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Awanis, Sandra, Bodo B. Schlegelmilch, and Cui Charles Chi. "Asia's Materialists: Reconciling Collectivism and Materialism." Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0096-6.
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Materialism has an ugly face. The dominant view of materialism regards materialists as self-prioritizing individuals who oppose collective and prosocial goals in favor of a lifestyle led by money, possessions, and status. The present research argues that there is a side of materialism that is concerned with collective-oriented interests. We examine the nature and consequences of collective-oriented materialism - the belief system that ascribes importance to possessions for their symbolic and signaling capacities to construct desirable social attributes. Drawing from cultural and consumer theories, we find considerable support that materialists espouse a collective-oriented quality to an otherwise self-oriented interest towards possessions.
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Fairbrother, Dana. "Differential prediction of life satisfaction in individualistic and collectivistic cultures towards integration of personality and cultural models /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/d_fairbrother_042210.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in counseling psychology)--Washington State University, May 2010.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 29, 2010). "Department of Educational Leadership and Counseling Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-45).
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Kusdil, M. Ersin. "Value socialisation in cultural context : a study with British and Turkish families." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326931.
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Ahn, Diana D. "Individualism and Collectivism in a Korean Population." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/107.
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Though much research has been conducted concerning the horizontal and vertical attributes of individualism and, not much has been done comparing and contrasting an Eastern culture, collectivism to a specific aspect of American culture, individualism, such as Korean American. The 32-item INDCOL scale was used to measure the 4 attributes (Singelis et al., 1995). Contrary to the proposed hypothesis, this study found high scores in horizontal individualism in Korean American participants and high scores in horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism in Korean participants. These results could indicate a shift towards a different attribute in the Korean and Korean American community.
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Muniz, Elizabeth Jimenez. "The Role of Cultural Values in Organizational Attraction." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3855.
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The United States' (U.S.) workforce is more diverse than in previous decades in terms of race, gender, and native language (Fay, 2001). Such demographic shifts have changed how organizations attract applicants and how they motivate, reward, and retain employees (McAdams, 2001). Furthermore, organizations benefit from diversity by: (a) attracting the best talent available in the workforce (Cox, 1993), (b) increasing their product marketability to customers (Deshpande, Hoyer, & Donthu, 1986; Redding, 1982), and (c) fostering creativity, innovation, problem solving, and decision making in employees (Thomas, 1999; Thomas, Ravlin, & Wallace, 1996; Watson, Kumar, & Michaelsen, 1993). Given such benefits, organizations should attend to initiatives that facilitate the attraction of applicants from diverse backgrounds. Research has demonstrated that applicants use information about human resource systems, such as rewards, to form judgments about the perceived fit between them and the organization (Bretz & Judge, 1994; Schneider, 1987). For instance, organizations with policies accommodating work and family issues attract applicants preferring such benefits. Because reward systems influence applicants' opinions about the relative attractiveness of organizations (Lawler, 2000), it is important to determine the factors that influence such preferences. Motivation theories, such as the Theory of Reasoned Action, suggest that preferences toward reward systems are guided by individuals' values (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Vroom, 1964). Such values, in turn, cause differences in reward preferences and organizational attraction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation of individuals' cultural values to the attraction of organizations offering different kinds of reward systems. More specifically, it sought to test three hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 predicted that there would be a two-way interaction between collectivism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. Hypothesis 2 predicted that there would be a two-way interaction between individualism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. Hypothesis 3 predicted that there would be a positive relation between collectivism and subjective norms used in organizational attraction. To test the three hypotheses, data from 228 participants were analyzed to evaluate their level of attractiveness to two different types of organizations (i.e., career-oriented vs. family-oriented). Findings for the test of Hypothesis 1 indicated that there was a joint effect between collectivism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. The slopes of the regression lines for each type of organization (i.e., family-oriented and career-oriented) differed as a function of collectivism. The slope of the regression line for the family-oriented organization was steeper than the slope of the regression line for the career-oriented organization. Results for the test of Hypothesis 2 indicated a joint effect between individualism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. The slopes of the regression lines for each type of organization (i.e., family-oriented and career-oriented) differed as a function of individualism. The slope of the regression line for the career-oriented organization was steeper than the slope of the regression line for the family-oriented organization. Findings for the test of Hypothesis 3 showed that collectivism was related to subjective norms. Results indicated that the more collective the individual, the higher the subjective norms. In addition, supplementary analysis showed that individualism was not related to subjective norms. Taken together, results from the tests of the three hypotheses support components of the Theory of Reasoned Action, and the premise that values are a factor related to an individual's attraction to a particular organization. The current study showed that the cross-cultural values of individualism and collectivism help predict organizational attraction. Based on these results, practical implications, contributions to theory, study limitations, and future research are discussed for designing organizational attraction strategies for a culturally diverse workforce.Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology PhD
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Chun, Ken. "The role of cultural values in evaluating brand extensions : individualism versus collectivism." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29484.
