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1
Rao, Indu. The behavioral equivalence of organizational culture. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2009.
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2
Friedman, I. Maʻarkhot beḥinot ha-gemar ṿeha-bagrut bi-medinot nivḥarot: Seḳer hashṿaʼati. Yerushalayim: Mekhon Henriyeṭah Sold, ha-Makhon ha-artsi le-meḥḳar be-madaʻe ha-hitnahagut, ha-Merkaz li-veḥinot bagrut, 1988.
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3
Navah, Ben-Galim, and Mekhon Henriyeṭah Sold, eds. Beḥinot ha-gemar ṿeha-bagrut bi-medinot nivḥarot: Maṭarot ṿe-darkhe bitsuʻa. 2nd ed. Yerushalayim: Mekhon Henriyeṭah Sold, ha-Makhon ha-artsi le-meḥḳar be-madaʻe ha-hitnahagut, 1996.
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4
Christianity and imperial culture: Chinese Christian apologetics in the seventeenth century and their Latin patristic equivalent. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
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5
Simosko, Susan. Earn college credit for what you know. Washington, D.C: Acropolis Books, 1985.
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6
Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Assessing and Testing Cross-Cultural Measurement Equivalence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0004.
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A cross-cultural comparison can be misleading for two reasons: (1) comparison is made using different attributes and (2) comparison is made using different scale units. This chapter illustrates multiple statistical approaches to evaluating the cross-cultural equivalence of the research instruments: data distribution of the items of the research instrument, the patterns of responses of each item, the corrected item–total correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability analysis using the parallel test and tau-equivalence test. Equivalence is the fundamental issue in cross-cultural research and evaluation.
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Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Overview of Culture and Cross-Cultural Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0001.
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Different academic disciplines and schools of thoughts often have different definitions and categorizations of culture. No agreement has ever been reached in defining culture. This chapter discusses the concept of culture and reviews the basic principles of multidisciplinary cross-cultural research. The readers are introduced to cross-cultural research in anthropology, psychology, political science, and sociology. These cross-cultural research fields offer social work both theoretical and methodological resources. The readers will find that all cross-cultural research fields share the same concern—that is, the equivalence of research instruments. One cannot draw meaningful comparisons of behavioral problems, social values, or psychological status between or across different cultural groups in the absence of cross-culturally equivalent research instruments. Although this book emphasizes the importance of measurement equivalence in cross-cultural social work research and evaluation, the issues of cultural sensitivity and cultural appropriateness are the foundation of all types of social work research and interventions.
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Edwards, Lisa M., and Jessica B. McClintock. A Cultural Context Lens of Hope. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.8.
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This chapter explores hope theory, measurement (i.e., Children’s Hope Scale and Adult Dispositional Hope Scale), and research with regard to diverse racial and ethnic groups. Utilizing a cultural context lens, a case study of a Latina adolescent without documentation is used to illustrate how culture influences goals, obstacles, agency, and pathways. Research about the equivalence of hope across groups, including racial and ethnic groups within the United States as well as in other countries, is reviewed. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings regarding hope measurement and hope theory as they apply to various cultural groups and suggestions for future research in the field.
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Bhugra, Dinesh, Antonio Ventriglio, and Kamaldeep S. Bhui. Assessment tools and cultural formulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723196.003.0005.
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Assessment tools can support clinical assessments but cannot replace them. They can be used for a number of purposes. They are standardized tools but may require some adjustments if they are being used in cultures other than those in which they were developed. If they have been translated into other languages, it is essential that translation be carried out with proper conceptual equivalence rather than simple literal translation. The experiences of migration and acculturation need to be assessed carefully. Furthermore, for the first time DSM-5 includes concepts of cultural formulation; the key features include cultural identity of individuals, cultural explanations of their illnesses, cultural factors related to their environment and levels of functioning, various cultural elements of relationship between the clinician and the individual, and overall cultural assessment. At the heart of cultural formulation lie the principles of cultural sensitivity.
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Tran, Thanh, Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Developing Cross-Cultural Measurement in Social Work Research and Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.001.0001.
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Given the demographic changes and the reality of cultural diversity in the United States and other parts of the world today, social work researchers are increasingly aware of the need to conduct cross-cultural research and evaluation, whether for hypothesis testing or for outcome evaluation. This book’s aims are twofold: to provide an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and to provide readers with a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. There is no discussion of statistical theory and principles underlying the statistical techniques presented in this book. Rather, this book is concerned with applied theories and principles of cross-cultural research, and draws information from existing work in the social sciences, public domain secondary data, and primary data from the author’s research. In this second edition, several changes have been made throughout the book and a new chapter on item response theory has been added. The chapter on developing new cross-cultural instrument has also been expanded with a concrete example.
