Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cultural heritage risk'

As increasingly recognised by scholars, climate change is posing new challenges in the field of risk management and urban planning. The natural and anthropogenic risks that characterise a given territory, see their effects amplified by those of climate change. Even though cultural heritage has passed through decades and centuries, it has never experienced such unexpected and variable events as those forecasted by climate change for the foreseeable future, making it a sensitive element of the living environment. This thesis, whose general context has been defined and provided by the European H2020 SHELTER project, aims at defining guidelines to reduce the gap between disaster risk management and urban planning in the field of cultural heritage in historic areas. To this aim, the current integration of both cultural heritage and protection and prevention measures within planning policies and tools for the case study of Ravenna has been explored, reported and analysed, with a specific focus on the church and archaeological area of Santa Croce. The specific objective is to understand to what extent data risk management, climate change adaptation and heritage site management are currently treated as key interlinked elements. The results obtained have led to the definition of a protocol for integrating climate change and disaster risks management into heritage management which is articulated into six phases. As part of the protocol, an evaluation method of how urban planning tools already in force contribute to the adaptive capacity of Ravenna’ territory in terms of treating and dealing with risk management has been proposed and validated. The proposed guidelines may lead to the improvement of the heritage management plans that heritage site managers applies to cope with risks related and the effects of climate change. Lastly, three punctual design actions for increasing the resilience of the area of Santa Croce have been explored.

The majority of the studies related to risk or the risk management of cultural heritage focus on natural hazards and armed conflict. However, cultural heritage sites face new and numerous threats that jeopardize their conservation. Currently, risk assessment focuses on specific cases of potential damage and hazards, and fails to take into account the interdependence between risk factors, causes, and management. This situation is compounded by the fact that the field of cultural heritage does not tend to operate a “culture of assessment” in which decisions are taken in an informed way. For this reason, the aim of this research is to propose an integrated management support tool for the identification and prioritization of risk factors in the conservation of cultural heritage sites. In order to achieve this objective, the research approaches the conception of risk used in the cultural heritage context, and offers a new definition. This research highlights the importance of conservation in terms of the preservation of values. This work adds to the field by explaining how these values can be merged with a “value-oriented approach” in decision-making. In managerial terms, this work also refers to the international standard for risk management and explains how to apply such concepts to the context of cultural heritage. This research constructs a holistic approach and defines the cultural heritage site as a complex system. From this perspective, this study proposes multiple-criteria methods for the realization of an integrated risk assessment for cultural heritage sites, suggesting the application of a rationale behind the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) as tools for the integration of elements in risk management. In this sense, the methodology allows for links of interdependence to be established among the varying potential threats. It also provides support for decision-making in terms of the conservation of cultural heritage sites. Finally, this work concludes by indicating the benefits and challenges found in the use of multiple-criteria methods for the prioritizing of actions in risk management

The Panamanian isthmus hosts two sites inscribed on the World Heritage List: the Archaeological site of Panama Viejo (XVI cent.) and the Fortresses of Portobelo and San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII cent.). In order to support the conservation and valorisation of these places, in 2014 a collaboration work has been started among the Patronages of Panama Viejo and of Portobelo and San Lorenzo, the Italian CNR-ISAC and the Department of Physics and Earth Sciences of the University of Ferrara. Firstly, the project was focused on the characterization of rocks belonging to the masonries, in conjunction with the evaluation of their state of conservation and damage estimation in relation with the environmental impact. Furthermore, potential quarries of raw material supply have been identified and sampled. Therefore, after a survey and sampling campaign, specimens underwent the following analyses: stereomicroscope, PLM, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP and IC, highlighting at Panamá Viejo masonries mainly composed of polygenic breccias, tuffites, basaltic andesites, rhyolites and sporadic rhyodacites, while outcrops of breccias and andesites were identified. Considering Portobelo fortifications, coral limestones and sandstones have been identified as principal construction materials; while basaltic andesite has been observed only at Fuerte de San Fernando, where an outcrop of this material was present. Finally, at Fort San Lorenzo, tuffites and grainstones have been detected in the masonries and possible quarries of both have been found. Concerning the state of conservation, the most diffused deterioration phenomena are due to biological growth, exfoliation and detachment, disintegration, salt encrustations and chromatic alteration. Successively, in order to determine the environmental context, a selection of monitoring stations, recording climate parameters (near-surface air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall amount), have been chosen near the sites among national Panamanian networks. Besides, the same parameters were collected from two climate models, both from historical simulations and future scenarios: EC-Earth, 25 km of resolution, and Arpege 50 km of resolution, and compared with the monitored records. Utilizing environmental data obtained and applying specific damage functions it was possible to assess the deterioration phenomena occurring on heritage materials, as surface recession, cycles of salts transition and biomass accumulation. Considering the first one, it was utilized Lipfert function modified, related to the karst effect. The area of Portobelo and San Lorenzo showed a higher surface recession, especially considering the data extracted from EC-Earth experiment, both for the past and the future situation. In consideration of the salts cycles of dissolution and crystallization, halite has been elected as a priority phase of investigation, since sodium and chloride resulted ones of the most abundant ions in the samples, detected in all sites, also taking into account their proximity to the sea. The past situation (1979-2008) highlighted that the higher frequency of halite transition cycles is recorded during the dry season (November/December to April/ May). In general, Portobelo results the less interested by this phenomenon, while the area near San Lorenzo seems to be the most affected. In order to estimate the biomass accumulation on hard acid stones, the function developed by Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012) was applied. The highest yearly biomass values are recorded at Portobelo, both in the past and future. In conclusion, the obtained results contribute significantly to the formulation of guidelines and development of strategies for current and future preservation of the sites, and represent a fundamental knowledge for further related analysis, in order to increase the awareness of the possible risks connected with the climate change impact on Cultural Heritage.
L'istmo di Panama ospita due siti iscritti alla World Heritage List, ossia il sito Archeologico di Panama Viejo (XVI sec.) e i Fortini di Portobelo e San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII sec.). Al fine di supportare la conservazione e la valorizzazione di questi luoghi, è stato avviato un lavoro di collaborazione tra i Patronati di Panama Viejo e di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, il CNR-ISAC e il Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra dell'Università di Ferrara. In primo luogo il progetto è stato focalizzato sulla caratterizzazione dei materiali lapidei naturali costituenti le murature, compresa la valutazione del loro stato di conservazione e dei fenomeni di degrado dovuti all'impatto ambientale. In aggiunta sono state identificate possibili cave di approvvigionamento dei materiali da costruzione. Pertanto, a seguito di una campagna di campionamento, i frammenti ottenuti sono stati sottoposti ad analisi per mezzo di stereomicroscopio, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP e IC. Queste hanno permesso di identificare brecce poligeniche, tufiti, andesiti basaltiche, rioliti e alcune riodaciti, come materiali impiegati nelle murature dei monumenti di Panamá Viejo; mentre sono stati individuati affioramenti di brecce e andesiti basaltiche. Considerando le fortificazioni di Portobelo, calcari corallini e arenarie sono i principali materiali costituenti le strutture murarie. Andesiti basaltiche sono state rinvenute solo a Fuerte de San Fernando, dove erano presenti anche in affioramento. Infine, presso Forte San Lorenzo, i materiali da costruzione impiegati sono tufiti e grainstone, delle quali sono state individuate anche possibili cave. Prendendo in considerazione lo stato di conservazione, i fenomeni di alterazione più diffusi sono ascrivibili a crescita biologica, esfoliazione e distacchi, disgregazione, incrostazioni saline ed alterazioni cromatiche. Successivamente, al fine di determinare il contesto ambientale, sono state selezionate delle stazioni di monitoraggio, appartenenti alla rete nazionale panamense, situate nei pressi dei siti oggetto di studio, che registrassero parametri climatici quali temperatura dell’aria, umidità relativa e pioggia. Gli stessi parametri sono stati estratti anche da simulazioni storiche e scenari futuri di due modelli climatici: EC-Earth, con risoluzione di 25 km, e Arpege, con risoluzione di 50 km, comparandoli con quelli ottenuti dalle centraline. Utilizzando i dati ambientali in specifiche funzioni di danno, è stato possibile valutare diverse morfologie di degrado come la recessione superficiale, cicli di transizioni saline e accumulo di biomassa. Riguardo alla prima, è stata utilizzata la funzione di Lipfert modificata, relativa all’effetto carsico. Questa ha permesso di rilevare una maggiore recessione nelle aree di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, specialmente considerando i dati di EC-Earth, sia per la situazione passata che futura. Considerando i cicli di dissoluzione e cristallizzazione dei sali, lo studio si è incentrato sulla halite, poiché sodio e cloro sono risultati essere gli ioni più abbondanti nei campioni di tutti i siti, essendo infatti tutte aree costiere marine. In generale, paragonando le condizioni passate e future, Portobelo risulta essere il meno interessato dal fenomeno, mentre l’area in prossimità di San Lorenzo la più soggetta. Al fine di stimare l’accumulo di biomassa su rocce acide, è stata impiegata la funzione messa a punto da Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012), rivelando valori di biomassa più elevati nella costa Nord, specialmente a Portobelo. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di contribuire significativamente alla futura formulazione di linee guida e nello sviluppo delle attuali e future strategie di preservazione dei siti, rappresentando una conoscenza fondamentale per studi successivi, al fine di incrementare la consapevolezza dei possibili rischi connessi all’impatto dei cambiamenti climatici sul patrimonio culturale.

