature of systematic research collections, the impact of legal issues, and the
ethics of including cultural context as important aspects in the development of
the matrix approach.
The matrix approach provides the conservator with a number of variables or
categories of information that may assist in the determination of an appropriate
conservation process. In this study, the matrix approach was tested on a
number of artifact objects. To provide a common link, all of the objects were
characterized by paint on some form of cellulose (wood or a wood-like
substrate). The object cases were from both ethnographic and archaeological
contexts, and the work involved both laboratory procedures and consideration
of non-laboratory (i.e. legal, cultural, ethical) aspects. The specific objects
included (1) a probable tiponi of archaeological (Anasazi culture) context, (2) a
group of coiled baskets of archaeological (Mogollon culture) context, (3) a
kachina doll of ethnographic (Hopi culture) context, (4) a group of prayer
sticks of archaeological (Puebloan and Tohono O'Odham) context, and (5) a
fiddle of ethnographic (Apache culture) context.
By recognizing the unique and diverse aspects of anthropology collections, the
conservator who uses a matrix approach is better equipped to work with
archaeologists on sites, with curators and exhibit designers in museums, and
with claimants (or the descendants of an object's maker) in carrying out the
multiple activities frequently involved in the conservation of objects as they
exist in an ever broadening and more political context.
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Abadiano, Helen Regalado. "Cohesion strategies and genre in expository prose : a comparison between the writing of sixth grade children of ethnolinguistic cultural groups and their literacy materials /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487842372896921.
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Bebber, Michelle Rae. "The Role of Tool Function in the Decline of North America's Old Copper Culture (6000-3000 BP): An evolutionary and experimental approach." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1562332469526957.
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Costa, Ronaldo Campelo da. "Materiais didáticos na atividade de ensino de matemática: significação dos artefatos mediadores por professores em formação contínua." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-15082016-162237/.
Full textAbstract:
Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o projeto Educação Matemática nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental: Princípios e Práticas da Organização do Ensino, no núcleo desenvolvido na Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP/SP). O referido projeto foi financiado pela Capes por meio do programa Observatório da Educação (Obeduc). Contou com a participação de professores da Educação Superior, estudantes de graduação e de pósgraduação (mestrado e doutorado), professores, supervisores e coordenadores de escolas da Educação Básica. Teve como objetivo investigar o processo de significação do uso de materiais didáticos na atividade pedagógica de matemática. Os dados para a investigação foram obtidos por meio de videogravações das manifestações dos sujeitos no movimento das atividades de ensino de matemática que concretizam o projeto. Tais atividades seguiram a estrutura da Atividade Orientadora de Ensino, partindo de situações-problema que possibilitaram a discussão conjunta e a busca coletiva por uma solução em que, segundo os princípios da Teoria da Atividade, o professor, em processo de formação, também foi revelando a tomada de consciência do papel dos instrumentos mediadores diante das ações que realizava, entre outras, a escolha de instrumentos capazes de mediar a aprendizagem do conhecimento matemático pelo aluno o material didático. A pesquisa contribuiu com estudos interessados no ensino de matemática e no desenvolvimento das capacidades do professor de interagir e de articular os diversos saberes e ações práticas em matemática para a escolha e o trabalho com materiais didáticos em sua atividade. O estudo também tem implicações curriculares sobre o uso de materiais didáticos no ensino de matemática.<br>This research was conducted with the project Mathematics education in the early years of primary education: principles and practices of organization of teaching in the core USP / SP developed in the Faculty of Education of University of São Paulo. This project was financed by CAPES through the Observatory of Education program. Was attended with participation of higher education teachers, undergraduate students and post-graduate (masters and doctorate), teachers, supervisors / coordinators of basic education schools. The present work aimed to investigate the process of signification of the use of didactic materials in mathematics pedagogical activity. Data for this research were obtained through video recordings containing evidence of the subjects manifestations in the movement of mathematics teaching activities that concretizes this project. Such activities followed the structure of the Teaching Guidance Activity starting from problem situations that enabled the joint discussion and collective search for a solution where, according to the principles of Activity Theory, the teacher, in training process, was also revealed the growing awareness of the role of mediators instruments forward the actions performed, among others, the choice of instruments capable to mediate learning of mathematical knowledge by the student - the didactic materials. The research contributes to studies interested in the mathematics teaching and at the development of the teacher\'s ability to interact and to articulate the various knowledge and practical actions in mathematics for choosing and working with didactic materials in their activity. The study also has curricular implications over the use of didactic materials in mathematics teaching.
