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1

Kim, You Kyung. "The relationship between Cultural distance and communication distance." Journal of international area studies 8, no. 3 (October 31, 2004): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/jias.2004.10.8.3.31.

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Flynn, James, and John Raven. "IQ Tests and Cultural Distance." Set: Research Information for Teachers, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18296/set.1062.

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3

Tite, Philip. "Religious Proximity and Cultural Distance." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 44, no. 2 (July 14, 2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.v44i2.27605.

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Editor's introduction to this issue of the Bulletin for the Study of Religion. Explores the East/West dichotomy in religious studies, situating the discussion within the framework of cultural and human geography (specifically processes of proximity and distance). Also introduces a two pieces related to the Bulletin's affiliation with NAASR (an interview with the new president, Russell McCutcheon, and the NAASR Notes).
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Raza, Gauhar, Surjit Singh, and Bharvi Dutt. "Public, Science, and Cultural Distance." Science Communication 23, no. 3 (March 2002): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107554700202300305.

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Cyrus, Teresa L. "Cultural Distance and Bilateral Trade." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 4 (November 6, 2012): 1850275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1895.

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This paper examines the extent to which cultural proximity influences, and is influenced by, bilateral trade flows. Variables measuring common language or religion, commonly considered to be measures of cultural proximity, have been found to be highly significant in explaining the volume of trade between countries, but these measures have the distinct disadvantage of being static; they do not change over time. In fact, however, culture does change, possibly in response to exposure to the foreign goods, methods, and ideas brought across borders by trade; the cultural "distance" between two countries can therefore be seen to fall or rise over time. In this paper, responses to World Values Survey questions regarding trust, respect, control, and obedience are used to create a measure of cultural distance. I use this cultural distance variable in gravity regressions and show that more culturally-distant countries trade less, but that more traditional measures of culture are more significant in explaining trade. I then explore the determinants of cultural distance, finding that exports reduce cultural distance.
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Bove, Vincenzo, and Gunes Gokmen. "Cultural Distance and Interstate Conflicts." British Journal of Political Science 47, no. 4 (January 19, 2016): 939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000551.

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7

Newman, Karen. "Cross-national Distance: Concepts, Measures and Relationships." Journal of International Business and Economy 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2012.2.2.

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Cross-national distances between national cultures and national institutions have been studied extensively in the last two decades, particularly with respect to their effects on the conduct of international business. Yet varying levels of analysis, inconsistent definitions, and different operationalizations of cross-national distances inhibit theoretical and empirical advances. Three approaches to non-geographic cross-national distance permeate the literature: psychic distance, national cultural distance, and institutional distance. The meaning of psychic distance has become muddied by evolving operationalizations, from objective indicators to individual perceptions. National cultural distance has been confused with both psychic distance and institutional distance. Various and inconsistent institutional arrangements and business practices are used as measures of institutional distance. This article reviews overlaps, inconsistencies, and ambiguities in the definitions and measurements of psychic, national cultural and institutional distance; suggests a way to rationalize the three constructs; and offers two competing models to explain the role of all three distances in international business decisions.
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8

Sousa, Carlos M. P., and Frank Bradley. "Cultural distance and psychic distance: refinements in conceptualisation and measurement." Journal of Marketing Management 24, no. 5-6 (July 7, 2008): 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/026725708x325959.

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Sousa, Carlos M. P., and Frank Bradley. "Cultural Distance and Psychic Distance: Two Peas in a Pod?" Journal of International Marketing 14, no. 1 (March 2006): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.14.1.49.

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Sicorello, Maurizio, Jasmina Stevanov, Hiroshi Ashida, and Heiko Hecht. "Effect of Gaze on Personal Space: A Japanese–German Cross-Cultural Study." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118798513.

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In East Asian cultures, people maintain larger interpersonal distances than in European or American cultures. We investigated whether a preference for averted gaze might be responsible for this difference. Typically, when measuring interpersonal distance, participants are asked to maintain eye contact. This request might bias findings due to cultural differences in the interpretation of direct gaze. We had Japanese and German participants adjust preferred interpersonal distance in a standardized laboratory task, using averaged faces with straight-ahead or averted gaze direction. In line with previous findings, Japanese participants preferred overall larger interpersonal distances, and female–female dyads preferred the smallest distances. In contrast, there was no pervasive effect of gaze on interpersonal distance, as confirmed with Bayesian statistics. Thus, differences in the reactions to mutual gaze cannot explain the cultural preferences for interpersonal distance.
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Attridge, Derek. "Afterword: Responsible Reading and Cultural Distance." New Formations 73, no. 73 (November 25, 2011): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/newf.73.07.2011.