Atliktas tyrimas, kurio pagrindinis tikslas – Senamiesčio ir Naujamiesčio teritorijose esančių blogos ir avarinės būklės architektūros objektų įvertinimas, pagrindinį dėmesį atkreipiant į objektų reikšmingumo lygį, kaitą ir atnaujinimo galimybes. Aptarta bendra paveldosauginė tiriamos teritorijos situacija, teritorijų ribos ir veiklos reglamentavimas jose. Atlikti vizualiniai tyrimai, fotofiksacija, sudarytas nykstančių architektūros objektų sąrašas, objektai suklasifikuoti stilistiniu ir fizinio sunykimo požiūriu. Pristatomas šių objektų išsidėstymas ir architektūrinė sankloda. Sudaryti žemėlapiai: 2011 metais patikslinta 2006 metų blogos būklės Kauno Senamiesčio (20171) ir Naujamiesčio (22149) architektūros objektų sklaida. Išskirtos architektūros objektų nykimo priežastys. Darbas taikomojo pobūdžio. Pateikiamos rekomendacijos nykstančių Kauno centro objektų esamos situacijos pristatymui internetinėje medijoje. Pasiūlytas koncepcinis nykstančio Kauno centro paveldo pateikimo internete modelis. Siekis - demokratizuoti priėjimą prie kultūros vertybių, skatinti aktyvų santykį su jomis.
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the emergency condition of architectural objects located in the Old town and New town areas of the city. The main emphasis was put on the significance of the objects, their change and reconstruction options. The analysis discusses overall situation of area under heritage protection, the territorial limits and related regulation of activities. The analysis was conducted by multiple ways, i.e. on-site visits, photo shoots, etc. Consequently a list of endangered architectural objects was prepared by classifying them based on stylistic and physical deterioration perspectives. The location and architectural structure of the objects shall be also presented. The following maps where prepared in 2011: a revised version of dissemination of emergency condition architectural objects in Kaunas Old town (20171) and New town (22149) of year 2006. The causes of architectural objects loss were examined as well. It should be noted that the study may be approached as a guideline since recommendations are provided regarding endangered architectural objects located in Kaunas city center and their presentation to the online media. The results of the study suggest a conceptual model of online presentation of endangered architectural objects in Kaunas city center. The goal of the study is to democratize the access to cultural values and promote a strong active relationship with them.

Starting from current procedures, standards and tools for seismic damage survey, the research presents an integrated workflow for seismic damage documentation and survey applied to historic theatres in the Emilia-Romagna region damaged by the 2012 earthquake. The 2012 earthquake highlighted the fragility of the cultural heritage and underscored the lack of proactive conservation and management of historic assets. The research starts by analysing Agenzia Regionale per la Ricostruzione della Regione Emilia-Romagna- ARRER’s requests, which had found criticalities in applying the current Mic (Ministero della Cultura) procedures for the damage survey of complex types: the A-DC form for churches and the B-DP form for buildings. Using the two types of forms highlighted the lack of ad hoc tools for complex architectural styles such as castles, cemeteries and theatres, resulting in the loss of quantitative and qualitative information necessary for knowledge, conservation and thus management of the reconstruction process. As a result of these considerations, national and international standards of integrated documentation, existing digital databases for cataloguing and classification of cultural property, and seismic risk management were studied to develop a workflow of integrated procedures for seismic damage survey on the specific assigned case study: Regional Historic Theaters affected by the 2012 earthquake. The research used the holistic and interdisciplinary approach of integrated documentation to develop the integrated procedural workflow to enhance and optimise seismic damage detection operations in the case study. In providing a workflow of integrated procedures for the prevention and mitigation of hazards related to potential states of emergency, both natural and anthropic, the research follows an “extensive” methodological approach to test the survey outside the Emilia crater. The methodological framework led to the critical-comparative analysis, divided into two levels: the first involved studying critical issues in the B-DP form, mainly used in the 2012 theatre survey. The second level covered the techniques - laser scanning, digital photogrammetry - and integrated survey methodologies applied during the in-depth investigations for repair and restoration work. The critical-comparative analysis and morpho-typological study led to the development of an integrated procedural flow to survey damage in historic theatres. It is aimed at systematising and optimising the stages of damage documentation. The workflow consists of three information levels: L1. Screening level for the visual survey; L2 survey level defines the 3D acquisition steps for the geometric-dimensional study by theatres. The BIM L3 Plus level guides implementing the level of knowledge of parametric HBIM models for documentation, management and monitoring of historic theatres.