11
The behavioral equivalence of organizational culture. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2009.
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12
Karp, Jeffrey A., and Jack Vowles. Cross-National Surveys and the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.9.
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This chapter examines the development of cross-national survey research in political science and the challenges that it brings. Cross-national surveys have proliferated across the globe and arguably now form one of the most important frontiers in the development of survey research in political science. Cross-national comparison allows researchers to investigate the importance of institutional and cultural contexts that shape public opinion and political behavior. The chapter traces the development of such instruments for the purposes of comparative analysis in political science, in the context of more general developments in polling and survey research. As an example, it focuses on the case of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES), an international collaboration active since 1996, examining the development of the project and evaluating issues such as cross-cultural equivalence in questionnaire design, survey mode and response rates, and case selection.
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Dworkin, Craig. Helicography. punctum books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53288/0352.1.00.
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Part art history essay, part experimental fiction, part theoretical manifesto on the politics of equivalence, Helicography examines questions of scale in relation to Robert Smithson’s iconic 1970 artwork Spiral Jetty. In an essay and film made to accompany the earthwork, Smithson invites us to imagine the stone helix of his structure at various orders of magnitude, from microscopic molecules to entire galaxies. Taking up this invitation with an unrelenting and literal enthusiasm, Helicography pursues the implications of such transformations all the way to the limits of logic. If other spirals, from the natural to the man-made, were expanded or condensed to the size of Spiral Jetty, what are the consequences of their physical metamorphoses? What other equivalences follow in turn, and where do their surprising historical, cultural, and mechanical connections lead? This book considers a number of forms in order to find out: the fluid vortices of whirlpools, hurricanes, and galaxies; the delicate shells of snails and the threatening pose of rattlesnakes; prehistoric ferns and the turns of the inner ear; the monstrous jaws of ancient sharks; a baroque finial scroll on a bass viol; a 19th-century watch spring; phonograph discs and spooled film; the largest open-pit mine on the planet. The result is a narrative laboratory for the “science of imaginary solutions” proposed by Alfred Jarry (whose King Ubu also plays a central role in the story told here), a work of fictocriticism blurring form and content, and the story of a single instant in time lost in the deserts of the intermountain west.
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Farriss, Nancy. Tongues of Fire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190884109.001.0001.
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Language and translation governed the creation of Mexican Christianity during the first centuries of colonial rule. Spanish missionaries collaborated with indigenous intellectuals to communicate the gospel in dozens of local languages that had previously lacked grammars, dictionaries, or alphabetic script. The major challenge to translators, more serious than the absence of written aids or the great diversity of languages and their phonetic and syntactical complexity, was the vast cultural difference between the two worlds. The lexical gaps that frustrated the search for equivalence in conveying fundamental Christian doctrines derived from cultural gaps that separated European experiences and concepts from those of the Indians. This study focuses on the Otomangue languages of Oaxaca in southern Mexico, especially Zapotec, and relates their role in the Dominican evangelizing program to the larger frame of culture contact in postconquest Mesoamerica. Fine-grained analysis of translated texts is used to reveal the rhetorical strategies of missionary discourse and combines with an examination of language contact in different social contexts. A major aim is to spotlight the role of the native elites in shaping what emerged as a new form of Christianity. As translators, chief catechists, and parish administrators they made evangelization in many respects an indigenous enterprise and the Mexican church it created an indigenous church.
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Ward, Colleen, Taciano L. Milfont, and Ype H. Poortinga. Methodological Considerations for Comparative Research on Acculturation and Health. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.13.
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This chapter outlines standards and best practices for designing cross-cultural and cross-ethnic comparative investigations of acculturation and health. It distinguishes two streams of research—public health (epidemiological studies) and those that focus on theory-testing (socio-behavioral studies); provides an overview of acculturation measures, including an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of various assessment techniques; and briefly describes common approaches to the assessment of health and health-related behaviors. It describes how to set up studies that meet high standards, addressing key issues in defining populations in comparative studies, sampling, and the need for careful data collection procedures; describes various research designs, emphasizing the need for control of extraneous variables; and specifically highlights issues of equivalence and how bias can be identified and avoided. Finally, it summarizes challenges faced by researchers and describes new initiatives that might address some of the common shortcomings of comparative studies of acculturation and health.
16
Samim--hitmakrut, meniʻah ṿe-ṭipul: Bibliyografyah ṿe-taḳtsirim shel pirsume ḥoḳrim Yiśreʼelim meha-shanim 1974-1990. Yerushalayim: Mekhon Henriyeṭah Sold, ha-Makhon ha-artsi le-meḥḳar be-madaʻe ha-hitnahagut, ha-Merkaz le-medaʻ be-madaʻe ha-ḥevrah, 1990.
