Journal articles on the topic 'Cultural Collectivism'
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Miller, Richard L., and Tyler L. Collette. "Cultural Differences in Children’s Recommended Punishment of Moral Transgressions." ATHENS JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 3 (January 12, 2022): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-3-1.
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The purpose of this research was to examine the severity of punishment recommended by children for moral transgressions. Using Hofstede’s (1980) distinction between individualism and collectivism, we examined the severity of punishment recommended by eight to twelve year old children for moral transgressions that violated a cultural value. Participants were children of various nationalities enrolled in a summer camp on the island of Mallorca, Spain. The children were classified as either individualist or collectivist using the Children’s Self-Construal Scale (Lewis et al. 2000). Each child reacted to nine moral transgressions, two of which were universal and seven of which reflected transgressions of either individualist or collectivist values. The results indicated that children classified as collectivists recommended harsher punishments for transgressions of collectivist values, whereas individualists did not vary in their recommended level of punishment for transgressions against both collectivist and individualist values. Keywords: individualism, collectivism, moral judgments, cultural orientation, moral transgressions
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Zhang, Yuan. "Individualism or Collectivism? Cultural Orientations in Chinese TV Commercials and Analysis of Some Moderating Factors." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 86, no. 3 (September 2009): 630–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600311.
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Are traditionally collectivist cultures shifting to individualism due to economic and cultural globalization? This study addresses the question from a media message perspective by analyzing manifest individualism and collectivism in Chinese advertising. Drawing on the cross-cultural theory of Individualism-Collectivism, the study develops a measurement instrument and applies it in a content analysis of 523 TV commercials aired in 2003 in China. Results show that the predominant cultural orientation reflected in local-product Chinese TV commercials is still collectivism, but not in foreign-product commercials.
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Fatehi, Kamal, Jennifer L. Priestley, and Gita Taasoobshirazi. "The expanded view of individualism and collectivism: One, two, or four dimensions?" International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 20, no. 1 (April 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595820913077.
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Recent research to analyze and discuss cultural differences has employed a combination of five major dimensions of individualism–collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity–masculinity (gender role differentiation), and long-term orientation. Among these dimensions, individualism–collectivism has received the most attention. Chronologically, this cultural attribute has been regarded as one, then two, and more recently, four dimensions of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. However, research on this issue has not been conclusive and some have argued against this expansion. The current study attempts to explain and clarify this discussion by using a shortened version of the scale developed by Singelis et al. ((1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research 29(3): 240–275). Our analysis of aggregate data from 802 respondents from nine countries supports the expanded view. Data aggregation was based on the Mindscape Theory that proposes inter- and intracultural heterogeneity. This finding is reassuring to scholars who have been using the shortened version of the instrument because confirmatory factor analysis indicated its validity. The findings of the present study provides clarification of some apparent ambiguity in recent research in specifying some cultures such as India, Israel, and Spain as individualists or collectivists. By separating the four constructs, more nuanced classification is possible. Also, such a distinction enables us to entertain such concepts as the Mindscape Theory that proposes a unique intracultural and transcultural heterogeneity that do not stereotype the whole culture as either individualist or collectivist.
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Ang, Rebecca P., and Eddie C. Kuo. "Effects of Gender and Individualism-Collectivism on Directness of Refusal." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 14 (2003): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000262.
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AbstractThe effects of gender and individualism-collectivism on directness of refusal were examined on a Singapore sample. A 2 × 2 (Gender X Individualism-Collectivism) ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between gender and cultural orientation. Specifically, male individualists preferred more direct refusal strategies and male collectivists preferred more indirect refusal strategies compared to both female individualists and collectivists. Implications of the results and the limitations of the study were discussed.
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Voytyuk, Mariya, and Daniel Hruschka. "Cognitive Differences Accounting for Cross-cultural Variation in Perceptions of Healthy Eating." Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 1-2 (February 8, 2017): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342194.
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What counts as healthy eating varies both within and across cultures. While people often focus on specific foods and nutrients, the timing and style of eating (eating context) can also be an important consideration, and one that appears to vary across cultures. One possible explanation for this variation is differences in basic cognition, with holistic thinking in collectivist cultures favouring contextual factors. We assess this hypothesis by examining perceptions between two cultural groups that vary in collectivism. In study 1, we investigate whether residents of Ukraine place more importance on considerations of eating context than residents of the usa. In study 2, we test whether this between-country difference is due to the mediating effect of individual differences in collectivism. Ukrainian participants consistently placed more importance on context (Cohen’s d = 0.71–0.84; p < 0.01) and were more collectivist (Cohen’s d = 0.95, p < 0.001). A mediation analysis shows that collectivism significantly mediates the effect of nationality on context endorsement, and renders the effect of nationality non-significant (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the holistic pattern of attention might extend to the domain of nutrition and may account for some cross-cultural differences in perceptions of healthy eating. We briefly discuss the benefits of perception focused on the context of eating, such as decreased burden of self-regulation in a food-rich environment.
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Zarzycka, Beata, Anna Tychmanowicz, and Agata Goździewicz-Rostankowska. "The Interplay between Religiosity and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism among Polish Catholic Students." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0045.
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Abstract Individualism-collectivism has emerged as one of the most important constructs to depict cultural differences and similarities. It is typical to examine individualism and collectivism through comparison between the cultures of the West and those of the East or comparison between various religious traditions, e.g. Christianity has been seen as the source of Western individualistic understanding whilst Buddhism as the source of Eastern collectivist understanding. The research presented in this paper explored the connections between individualism-collectivism and religiosity in Polish Catholic culture. Although Poland is an orthodox Catholic environment, gradually intensified secularization processes have been observed there. In two separate studies we examined relationships between individualism-collectivism and religiosity defined in a traditional (study 1) and secularized context (study 2).
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Okoro, Ephraim, Peter W. Cardon, Bryan Marshall, and Otis Thomas. "Cross-Cultural Communication And Dimensions: A Hybrid Analysis Of Horizontal And Vertical Individualist And Collectivist Tendencies Among African American And European American Management Students." Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 6, no. 3 (November 22, 2011): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v6i3.6607.