U okviru disertacije se ispituje mogućnost za unapređenje upravljanja projektima u konzervaciji i restauraciji kulturnog nasleđa. Kvalitativnim istraživačkim metodama ispitivani su rizici i izazovi sa kojima se susreću i kako njima upravljaju ovi izrazito multidisciplinarni i intersektorski projekti saradnje. Kao rezultat istraživanja i originalan naučni doprinos disertacije predložen je set preporuka za unapređenje upravljanja rizicima u projektima u konzervaciji i restuaraciji kulturnog nasleđa.
The dissertation examines the possibility of advancing project management in conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. A survey was conducted in order to examine how increased complexity of cross-disciplinary setting influences project management challenges and risks in heritage conservation. As a research result and the original scientific contribution of the dissertation, a set of recommendations for advancement of project risk management in conservation and restoration of cultural heritage has been proposed.

O tema da valorização de alimentos tradicionais e artesanais tem recebido redobrada atenção no momento atual, em que, por um lado, há crescente demanda de consumidores por alimentos naturais, artesanais, diferenciados e, por outro lado e ao mesmo tempo, realiza-se discussão significativa no que tange a critérios de produção e avaliação desses produtos que, dadas as especificidades, têm suas características comprometidas se avaliados de acordo com os mesmos critérios que regem a produção industrial de alimentos. É nesse contexto que a presente pesquisa está inserida. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi tomado como objeto de estudo o Queijo Serrano, queijo tradicional feito artesanalmente a partir de leite cru nos Campos de Cima da Serra, região nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados empíricos foram obtidos a partir de pesquisa etnográfica, que priorizou especialmente produtores e consumidores como interlocutores, mas também técnicos e comerciantes de queijo. A análise dos dados obtidos proporcionou elementos para discutir a relação entre os modos de vida dos produtores e a produção de queijo, para apreender as práticas, significados e lógicas associadas à produção, bem como aos utensílios empregados e ao próprio uso de leite cru para a elaboração do produto. No que diz respeito ao consumo de Queijo Serrano, o estudo discute as percepções de risco dos moradores da região em relação ao produto e, ainda, as relações por meio das quais os queijos são comercializados, costumeiramente fundamentadas na reputação dos produtores e em relações de proximidade. Mudanças em curso na região têm, com maior ou menor intensidade, resultado em alterações nos modos de produção, o que pode até mesmo afetar a manutenção de características que conferem singularidade ao Queijo Serrano. Evidenciando a relevância da legitimação de conhecimentos empregados na produção tradicional de alimentos, este estudo busca contribuir para a valorização e proteção desse tipo de produção, associada não apenas à manutenção da renda como também à salvaguarda dos modos de produzir esses alimentos e dos modos de vida das famílias produtoras.
The debate on the valorisation of traditional and artisanal food has been receiving increased attention recently. While there is growing consumer demand for natural, artisanal and unique foods, simultaneously, there is a significant discussion about the criteria used to assess these products which, given their singularity, can compromise their features if they are evaluated according to the same criteria which regulate industrial food production This research was conducted taking into account this context. For the development of this study, Serrano Cheese was taken as the object of research; this is a handmade traditional cheese made from raw milk and produced in Campos de Cima da Serra, a region located in the northeast area of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Empirical data were obtained from ethnographic research which prioritised information especially from producers and consumers but also from technicians and cheese sellers. The data analysis provided elements to discuss the relationship between producers’ lifestyles and cheese production; and to capture the practices, meanings and logics associated with the production and with the equipment, the tools and the raw milk employed in the production of the cheese. Regarding the consumption of Serrano Cheese, the study discusses the risk perceptions of local inhabitants in relation to the product, and the channels through which the cheeses are sold, usually based on the reputation of the producers and on close relationships. Changes in progress in the region, to varying degrees, have been resulting in alterations in the production methods, which can even affect the maintenance of those characteristics which make Serrano Cheese unique. By evidencing the significance of the knowledge legitimation employed in traditional food production, this study aims to contribute towards the enhancement and protection of this sort of production, which in turn is associated not only with the income maintenance but also with the safeguarding of the production methods and the lifestyle of producer families.

This practice-based PhD research project chronicles an attempt to build a participatory digital culture around local heritage, in order to promote tourism to one of the UK’s poorest counties. Funded by a public/private EU scheme, the researcher designed a 25,000 word “virtual museum”, in partnership with local agencies and the local authority. Based on a theoretical framework drawing insights from narrative studies, participatory media theory, current heritage installations, and Critical Heritage Studies, the researcher built a hybrid website: it augments expert-vetted interpretation with “warm,” person-centred narrative and images, incorporating diverse perspectives and participatory social features like photo- sharing, user comments, and social media campaigns -- to be monitored and updated by a dedicated team of volunteers in a model of “distributed co-curation,”to insure ustainability without draining paid staff time. However due to legal concerns over user-generated content, on handover to the local authority for long-term hosting, access to the website’s backend and analytics were disallowed to the researcher and volunteers, rendering updates and complete analysis impossible. The website did not find its audience, and the participatory culture did not materialize. Subsequent literature study reveals documented trends that may have contributed: heritage tourism planning is often hampered by poor collaboration and cooperation, local tourism planning is routinely dominated by informal and irrational “kinship” relationships, and local authorities across Europe struggle with technology adoption, especially with Web 2.0 and participatory media. The project reveals that on the local level, especially in rural or conservative areas, designers of digital media for participatory heritage face significant challenges on issues of technology adoption, polysemic interpretation, multivocal presentation, intangible or “everyday heritage,” authority, and control.