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17
Friedman, I. Maarkhot behinot ha-gemar veha-bagrut bi-medinot nivharot: Seker hashvaati (Duah mehkar). Mekhon Henriyetah Sold, ha-Makhon ha-artsi le-mehkar be-madae ha-hitnahagut, ha-Merkaz li-vehinot bagrut, 1988.
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18
Zerubavel, Eviatar. Generally Speaking. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519271.001.0001.
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Defying the conventional split between “theory” and “methodology,” this book introduces a yet unarticulated and thus far never systematized method of theorizing designed to reveal abstract social patterns. Insisting that such methodology can actually be taught, it tries to make the mental processes underlying the practice of a “concept-driven sociology” more explicit. Many sociologists tend to study the specific, often at the expense of also studying the generic. To correct this imbalance, the book examines the theoretico-methodological process by which we can “distill” generic social patterns from the culturally, historically, and situationally specific contexts in which we encounter them. It thus champions a “generic sociology” that is pronouncedly transcontextual (transcultural, transhistorical, transsituational, and translevel) in its scope. In order to uncover generic, transcontextual social patterns, data need to be collected in a wide range of social contexts. Such contextual diversity is manifested multi-culturally, multihistorically, multisituationally, as well as at multiple levels of social aggregation. True to its message, the book illustrates generic social patterns by drawing on numerous examples from diverse cultural contexts and historical periods and a wide range of diverse social domains, as well as by disregarding scale. Emphasizing cross-contextual commonality, generic sociology tries to reveal formal “parallels” across seemingly disparate contexts. This book features the four main types of cross-contextual analogies generic sociologists tend to use (cross-cultural, cross-historical, cross-domain, and cross-level), disregarding conventionally noted substantive differences in order to note conventionally disregarded formal equivalences.
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Habib, Sandy. The meanings of ‘angel’ in English, Arabic, and Hebrew. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736721.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the meanings of English angels and its Arabic and Hebrew near-equivalents. Using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory, semantic analysis is carried out, and an explication is constructed for each term. The results show that there are similarities and differences between the three concepts. The similarities include, among other things, the categorization of the three non-human beings and their good nature. The differences are manifested mainly in the conceptualization of the hierarchy among these beings, their visual representations/appearances, and relation to people. As the explications are constructed from simple, universal human concepts, they are translatable into any language, and thus are accessible to cultural outsiders.
20
Duschinsky, Robbie, and Sarah Foster. Mentalising and Epistemic Trust. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780198871187.001.0001.
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The theory of mentalizing and epistemic trust introduced by Peter Fonagy and colleagues at the Anna Freud Centre has been an important perspective on mental health and illness. This book is the first comprehensive account and evaluation of this perspective. The book explores 20 primary concepts that organize the contributions of Fonagy and colleagues: adaptation, aggression, the alien self, culture, disorganized attachment, epistemic trust, hypermentalizing, reflective function, the p-factor, pretend mode, the primary unconscious, psychic equivalence, mental illness, mentalizing, mentalization-based therapy, non-mentalizing, the self, sexuality, the social environment, and teleological mode. The biographical and social context of the development of these ideas is examined. The book also specifies the current strengths and limitations of the theory of mentalizing and epistemic trust, with attention to the implications for both clinicians and researchers.
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Arnold, W. David, and Arthur H. M. Burghes. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0035.
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Spinal muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of the SMN protein. In humans this is caused by loss of SMN1 and retention of SMN2. The challenge in modelling SMA, in either tissue culture cells or animals, is first to obtain the desired SMN levels equivalent to what is observed in SMA. Various models of SMA in tissue culture cells, invertebrates, and mammals have been created have been developed. The targets of SMN reduction that are most relevant for the pathogenesis of SMA and how the phenotype of SMA can be modified independent of SMN levels are two important questions that remain unanswered. Here the current in vitro and in vivo models of SMA are summarized.
22
Saussy, Haun. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812531.003.0001.
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We commonly understand by “translation” the creation, in one language, of an expression that will be the equivalent of a pre-existing expression in another language. But much happens in actual translating, especially literary translation, that is not covered by that definition. For example, calques and transliterations import expressions from one language to another; and translators often allude to elements of the cultural background of the target language, thus artificially creating a context for the translated text. The intent of this book is to scrutinize such aspects of translation and to consider them as normal and central to the translating process, not exceptional or marginal. Indeed, they are a mark of the creativity of translators. These features also remind us of the internal diversity of languages, which are always in contact and always in a process of change.