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Posso, Adriana da Silva. "A produção de significados em um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem: utilizando a teoria da ação mediada para caracterizar a significação dos conceitos relacionados à solubilidade dos materiais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-16122010-110005/.
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O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo que visou a caracterização do processo de significação de conceitos químicos como domínio e apropriação de ferramentas culturais. O registro dos dados aconteceu durante a aplicação de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem que tinha a solubilidade dos materiais, como conceito central. Os sujeitos da investigação foram alunos do Ensino Médio da Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo, que participavam do Programa de Pré-Iniciação Científica da USP. Todo o projeto foi planejado tomando como referenciais teóricos a teoria do desenvolvimento humano de Lev Vigotski, a teoria da linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin, a teoria da ação mediada de James Wertsch e o modelo de organização do ensino de Marcelo Giordan. Este estudo buscou resposta para a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Compreender o processo de significação como domínio e apropriação de ferramentas culturais, permitirá que caracterizemos a aprendizagem como um processo de produção de significados? Para que pudéssemos responder a esta questão e alcançar nosso objeto, desenvolvemos uma sequência didática problematizadora, acompanhamos o processo de resolução do problema e reconstruímos este processo em busca dos conceitos utilizado para resolver o problema. Depois reconstruímos o processo histórico da significação dos conceitos químicos, analisamos os significados produzidos pelos alunos e caracterizamos esses significados como domínio e apropriação de ferramentas culturais. Verificamos que os alunos dominaram e se apropriaram dos conceitos químicos, da forma de organização dos enunciados própria da esfera científica e do uso de modelos como ferramentas capazes de realizar atividades concretas.<br>This paper presents a study that aimed to characterize the process of meaning of chemical concepts such as mastery and appropriation of cultural tools. Data registration occurred during the implementation of a virtual learning environment which had the solubility of the materials as a main concept. The subject of the investigation was a group of high school students from a State School in the State of São Paulo, who attended the Program of Pre-Scientific Initiation at USP. The entire project was designed taking as a theoretical framework to human development theory of Lev Vygotsky, the language theory of Mikhail Bakhtin, the mediated action theory of James Wertsch and the organizational model for teaching of Marcelo Giordan. This study sought answer for the following research question: To understand the process of meaning as mastery and appropriation of cultural tools, will we characterize learning as a process of producing meanings? So, in order to be able to answer this question and reach our goal, we developed a didactic problematical sequence, we follow the problem solving process and reconstruct this process in search of the concepts used to solve the problem. Then we reconstructed the historical process of chemical concept meanings, analyze the meanings produced by the students and we characterized these meanings as mastery and appropriation of cultural tools. We found that students have mastered and appropriated themselves of the chemical concepts, the organizational form of the statements used on its own scientific sphere and the use of models as tools capable of performing concret activities.
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Szczepanowska, Hanna M. "Living systems on heterogeneous cellular substrate : contribution to a better understanding of dynamic interfaces of fungal pigmentation and paper in biodeterioration of cultural heritage." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDL0031/document.