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This article describes research about horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism (HVIC) among African American and European American university students. The survey is based on the work of Harry Triandis (1995), one of the seminal researchers of individualism and collectivism (I-C). The survey of attitude and scenario items, developed by Harry Triandis (1995), was administered to undergraduate management students in three universities in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. Many of the attitude and scenario survey items directly address preferred communication patterns. The findings are also interpreted in terms of situational preferences about I-C, including the following contexts: social events, workplace decisions, and group and work dynamics. The research is unique in that it measures four types of the I-C dimension: horizontal individualism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism, as conceptualized by Triandis (1995). Furthermore, it emerges from the premise that cultures are neither strictly collectivist nor individualist; rather, cultures have profiles in which individualist tendencies are prominent in some circumstances whereas collectivist tendencies are emphasized in others. Also, this article provides findings that can easily be converted into training about cross-cultural similarities and differences. Related recommendations for future research and implications for teaching are provided.
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Rhee, Jaehoon, Xiaofei Zhao, and Choonghyun Kim. "Effects of Individualism-Collectivism on Chinese Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Focused on Mediating Effects of Trust." Asian Social Science 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p177.
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<p>For an organization, its’ members’ individual value-orientations play an important role in affecting on their organizational behavior. As China has been known as a collectivist country, its’ cultural value-orientation impact all the Chinese people. However, a growing spirit of “Chinese-style” individualism appeared gradually. Even though some studies have display the relationships between individualism-collectivism and OCB, lacking of the empirical studies of demonstrating that relationships in China even use the Chinese OCB dimensions urged this study with considering the mediating roles of trust. Individual level data has been acquired by 382 Chinese labors. Results indicate a positive relationship between collectivism and Chinese OCB mediated by trust. This study strengthens the Chinese OCB dimension which is still a limited one. Also results provide the guidelines for HR managers when recruiting or making training programs, select collectivists or improve the individuals’ collectivism is very important. Results suggest that while individual behavior in the organizations, they should nurture their collective orientations as to exhibit a high level of OCB which will lead to work performance later. During this process, if they trust in their organizations or their supervisors, a higher level of OCB will be acquired and then switched into later job effectiveness.</p>
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Huang, Yi-Hui, Olwen Bedford, and Yin Zhang. "The relational orientation framework for examining culture in Chinese societies." Culture & Psychology 24, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x17729362.
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Individualist and collectivist cultural frameworks have been the dominant research paradigm in cross-cultural studies despite evidence of conceptual and measurement problems with collectivism. We propose a new theoretical framework of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that captures some of the useful elements of collectivism without its drawbacks. The relational orientation framework takes into account the variety of relations in an individual’s social and cultural environment. The model comprises a structural–relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory and relational orientation characteristics, and a rational–relational factor that captures important aspects of agency based on social exchange theory. We discuss the framework’s role in providing an alternative to methodological individualism for research in Chinese societies.
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Liu, Yijuan, and Jieun Choi. "Differential Effects of Cultural Orientation on the Changes in Group Creativity." Korean Society for Creativity Education 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36358/jce.2022.22.3.41.
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Recently, Asian countries, including Korea and China, are rapidly changing from a traditional collectivist culture to an individualistic culture. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how individualism as an individual traits affects group creativity, which essentially requires social interaction. Under the background, we divided the cultural orientations of Chinese university students into the four types of Triandis (1995): vertical individualism, horizontal individualism, vertical collectivism, and horizontal collectivism. And then we constructed 4 homogeneous groups according to each types, and their group creativity was tested three times over an 8-week period. The results were first, in the last measurement, the groups with the highest group creativity were the horizontal collectivist team and the vertical individualistic team. Although the horizontal collectivist team had the lowest score among the four teams at the beginning, it continued to show a steep rise over time, showing the highest score in the last. The vertical individualist team started with a high score from the beginning and maintained a consistently high level. The vertical collectivist team seemed to maintain a high level of group creativity from the beginning to the middle, but showed a sharp decrease at the end. The horizontal individualism team showed low group creativity from the beginning and tended to keep it at a low level. This tendency was also supported by peer ratings and expert ratings. In the subsequent discussion, the causes of this tendency were analyzed, implications and limitations, and suggestions for future research were discussed.
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Leung, Kwok, and Saburo Iwawaki. "Cultural Collectivism and Distributive Behavior." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 19, no. 1 (March 1988): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002188019001003.
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Manrai, Lalita A., and Ajay K. Manrai. "Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions and Tourist Behaviors: A Review and Conceptual Framework." Cuadernos de difusión 16, no. 31 (December 30, 2011): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2011.v16n31.02.
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This paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing tourist behaviors and identifies three categories of behaviors based on the applications of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the processes underlying these influences. Our findings indicate that tourist behaviors in the Before-Travel, During-Travel, and After-Travel stages differ significantly in terms of the applicability and process through which Hofstede’s cultural dimensions operate. The results of our analysis suggest three categories of behavioral patterns, namely, “Social Interaction Driven Travel Behaviors,” (SID), “Risk Tendencies Driven Travel Behaviors,” (RTD), and “Collectivity Orientation Driven Travel Behaviors,” (COD). SID relates to the evaluation of travel experiences in the after-travel stage. The dominant cultural values associated with SID are Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, and Power Distance. These three values act either independently or in pairs or all three together. RTD relates to the consumption of travel products in the during-travel stage, and COD relates to the formation of travel preferences in the before-travel stage. Individualism/Collectivism and Uncertainty Avoidance are associated with both RTD and COD. However, the underlying processes differ for these two categories of travel behaviors. In addition to their independent influences on travel behaviors, these two values associated with RTD and COD also have an interactive effect. For RTD, the Uncertainty Avoidance motive determines the Individualism/Collectivism outcome, whereas, for COD, the opposite is true: the Individualism/Collectivism determines the Uncertainty Avoidance outcome. The paper also discusses the application of a fifth cultural dimension, Confucian Dynamism (short-term versus long-term orientation), for the study of tourists’ behaviors.