L’archivio d’arte contemporanea è un dispositivo culturale attivo volto a selezionare, catalogare, divulgare, esporre e promuovere la creatività artistica in divenire. Queste pratiche di salvaguardia e valorizzazione dei beni artistici sono attività necessarie per la gestione e l’elaborazione del patrimonio culturale, come anche per l’interpretazione del presente. La ricerca sul S.A.C.S., lo Sportello per l’Arte Contemporanea della Sicilia del Museo Riso di Palermo, nasce per valorizzare, attraverso l’approccio integrato della museologia e della fenomenologia dell’arte contemporanea, un giovane Archivio d’arte dedicato ai nuovi creativi siciliani. La tesi, strutturata in tre capitoli, comprende: l’analisi dei valori che caratterizzano la ricerca artistica contemporanea per la creazione del futuro patrimonio culturale, strettamente connessi all’istituzione museale, quale luogo ideale di validazione, promozione e patrimonializzazione dell’arte del presente; la storia del Museo Riso e dell’Archivio S.A.C.S.; lo studio comparativo dei più importanti archivi, forum e sportelli d’arte contemporanea nazionali e internazionali; la descrizione del lavoro di salvaguardia e valorizzazione dell’Archivio S.A.C.S., nonché una proposta museografica per realizzare uno specifico spazio espositivo S.A.C.S. secondo la formula allestitiva dell’Archive Room. Alla luce dell’esperienza acquisita durante la ricerca si è evinto che gli archivi d’arte contemporanea, per la loro saggezza profetica nel delineare già adesso i tratti del futuro patrimonio artistico-culturale, si confermano paradigmi critici imprescindibili di conoscenza, comunicazione, accreditamento e incentivazione della cultura visiva non ancora storicizzata. Atti a promuovere beni artistico-culturali, gli archivi d’arte contemporanea sono essi stessi beni culturali, i quali, a loro volta, necessitano di essere costantemente tutelati e valorizzati.
The contemporary art archive is an active cultural device geared to selecting, cataloguing, disclosing, exposing and promoting the artistic creativity in progress. These practices of preservation and enhancement of artistic heritage are necessary activities for the management and elaboration of cultural heritage, as well as for the interpretation of the present. The research on the S.A.C.S., the Sicilian Contemporary Art Front Office of the Riso Museum of Palermo, was created to promote, through the integrated approach of museology and phenomenology of contemporary art, a young art archive dedicated to new Sicilian creative artists. The thesis, structured in three chapters, includes: the analysis of the values that characterize contemporary artistic research for the creation of the future cultural heritage, closely related to the museum institution, as an ideal place of validation, promotion and patrimonialization of the art of the present; the history of Riso Museum and that of S.A.C.S. Archive; the comparative study of the most important national and international contemporary art archives, forums and front offices; the description of the work of safeguarding and enhancing of S.A.C.S. Archive, as well as a museographic proposal to create a S.A.C.S. specific exhibition space according to the exhibition formula of the Archive Room. In the light of the experience gained during the research it has been shown that contemporary art archives, for their prophetic wisdom in outlining already now the features of the future artistic-cultural heritage, confirm themselves as essential critical paradigms of knowledge, communication, accreditation and promotion of visual culture not yet historicized. Aimed at promoting artistic-cultural heritage, contemporary art archives are themselves cultural heritage, which, in turn, need to be constantly safeguarded and valorized.

Para que um evento assuma sua responsabilidade ambiental, é preciso que o mesmo contabilize a variável ambiental em todas as fases de seu planejamento. A presente investigação propõe-se a examinar as relações estabelecidas entre a variável ambiental e um evento turístico. Assim, o problema de pesquisa decorre da seguinte indagação: a variável ambiental é considerada no planejamento da Festa Nacional da Uva 2006? Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar a consideração da variável ambiental no planejamento da Festa Nacional da Uva 2006, realizada na cidade de Caxias do Sul, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Aliados ao objetivo geral, destacam-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) verificar as relações estabelecidas entre a informação ambiental e o planejamento da Festa da Uva; b) identificar as condições de manejo dos resíduos sólidos gerados na Festa da Uva; c) examinar o princípio da prevenção da geração de resíduos sólidos no planejamento da Festa da Uva; d) identificar ações de educação ambiental no planejamento da Festa da Uva; e) examinar as variáveis água, energia elétrica e água residuária no planejamento da Festa da Uva; f) verificar a consideração do critério ambiental na escolha dos patrocinadores e expositores da Festa da Uva. Para atender aos objetivos propostos, foram realizadas observações diretas no âmbito da Festa da Uva, em dois momentos distintos. Também foram entrevistados 19 sujeitos, os quais correspondem ao presidente, aos vicespresidentes e aos diretores das comissões organizadoras da Festa da Uva. As perguntas que compõem o roteiro de entrevista relacionam-se: a) às práticas ambientais; b) a resíduos sólidos; c) à divulgação da Festa; d) aos expositores e patrocinadores; e) aos desfiles; f) às olimpíadas coloniais; g) à água; h) à energia; i) à água residuária (esgoto). Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa permitem concluir que existem ações ambientais implantadas de forma isolada na Festa da Uva. Entretanto, é importante construir um novo conceito de planejamento para a Festa da Uva, em que se contemple efetivamente a variável ambiental. Nesse sentido, cabe aos cursos de graduação em turismo e hotelaria e aos cursos stricto sensu em turismo desenvolverem estudos que contemplem a variável ambiental. Como foi possível constatar com a realização da pesquisa, ainda há relações que precisam ser estabelecidas entre a variável ambiental e o planejamento de eventos turísticos. Cabe, portanto, um novo olhar aos eventos turísticos, planejando-os sob a ótica ambiental.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
An event needs to work out the environmental variable during all planning’s phases in order to accept its environmental responsibility. This present research plans to examine the established relationships between the environmental variable and a tourist event. Therefore, the subject of research originated from the following question: is the environmental variable considered when planning the National Grape Festival 2006? With this in mind, the objective of this study is to identify the consideration given to the environmental variable when planning the National Grape Festival 2006, which happened in Caxias do Sul – RS – Brazil. Along with the general objective, the following specific objectives are pointed out: a) to check the established relationships between environmental information and the Festival’s planning; b) to identify how solid waste produced at the Festival is handled; c) to examine the solid waste prevention principle at the Festival’s planning; d) to identify environmental education actions at the Festival’s planning; e) to examine water, eletric power and residuary water’s variables at the Festival’s planning; f) to check environmental criterion consideration when choosing the Festival’s sponsors and exhbitors. In an effort to meet the objectives suggested, direct observation was carried out regarding the Grape Festival at two different periods of time. On top of that, 19 people were interviewed, including the chairman, vice-chairman and the directors of the Festival’s organizing commitee. The interview script consisted of questions concerning: a) environmental practices; b) solid waste; c) Festival’s advertising; d) sponsors and exhbitors; e) parades; f) local Olympic Games; g) water; h) power; i) residuary water (sewage). Through the results obtained in the research, we are able to conclude that there are many environmental actions introduced in an isolated manner at the Festival. However it is important to build a new planning concept for it, which might effectively include the environmental variable. With regards to it, undergraduate courses such as tourism, hotel management and stricto sensu tourism have responsibility for developing studies which consider the environmental variable. As it was possible to conclude through the research, there are many relationships yet to be established between the environmental variable and tourist events’ planning. Therefore, a new look at tourist events, planning them under an environmental view, is essencial.