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La bio-détérioration des documents culturels compte parmi les types de détériorations les plus complexes que sont amenés à subir ces objets; et ce, parce qu’elle implique des organismes vivants ainsi que la conjonction de nombreux facteurs. Il existe différentes formes de biodétérioration; les taches de substrat (support?) engendrées par des champignons pigmentés en sont un exemple. Une multitude d’actions se développent aux “interfaces” entre le substrat (support?) et les champignons, depuis le premier contact avec les spores, en passant par la prolifération fongique, jusqu’aux interactions avec l’environnement. L’analyse multi-échelle et multisensorielle de l’interface entre les moisissures pigmentées noires et le support papier est le sujet de ces thèses. Deux types de pigmentations fongiques noires ont fait l’objet d’une analyse; la première apparaissait spontanément sur les œuvres d’art , la deuxième résultait d’une pigmentation déclenchée en biosimulation, sur des papiers connus, dans un environnement maitrisé. Les caractéristiques des papiers telles que le relief et la structure de la surface, la morphologie des champignons, les processus de dépôt de la biomasse pigmentée, ainsi que la prolifération fongique, ont fait l’objet de multiples examens, tant en termes d’instruments que de méthodes :microscopie à lumière transmise, microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) dans une chambre à pression variable, microscopie confocale à balayage laser, profilomètre confocal à lumière blanche, microtomographie aux rayons L’objectif ultime étant de développer une stratégie de préservation des objets du patrimoine culturel bio-détériorés, le choix des instruments et des méthodes d’analyse était dicté par un souci pratique qui limitait l’échantilllonage des éléments analysés. Ce travail constitue une première tentative afin de mieux comprendre les forces en présence au niveau des “interfaces”, dans le cas des taches sur le papier dues aux champignons<br>Biodeterioration of cultural materials is one of the most complex types of deteriorations that cultural materials are subjected to mainly, because it involves living organisms and synergy of many factors. There are different forms of biodeterioration, stains of substrate caused by pigmented fungi is one of them. Multitude of events occurs at interfaces between substrate and fungi, from the moment of spores’ first contact with surfaces, next fugal growth and their responses to the environment. Multiscale and multisensory analysis of interfaces between black pigmented fungi and paper substrate was the subject of these theses. Two types of black fungal pigmentations were analyzed; one that occurred on the original artworks the other one was induced in biosymulation on known papers in controlled environment. Paper characteristics, such as surface topography and structure, morphology of fungi and patterns of their pigmented bio-mass deposition as well as fungal growth were examined with an array of analytical instruments and methods: transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy in variable pressure, confocal laser scanning microscopy, white light confocal profilometer and X-ray microtomography. The ultimate goal was to develop a preservation strategy for biodeteriorated cultural heritage material; therefore the choice of the analytical methods and instruments was dictated by real-life protocols that limit sampling of cultural materials. This works is the first attempt towards a better understanding of interfacial forces in fungal stains on paper
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Baptista, Júlio Londrim de Sousa Cruz. "Tecnologia vernacular vs. tecnologia global." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9846.
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Rizzo, Marcia de Mathias. "Caracterização físico-química em materiais de esculturas de cera do Museu Alpino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46132/tde-10062008-150929/.
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As esculturas de cera do Museu Alpino, no Brasil, compostas por diversos materiais orgânicos e inorgânicos, apresentaram um tipo de degradação da superfície a qual foi investigada cientificamente através de metodologia diversificada baseada no uso de técnicas complementares, com cruzamento dos resultados. As matérias primas assim como os produtos de degradação foram caracterizadas físico-química e analiticamente. Foram empregadas as técnicas: análise térmica (termogravimetria, termogravimetria derivada e calorimetria exploratória diferencial); espectroscopia no infravermelho; análise elementar e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com analisador de dispersão de energia de raios X. A MEV/EDS foi utilizada para inspeção da micro morfologia da superfície e através dela foi possível identificar a presença de microorganismos que estavam causando a degradação físico-química pela forma como se fixaram na superfície através de suas hifas e por utilizarem os ácidos graxos presentes na cera como substrato metabólico. Os resultados de FTIR constataram a diminuição de ácidos graxos na superfície deteriorada em relação à superfície em bom estado. A TG/DTG e DSC permitiram avaliar o comportamento térmico das matérias primas e das amostras retiradas das obras de arte. Foi constatada a teoria da obra de arte como parte do ecossistema e a importância da utilização de políticas de preservação dos bens culturais por meio de ambientes controlados.<br>The waxy sculptures from Museum Alpino in Brazil, made of different organics and inorganics materials, presented a kind of surface degradation, which was scientifically investigated by multi-step methodology based on the use of complementary techniques with the interconnection of results. The raw materials as well as the degradation products were characterized physical-chemical and analytically. It was applied the following techniques: thermal analysis (thermogravimery, derivated thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry); infrared spectroscopy; elemental analysis and scanning electronic microscopy with X ray energy dispersion system. The scanning electronic microscopy was used for the inspection of the micro morphology of the surface and after that it was possible to identify the presence of microorganisms which were causing the physical-chemical degradation analyzing the way they fixed their hyphae on the surface and the use of fat acids as metabolic substrate. Observing the FTIR results it was possible to notice the reduction of the fat acids on the deteriorated surface compared to the good surface. TG/DTG e DSC allowed to known the thermal behavior of the raw materials and the art works samples. It was possible to realize the theory of the work of art as part of the ecosystem and the importance of the cultural property\'s preservation policy by controlled ambient.