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Hemmasi, Masoud, and Meredith Downes. "Cultural distance and expatriate adjustment revisited." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 1, no. 1 (June 21, 2013): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-09-2012-0010.

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13

Selmer, Jan, Randy K. Chiu, and Oded Shenkar. "Cultural distance asymmetry in expatriate adjustment." Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 14, no. 2 (May 8, 2007): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745750.

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14

Graf, Andrea, Sabine T. Koeszegi, and Eva‐Maria Pesendorfer. "Cross‐cultural negotiations and power distance." Nankai Business Review International 3, no. 3 (August 17, 2012): 242–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20408741211264567.

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Froese, Fabian Jintae, and Vesa Peltokorpi. "Cultural distance and expatriate job satisfaction." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35, no. 1 (January 2011): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.10.002.

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Brouthers, Keith D., and Lance Eliot Brouthers. "Explaining the National Cultural Distance Paradox." Journal of International Business Studies 32, no. 1 (March 2001): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490944.

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Azar, Goudarz, and Rian Drogendijk. "Cultural distance, innovation and export performance." European Business Review 28, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 176–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-06-2015-0065.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between cultural distance (both perceived and objective), innovation and firm export performance. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses were tested here by structural equation modeling using data from 186 export ventures into 23 international markets by Swedish companies. Findings The results indicate that managers’ perceptions of substantial cultural differences as well as objective cultural differences (gauged using Hofstede’s (1980, 2001) scores for dimensions of national culture) and subsequent environmental uncertainty when expanding into culturally distant markets triggers strategies for interacting and integrating with the market environment. These include producing and adopting innovations to processes and products and to organizational strategy, structure and administrative procedures to cope with the new environment and overcome uncertainties. These innovations and the associated competitive advantages improve firm export performance. Originality/value Despite much research into the relationship between firm internationalization and innovation, little attention has been paid to the effect of the characteristics of the foreign markets (specifically cultural differences) on firm innovation strategies. Moreover, much research has been devoted to the effect of innovation on firm export performance, but such research has mainly focused on one type of innovation, i.e. technological innovation, while the influence of organizational innovation on firm export performance has been basically ignored. The present study validates the explanatory of cultural distance (both perceived and objective) in relation to innovation strategies (technological and organizational) and export performance.
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Prencipe, Andrea, Niels Noorderhaven, and Valeria Giovannini. "CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE, CULTURAL DISTANCE, AND EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF THE FIRM." European J. of International Management 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ejim.2021.10040152.

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Liu, Hongbo, Xiang (Robert) Li, David A. Cárdenas, and Yang Yang. "Perceived cultural distance and international destination choice: The role of destination familiarity, geographic distance, and cultural motivation." Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 9 (September 2018): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.03.002.

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Doan, Ngoc Thang, Thanh Ha Le, Trung Thanh To, Thi Nam Thang Truong, and Thi Thanh Huyen Nguyen. "Cultural distance and cross-border bank linkages." Economic Systems 45, no. 1 (March 2021): 100854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2021.100854.

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Akanni, Michael, and Mohammad Ahammad. "National Cultural Distance and International Acquisition Performance." Journal of Economics, Business and Management 3, no. 2 (2015): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/joebm.2015.v3.177.

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22

Gagne, O’scawn. "Cultural Distance and FDI: China Africa Perspective." Open Journal of Business and Management 06, no. 02 (2018): 382–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2018.62028.

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Zhou, Zhi-Bin, Jong-Wook Kwon, Bo Zhang, and Min-Kyo Seo. "Is the Updated Cultural Distance Measurement Better?" Journal of Korea Research Association of International Commerce 17, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29331/jkraic.2017.06.17.3.107.

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Bates, Tony. "International distance education: Cultural and ethical issues." Distance Education 22, no. 1 (January 2001): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0158791010220107.

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25

Antia, Murad, J. Barry Lin, and Christos Pantzalis. "Cultural distance and valuation of multinational corporations." Journal of Multinational Financial Management 17, no. 5 (December 2007): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2006.10.002.

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Cai, Kelly, and Hui Zhu. "Cultural distance and foreign IPO underpricing variations." Journal of Multinational Financial Management 29 (February 2015): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2014.11.003.