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Γεωργίου, Στέλιος, and Κυριακή Φουσιανή. "Ατομικισμός – Συλλογικότητα και σχολικός εκφοβισμός." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 21, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23262.
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The relationship between bullying at school and cultural value orientation constitutes one of the most interesting topics in the international literature during the recent years. Media in Western countries, where individualist cultural values prevail, present collectivist societies as less sensitive towards individual freedom and individual needs. For this reason, they postulate that phenomena such as peer violence and bullying at school are more frequent and more intense in societies where individuals are subordinated to the coercion and expectations of the group. Some recent studies confirm the above rationale and attribute it to the authoritarian parental style that such societies adopt. however, some other studies support the idea that collectivism is a cultural orientation that aims to prevent individuals from getting involved in violent actions against the powerless. Power distance, a cultural dimension referring to the way that power is allocated among people, with either individualist or collectivist cultural values, seems to be the key for the clarification of this issue. Both individualism and collectivism can have a horizontal and a vertical dimension of power distance. horizontal power distance fosters equality and cooperation, whereas vertical power distance underlines hierarchy and submission to the directives of authority. The current paper aims to explore the relationship between the above variables presentingfindings from empirical research.
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Kruczek, Agnieszka, Izabela Grzankowska, and Małgorzata A. Basińska. "The role of cultural psychological orientations for flexibility in coping with stress in Polish adolescents." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 21, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2021.0009.
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Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the dominant cultural psychological orientation among Polish youth, the role of individualism and collectivism for flexibility in coping, and the assessment of the modifying role of gender and age of the studied youth for the relationship between the included cultural psychological orientations and the flexibility in coping with stress. Materials and methods: A total of 367 adolescents (131 boys and 236 girls) aged between 13 and 20 participated in the study. The following methods were used: the Individualism–Collectivist Questionnaire by Harry Triandis and Michele Gelfand, Flexibility in Coping with Stress Questionnaire by Basińska et al., and a personal survey. Results: Polish adolescents obtained the highest average score in the psychological orientation of vertical collectivism. There were statistically significant positive correlations between horizontal individualism, horizontal collectivism, vertical collectivism and flexibility in coping and its dimensions. Moreover, Polish adolescents’ psychological orientation – horizontal individualism – was a predictor of flexibility in coping with stress and its dimensions. The analysis revealed that the model for the relationship between horizontal individualism and coping competences with the modifying role of age was statistically significant. Younger adolescents (from 13 to 17 years of age) were more individually oriented horizontally, and had higher coping competences, whereas in the group of older adolescents (>17.4) this effect was not observed. Conclusions: The results of the study are an important contribution to the recognition of flexibility in coping, but also answer numerous questions about its relationships with cultural psychological orientation.
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Chen, Chao C., Mike W. Peng, and Patrick A. Saparito. "Individualism, Collectivism, and Opportunism: A Cultural Perspective on Transaction Cost Economics." Journal of Management 28, no. 4 (August 2002): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800405.
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Researchers criticize the transaction cost economics (TCE) paradigm for over-generalizing the assumption of opportunism as human nature. We suggest that opportunistic propensity is affected by cultural prior conditioning of individualism-collectivism (I-C). Specifically, we propose that individualists have a higher opportunistic propensity in intra-group transactions, and collectivists in inter-group transactions. Our cultural specification of opportunism helps TCE to more effectively accommodate some criticisms and more realistically deal with problems of economic organization in today’s global economy.
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Zhu, Yicheng, Ran Wei, Ven-Hwei Lo, Mingxin Zhang, and Zongya Li. "Collectivism and Altruistic Behavior: A Third-Person Effect Study of COVID-19 News Among Wuhan Residents." Global Media and China 6, no. 4 (October 18, 2021): 476–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20594364211045568.
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This study examines the third-person effects of COVID-19 news among Wuhan residents during the peak of the outbreaks in the city. Using data collected in a telephone survey of 1,071 Wuhan residents, results show that respondents believed others were more influenced by the COVID-19 news. However, the more the respondents systematically processed the news through elaboration and the more they were oriented toward collectivist values, the smaller the self-other perceptual gap. Finally, results suggest the moderating effect of collectivism on the relationship between perceived effects of COVID news and altruistic behavior—collectivism enhances the influence of perceived effects on others on adoption of altruistic behavior. The influence of culture in shaping risk perception and behavioral responses is discussed.
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Martin, Daniel E. "Culture and unethical conduct: Understanding the impact of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism." Management Learning 43, no. 3 (December 2, 2011): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507611428119.
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This criterion study examined the impact of the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism in working business students. Given globalization of business and recent business scandals, furthering our understanding of international ethics remains critical. Business students are the potential employees, managers and leaders of organizations in the future. In this study we focus on one form of unethical conduct by business students, i.e. actual plagiarism, and seek to determine the link between this behavior and cultural values of individualism/collectivism and associated stereotypes of Asian/Caucasian students. Our findings suggest that individualists plagiarize more than collectivists, and that no significant differences in plagiarism exist between Asian and Caucasian students, contrary to popular beliefs. The implications of these findings for scholars and managers are discussed.
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Imada, Toshie. "Cultural Narratives of Individualism and Collectivism." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43, no. 4 (November 30, 2010): 576–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022110383312.
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Triandis, Harry C. "Collectivism and Individualism as Cultural Syndromes." Cross-Cultural Research 27, no. 3-4 (August 1993): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106939719302700301.
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Piacentini, Laura, and Gavin Slade. "Architecture and attachment: Carceral collectivism and the problem of prison reform in Russia and Georgia." Theoretical Criminology 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615571791.