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Mattes, Sarah. "Canary Red: Preserving Cochineal and Contrasting Colonial Histories on Lanzarote." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626784.
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Silva, Fabiola Andrea. "As Tecnologias e seus Significados. Um Estudo da Cerâmica dos Asuriní do Xingu e da Cestaria dos Kayapó-Xikrin sob uma Perspectiva Etnoarqueológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8134/tde-03122013-165920/.
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Através do estudo da cerâmica dos Asuriní do Xingu e da cestaria dos Kayapó-Xikrin, desenvolvi uma reflexão sobre os diferentes significados das tecnologias. Em outras palavras, tentei evidenciar que os processos produtivos da cultura material não são, exclusivamente, um indicador da adaptabilidade ou da eficiência do homem na resolução dos problemas originado da sua relação com o mundo material, mas que ao mesmo tempo, eles são uma construção social. A partir dos dados coletados, tentei contribuir para as discussões sobre os processos de formação do registro arqueológico e mais precisamente, sobre as causas e consequências da variabilidade artefatual em sua dimensão formal, quantitativa, espacial e relacional. Acima de tudo, este trabalho é um exemplo das possibilidades que a abordagem etnoarqueológica pode oferecer para a reflexão sobre os registros arqueológicos, bem como, para os estudos de cultura material de diferentes populações.<br>Through the study of Asuriní of Xingus ceramic and of Kayapó-Xikrins basket, I develop a reflection on the different meanings of the technologies. In other words, I try to evidence that the productive processes of the material culture are not, exclusively, an indicator of the adaptability or of the mans efficiency in the material culture are not, exclusively, an indicator of the adaptability or of the mans efficiency in the resolution of problems originating from his relationship with the material world, but that at the same time, they are a social construction. Besides, starting from the collected data, I try to contribute for the discussions on the formation process of the archaecological record and, more precisely, on the causes and consequences of the artifact variability in its forma, quantitative, space and relational dimensions. Above all, this work is an exemple of the possibilities that the ethnoarchaeological approach can offer for the reflection on the archaeological records, as well as, for the studies of material culture of different populations.
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Norberg, Helena. "”Det blir inte relevant om man inte får ett sammanhang” : En intervjustudie av pianopedagogers syn på samspel och gruppundervisning i piano." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för konstnärliga studier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-30134.
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Studiens syfte är att undersöka vad verksamma pianopedagoger har för erfarenheter av gruppundervisning och samspelsmöjligheter för nybörjarpianoelever. I bakgrundskapitlet ges en överblick vad som finns skrivit om samspel, pianogruppundervisning, traditioner inom pianoundervisning och material för grupper. Därefter följer en presentation av tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien utgörs av det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärarande och kommunikation. Det insamlade datamaterialet består av kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra verksamma pianopedagoger som har erfarenheter av samspel och gruppundervisning för piano. I resultatkapitlet beskrivs informanternas erfarenheter av gruppundervisning, samspel, förutsättningar och material. Resultatet berättar att yttre ramfaktorer (som instrument och tjänst) liksom inre ramfaktorer (som pedagogens intresse och motivation) har stor betydelse för hur undervisningen blir. Andra aspekter som tas upp av informanterna är bland annat gruppdynamik, vikten av puls och lyssnande i samspelssituationer samt tillvägagångssätt för att hitta passande material. I det avslutande diskussionskapitlet lyfts delar av studiens resultat till diskussion i relation till det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande samt till tidigare litteratur och forskning. En slutsats är att pianoeleven i grupp får möjlighet att tillägna sig andra kunskaper än den individuella eleven. En annan slutsats är att om inte gruppdynamiken fungerar så fungerar inte heller det musikaliska samspelet eller något annat moment.<br>The purpose of this study is to investigate active piano teachers’ experiences of group teaching and interaction opportunities for new beginner in piano. The background chapter provides an overview of what's written about the interplay, piano tutorials, traditions in piano teaching and materials for groups, followed by a presentation of previous research in the field. The theoretical starting point for the study consists of the socio-cultural perspective on learning and communication. The collected data material consists of qualitative interviews with four active piano teachers who have experience of interaction and group lessons for piano. The results chapter describes the informants' experiences of group work, interaction, conditions and materials. The result tells that external frame factors (such as instruments and services) as well as internal frame factors (as educator interest and motivation) have important implications for how the teaching will be. Other issues raised by informants are group dynamics, the importance of pulse and listening in interaction situations and approaches to find suitable materials. The concluding discussion chapter highlights parts of the study’s results discussed in relation to the socio-cultural perspective on learning, and the previous literature and research. One conclusion is that piano students in a group have the opportunity to learn other skills than the individual student. Another conclusion is that if the group dynamic doesn’t function, so does not the musical interaction, or any other elements.