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Fouarge, Didier, Merve Nezihe Özer, and Philipp Seegers. "Personality traits, migration intentions, and cultural distance." Papers in Regional Science 98, no. 6 (July 31, 2019): 2425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12468.

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Domingos, Stefany Guimarães de Ávila, Bruna Sordi Carrara, Raquel Helena Hernandez Fernandes, Simone de Godoy Costa, Jussara Carvalho dos Santos, and Carla Ap Arena Ventura. "Social Distance Scale: adaptação cultural para brasileiros." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 13 (October 11, 2022): e437111332581. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i13.32581.

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Objetivo: adaptar culturalmente a Social Distance Scale de Bogardus nos domínios esquizofrenia e dependência de heroína para o português falado no Brasil. Método: este estudo metodológico foi desenvolvido por meio do processo de adaptação cultural: 1) tradução; 2) comitê de juízes; 3) retrotradução; 4) pré-teste; e 5) ponderação dos scores. Na fase pré-teste, a amostra populacional foi de 40 profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Resultados: a escala adaptada para o português brasileiro foi avaliada como equivalente ao instrumento original. Para maior aproximação cultural com a realidade brasileira, o domínio “dependência de heroína” foi modificado para “dependência de cocaína”. O valor de alpha de Cronbach foi 0.69 e 0.62 para os domínios esquizofrenia e dependência de cocaína, respectivamente, indicando que houve equivalência semântica, cultural e conceitual no instrumento adaptado. Considerações finais: a adaptação cultural da escala obteve resultados representativos de boa consistência interna, mas há necessidade de validação desse instrumento por meio da análise das propriedades psicométricas.
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Bove, Vincenzo, and Gunes Gokmen. "Cultural distance and income divergence over time." Economics Letters 194 (September 2020): 109348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109348.

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30

Wang, Zhiling, Thomas De Graaff, and Peter Nijkamp. "Cultural Diversity and Cultural Distance as Choice Determinants of Migration Destination." Spatial Economic Analysis 11, no. 2 (November 13, 2015): 176–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2016.1102956.

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31

White, Roger, and Bedassa Tadesse. "Immigrants, cultural distance and U.S. state-level exports of cultural products." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 19, no. 3 (December 2008): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2008.08.001.

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32

Wang, Huanglin, and Jean-Louis Schaan. "How much distance do we need? Revisiting the “National cultural distance paradox”." Management International Review 48, no. 3 (May 2008): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11575-008-0015-y.

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33

Moon, Tae Won, and Sang Il Park. "The Effect of Cultural Distance on International Marketing Strategy: A Comparison of Cultural Distance and Managerial Perception Measures." Journal of Global Marketing 24, no. 1 (January 2011): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2011.545718.

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34

Braendle, Udo, and Markus Stiglbauer. "Cultural diversity in German boards." Problems and Perspectives in Management 15, no. 3 (October 27, 2017): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(3-1).2017.01.

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The rise of MNCs, the expansion of the EU and several M&As have exposed German boards to a variety of cultures. But does diversity in the boardrooms improve performance? Based on an empirical study on German publicly listed companies, this unique research into cultural diversity answers the question if the level of cultural variety and cultural distance on boards of directors have an influence on firm performance in Germany. The results, which show a negative, linear influence of both cultural variety and cultural distance on operating performance measures, show empirical support for the importance of contextual factors in the relationship between diversity and performance. The authors ask for careful consideration before implementing regulations on board diversity.
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Bulgarão, Renato Márcio, George Bedinelli Rossi, and Rony Locher. "The Entry Process of Higher Education Institutions in Brazil: The Case of Laureate International Universities." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 3, no. 6 (2017): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.36.1001.

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This research aims to investigate the entry process of higher education institutions in Brazil, in particular, the case of Laureate International Universities. To do so, Cultural, Administrative, Economic and Geographic distances – CAGE Framework – were used and which of these distances has more importance in this entry process. A single case study was carried on. Data were collected from interviews, newspapers, and documents. Content analysis was done by grouping convergent ideas on dendrograms (trees words) which were evaluated 17 key terms to elucidate this research. The survey showed that in the case of Laureate international universities the cultural, administrative, geographic and economic distances influenced the entry process partially. Regarding all distances, Cultural distance is the most important aspect of the language and religion which imposes very different norms and behavior for conducting business and personal relationship. A second distance that has an impact is Administrative, concerning with currency instability as inflation, and for Economic distance, infrastructure differences are the most important point.
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Su, Na, Hyounae Min, Ming-Hsiang Chen, and Nancy Swanger. "Cultural Characteristics and Tourist Shopping Spending." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 42, no. 8 (September 18, 2017): 1210–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348017731131.