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Parr, Connal. Words as Weapons. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791591.003.0002.
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‘Culture wars’ in Northern Ireland are literary and rest upon the misperception—and political claim—that Ulster Protestants lack a culture aside from Orangeism. Unionist politicians and Republican writers have accordingly cultivated the myth that Ulster Protestants lack literary heritage and have never been involved in the theatre. The community has internalized a post-conflict ‘defeatism’ and a conviction that it has produced little or nothing of artistic merit. This has been fortified by the individualist, splintered nature of the Protestant community as opposed to the more cohesive and communally robust Catholic equivalent. The Republican movement and its associated writers mainly view literature as an arm of the struggle, which is shown to be important in bringing about an end to conflict, but has led to a derogation of working-class Protestants. The chapter also considers Ulster Loyalist engagement with poetry and drama.
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Ó Briain, Lonán. Hmong Traditional Music and Folklore. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626969.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 presents an in-depth ethnographic account of Hmong traditional music and folklore practices in the Sa Pa district of Lào Cai province, where Lương Kim Vĩnh conducted his research in the 1970s. This comparative research foregrounds minority interpretations of cultural diversity to challenge simplistic ethnic subdivisions based on dress color. Melodic and lyrical analyses illustrate how the folkloric style of kwv txhiaj forms the basis of Hmong instrumental music. The changing roles of, and micro-industries supported by, the iconic Hmong free-reed aerophone (qeej) in Sa Pa demonstrate how traditional music is evolving to meet the demands of new socioeconomic contexts. Other instruments traditionally associated with the Hmong, such as the mouth-harp and the two-stringed fiddle, are contrasted with their Vietnamese equivalents. This chapter presents an overview of traditional music from the perspectices of the Sa Pa Hmong to counter the reductive representations critiqued in the preceding chapters.
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Hansen-Schirra, Silvia, Katja Abels, Sarah Signer, and Christiane Maaß,, eds. The Dictionary of Accessible Communication. Frank & Timme, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26530/20.500.12657/52603.
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Terminology on Accessible Communication has primarily evolved and been published within the borders of a given country with no or only little exchange across these borders. Since English can be regarded as the „lingua franca“ of science, this first German–English dictionary of Accessible Communication will help to promote international exchange and an international discourse on this topic by attempting to define concepts that go beyond the scope of a single-country centered approach. The terminological work for this dictionary is based on the German Handbook of Accessible Communication. Most of the handbook’s contents are language-independent and applicable to other recipient communities. On the basis of the German terminology, the English equivalents, definitions and explanations were researched. The dictionary contributes to the development of a standardised terminology across languages and cultures.
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Metzler, Irina. Intellectual Disability in the European Middle Ages. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.4.
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This investigation of intellectual disability in the Middle Ages uncovers narratives of this perceived condition in the historical sources. Authors of normative texts, for instance, medical, legal, and natural-philosophical authorities, were the medieval equivalent of modern scientific experts with regard to defining, assessing, and controlling notions of intellectual disability. This new and specific discussion seeks to reframe the paradigm of what constituted intellectual disability at different periods in both medieval and modern times. Philosophically, and subsequently judicially, medieval intellectual disability was considered the absence of reason, representing the irrational, which contrasted the mentally disabled with the Aristotelian concept of the human being as the rational animal. Medieval terminology employed a fluidity of definitions, which highlights the constructedness of terms revolving around intellectual disability. Analyses of the culturally specific constructions of intellectual disability enhance our knowledge of the intellectual heritage underpinning current concepts of cognitive and mental pathologies.
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Nazarian, Cynthia N. Love's Wounds. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705229.001.0001.
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This book takes an in-depth look at the widespread language of violence and abjection in early modern European love poetry. Beginning in fourteenth-century Italy, the book shows how Petrarch established a pattern of inequality between suffering poet and exalted Beloved rooted in political parrhēsia. Sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century French and English poets reshaped Petrarch's model into an idiom of extravagant brutality coded to their own historical circumstances. The book argues that these poets exaggerated the posture of the downtrodden lover, adapting the rhetoric of powerless desire to forge a new “countersovereignty” from within the heart of vulnerability—a potentially revolutionary position through which to challenge cultural, religious, and political authority. Creating a secular equivalent to the martyr, early modern sonneteers crafted a voice that was both critical and unstoppable because it suffered. The book tracks the development of the counter-sovereign voice from Francesco Petrarca to Maurice Scève, Joachim du Bellay, Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare. Through interdisciplinary and transnational analyses, the text reads early modern sonnets as sites of contestation and collaboration and rewrites the relationship between early modern literary forms.
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Ceriani, Alejandra, ed. Arte del cuerpo digital. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/27609.