I investigated the past, present and possible futures of Australia’s ocean pools, over a hundred public seawater pools sited on rocky surfcoasts, so that waves wash over their walls. My interdisciplinary analysis informed by actor-­‐network theory explored their contributions to surf, beach, pool and body cultures and recreational coasts. Ocean pools have since the nineteenth century been far more significant in the surf, beach, pool and body cultures of Australia and South Africa, than in those of Britain and the United States. Most of Australia’s ocean pools lie within state of New South Wales, and my work strengthens the case for recognising Australian and NSW ocean pools as having distinct collective identities and affinities with their South African counterparts. Ocean pools are sites of social and environmental learning that challenge efforts to establish human mastery over wild natures and depictions of coastal environments as mere stages for enacting human activities unconstrained by non-­‐human nature. They also challenge the notion that people prefer to swim and bathe at patrolled beaches or in private or public pools far less wild than an ocean pool. They are evidence that supervision by suitably trained and equipped lifeguards or lifesavers is not the only or the most satisfactory way to adequately safeguard bathers and swimmers from the dangers of the sea. Australia’s ocean pools demonstrate that regardless of race, class, gender, age or ability, people can and do make themselves at home in pools shared convivially with wild nature and well-­‐suited for sustained, unsupervised recreation and sport on rocky surfcoast. Ocean pools serve as places of refuge, therapeutic and restorative environments, adventure playgrounds, convivial public spaces, visually appealing cultural landscapes, brands, icons and symbols. Australia’s ocean pools are unified by their sites, their affordances and core actor-­‐ networks linked to their fundamental and enduring identity as ‘wild but safe enough surfside pools’. Rocky shores and coastal waters characterised by surf, sharks and rips are among the most persistent macro-­‐actors in these networks that include bathers, swimmers, tourism and transport networks, news media, local councils and progress associations. Australian ocean pools that gained a further identity as ‘public pools for competition and carnivals’ acquired additional actor-­‐networks strongly linked since the late nineteenth century to amateur swimming clubs and schools, and since the twentieth century to surf lifesaving clubs and winter swimming clubs. Those ocean pools nevertheless, remained predominately recreational facilities. As other types of public pools became more affordable, Australia’s ocean pools remained popular despite gaining new identities as an ‘unusually hazardous type of public pool’ and ‘a type of facility no longer created’. The growing threats to ocean pools and their actor-­‐networks are a further unifying factor. As sport and recreation venues cultivating healthy, convivial relationships with wild nature and possessing unrealised potential as centres for community engagement, learning and research, ocean pools are worth emulating on other rocky shores and in other public places. My work strengthens efforts to sustain and create ocean pools and supports further studies on seawater pools and their actor-­‐networks.

The present thesis aims at contributing for the study of the seismic vulnerability assessment of urban cultural heritage assets, and subsequently, for the earthquake risk mitigation in historic centres, through the investigation of the eventual correlation between analytical and semiempirical methods, that could possibly lead to the development of a new hybrid approach. Hence, in Chapter 1, the framework of the main topic of the thesis, and the respective aims and motivations, are presented and briefly discussed, along with the outline and organisation of the document, as well as the list of publications that support the work carried out in this thesis. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive literature review on disaster risk mitigation of UCH assets located in historic centres, by means of adopting a holistic framework about the features of such a complex system. This exercise is fundamental to understand the current streams of thought and to identify new gaps and opportunities that could eventually enhance the knowledge level on this particular field of research. Chapter 3 discusses some of the main challenges associated with survey and inspection techniques for input data acquisition of UCH assets, with particular focus to the investigation of assets located in historic centres, which are most likely enclosed in aggregate. In a second moment, the main challenges concerning the seismic response assessment of UCH assets are discussed, namely focusing on the pros and cons of macroelement approaches. Chapter 4 presents the main findings of a cost-benefit analysis model applied to investigate the integration of traditional seismic strengthening solutions in the rehabilitation of UCH assets. While in a first phase, only the economic viability of using such strengthening solutions was investigated, in a second phase, a cost-benefit model is applied to four different case studies considered representative of both rural and urban masonry building typologies of Faial island, in Azores. Chapter 5 presents the investigation of the correlation between two well-known approaches for the seismic risk assessment of UCH assets in historic centres: the “vulnerability index” method and the seismic “capacity curve” derived by using a simplified numerical model together with a nonlinear static procedure. Finally, Chapter 6 summarises the key conclusions that have been pointed out in the previous chapters of the thesis and outlines the grounds of future developments and research paths.
A presente tese tem por objetivo contribuir para o estudo da avaliação da vulnerabilidade sísmica de edifícios urbanos antigos, e subsequentemente, para a mitigação do risco sísmico em centros históricos, através da investigação da eventual correlação entre métodos analíticos e semiempíricos, que possa levar ao desenvolvimento de uma nova abordagem híbrida. Assim, no Capítulo 1, é feita uma breve contextualização do tópico principal da tese e dos respetivos objectivos e motivações, sendo ainda apresentada a estrutura e organização do documento, assim como a lista das publicações que suportam o trabalho aqui desenvolvido. O Capítulo 2 apresenta uma revisão exaustiva da literatura, de forma a que se possam identificar não só as atuais linhas de investigação neste tópico, mas também lacunas na investigação e eventuais janelas de oportunidade para melhorar o conhecimento científico nesta área específica. No Capítulo 3 são discutidos alguns dos principais desafios associados com as técnicas de inspecção e diagnóstico de edifícios urbanos antigos, com foco para as particularidades dos edifícios integrados em agregados urbanos. Numa segunda fase, são também discutidos os desafios associados à avaliação da resposta sísmica de edifícios urbanos antigos, nomeadamente no que diz respeito às vantagens e limitações da utilização de métodos analíticos baseados em abordagens por macrolementos. O Capítulo 4 apresenta a análise custo-benefício associada à adopção de soluções tradicionais de reforço sísmico na reabilitação de edifícios urbanos antigos. Se numa primeira fase, é analisada, de forma isolada, a viabilidade dessas soluções de reforço, num segundo momento, é aplicado um modelo de análise custobenefício a quatro casos de estudo considerados representativos, quer do edificado rural quer do edificado urbano da ilha do Faial, nos Açores. O Capítulo 5 apresenta o estudo da correlação entre duas abordagens reconhecidas internacionalmente para a avaliação do risco sísmico de edifícios de alvenaria localizados em centros históricos: o método do “índice de vulnerabilidade” e a “curva de capacidade” resultante da utilização de um modelo numérico simplificado juntamente com uma abordagem estática não-linear. Finalmente, no Capítulo 6, são resumidas as principais conclusões de cada um dos capítulos anteriores, assim como as principais linhas orientadoras para novos desenvolvimentos e trabalhos futuros.
Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Civil