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Koljonen, Tuula. "Finnish Teacher Guides in Mathematics : Resources for primary school teachers in designing teaching." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-25806.
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Previous research worldwide has shown that curriculum materials maintain a strong presence and constitute an important tool, artefact, in mathematics classrooms. Yet, there is a vast lack of research on the design and the characteristics of teacher guides. The thesis aims to: 1) investigate the features of the Finnish teacher guides for mathematics at primary school and 2) map the cultural specificities and norms for classroom practices as construed in Finnish teacher guides. The data consist of nine Finnish teacher guides in mathematics (belonging to three textbook series) for Grades 1-6 and comprise almost 90 percent of the teacher guides utilized in Finnish schools for 2008. These teacher guides are examined through three studies. In the first study, we developed an analytical tool based on Davis and Krajcik’s ideas about educative curriculum materials when analysing the teacher guides’ content. In the second study, we analysed a larger sample of the Finnish teacher guides using the same analytical tool, but extending the study to also analyse their form, i.e. their look, structure and voice. This study shows that there is a wide consensus on both the content and the form of the guides. While several educative aspects are weakly presented in the guides, the analysis shows that they offer rich and varied resources for teachers in their everyday work in designing and enacting mathematics teaching and hence, learning in practice. The third study delves more deeply into the characteristics of the support the guides offer to design mathematics classrooms. We characterize the cultural script of the reflected classroom practice by analysing the form and the function of the activities promoted in most of the guides. We found a relatively homogeneous script that promotes differentiation while keeping students in the same mathematical area, opportunities to participate in whole-class interaction that comprises a variety of activities, like mental calculation, games, problem-solving, individual and group work, and small piece of homework after every single lesson. The thesis contributes to the international research discourse on curriculum materials and in particular on teacher guides as resources for design of mathematics classroom in a specific educational context. The study is also of interest for teachers, and for text-book authors in developing teacher guides in line with research.<br>Tidigare forskning visar att läromedel, så som elevernas lärobok och lärarhandledningar är den resurs som används i huvudsak som grund för matematikundervisning. Finsk forskning visar dessutom att finländska lärare (åk 1-6) i stor utsträckning använder lärarhandledningar i själva undervisningen och även för att planera och organisera sin undervisning. Studiens övergripande syfte är att se vilken typ av resurs de finländska lärarhandledningar utgör för läraren, men också att belysa vilken typ av klassrum som dessa lärarhandledningar verkar främja, då lärarna använder de uppgifter och aktiviteter som presenteras i lärarhandledningarna. Studien är genomförd som en dokumentanalys av tre läroboksserier i matematik för grundskolans årskurser 1, 3 och 6. Det är totalt nio lärarhandledningar som har analyserats. Dessa tre läroboksserier täcker nästan 90 procent av de lärarhandledningar som användes i och på finska skolor under år 2008. Avhandlingen består av tre studier. I den första studien som också betraktas som pilotstudie, utvecklade vi ett fungerande analytiskt verktyg som bygger på Davis och Krajciks idéer om ”lärande läromedel”. I den andra studien fördjupar vi resultaten från pilotstudien genom att analysera ett större urval med samma ramverk. Denna studie visar att det finns en bred enighet om både innehåll och form i lärarhandledningarna och vi identifierade sex återkommande aktiviteter som är närvarande på varje tilltänkt lektion. Vidare visar analysen att egenskaperna hos de finländska lärarhandledningarna erbjuder rika och varierande resurser för lärare i det dagliga arbetet vid både planering och genomförande av matematikundervisning. Den tredje studien är en fördjupning i analysverktygets femte kategori för att finna vilket stöd de erbjuder för att designa undervisning. Där kartlägger och karakteriserar vi det kulturella skript utifrån de finska lärarhandledningarna genom att analysera både form och funktion av de gemensamt föreslagna återkommande aktiviteterna. Vi identifierade en relativt homogen klassrumspraktik som lyfter fram helklassinteraktion, variation med hjälp av olika typer av aktiviteter, möjlighet för alla elever att delta och läxor som en förlängning av lärande av lektionens innehåll. Avhandlingen mynnar ut i en diskussion av resultatens slutsatser och dess praktiska implikationer, vilket kan vara av intresse för forskare, läromedelsförfattare men även för lärare, rektorer och kommuner som vill utveckla och förbättra undervisningen i matematik. Avhandlingen bidrar till den internationella forskningsdiskursen om läromedel i stort och om lärarhandledningar i synnerhet.