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Las palabras que habitan este texto solicitan una atención singular. Cuerpo, arte, tecnología, expresión, danza, híbridos, coreografías, biónicos, manipulados, discursos, danza, escénicas, descentramientos y un número creciente de voces que intentan atrapar la perspectiva de la nuevas tecnologías de comunicación. Usadas, tratadas, incorporadas y hasta creadas para pensar y ayudar a percibir las escrituras de los sistemas generados por el deseo de exhibir las formas visibles e invisibles de lo estético, en el mundo contemporáneo de las aleaciones del ser digital. Lo que nos animó a producir un equivalente crítico, un espacio conceptual que manifestara al campo académico el valor original de las contribuciones de los artistas, expertos y tecnólogos, fue difundir sus logros, y simultáneamente, colaborar en el impulso de su diseminación cultural, que ampliara sus efectos benéficos para la consideración científica y, a la vez, alentara la deconstrucción de las visiones negativas acerca de la influencia actual de los medios de circulación de mensajes humanos por vía electrónica. Las notas y artículos revelan marcas ensayísticas en sus estructuras de significación, aunque menos con el afán de ser presentaciones institucionales que preámbulos de acciones, ideas e investigaciones posibles. El texto es un pequeño congreso espontáneo, surgido de la curiosidad que despertaban las invitaciones, los eventos, las muestras, para –en un puro afán gnoseológico– poder en primera instancia conocer, y así diseminar públicamente, comentar los aportes, exploraciones y descubrimientos que los actantes ofician casi en privado.
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Shelleg, Assaf. Theological Stains. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197504642.001.0001.
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Theological Stains traces the growth of art music in Israel from the mid-twentieth century to the turn of the twenty-first. In a riveting and provocative account, Assaf Shelleg explores the theological grammar of Zionism and its impact on the art music written by emigrant and native composers grappling with biblical redemptive promises and diasporic patrimonies. Unveiling the network that bred territorial nationalism and Hebrew culture, Shelleg shows how this mechanism infiltrated composers’ work as much as it triggered less desirable responses from composers who sought to realize to the nonterritorial diasporic options Zionism has renounced. In the process, compositional aesthetics was stained by the state’s nationalization of the theological, by diasporism that refused redemption, and by Jewish musical traditions that permeated inaudibly into compositions written throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Accompanying this rich and dramatic story are equivalent developments in modern Hebrew literature and poetry alongside vast and previously unstudied archival sources. The book is also lavishly illuminated with 135 music examples that render it an incisive guide to fundamental chapters in modern and late modern art music.
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Hermans, Hubert J. M. Society in the Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687793.001.0001.
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In this book, Hubert Hermans, internationally known as the creator of the dialogical self theory, launches a new and original theory in which he links society with the most intimate regions of self and identity. The basic assumption is that the self is organized as an inner society that is simultaneously functioning as part of the society at large as exemplified by developments like self-sabotage, self-radicalization, self-cure, self-government, self-nationalization, and self-internationalization. The book makes even a more radical step. It not only deals with the societal organization of the self but also poses the challenging question whether the self is democratically organized. To what extent do the different self-parts (e.g. roles, emotions, imagined others) receive freedom of expression? To what extent are they treated as equal or equivalent components of the self? The question is posed how the self, in its organizing capacity, responds to the apparent tension between freedom and equality in both the self and society. The theory has far-reaching consequences for such divergent topics as leadership in the self; cultural diversity in the self; the relationship between reason and emotion; self-empathy;, cooperation and competition between self-parts; and the role of social power in prejudice, enemy image construction, and scapegoating. The volume concludes with a trailblazing discussion of cosmopolitan, deliberative, and agonistic models of democracy and their consequences for a democratically organized self in a boundary-crossing society.
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Thomson, Lindsay D. G. International perspectives and practice differences. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0069.
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Across the developed world, services for those with mental disorder in prison have been established but are seldom equivalent to those found in the community. Prisoners are largely the socio-economically deprived with high rates of mental disorder. They have often been victimized. Prisons are our new asylums. In the United States three times as many mentally ill people are in prison than in psychiatric hospital. It is essential that whatever our geographical location, we learn from other jurisdictions and other systems. Rates of imprisonment, organization of psychiatric services, and location of treatment of mentally disordered offenders all vary; and it is easy to fall into the trap of assuming that the system with which you are familiar is the right one. There are major differences across the world in terms of rates of imprisonment, place of treatment of acutely ill prisoners, and the structure of our mental health services in prisons. Those requiring hospital care should be transferred out of prison for this. Independence of health services from correctional services would promote the development of the former. One challenging issue for correctional psychiatry in some jurisdictions is capital punishment and psychiatrists ethically should have no role in executions and be aware of the ethical stance of the World Psychiatric Association. This chapter examines correctional psychiatry in an international context and explores similarities and differences in our practices, and the cultural, political, and economic background to these.