The current Ph.D. thesis is articulated in 4 different research paths. The main research topic is on the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and its applications, mainly related to the conservation of the original status of the artworks. The second topic is related to the development of a new methodology for measuring the cracking of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of cultural heritage. In the third topic, it is addressed the subject on the complex diatribe related to the risk in delivering anesthesia; field in which I have been also working, being a Biomedical Engineer. Finally, in the last topic it is proposed a biomechanics study on the patellar taping with the purpose of finding a correlation between the taping and a neuromuscular response. A new era of pollution requires an important focus on the conservation of archaeological sites and monuments. In the last years, great efforts were made to develop various sensors for different tasks; the FBG was one of the most studied thanks to the multitude of applications and the surprising performances. An original fiber optic sensor that combines the fiber Bragg gratings with a pH responsive polymer coating for monitoring the pH of the rains on critical and prestigious monuments is proposed. In this study, the arrangement setup of the optical sensor is modeled with Comsol Multiphysics (Wave Optics Module), based on the FEM (Finite Element Method) solver. Monitoring the pH of the rain can be used by experts to predict and control the corrosion of specific materials, especially limestone and marble, thus scheduling timely restoration. This also depends on the materials under analysis and it can have an important impact in terms of cost reductions and higher maintenance efficiency. In conclusion, the swelling response of hydrogels to the change of surrounding pH allowed the development of a model of hydrogel coated FBG pH sensor. Modelling the FBG pH sensor for monitoring the rain in archaeology and in cultural heritage provided innovative results in terms of high sensitivity and small dimensions of the device, allowing better intervention planning. In the first chapter, a preliminary study regarding the optical ring resonator is conducted because, ultimately, the goal is to realize a sensor that combines the FBG and the ring resonator for future developments in order to improve the sensor performances. Along with the development of the FBG sensor, a new methodology for measuring the cracking for the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of cultural heritage is also studied. The methodology is characterized by being minimally invasive on the artefact that has to be preserved, which is one of the main qualities required in this field. The approach is to determine the relative distance between two optical tags, using advanced fitting algorithms for the objective function. Different kinds of objective-function were taken into account in order to identify the best configuration to determine the fitting parameters, useful to the SHM. The optical tags are introduced for this scope; they are nothing but adhesive labels with appropriate images, through which, by using advanced fitting methods and algorithms, it is possible to determine the absolute and relative position and three-dimensional rotations of the images. The third chapter of this thesis deals with the risk and perception of risk in delivering anesthesia. The study examines the different perceptions of risk associated with anesthesia systems from the viewpoints of the product manufacturer and the caregiver. Only little research has been done on the impact of the perception of risk for patient safety in anesthesia. The role of the manufacturer in mitigating the perception of risk is central in the work. The risk was examined as the probability of negative occurrences based on the Medical Device Reportable (MDR) events and these risks were compared to how the caregiver perceives and manages them when delivering anesthesia. Analysis of the manufacturer’s public Medical Device Reportable (MDR) events data was performed in the US market and it represents the actual risk achieved; the bibliographic review provided a perspective on how the risk is perceived and managed by the caregiver when delivering anesthesia. The goal of the research path is to highlight how the role of the manufacturers can have an impact on the reduction of perception of risk in anesthesia, increasing patient safety. Finally, a biomechanical proposal on the estimation of Centre of Mass (CoM) trajectory has been developed. Motion capture systems and force platforms are still considered the gold standard for the estimation of accurate CoM measurements. In the last decade, several methods based on inertial sensors systems have been proposed based on double integration of acceleration signals of pelvis-worn sensors (M. J. Floor-Westerdijk, 2012). Although the portability of those methodologies is higher, drift errors due to extremely lengthy time acquisitions affect measurements, limiting their use. For the purpose of avoiding drift error and providing an accurate tool for ambulatory and/or home CoM assessment, the accuracy of a novel method based on a Biomechanical Model (BM) will be investigated. Among the large number of potential applications, this novel approach could be used in the identification of the effects of the patellar taping on neuromuscular control. More specifically, the patellar taping technique proposed by McConnell (J. McCONNELL, 1986) allows patients to engage in pain-free physical therapy exercises, by medializing the patella. Although this technique has been demonstrated to reduce the perceived pain of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome and improve neuromuscular activity (N. Aminaka and P. A. Gribble, 2008), a deeper investigation on how patellar tape influences postural stability thought CoM assessment could be of great interest in the long term management of Chondromalacia Patellae. It has been demonstrated, in fact, that patellar taping affects knee proprioception other than relieving pain in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome (M. J. Callaghan, 2008). The aim of this research program is to pursue through static and dynamic tasks performed twice both by healthy subjects and not-healthy ones, with and without patellar tape.

A growing global awareness of climate change threats to cultural heritage sites (cultural sites) has seen the recent emergence of multiple management methodologies. However, none of these are amenable to use by local, non-specialist groups using participatory planning processes, such as Indigenous ranger groups. This research aimed to develop a Cultural Site Adaptation Guide (the Guide), a decision support tool to assist non-specialists undertaking participatory, climate change adaptation planning for cultural sites. A preliminary version of the Guide was created by synthesising elements from generic, bottom-up climate change adaptation planning tools on the one hand, and a risk analysis methodology that combined and built on archaeological approaches pioneered in the United Kingdom and France on the other. The first three steps of the five-step Guide are steps for Scoping, Risk analysis, and Options analysis. The research engaged two Indigenous ranger groups in Australia’s Northern Territory with strong perceptions of climate change impacts on cultural sites and a strong view that managing these impacts is a priority need. The preliminary Guide was tested and further refined by the Indigenous rangers, using a Participatory Action Research methodology. The Scoping step allowed rangers to undertake: a detailed problem analysis that identified types and general locations of vulnerable cultural sites and the nature of impacts; planning goals and appropriate methodological approaches; and resource deficiencies and planning barriers. The Risk analysis step allowed rangers to allocate a management priority rating to 126 cultural sites. The Options step found rangers were able to identify, appraise and rank a diverse range of adaptation options, including ones aimed at direct cultural site intervention, building ranger adaptive capacity, and building cultural site resilience. The Option step also allowed rangers to generate their own preliminary cultural site adaptation plan. The research found that practical and rigorous approaches can be taken to climate change adaptation of cultural sites by non-specialists, even where resources are likely to be severely constrained.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Climate change is a major cause of the increasing deterioration of heritage places and the loss of values, meanings and histories of the past. The global average surface temperature, for instance, is projected to increase within the range of 1.4°C and 5.8°C by 2100. More than 60 heritage buildings in Nigeria were destroyed due to flooding, coastal storm and erosion between 1960 and 2010. This calls for urgent and inclusive actions to adapt the heritage buildings to the present and future climate scenarios, as well as implement people-driven approaches addressing the vulnerabilities of the heritage places to climate change through which the identities and connections to heritage are preserved. Given this, the study developed a framework for the involvement and participation of communities and networks in adapting cultural built heritage to climate change and its impacts. The study examines how to enable social participation in the climate change adaptation of cultural built heritage. A systematic review of relevant literature between 2010 and 2020 was conducted to understand the linkages between climate, cultural built heritage and communities. Climate data was gathered through relevant reports and the publications of recognised organisations. A case study approach was adopted to understand the values and impacts of climate change on three heritage buildings in Nigeria. Interviews with twenty-nine key informants and three focus group discussions were also conducted to understand perceptions relating to the values, management and impacts of climate change on the heritage buildings. 254 questionnaires were also administered to local tourists and visitors, both face-to-face and through Internet-mediated approaches. In addition, the ABC method of assessing and managing risks to cultural heritage was adopted to assess and understand the impacts of key climate drivers on heritage buildings. The findings revealed the influence of cultural built heritage within the communities, not only as evidence of the past preserving identities, histories and cultural ties, but also as a key contributor to sustainable development at the community-level and as a mobiliser of communities for involvement in decision-making and policy planning. However, the management of heritage buildings in Nigeria is largely government-driven, with a limited consideration of climate change impacts and adaptation, and a lack of meaningful participation of the local communities and their representatives. The conservation policies and practices also do not utilise participatory tools that will improve the connection between the people/community and heritage places. The study identified key criteria to enable the involvement and participation of communities and networks in the conservation and adaptation of built heritage to climate change: i.) engagement with and inclusion of users and neighbourhood communities, ii.) the raising of awareness and capacity building, iii.) an inclusive approach to policy planning, iv.) the recognition of local knowledge, and v.) access and other benefits. The criteria are connected to motivating factors, including rewards and incentives, the conservation of uses and functions, communal benefits and the democratisation of decision-making. The barriers to social participation include mistrust and communal conflicts, low skill capacity, low awareness and inadequate information about the climate and heritage buildings, ineffective approaches to social participation, and residents’ apathy to community actions. The findings of the study contributed to the development of a SocioPAC framework to enable the involvement and participation of communities and networks in the conservation and adaptation of cultural built heritage to climate change and its impacts. The study recommends reviewing the heritage policies to recognise: i.) the roles and involvement of local communities and intergovernmental and inter-organisational collaborations in the policy development and implementation, ii.) the development of detailed and comprehensive national inventories of heritage to identify, document, manage and communicate the values and significance of heritage, iii.) the integration of heritage into education curricula, especially at the pre-tertiary level, iv.) the development and implementation of lifelong learning approaches for heritage professionals, employees and volunteers at heritage organisations, and v.) the revamping of and emphasis on research and development activities at the organisations involved in the conservation and management of heritage.