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This article looks at the trajectory of prison reform in post-Soviet Georgia and Russia. It attempts to understand recent developments through an analysis of the resilient legacies of the culture of punishment born out of the Soviet period. To do this, the article fleshes out the concept of carceral collectivism, which refers to the practices and beliefs that made up prison life in Soviet and now post-Soviet countries. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 revealed a penal culture in notable need of reform. Less obvious, in retrospect, was how over the course of a century this predominantly ‘collectivist’ culture of punishment was instantiated in routine penal practices that stand in opposition to western penalities. The article shows how the social and physical structuring of collectivism and penal self-governance have remained resilient in the post-Soviet period despite diverging attempts at reform in Russia and Georgia. The article argues that persistent architectural forms and cultural attachment to collectivism constitute this resilience. Finally, the article asks how studies of collectivist punishment in the post-Soviet region might inform emerging debates about the reform and restructuring of individualizing, cell-based prisons in western jurisdictions.
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Farrukh, Muhammad, Jason Wai Chow Lee, Muhammad Sajid, and Abdul Waheed. "Entrepreneurial intentions." Education + Training 61, no. 7/8 (August 12, 2019): 984–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-09-2018-0194.
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Purpose Culture plays a vital role in shaping individuals’ intentions and behaviour. Influence of cultural values on entrepreneurship has been acknowledged widely by academics and practitioners. However, little in terms of empirical results is known. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of cultural values on entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of Pakistani students. Design/methodology/approach Cultural values of individualism and collectivism were incorporated into the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Smart-PLS software was used to run a structural equation modelling (SEM) technique to analyse the data. Findings SEM results showed that attitudes towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural controls (PBC) mediated the relationship between individualism and EI while subjective norms (SN) mediated the relationship between collectivism and EI. Originality/value The study confirms the applicability of the TPB for understanding the EI in a collectivist culture. Additionally, findings of this study displayed that external factors, such as cultural values, can impact EI through SN, attitude and PBC. Incorporation of cultural values in TPB contributed to the understating of antecedents of EI.
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Fjneman, Yvonne A., Madde E. Willemsen, Ype H. Poortinga, Fatos G. Erelcin, James Georgas, C. Harry Hui, Kwok Leung, and Roy S. Malpass. "Individualism-Collectivism." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27, no. 4 (July 1996): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274001.
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Dedahanov, Alisher Tohirovich, Dohyung Lee, Jaehoon Rhee, and Sardorbek Yusupov. "An examination of the associations among cultural dimensions, relational silence and stress." Personnel Review 45, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-08-2014-0189.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between power distance, collectivism and relational silence; the associations between relational silence and stress; and the mediating role of relational silence in the link between power distance, collectivism and stress. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a survey among 1,153 highly skilled employees using a self-administered questionnaire. The authors received 813 responses from a total of 1,153 individuals. Among the 813 responses, the authors excluded 81 due to incomplete data, and thus analyzed a total of 732 responses. The overall response rate was 63.4 percent. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were utilized for the analyses. Findings – The findings suggest that power distance and collectivism induce relational silence; relational silence increases stress and mediates the associations between power distance, collectivism and stress. Originality/value – The present study is the first to provide empirical evidence of a link between power distance, collectivism and relational silence; the relationship between relational silence and stress; and the role of relational silence in mediating the associations between power distance, collectivism and stress.
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Sawitri, Dian R., and Peter A. Creed. "Collectivism and Perceived Congruence With Parents as Antecedents to Career Aspirations." Journal of Career Development 44, no. 6 (September 14, 2016): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845316668576.
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Cultural orientation and perceived career congruence with parents are potentially important influences on adolescent career development in collectivist contexts, but few studies have integrated these variables in a social cognitive-based model. We surveyed 337 Grade 10 students (53% girls, mean age = 15.9 years) from Central Java, Indonesia, and examined a model that consisted of vertical collectivism (VC) and horizontal collectivism (HC), perceived congruence with parents, self-efficacy, and career aspirations. After controlling for socioeconomic status and school achievement, HC was more strongly associated with perceived congruence with parents than VC, and VC and HC were indirectly associated with aspirations via congruence and self-efficacy. These two patterns of collectivism were directly and indirectly associated with self-efficacy via congruence, and perceived congruence was indirectly associated with aspirations via self-efficacy. This study underlined the effects of VC, HC, and perceived adolescent–parent career congruence on career decision-making self-efficacy and aspirations of adolescents from a collectivistic country.
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Tascioglu, Mertcan, Jacqueline Kilsheimer Eastman, and Rajesh Iyer. "The impact of the motivation for status on consumers’ perceptions of retailer sustainability: the moderating impact of collectivism and materialism." Journal of Consumer Marketing 34, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-03-2015-1351.
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Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate consumers’ perceptions of status motivations on retailers’ sustainability efforts and whether collectivism and materialism moderate this relationship. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research methodology using survey data was used. Data were collected by administering questionnaires from millennial respondents (n = 386) from the USA and Turkey. Findings The results show that cultural value (collectivism) and materialism can serve as moderators of the effects of status motivation and sustainability. The findings indicate that the link between status motivation and sustainability perceptions (both environmental and social sustainability) is stronger for more collectivist consumers. In terms of materialism, while it did not moderate the relationship between status motivation and perceptions of environmental sustainability, it did moderate the relationship between status motivation and perceptions of social sustainability, particularly the uniqueness aspect of materialism. Research limitations/implications The stronger link between status motivation and both environmental and social sustainability for collectivists suggests that the bandwagon effect may be impacting their need for status. The stronger link between status motivation and social sustainability for those more materialistic suggests that their need for status may be more impacted by a snob effect as they want to appear unique. The use of college students is a limitation of this study, and future research needs to explore a wider range of age groups to determine if there are generational differences. Additionally, future research could examine other cultural dimensions such as power distance and masculinity versus femininity. Practical implications Findings from this research provide insights for retailers, especially those targeting the status and luxury market when developing their sustainability plans. An interest in sustainability may aid consumers in meeting their need for status, particularly for those status consumers who are more collectivist, as a means to fit in with their group. For more materialistic consumers, retailers may want to focus more on unique social sustainability efforts that are more publicly noticeable. Social implications Social sustainability, a topic not studied as frequently as environmental sustainability, has significant implications for consumers. The findings suggest that the link between status motivation and social sustainability is stronger for collectivists, suggesting a bandwagon effect. Additionally, the authors find that the link between status motivation and social sustainability is stronger for materialists, particularly the uniqueness dimension of materialism, suggesting a snob effect. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the exploration of how status motivation impacts consumers’ perceptions of retailers’ environmental and social sustainability efforts and if these relationships are moderated by collectivism and materialism. Few studies have examined social sustainability, especially in terms of culture.