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Thomson, Lindsay D. G. International perspectives and practice differences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0069_update_001.
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Across the developed world, services for those with mental disorder in prison have been established but are seldom equivalent to those found in the community. Prisoners are largely the socio-economically deprived with high rates of mental disorder. They have often been victimized. Prisons are our new asylums. In the United States three times as many mentally ill people are in prison than in psychiatric hospital. It is essential that whatever our geographical location, we learn from other jurisdictions and other systems. Rates of imprisonment, organization of psychiatric services, and location of treatment of mentally disordered offenders all vary; and it is easy to fall into the trap of assuming that the system with which you are familiar is the right one. There are major differences across the world in terms of rates of imprisonment, place of treatment of acutely ill prisoners, and the structure of our mental health services in prisons. Those requiring hospital care should be transferred out of prison for this. Independence of health services from correctional services would promote the development of the former. One challenging issue for correctional psychiatry in some jurisdictions is capital punishment and psychiatrists ethically should have no role in executions and be aware of the ethical stance of the World Psychiatric Association. This chapter examines correctional psychiatry in an international context and explores similarities and differences in our practices, and the cultural, political, and economic background to these.
33
Borgwardt, Elizabeth, Christopher McKnight Nichols, and Andrew Preston, eds. Rethinking American Grand Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695668.001.0001.
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What is grand strategy? What does it aim to achieve? And what differentiates it from normal strategic thought—what, in other words, makes it “grand”? In answering these questions, most scholars have focused on diplomacy and warfare, so much so that “grand strategy” has become almost an equivalent of “military history.” The traditional attention paid to military affairs is understandable, but in today's world it leaves out much else that could be considered political, and therefore strategic. It is in fact possible to consider, and even reach, a more capacious understanding of grand strategy, one that still includes the battlefield and the negotiating table but can also expand beyond them. Just as contemporary world politics is driven by a wide range of non-military issues, the most thorough considerations of grand strategy must consider the bases of peace and security as broadly as possible. A theory that bears little resemblance to the reality around us every day—in which gender, race, the environment, and a wide range of cultural, social, political, and economic issues are salient—can be only so useful. This book examines America's place in the world. The chapters reexamine familiar figures, such as John Quincy Adams and Henry Kissinger, while also revealing the forgotten episodes and hidden voices of American grand strategy. They expand the scope of diplomatic and military history by placing the grand strategies of public health, race, gender, humanitarianism, and the law alongside military and diplomatic affairs to reveal hidden strategists as well as strategies.
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Saussy, Haun. Translation as Citation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812531.001.0001.
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Translation as Citation denies that translating amounts to the composition, in one language, of statements equivalent to statements previously made in another. Rather, translation works with elements of the language and culture in which it arrives, often reconfiguring them irreversibly: it creates, with a fine disregard for precedent, loan words, calques, forced metaphors, forged pasts, imaginary relationships, and dialogues of the dead. Creativity, in this form of writing usually considered merely reproductive, is the subject of this book. When the first proponents of Buddhism arrived in China, creativity was forced upon them: a vocabulary adequate to their purpose had yet to be invented. A Chinese Buddhist textual corpus took shape over centuries despite the near-absence of bilingual speakers. One basis of this translating activity was the rewriting of existing Chinese philosophical texts, and especially the most exorbitant of all these, the collection of dialogues, fables, and paradoxes known as the Zhuangzi. The Zhuangzi also furnished a linguistic basis for Chinese Christianity when the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci, arriving in the later part of the Ming dynasty, allowed his friends and associates to frame his teachings in the language of early Daoism. It would function as well when Xu Zhimo translated from The Flowers of Evil in the 1920s. The chance but overdetermined encounter of Zhuangzi and Baudelaire yielded a “strange music” that retroactively echoes through two millennia of Chinese translation, outlining a new understanding of the translator’s craft that cuts across the dividing lines of current theories and critiques of translation.
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Gil-Egui, Gisela. E-Government. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.162.