Today, heritage conservation is a discipline torn between the objectivity of its material questions and the subjectivity of its stakeholders and practitioners, inherent to the fact that conservation is, first and foremost, a cultural act. Most current conservation perspectives advise for (conservation) decisions to be based on the significance of the heritage object. Following this approach, different management tools have emerged to assist conservation at site, local, national and international levels. Quite the opposite, in what concerns interventions, conservation is still largely viewed as an objective material problem, and decision-support tools at this level are still mainly focused on performance assessments. An exception to this rule is the Eight-step Planning Model, complemented by the (In)compatibility Assessment Procedure, proposed by Delgado Rodrigues & Grossi, which attempts to bridge the gap between the macro and micro levels of heritage conservation planning. Compatibility has been gathering momentum as a conservation principle, but it has been mostly dealt with from a purely material perspective and is still insufficiently defined, especially in scopes beyond product testing. Borrowing from the aforementioned (In)compatibility Assessment, the research presented herein argues that compatibility is an adequate operative concept to assist decision making and guide conservation interventions. The key for using the principle of compatibility at this level of heritage conservation is to link it to the significance of the (conservation) object. This is demonstrated by proposing a procedure for the planning of built heritage cleaning based on the assessment of its risks towards significance; using risk analysis as a development tool, this procedure intends to frame the subjectivity of decision making in heritage cleaning. From this research, it follows that the principle of compatibility may constitute a valuable bridge between the objectivity and the subjectivity of heritage conservation.

The monitoring, as a function of time, of environmental parameters in cultural heritage is essential to preserve materials, to recognize the reasons of degradation and to evaluate their effects. The degrading effects of objects in cultural heritage field, can be classified in optical, morphological, physical-chemical/mechanical and alterations and depend by micro-climatic conditions. For this reason, in recent years, several solutions have been developed and commercialized for environmental monitoring, some compatible with general advice and others OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturing). However, the trend of application between compliant and non-ISO-compliant devices has not yet been sufficiently analyzed. In this first section, we show how in the last ten years researchers have shifted their attention to custom-made devices based on new generation sensors despite the expense of units ISO certified. The study based on a review of scientific articles has shown that: with the increase of low-cost and open-source technologies applied in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and in particular in the cultural heritage, led to a research advancement in the field, but, at the same time, increased non-homogeneity of the methods, impinging comparability of results. In recent years the trend is to use low-cost automatic wireless systems. This innovation, however, opens new scenarios and challenges on how to improve their stability, longevity, and sensitivity; reduce maintenance (battery replacement, including calibration or sensors); improve data analysis/management/display costs. In particular, it has highlighted the current difficulty of low-cost detectors to satisfy the robustness and reliability of regulatory and conventional stationary monitors at the expense of the periods and aesthetics. We have therefore paid particular attention to the sensitivity and reliability of the innovative solutions presented to overcome the traditional limitations, as well as to the real feasibility of solutions regarding sustainability, adaptability to the works of art or price. We also see the need for more communication between the scientific community and the decision-makers, who have only recently opened up to this paradigm. We highlighted the need to identify recurrent or innovative topics in the various documents concerning the approaches to preventive conservation, the preservation of damage and environmental management. After a review of state of the art regarding the different sampling device applied in cultural heritage and a survey of the parameters that involve a degradation effect on the materials, in this section, we focus our attention on a sensors-based prototype able to detect: (i) temperature and relative humidity; (ii) NO, NO2 and SO2; (iii) vibrations. In particular, this section describes the design and the validation of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) propose3, named WENDY, an acronym for Wireless Environmental moNitoring Device prototYpe. WENDY, built on a microcontroller of ATmega328P series, gathers signals from a sensor for temperature and relative humidity; a 9-axis MIMU; and three gas detection miniature boards (NO, NO2 and SO2). Complete the board a connector for memory card (SD) and an RTC. Additionally, a module based on the ZigBee standard could be used to transmit all data. In this section, precisely, we present the performances of the WSN node in detecting: structure tilt, vibrations and the daily cycle of humidity, temperature and gas deposition. The experimental setup used to evaluate the accuracy of MIMU system highlighted a relative error on shock acceleration measurement, in term of normalized root mean square error, lower than 0.1 % for the sinusoidal input and 0.51 % for cardinal sin input, with an average accuracy in the principal peak reconstruction of 1 % in the chosen frequency range (5 Hz to 50 Hz). The MIMU accuracy for tilt measurement, evaluated through the root mean square error was equal to 0.3° and a standard deviation always lower than 0.4° in the 0-90° tilt range. The gas detection and temperature/ humidity boards showed data comparable with the nearby certified ARPA system device. The aim of the applicative section is monitoring effects of different factors which affect the “Minerva Medica Temple,” an archeological site in Rome. In particular, we focus on: (i) the seasonal thermal variations on the structure; (ii) the contamination due to by local traffic regarding gaseous pollutant and (iii) the dynamic response of the structure to a tramway line located in Rome and called “Roma- Giardinetti.” The developed system allows for prioritization of intervention both for management and interventions planning, regarding restoration, consolidation, and conservation. Moreover, the software structure of the environmental monitoring device is presented and expounded in detail.4 Always in this section, an innovative procedure for the evaluation of the environmental hazard in cultural heritage is proposed. This risk assessment can be considered as a “relative risk assessment methodology.” In particular, it considers the impacts of microclimatic conditions on the monument, based on the international norms and the current scientific knowledge. For measurement campaigns with WENDY, the risk method proposed is applied to the results of two measurement campaigns carried out between 2017 and 2018 over two different periods (September-December and March-July), at “Minerva Medica Temple,” in Rome.