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Čeněk, Jiří. "Cultural dimension of individualism and collectivism and its perceptual and cognitive correlates in cross-cultural research." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.210.225.
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This paper reviews the current findings on the dimension of individualism/collectivism, which might be a useful tool for the comparison of different cultures and for the investigation of the effect of culture as a psychological concept on individual mental processes. The validity and reliability of the concept of the dimension of individualism/collectivism is discussed. The related theory of analytic and holistic thinking is introduced within a framework of extensive comparative research in the field of cross-cultural psychology. Several interesting research designs on cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception are described. The empirical part contains a short report of research conducted on a sample (N=92) of Czech and Czech Vietnamese university students using a scale of horizontal and vertical individualism/collectivism (Bartoš, 2010). The results do not fully support the traditional view of individualistic Europeans and collectivistic Asians.
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Santiago, Jose H., and Santo J. Tarantino. "Individualism and Collectivism: Cultural Orientation in Locus of Control and Moral Attribution under Conditions of Social Change." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1155.
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This study examined the validity of the view that the constructs of individualism and collectivism are coherent cultural manifestations necessarily reflected in an individual's attribution patterns. It was hypothesized that the attribution patterns of locus of control and moral accountability would show divergent individualistic and collectivistic influences in a culture during change from a collectivist culture to an individualist culture. 98 university students from the United States and Puerto Rico were administered the Singelis Individualism-Collectivism Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Miller and Luthar's justice-related moral accountability vignettes. Contrary to expectation, the Puerto Rican sample scored less external in locus of control than the United States sample. No cultural differences in moral accountability were found. No strong correlations were found among the variables at the individual level of analysis. Accounting for these results included the lack of representativeness of the samples, the independence of relation between variables at different levels of analysis, and social change.
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Kumar, Aneel, Khalil Ahmed Channa, and Muhammad Waqas Maharvi. "Individualism versus Collectivism Orientation as Moderator between Co-Workers’ Social Support and Work to Family Enrichment." JABM JOURNAL of ACCOUNTING - BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 25, no. 2 (December 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31966/jabminternational.v25i2.352.
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The purpose of this study was to test the effect of co-workers’ support on work to family enrichment and the moderating role of individualism/collectivism orientation in the relationship between social support and work to family enrichment. There were 243 respondents of banking sector on which the analysis was based. Primary data were collected through the five point Likert type of survey questionnaire. The findings of this study showed co-workers’ support as the potential antecedent of work to family enrichment. The workplace resource of co-workers’ support engendered the positive experiences of work to family enrichment in the employees. Further, individualism/collectivism orientation was found as the significant moderator in the relationship between co-workers’ support and work to family enrichment. The relationship was stronger for employees high on individualistic/collectivist orientation, as compared to those who were low on such orientation. These results validate the prevalence of collectivist cultural context in this part of world.
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Brown, Mark, Barbara Minsky, Richard Voss, and Eren Ozgen. "Global perspectives on top management team pay structures." Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship 5, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-09-2015-0038.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between countries’ values of individualism/collectivism and organizations’ top management team (TMT) pay structures. Individualistic countries are expected to prefer more hierarchical TMT pay structures and collectivist countries are expected to prefer more egalitarian TMT pay structures. The manuscript also investigates the international implications of the relation between TMT pay structures and organizational performance. Specifically, it is proposed that a country’s level of individualism/collectivism will mediate the relation between TMT pay structure hierarchy and organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach A pooled sample of data from 56 organizations in 12 countries was used to investigate the research questions. Individualism/collectivism was measured using country specific individualism/collectivism scores and top management pay structures were operationalized using Gini coefficients. Organizational performance was evaluated using return on assets. Findings Support was found both for a preference for more hierarchical TMT pay structures in individualistic countries, and that a country’s level of individualism/collectivism mediates the relationship between an organization’s top management’s pay structure and company performance. Originality/value Findings demonstrate that organizations use pay structures consistent with their environments. Results suggest cultural dimensions can contribute to understanding cross-national TMT pay structures and that national culture plays a significant role in the relationship between TMT pay structure and company performance.
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Lansford, Jennifer, Susannah Zietz, Suha Al-Hassan, Dario Bacchini, Marc Bornstein, Lei Chang, Kirby Deater-Deckard, et al. "Culture and Social Change in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Individualism, Collectivism and Parenting Attitudes." Social Sciences 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120459.
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Cultures and families are not static over time but evolve in response to social transformations, such as changing gender roles, urbanization, globalization, and technology uptake. Historically, individualism and collectivism have been widely used heuristics guiding cross-cultural comparisons, yet these orientations may evolve over time, and individuals within cultures and cultures themselves can have both individualist and collectivist orientations. Historical shifts in parents’ attitudes also have occurred within families in several cultures. As a way of understanding mothers’ and fathers’ individualism, collectivism, and parenting attitudes at this point in history, we examined parents in nine countries that varied widely in country-level individualism rankings. Data included mothers’ and fathers’ reports (N = 1338 families) at three time points in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. More variance was accounted for by within-culture than between-culture factors for parents’ individualism, collectivism, progressive parenting attitudes, and authoritarian parenting attitudes, which were predicted by a range of sociodemographic factors that were largely similar for mothers and fathers and across cultural groups. Social changes from the 20th to the 21st century may have contributed to some of the similarities between mothers and fathers and across the nine countries.