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Although the cultural impact of tourism shopping has been extensively studied, prior research rarely related tourism shopping to specific cultural dimensions and distance, and tested the relationships statistically. This article fills this gap by investigating the comprehensive effects of Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions (power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance) and cultural distance on shopping. In an analysis of Hong Kong’s inbound tourism, panel regression tests support power distance and masculinity as two key cultural values in determining a country’s tourist shopping spending in a destination, while the effects of individualism and uncertainty avoidance are marginally significant. A U-shaped curvilinear relationship is found for cultural distance and shopping spending ratio, suggesting that tourists’ allocation of monetary resource on shopping decreases with cultural distance first and increases later after an optimal point. A discussion of contributions and limitations is included.
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Qin, Lei, Eddy S. Fang, Ivan Ka Wai Lai, and Syed Kanwar Abbas. "Cultural Distance and Chinese Outbound Tourism: Exploring the Moderating Effect of Geographical Distance." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021689.

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In this study, the gravity model is applied via the dynamic generalised methods of moments estimation to assess the role of geographical distance in moderating the impact of culture on outbound tourism flows. The results show that cultural distance has a positive impact on Chinese outbound tourism flow. However, the effect of cultural distance on outbound tourism flow decreases as geographical distance increases since travellers to nearby destinations are more strongly influenced by cultural distance than travellers to more distant markets. These results therefore support the concept of the “diminishing effect of cultural distance” on the Chinese outbound tourism market. In addition, the results of this study serve as a basis for promoting the sustained contribution of Chinese outbound tourism to the development of destination management, which will help with the recovery of international tourism following the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Min, Yujuana. "Does the time-varying Hofstede Cultural Index solve the paradox of the cultural distance on FDI?: approaches using dynamic cultural distance and panel analysis." Socail Science Review 52, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31502/ssri.52.1.5.

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39

Potosky, Denise, and Sebastien Point. "Meta-Conceptualizing Cultural Distance: A Review and Concept Map for Cultural Valuation." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 14632. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.14632abstract.

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40

Baek, Young Min. "Relationship Between Cultural Distance and Cross-Cultural Music Video Consumption on YouTube." Social Science Computer Review 33, no. 6 (December 9, 2014): 730–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439314562184.

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Sorndee, Kitisak, Sununta Siengthai, and Fredric William Swierczek. "Closing cultural distance: the cultural adaptability in Chinese-related firms in Thailand." Journal of Asia Business Studies 11, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-07-2016-0097.

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Purpose The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of cultural values and cultural adaptability of Chinese expatriates and Thais on organization performance. Design/methodology/approach The designed perceptual scale research instrument adapted from Schwartz’s instrument is used to conduct a questionnaire survey in which 180 sample Chinese expatriates and Thai coworkers participated. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data obtained. Findings The authors found that cultural value variables that are significantly related to productivity are social order, openness, and tradition; while cultural adaptability variables found significantly related to productivity are open-mindedness and judgment. When organization performance is focused on innovation, cultural value variables that are found statistically significant are openness and tradition; while cultural adaptability variables that are significant include open-mindedness and personal values. Finally, when customer satisfaction is the organization performance focus, only one cultural value variable is found to be statistically significant, that is, tradition; while cultural adaptability variables that are significant are personal values and judgment. Practical implications The results of this study can be used to design new approaches and HRM practices (i.e. recruitment and training) to enhance the corporate culture and cooperation among Chinese expatriates and Thai coworkers to maximize organization performance in a new competitive environment. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on cultural management and cultural adaptability. It empirically investigates the perception of both Chinese and Thais on cultural values influencing the performance of multinational companies. Further, the modified Schwartz’s values survey instrument used in a Thai business operating context makes it a very rare empirical study that provides insight into these issues.
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Xue, Fujing, Longzhu Dong, Baojun Gao, Zhen Yu, and Vasyl Taras. "Understanding the relationships between distances and herd behavior in online reviews: the moderating effects of hospitality experience." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32, no. 10 (September 7, 2020): 3295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2020-0134.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the determinants of herd behavior in online hotel service evaluations, focusing on the cultural and geographic distance characteristics of customers. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of 381,462 TripAdvisor reviews of hotels in the USA written by more than 100,000 customers from 92 countries, this study uses the empirical analysis to explore the collective roles of cultural distance, geographic distance and hospitality experience on herd behavior in online hotel ratings. Findings Cultural and geographic distances between customers and product and service locations positively affect herding and these two effects are substitutable. The hospitality experience of customers attenuates the impacts of distances on herding. These results are robust for multiple hotel service ratings. Practical implications Findings help hotels understand perceptual biases of customers on hotel services under the social influence and consequently develop effective marketing strategies to boost hotel revenues and increase profitability. Originality/value The research contributes to hospitality and online review literature by understanding how cultural and geographic distances shape online hotel service evaluations under the root of the uncertainty of decision-making and the observation of others’ behavior. The research also contributes to the distances in international business literature by deepening the understanding of the substitution and heterogeneity of distance effects. Methodologically, a time-varying and monotonously increasing variable is constructed to depict customers’ hospitality experience. The extensive data volume ensures the generalizability of our results.
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Gray, Kelsey M., and Victor Savicki. "Study Abroad Reentry: Behavior, Affect, and Cultural Distance." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 26, no. 1 (November 11, 2015): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v26i1.370.