Managers of historic sites need to understand their exposure to climatic and environmental change, which varies widely by property type and location. A large and evolving body of science and climate modeling identifies ongoing and future changes with increasing specificity. Changes range from the predictable, like meantemperature and sea-level rise, to the erratic, like storms and wildfires, and may include human adaptive measures like floodwalls and migration. These data can be cross-referenced against site attributes to evaluate risk. Relevant site attributes include location and topography, materials, character-defining features, landscape species, surrounding land uses, and operational needs. This work presents a Òvulnerability assessmentÓ protocol that serves to identify and rank risk in order to inform decision-making about adaptive measures, which can range from choice of repair materials to landscaping to relocation. When applied to a ÒfleetÓ of sites, the protocol can inform policy- and grant-making.
Yes

Since the fall of Saddam Hussein and the expulsion of the Ba’ath Party, sweeping political reforms dramatically changed the Republic of Iraq and how government protects and manages its cultural resources. The slow rise of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and the rapid invasion of the Islamic State (ISIL) have upended current cultural property policies. I study the varying and overlapping constraints on heritage management practice in Iraq since the 2011 withdrawal of United States-led Coalition forces in three separate articles. The first article discusses the emergence of the Kurdistan Regional Government General Directorate of Antiquities (KRG-GDA) in Erbil as a parallel institution to the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) in Baghdad, and how its legally ambiguous status introduced change to Iraqi cultural resource management policy and practice. I compare and contrast the organizational structure and antiquities laws KRG-GDA and SBAH and I deduce how the existence of two occasionally conflicting bureaucratic entities may negatively affect political relations between Erbil and Baghdad. In the second article I study how regional economic fluctuations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq have a direct impact on the local protection of archaeological resources in the area of Soran. I review the emergency excavations conducted by Rowanduz Archaeological Program (RAP) and how real estate development, infrastructure expansion, agriculture, and unemployment pose tangible threats to archaeology. In light of these pressures, I recommend policy solutions to be incorporated into future economic and political reforms proposed by the KRG. The final article discusses the rise of the ISIL and its iconoclastic campaign against places of worship, archaeological sites, educational repositories, and their contents in Syria and northern Iraq. I analyze noteworthy episodes of intentional destruction perpetrated by ISIL and I discuss how the organization both tactically and economically profits from these attacks. I also discuss how diplomatic reactions to these attacks on culture may inadvertently support fundamentalist ideology, and I propose more effective governmental responses to erode support for ISIL that also reduce the profitability of destruction, vandalism, and looting.
2018-12-01T00:00:00Z

L’attività di ricerca si è sviluppata con l’obiettivo di sperimentare i metodi e le tecniche di acquisizione, gestione e rappresentazione tridimensionale mediante l’uso del laser scanner per offrire un valido supporto alla documentazione e alla diagnostica finalizzate alla conservazione del nostro patrimonio culturale costruito. L’ampia diffusione delle tecniche di scansione non ci consente ancora di considerare concluso un tema di ricerca che erroneamente oggi si identifica soprattutto con la fase di “acquisizione dei dati”. Il problema è in realtà posposto alle fasi successive di elaborazione e rappresentazione e sono molti i quesiti a cui si cerca di rispondere in un tentativo di integrazione culturale tra restauro, geomatica ed elettronica: è insieme una sfida e una opportunità dove si tenta di superare le barriere linguistiche, dovute a differenti ambiti culturali, diversi approcci metodologici e vari percorsi formativi. Lo studio è condotto a livello multi-scala: a scala dell’edificio, con la Basilica di Santa Maria dell’Umiltà di Pistoia, nell’ambito della convenzione di ricerca stipulata tra il Laboratorio di Geomatica per i Beni Culturali dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze e la Soprintendenza per il Patrimonio Storico Artistico ed Etnoantropologico per le province di Firenze, Pistoia e Prato, in vista del restauro e del consolidamento dell’importante struttura rinascimentale; a scala urbana, con le Torri di San Gimignano, in occasione del progetto “RIschio Sismico negli Edifici Monumentali (RISEM)” finanziato dalla Regione Toscana e coordinato dal Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, per la definizione del rischio sismico. I casi studio analizzati hanno portato alla consapevolezza che, a partire dalla banca dati tridimensionale, sempre aggiornabile e interrogabile, è possibile modulare l’elaborazione in funzione degli obiettivi interdisciplinari condivisi. Si propone, pertanto, un utilizzo nuovo della tecnica di rilievo laser scanning: l’attenzione non si pone specificatamente sugli elementi artistici e architettonici e lo scopo non è solo restituire in modalità tridimensionale un oggetto al fine di effettuare valutazioni qualitative di natura storica e culturale. L’idea è approcciarsi al dato laser con occhio critico nei confronti della struttura stessa e delle geometrie più o meno complesse. L’attenzione si sposta sugli elementi costitutivi e costruttivi, su eventuali testimonianze di fessurazioni e deformazioni critiche per l’effettiva stabilità della struttura. La necessità di disporre di un “modello irrefutabile”, a cui riferire le scelte progettuali, costituisce l’ossatura portante della ricerca. Goal of the research has been to test laser scanning acquisition, management and threedimensional representation methods and techniques to provide a valid documentation and diagnostics support aimed at the preservation of our cultural built heritage. The widespread use of scanning techniques does not allow to consider concluded yet a research topic that today is mistakenly identified especially with the phase of data acquisition. Actually the problem is postponed to the later stages of processing and representation and there are many issues partially solved through an attempt of cultural integration between restoration, geomatics and electronics: it is both a challenge and an opportunity, which carries along an effort to overcome language barriers, due to different cultural backgrounds, methodological approaches and educational paths. The study has been conducted with a multi-scale approach: at the building scale, with focus on the Basilica of Santa Maria dell’Umiltà in Pistoia, within the research agreement signed by the Laboratory of Geomatics for Cultural Heritage of the University of Florence and the Soprintendenza per il Patrimonio Storico Artistico ed Etnoantropologico per le province di Firenze, Pistoia e Prato, in view of the restoration and reinforcement of the relevant Renaissance architecture; at the urban scale, within the project “Seismic Risk in Monumental Buildings (RISEM)” funded by the Region of Tuscany and coordinated by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of Florence, for the seismic risk evaluation related to the San Gimignano towers. The above-mentioned case-studies raised the awareness that, on the basis of the 3D data set, which can be updated and queried at any time, it’s always possible to adjust the processing phase according to the fixed interdisciplinary goals. It is therefore proposed a new use of the laser scanning surveying technique: attention is not specifically given to the artistic and architectural elements and the aim is not only to represent an object in three-dimensions in order to make qualitative assessments on its historical and cultural value. The idea is to read data from laser scanning with the intent to review critically the structure and the more or less complex geometries. Focus is shifted on the constituent and constructive elements, on any evidence of cracks and deformations which may weaken the stability of the structure. The need for an “irrefutable model”, which can be used to orient any restoration plan, globally frames the research.