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Olivieri, Luca Maria [Verfasser]. "Painted rock shelters of the Swat-Malakand area from Bronze Age to Buddhism : Materials for a tentative reconstruction of the religious and cultural stratigraphy of ancient Swat / Luca Maria Olivieri." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1032899131/34.
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Azevedo, Fábio Palácio de. "Marxismo, comunicação e cultura - Raymond Williams e o materialismo cultural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27154/tde-20102014-100427/.
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O materialismo cultural é uma abordagem metodológica contemporânea em Teoria Cultural. Trata-se de \"uma teoria das especificidades da produção material de cultura e literatura dentro do materialismo histórico\", conforme define Raymond Williams (1921-1988), um dos principais nomes ligados a essa perspectiva. Fundador da tradição britânica dos estudos culturais, Williams concebe a cultura, na contramão da crítica literária tradicional - de base romântico-idealista -, como produção material da sociedade. O trabalho expõe o sistema de axiomas e categorias do materialismo cultural e investiga as conexões intelectuais e políticas entre o materialismo cultural e a tradição marxista, por meio de um diálogo envolvendo o marxismo clássico e as obras de Gramsci e Raymond Williams. Argumenta-se que o materialismo cultural contribuiu para o avanço da concepção materialista histórica no campo da cultura, permitindo uma ampliação de horizontes e o enfrentamento dos notáveis dilemas que o marxismo sofreu ao abordar problemas da comunicação e da cultura. Mostra-se de que maneira o materialismo cultural pode servir de referência conceitual para as lutas políticas contemporâneas pela democratização da comunicação e da cultura.<br>Cultural Materialism is a methodological approach in contemporary cultural theory. It is \"a theory of the specificities of material cultural and literary production within historical materialism\", as defined by Raymond Williams (1921-1988), a leading figure associated with this perspective. Founder of the British tradition of cultural studies, Williams conceived culture not from traditional, romantic/idealist viewpoint of established literary criticism, but as being the material product of society. The work investigates the intellectual and political connections between Cultural Materialism and the Marxist tradition, through a dialogue involving classical Marxism and the works of Gramsci and Raymond Williams. The author argues that Cultural Materialism has contributed to an advance in the historical-materialist conception of culture, helping to expand its horizons and to overcome the difficulties that Marxism previously faced when addressing problems of communication and culture. The author also shows how Cultural Materialism can serve as a conceptual reference in contemporary political struggles for the democratisation of communication and culture.
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Andersson, Josefin, and Emma Gregmar. "Culture in Language Education; Secondary Teachers’ and Pupils’ Views of Culture." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-29803.
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Prior research in the field of culture and language education depicts the close relation between language and culture. Furthermore, such research emphasises that in order to understand and to be able to use a language properly, one needs to acknowledge that language is culture. Today English is a global language and a tool for communication in working life, in studies and when travelling. Hence, to be able to communicate in English one needs to know the cultural codes in these specific settings. Moreover, language teaching has many dimensions and according to the curriculum, teachers have an obligation to raise cultural awareness amongst pupils as well as teach fundamental values. The purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate how secondary teachers and pupils view and work with culture and how these views can be connected to the curriculum and to the syllabus of English Lgr.11. Through interviews with secondary pupils we found that their view of culture to an extent connects to the cultural content of the curriculum for Swedish compulsory school, Lgr.11. Through teacher interviews, we additionally found that even if the teachers had a broad view of culture that was connected to the curriculum, they did not always manage to convey their cultural teaching to their pupils.