Full textAbstract:
E-government refers to a set of public administration and governance goals and practices involving information and communication technologies (ICTs). It utilizes such technologies to serve public agencies’ external audiences and constituents. However, the scope of that service is the subject of much debate and, consequently, no consensual definition of e-government had been formulated. The prehistory of e-government resonates with assumptions from the “new public management” (NPM), which proposed a restructuring of governmental agencies by adopting a market-based approach to ensure cost efficiencies in the public sector. Coined in the mid-1990s, the notion of e-government as equivalent to better government, economic growth, human development, and the knowledge society in general was quickly and uncritically accepted by practitioners and scholars alike. As scholars from different disciplines, including politics communication and sociology, paid increasing attention to the intersections of structural factors, hardware, and culture in the adoption and use of ICTs, research on e-government began to show some diversification. By the twenty-first century, the number of e-government websites from local and national administrations has grown sufficiently to allow some generalizations based on empirical observation. Meanwhile critical and comprehensive approaches to e-government frequently adopt a critical stance to denounce oversimplifications, determinisms, and omissions in the formulation of e-governance projects, as well as in the evaluation, adoption, and assessment of e-government effectiveness. Beyond the particularities of each emerging technology, reflection on the intersections between ICTs and government is moving away from an exclusive focus on hardware and functionality, to consider broader questions on governance.
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Reiter, Walter S. The Baroque Violin & Viola. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922696.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Early Music revival has had far-reaching consequences on how music of the past is performed, both by specialists and non-specialists. This timely book is a practical step-by-step course of lessons for violinists and violists in both these categories, covering the interpretation, technique, culture, and historical background of the Baroque violin repertoire. Written by a violinist and teacher specializing in Baroque music over many years, it guides readers from the basics (how to hold the violin) to Bach, via music from a wide variety of styles. Avoiding obscure musicological jargon, it is eminently readable and accessible. Packed with information, detailed observations on the music under discussion, and relevant quotations from historical and contemporary sources, it covers everything the Baroque violin student should know and may be considered the equivalent of two to three years of individual lessons. The book contains over 100 exercises devised for and tested on students over the years. The author’s holistic approach is evident through the exercises aimed at bringing out the individual voice of each student, and his insistence that what happens within, the identification and manipulation of affects, is a vital part of successful performance. Imitating the voice, both spoken and sung, is a constant theme, beginning with the simple device of playing words. There are fifty lessons, including five Ornamentation Modules and ones on specific topics: temperament, rhetoric, the affects, and so on. All the music, transcribed for both violin and viola, is downloadable from the website, where there is also a series of videos.
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Reiter, Walter S. The Baroque Violin & Viola, vol. II. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197525111.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Early Music revival has had far-reaching consequences on how music of the past is performed, both by specialists and non-specialists. This timely book is a practical step-by-step course of lessons for violinists and violists in both these categories, covering the interpretation, technique, culture and historical background of the Baroque violin repertoire. Written by a violinist and teacher specializing in Baroque music over many years, it guides readers from the basics (how to hold the violin) to Bach, via music from a wide variety of styles. Avoiding obscure musicological jargon, it is eminently readable and accessible. Packed with information, detailed observations on the music under discussion and relevant quotations from historical and contemporary sources, it covers everything the Baroque violin student should know and may be considered the equivalent of two to three years of individual lessons. The book contains over 100 exercises devised for and tested on students over the years. The author’s holistic approach is evident through the exercises aimed at bringing out the individual voice of each student, and his insistence that what happens within, the identification and manipulation of affects, is a vital part of successful performance. Imitating the voice, both spoken and sung, is a constant theme, beginning with the simple device of playing words. There are fifty lessons, including five Ornamentation Modules and ones on specific topics: temperament, rhetoric, the affects, etc. All the music, transcribed for both violin and viola, is downloadable from the website, where there is also a series of videos.
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Sepúlveda, Jovanny, ed. La independencia judicial y las reformas a la justicia. CUA - Medellín, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.52441/der201701.