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Akoto, Edward, Emmanuel Owusu, Prince Gyimah, Augustine Acheampong, and Veronica Adu-Brobbey. "Cultural Profile as Determinant of Work Outcomes in a Collectivist Context." Journal of Global Awareness 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24073/jga/3/02/07.
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Extant research evidence shows that interpersonal bonds—the bond to the immediate supervisor and work team—have an incremental predictive effect in western settings, neglecting emerging economic and cultural environments. This study, thus, examines the impact of cultural profiles on interpersonal bonds and related performance in an emerging market context. Specifically, the study examines the emergence of profiles based on micro-level psychological collectivism (individualism) and power distance orientations. The study further examines the effect of the emerged profiles on interpersonal bonds and the performance of activities related to the targets of the bonds. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 148 multiple public and private organizations of varied industries (banking, manufacturing, education, and local government) in an emerging market. Using the MANOVA analytic procedure, the study finds that the supervisor-oriented and team-involved profile rather than the team-alienated profile demonstrates a significantly higher level of work outcomes involving interpersonal commitment to the supervisor and substantially higher task performance. The outcome suggests that power distance cultural value may have a negative psychological effect while collectivism has a positive psychological effect on work outcomes in this context. The implication of the outcome for theory and policy in the collectivist context is discussed.
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Shah, Grishma, and Ujvala Rajadhyaksha. "Global cities, work and family collectivism and work-family conflict in India." South Asian Journal of Global Business Research 5, no. 3 (October 17, 2016): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajgbr-03-2015-0023.
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Purpose The authors observe the impact of certain aspects of globalization on the work-family interface in India. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of life in Tier 1 (more globalized) vs Tier 2 (less globalized) cities, family/work collectivism and gender on work-family conflict (WFC) – both work interfering with family (WIF) conflict as well as family interfering with work (FIW) conflict. Design/methodology/approach The study surveyed 628 young employees on cultural values of collectivism and WFC. Findings Results suggest a main effect of tier in which Tier 1 city individuals experience more of both forms of WFC than Tier 2 city individuals. However, two- and three-way interactions between family/work collectivism and tier greatly moderate the main effect. Interactions indicate that family collectivism decreased WIF more for Tier 1 as compared to Tier 2 cities and work collectivism decreased FIW more for Tier 2 as compared to Tier 1 cities. The results suggest that high family collectivism creates high conflict for those who are low on work collectivism and high family collectivism creates low conflict for those who are high on work collectivism. Research limitations/implications The paper provides great insight into globalization and WFC within the context of cultural values. The paper calls for further studies on globalization, work life enrichment and cultural values. Practical implications The results build a case for more paid and organizationally supported interventions for work-life balance in India. Originality/value Large scale institutional changes, such as globalization, call for a reexamination of cultural dynamics. This study heeds the call and examines WFC in the context of rapid economic and social transformation occurring in India by bridging globalization, cultural change and WIF/FIW.
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Chen, Nancy, Mike Chen-ho Chao, Henry Xie, and Dean Tjosvold. "Transforming cross-cultural conflict into collaboration." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 25, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 70–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-10-2016-0187.
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Purpose Scholarly research provides few insights into how integrating the western values of individualism and low power distance with the eastern values of collectivism and high power distance may influence cross-cultural conflict management. Following the framework of the theory of cooperation and competition, the purpose of this paper is to directly examine the impacts of organization-level collectivism and individualism, as well as high and low power distance, to determine the interactive effects of these four factors on cross-cultural conflict management. Design/methodology/approach This is a 2×2 experiment study. Data were collected from a US laboratory experiment with 80 participants. Findings American managers working in a company embracing western low power distance and eastern collectivism values were able to manage conflict cooperatively with their Chinese workers. Moreover, American managers working in a company valuing collectivism developed more trust with Chinese workers, and those in a company culture with high power distance were more interested in their workers’ viewpoints and more able to reach integrated solutions. Originality/value This study is an interdisciplinary research applying the social psychology field’s theory of cooperation and competition to the research on employee-manager, cross-cultural conflict management (which are industrial relations and organizational behavior topics, respectively), with an eye to the role of cultural adaptation. Furthermore, this study included an experiment to directly investigate the interactions between American managers and Chinese workers discussing work distribution conflict in four different organizational cultures.
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Stimson, Blake, and and Gregory Sholette. "Periodising collectivism." Third Text 18, no. 6 (November 2004): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952882042000284989.
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Peterka-Benton, Daniela, and Bond Benton. "Effects of Cultural Collectivism on Terrorism Favorability." Journal of Applied Security Research 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2014.852001.
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Chen, Stephen H., and Qing Zhou. "Cultural Values, Social Status, and Chinese American Immigrant Parents’ Emotional Expressivity." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 3 (December 20, 2018): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118817653.
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Cultural values and social status are two salient factors in the psychological experiences of immigrant families, and both have been associated with immigrant parents’ patterns of emotional expression in previous studies. The present study examined how endorsement of cultural values (collectivism and conformity) and social status were uniquely associated with immigrant parents’ emotional expressivity in the family. First-generation Chinese American immigrant parents ( N = 239, 80% mothers; M = 41.31 years old) of elementary-age children reported on their endorsement of values of collectivism and conformity, their patterns of emotional expressivity in the family context, and their family income and education levels. Path analyses indicated unique positive associations between family income and all domains of parents’ emotional expressivity and negative associations between family income and parents’ endorsement of collectivism and conformity. Parents’ endorsement of collectivism was negatively associated with negative-dominant expressivity. We discuss implications of our findings for theories of culture and emotion, as well as for future intersectional approaches with Asian American populations.
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Ismail, Kiran M. "Theorizing on the Role of Individualism-Collectivism in Tacit Knowledge Transfer Between Agents in International Alliances." International Journal of Knowledge Management 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2012010104.