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Reentry has become a more focused aspect of study abroad in recent years as the field has moved away from a laissez-faire approach and toward an emphasis on intervention and support of study abroad students in their efforts to make sense of their experiences (Vande Berg, Paige & Lou, 2012). Although not a new concept (Brathurst & La Brack, 2012), reentry in its more recent incarnation can be seen as an opportunity for students to ratify and reconstrue their encounters with a foreign culture in a way that enhances a sense of self in an intercultural world (Selby, 2008). Despite its history and current popularity, many concepts and ideas about reentry rely on anecdotal, non-research based theorizing. The current study attempts to quantify two important aspects of reentry (behavioral readaptation and emotional response) in the context of measured factors that might impact the intensity of reentry challenges.
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Bobina, Mariya A., Mikhail V. Grachev, and Mary Sully De Luque. "Cultural Distance in International Trade: Contributor or Impediment?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2019, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 16438. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2019.16438abstract.

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Parmin, Parmin, Mohammad Qois Syafi, Iwan Junaedi, Agus Yulianto, Eling Purwantoyo, and Ibnul Mubarok. "Cultural Integration on Students' Productivity During Distance Learning." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran 54, no. 3 (November 3, 2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v54i3.38924.

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This study aims to measure the effectiveness of cultural integration on the productivity of Mathematics and Natural Sciences students during the implementation of distance learning. The culture integrated into this research is a habit that becomes a society's tradition in behaving. The research problem is about the integration of culture on character formation, which impacts student productivity. The study used mixed methods with quantitative data from questionnaires and qualitative data from interviews and document analysis. The research targets are 344 students filled out the questionnaire. After the questionnaire data was analyzed, it was deepened through interviews. The relationship test between character strengthening and students' productivity obtained a correlation coefficient value of 0.59, indicating that the correlation between variables is quite strong. Internalization of cultural values into forming students' characters in distance lectures and activities is carried out through habituation. The selection of online application media refers to the ease of access, students' common use, and ease of operation. The research concludes that students' characters contribute to building students' self-awareness to be productive.
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46

Winkler, Ingo. "The cultural distance paradox in interorganisational relation- ships." Journal of East European Management Studies 3, no. 3 (1998): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-1998-3-307.

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47

Anakwe, Uzoamaka P., Eric H. Kessler, and Edward W. Christensen. "DISTANCE LEARNING AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY: POTENTIAL USERS' PERSPECTIVE." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 7, no. 3 (March 1999): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb028901.

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48

Changwatchai, Piyaphan, and Siwapong Dheera aumpon. "Cultural Distance and Thailand's Foreign Direct Investment Attractiveness." International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance 13, no. 3 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmef.2020.10028081.

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Changwatchai, Piyaphan, and Siwapong Dheera aumpon. "Cultural distance and Thailand's foreign direct investment attractiveness." International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance 13, no. 3 (2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmef.2020.108820.

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50

Svanes, Bjorg. "Motivation and Cultural Distance in Second-Language Acquisition." Language Learning 37, no. 3 (September 1987): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1987.tb00575.x.

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