Full textAbstract:
La región asiste a una constante sucesión de reformas procesales, producto de la irrefutable insatisfacción de la sociedad con sus sistemas de enjuiciamiento. De entre las múltiples preocupaciones que vienen aparejadas con esos movimientos reformistas destaca aquella por la independencia judicial, un tópico de indagación multidisciplinar: desde la ciencia política a la ciencia jurídica, desde la teoría del Estado a la teoría constitucional y, por cierto, a la teoría procesal. La propia conceptualización de la independencia judicial no es unívoca y, así, los acentos aparecen en distintos aspectos. Una mirada recurrente y tradicional apunta al marco institucional: la independencia judicial se asocia al “autogobierno”, a la “autonomía” e, incluso, a la “autarquía financiera”. En un sentido casi contraintuitivo, se define la independencia judicial como la “sumisión exclusiva a la ley” y, coherentemente, como la no sumisión a tribunales superiores, a otro poder ni a entidad o persona alguna; en suma, a la ausencia de subordinación jerárquica. Al fin, se pensará el deber de independencia de los jueces como correlato del derecho de los ciudadanos a ser juzgados desde el sistema jurídico y no desde parámetros extrajurídicos del sistema social (moral, política, economía, preferencias sociales, modas, entre otros. Con acierto, el compilador del libro que comentamos instala el tema en un tiempo en el que se pretende abrir los espacios para la solución jurídica de los conflictos más allá de las fronteras del proceso judicial. Desde ese punto de partida se puede valorar que la obra cuenta con investigaciones generales sobre la independencia judicial, pero también se amplían las referencias procesales a cuestiones vinculadas a medios alternativos de solución de conflictos, en particular la conciliación y el arbitraje. Entre los trabajos generales, los profesores Diana Ramírez Carvajal y Michele Taruffo —quienes conciben al derecho como un fenómeno en la cultura— tratan las relaciones entre los principios de independencia e imparcialidad, frente a los desafíos que se presentan a la labor judicial en este tiempo, y en particular en Colombia. Dentro de los diversos tópicos que señalan los autores, merece especial atención el acertado tratamiento del tema sobrelos efectos que la falta de independencia del vértice de la pirámide judicial produce en la función de todos los jueces. Por su parte el magistrado y docente Danilo Rojas Betancourth expone un metódico trabajo para aclarar las connotaciones del concepto de independencia judicial en el derecho. Destaca la necesidad de entenderlo dando prevalencia a su enfoque como derecho humano, “tanto como exigencia de los jueces mismos, como de los ciudadanos en aras de justicia”. Las profesoras Luz Amparo Granada de Espinal y Catalina Merino Martínez se hacen cargo de unos de los temas de mayor impacto en la adjudicación judicial en el derecho continental: los casos en los que la decisión implica asumir una colisión de principios. La profesora María del Socorro Rueda Fonseca, mediante un sugerente título “El proceso entre las cuerdas”, elabora un análisis comparado del sistema oral y del sistema escrito de la jurisdicción ordinaria colombiana, denunciando que las reformas judiciales que han previsto reducir los niveles de congestión no cumplen sus objetivos. Martha Eugenia Lezcano Miranda trata sobre los retos que para la justicia tiene el fortalecimiento de los medios alternativos de solución de conflictos y las jurisdicciones equivalentes, no solo en Colombia sino en otros países latinoamericanos. Entre sus propuestas cabe resaltar la de fomentar una sólida formación de los jueces en ese ámbito. El tema del arbitraje es desarrollado en varios trabajos. Laura Carballo Piñeiro muestra lo que a su entender son las insuficiencias de los arbitrajes colectivos en la experiencia española. Ana Luiza Nery no solo presenta un pormenorizado análisis conceptual del arbitraje colectivo sino que además especifica los impactos institucionales que este puede ocasionar en el sistema jurídico brasileño. A su vez Cindy Charlotte Reyes Sinisterra muestra los retos que tiene el árbitro de inversión en el posconflicto en Colombia: ¿pueden invocarse los acuerdos de paz como eximentes del cumplimiento de las obligaciones asumidas por el Estado en un Tratado Bilateral de Inversión? El tema de los Mecanismos Alternativos de Solución de Conflictos (quizás una de las cuestiones más relevantes para la cultura actual), lo desarrollan Adriana Patricia Arboleda López, Luis Fernando Garcés Giraldo, Eduardo Murillo Bocanegra, Astelio Silvera Sarmiento, Jovany Sepúlveda Aguirre y Dany Esteban Gallego Quiceno en el ámbito de la conciliación extrajudicial, con el marcado objetivo de reconocerlo como un mecanismo gratuito, rápido y eficaz para la solución de conflictos jurídicos. Joan Picó i Junoy elabora algunas reflexiones sobre la independencia de los peritos judiciales, aproximándose a las diferencias entre la independencia y la imparcialidad judicial y el interrogante sobre si estas deben cobijar a los peritos judiciales de la misma manera como lo hacen con los jueces. Por último, Darío Alejandro Rojas Araque describe los avances que para el proceso de nulidad matrimonial trajo aparejada la reforma procesal del Papa Francisco de 2015, recortando no solo el tiempo del proceso, sino sus costos económicos. En suma, desde mi propia perspectiva de magistrado y profesor universitario, preocupado por la indagación acerca de mi tarea como juez, me complace destacar la profundidad, solvencia y variedad de estos aportes que, sin duda, contribuirán a reflexionar sobre varios de sus aspectos sobresalientes: la solución pacífica de los conflictos de los ciudadanos, las condiciones de la adjudicación de los derechos (sobre todo, la “independencia judicial”) y la propuesta de otras vías adecuadas que colaboran a la efectividad del acceso a justicia.