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Taking insights from the extant literatures in cross-cultural management and organizational knowledge management, this paper explores the role of cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism in transfer of tacit knowledge between foreign agents. Tacit knowledge transfer is positively influenced by four key factors: absorptive capacity of target unit, source unit’s motivational disposition to share knowledge, cultural compatibility, and the extent of personal communication between foreign agents. It is proposed that the level of transfer of tactic knowledge between agents from collectivist cultures will be higher than the level of tacit knowledge transfer between agents from individualist cultures. It is also proposed that when there is cultural difference between foreign agents, the level of tacit knowledge transfer involving a source from a collectivist culture and a target from an individualist culture will be lower than transfer between an individualist source and a collectivist target. However, the proposed relationships are influenced by factors such as nature of knowledge, expectations of reciprocity, and the quality of interpersonal relationship between foreign agents. Several ideas for overcoming knowledge transfer obstacles and enhancing the effectiveness of knowledge transfer, as well as research implications of the proposed model are also discussed in detail.
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QIU, TIANJIAO. "INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOCIAL SUPPORT OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS' STARTUPS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 23, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946718500073.
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Social support of female entrepreneurs' startups is critical for the sustainable development of female entrepreneurship in a country. This study empirically tests how nine cultural practices, including performance orientation, uncertainty avoidance, in-group collectivism, power distance, gender egalitarianism, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, future orientation and assertiveness, impact social support of female entrepreneurs' startups across different countries. For the period between 2009 and 2012, sixty-two countries were analyzed using longitudinal data with hierarchical linear modeling techniques. The empirical findings demonstrate three cultural practices (power distance, uncertainty avoidance and future orientation) play major roles in explaining the variation of social support of female entrepreneurs. In contrast, the effects of cultural practices of human orientation, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism and performance orientation are negligible. Further moderation tests show that a country's macroeconomic environment significantly moderates the relationship between the cultural practice of uncertainty avoidance and social support of female entrepreneurs' startups. The findings provide practical guidance to policymakers on how to develop robust ecosystems with strong cultural practices that enhance social support of female entrepreneurs.
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Tsyrkun, Nina A. "Individualism as a Cultural Syndrome in Recent American Cinema." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik92114-122.
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The article explores the balance of the two basic cultural constructs - individualism and collectivism - and the way it is represented in the American cinema of 2015-2016 as exemplified by a number of films set in the past, present and future. The author comes to the conclusion that in the face of a global peril the idea of individual moral responsibility inevitably leads to the role of collectivism as the essential survival condition.
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Hussain, Maryam, Carmen Kho, Alexandra Main, and Matthew J. Zawadzki. "Horizontal Collectivism Moderates the Relationship Between in-the-Moment Social Connections and Well-Being Among Latino/a College Students." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 23, no. 5 (January 27, 2021): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01143-5.
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AbstractSleep problems and poorer well-being may be particularly salient for Latino/a college students as they tend to experience sociocultural adjustments during this transitory time. Social connections, a correlate of health, change moment-to-moment for college students and may be experienced differently for people who more strongly endorse horizontal collectivist cultural values. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine how in-the-moment social connections influence in-the-moment health, and how horizontal collectivism moderates the moment-to-moment associations. Self-identified Latino/a college students (n = 221) completed a demographic information and cultural values questionnaire and then responded to EMA measures on their social connections, affective and subjective well-being, and sleep for 14 consecutive days. Better in-the-moment social connections associated with better health. Horizontal collectivism moderated some, but not all associations between social connections and health. Social connections are multidimensional and differently predict in-the-moment health among Latino/a college students who more strongly endorse horizontal collectivistic values. We discuss implications for identifying vulnerable well-being moments among this understudied population.
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French, Doran C., Sri Pidada, and Andrea Victor. "Friendships of Indonesian and United States youth." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 4 (July 2005): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01650250544000080.
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Issues in the study of friendship across cultures were explored by reviewing a set of studies focusing on the friendships of Indonesian and United States youth. Four topics are considered: similarity of friendships across cultures, dimensions of friendships that vary across cultures, the utility of the individualism/collectivism dimension for explaining cultural differences in friendship, and methodological issues in the study of culture and friendship. Two studies are presented that address some of these issues. Although friendships of US and Indonesian youth are similar across many dimensions, the friendships of Indonesian youth appear somewhat less close, more centred on instrumental aid, less focused on enhancement of worth, and more extensive and less exclusive than those of US youth. These patterns are opposite to those that have emerged in the comparison of those in the US and other collectivist cultures, suggesting the need to modify models of collectivism and friendship. Finally, the authors advocate the use of multimethod and multiagent assessments, addressing issues of social class in cross-cultural comparison, and using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to study culture and friendship.
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Gong, Jiankun, Amira Firdaus, Fareyha Said, Iffat Ali Aksar, Mahmoud Danaee, and Jinghong Xu. "Pathways Linking Media Use to Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediated Moderation Study." Social Media + Society 8, no. 1 (January 2022): 205630512210873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051221087390.
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During prolonged social isolation, media exposure is often intensified increases as individuals turn to the Internet, social media, television, and newspapers for information, communication, entertainment, and more. This exploratory study explores the correlations among media use, anxiety, and wellbeing in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey questionnaire was designed to measure the following five constructs: media dependency, media attention, anxiety, wellbeing, and collectivism. A total of 722 respondents in China participated in the survey from November 2020 to December 2020. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Our findings indicate that respondents who report collectivist norms tend to experience higher levels of wellbeing (and lower levels of anxiety), regardless of their scores for media use, media attention, or media dependency. Conversely, those respondents who record low collectivism tend to have higher levels of anxiety (and lower wellbeing), even if they report lower media use, attention and dependency during the pandemic. Study results also found that anxiety mediates the relationship between media use and wellbeing. Our introduction of collectivism as a possible moderating variable represents a significant contribution to current academic debates and suggests the inclusion of cultural factors for future studies on media use and anxiety/wellbeing during public health crises.
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Kim, MS, Junhyoung, Michelle King, MS, CTRS, and Junsurk Park, MS. "Culturally competent recreation therapy: Individualism and collectivism." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2009.0010.
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To provide effective recreational therapy for clients who have collectivistic cultural values and beliefs, recreational therapists need to recognize cultural differences and understand how each cultural background affects a client’s health beliefs and behaviors. The goal of this article is to examine different cultural perspectives to improve cultural competence of recreational therapists to provide more effective recreation programs for clients who have collectivistic cultural values and beliefs. This article represents three basic different frameworks: the meaning of self; cultural meanings of happiness; and the relationship between therapists and clients.
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Jasielska, Dorota, Maciej Stolarski, and Michał Bilewicz. "Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 8 (July 2, 2018): 1227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118784204.
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A relationship between individualism and happiness has been observed in many studies, with collectivist cultures having lower indices of happiness. It is often argued that this effect arises because people in individualist countries have greater independence and more freedom to pursue personal goals. It appears, however, that the association is much more complex than this as many collectivist countries suffer from more basic problems, such as social conflicts, discrimination, and prejudice. We hypothesized that global differences in happiness could be the result of ingroup bias and its consequences, rather than of collectivism itself. To test our hypotheses, we applied a country-level design, where a country is considered a unit of analysis. We found that individualism predicted various aspects of a country’s aggregated level of happiness, but was only a marginal predictor of happiness when ingroup favoritism and group-focused enmity were controlled for. We discuss the implications of these findings from evolutionary and social psychological perspectives.
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Heu, Luzia C., Martijn van Zomeren, and Nina Hansen. "Lonely Alone or Lonely Together? A Cultural-Psychological Examination of Individualism–Collectivism and Loneliness in Five European Countries." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 5 (September 28, 2018): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218796793.
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Average levels of loneliness have been suggested to differ between collectivistic and individualistic countries. However, we know little about how individual-level collectivism (i.e., perceiving the self or one’s social environment as collectivistic) is related to loneliness. As individualism and collectivism imply different ideals about how individuals should be embedded in social relationships, they may imply distinct risks for loneliness. Specifically, less demanding ideals in individualism should imply the risk of lower actual social embeddedness; more demanding ideals in collectivism should imply the risk of higher perceived discrepancies from such ideals. Two cross-sectional survey studies in five European countries (Study 1: Austria, N = 239; Study 2: Italy, Portugal, Sweden, The Netherlands, total N = 860) revealed that higher collectivism was related to lower loneliness. Individualism indeed implied lower social embeddedness, but collectivism did not imply higher discrepancies from ideal embeddedness. We discuss implications for reducing loneliness in different cultural contexts.
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Yang, Xin. "The Cultural Factors in the MOOC Design in China from Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 13201325. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0910.09.
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With their massiveness and openness, Moocs have become one of the most widespread and influential online learning forms, which leads to the fact that more and more designers with different cultural backgrounds are getting involved in the course design. As a result, the Mooc design such as the styles of the organization and presentation may correspondingly be influenced by cultural values of the designers, and then become barriers for learners. In order to locate the cultural influence reflected in the Mooc design in China, the introductory videos of three courses published on Coursera, which are designed by three well-known universities in China, are sampled for analysis from the aspects of power distance, individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity within the framework of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. The findings indicate that the cultural features of the high-power distance, collectivism and femininity have shown their influence on the designing of these courses.
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Neog, Bhaskarjit. "Metaphysics of Group Moral Responsibility." Journal of Human Values 26, no. 3 (May 22, 2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685820923943.
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The concept of group moral responsibility is apparently problematic, in that it is unobvious in what sense a group, which is evidently not a conscious rational subject like an individual person, can be held morally accountable. It is unclear how a group can be said to have the ability to form beliefs and intentions needed for genuine group actions of moral assessment. Broadly speaking, there are two separate platforms from which one can investigate this problem: individualism and collectivism. Subscribing to the doctrinal position of methodological individualism, individualists suggest that individual members are the only capable entities, who can meaningfully bear the burden of moral responsibility, either individually or in a shared way. Collectivists, on the other hand look for an alternative position wherein they advocate the genuine possibility of attributing moral responsibility to groups qua groups. The collectivist approach has received substantial philosophical attention in recent years. However, most supporters of collectivism search for such possibility without strongly invoking the idea of group moral agency. In this article, I argue for an irreducible moral agential status of groups in terms of the intentional actions of their constituent individual members and their special conglomeration. I suggest that certain collective or group entities are capable of being identified as proper agents of moral assessment analogous to that of individual agents of similar assessment.
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Smith, Andrew. "Review Essay: Working Lives: Cultural Control, Collectivism, Karoshi." Sociology 42, no. 1 (February 2008): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038507084831.
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Rhee, Mooweon, Valerie Alexandra, and K. Skylar Powell. "Individualism-collectivism cultural differences in performance feedback theory." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 27, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-05-2019-0100.
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PurposePerformance feedback theory (PFT) has informed analyses in numerous national contexts and has been used to explain various business and management activities of firms. Stemming from behavioral theory and grounded in a cognitive perspective, which views organizational actions as being the results of decisions produced by groups of individual decision-makers, PFT research has mostly assumed the universal nature of cognition and decision-making processes. However, PFT also presumes that individual decision-makers bring with them different backgrounds and experiences. Hence, this paper offers propositions on how cultural differences in individualism-collectivism influence the major components of PFT, including the formation and revision of performance goals (aspiration levels), and search behaviors and risk preferences in response to gaps between goals and actual performance. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.Design/methodology/approachThis paper offers theoretical propositions for the above purpose.FindingsThis is not an empirical analysis.Originality/valueBy integrating the individualism-collectivism differences framework into the PFT model, the authors answer previous calls to integrate concepts and frameworks from other theories into PFT while considering the role of cultural differences in aspiration-consequence relationships. Additionally, much of PFT research has focused on outcomes, while actual internal processes have remained unobserved. By focusing on how cultural differences influence various PFT processes, this conceptual analysis sheds light on the unobserved bounds of decision-makers' cognitions.
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Triandis, Harry C., Richard Brislin, and C. Harry Hui. "Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 12, no. 3 (January 1988): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(88)90019-3.
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