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When launching brand extension strategies globally, It is very important for today’s brand marketers to understand the differences in those countries with high cultural diversity such as South Africa,. This research intends to investigate the role that a consumer’s cultural value plays in evaluating brand extensions, in the context of the cultural dimension of individualismcollectivism, in order to close the theoretical gap in this area.This research is quantitative and causal in nature, and used an experimental factorial design in the conduct of the research. Triandis’ scales were used in the questionnaire design, and 161 MBA students participated in the experiment at GIBS. The research results disprove that cultural values play a role in evaluating brand extensions, and there was insufficient evidence to prove that individualists differ from collectivists in evaluating brand extensions. Nevertheless, the research results found that there are some positive interaction effects between the product category relatedness and product involvement in the process of brand extension evaluations.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Kuchel, Suzanne. "Individualism and collectivism : a study of values and inferencing in psychotherapy." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36979.
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The field of psychotherapy is not objective. Like any social construction, it is a product of the values of the culture in which it was developed. The theories and principles that form the cornerstones of Western psychotherapy reflect a number of Western ideals and biases, one of which is individualism. As such, it is important that we examine the impact that such a bias can have on clinical judgment, particularly since so many clients come from collectivist cultures, and since inaccurate clinical decisions that derive from flawed etiologies and character assessment can have such serious repercussions.The following study investigates, both qualitatively and quantitatively, how this individualistic bias in Western psychotherapy influences the clinical judgment and inference-making process. Within a Repeated Measures design, 84 graduate students provided assessments of two different clinical vignettes that were each alternated to reflect a client with either individualist or collectivist values. All participants were also asked to provide qualitative assessments of the casefiles, and a total of seven participants discussed their clinical impressions in greater depth during two different focus groups that were conducted at a later date. The focus groups were organized around four broad-based themes that were intended to clarify the study's earlier findings, and shed light on the processes underlying participants' clinical assessments.
Results from this study suggest that clinicians do tend to view individualism as psychologically healthier than collectivism. While the findings indicate that clinicians tend to pathologize collectivism more in men than in women, factors other than gender also appear to interact with individualism-collectivism values to impact clinical assessment. Implications of these findings, as well as proposed directions for future research within the context of this study's limitations, are discussed.
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Hellsing, Maria, and Linda Olsson. "Experiences of female entrepreneurs in Tanzania : A cultural comparacy between individualism and collectivism." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35072.
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Papadopoulos, Chris. "Stigma towards people with mental health problems : an individualism-collectivism cross-cultural comparison." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2009. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6253/.
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This study explored whether the cross-cultural value paradigm 'individualismcollectivism' is a useful explanatory model for mental illness stigmatisation on a cultural level. This has never before been directly investigated despite numerous clues of its potential importance in previous related literature. The paradigm asserts that in 'collectivist' cultures, people are more strongly interdependent with their in-groups, and are more likely to give priority to the goals of their in-groups than people from 'individualistic' cultures, who are instead more likely to value and desire autonomy and independence from their in-groups, and give priority to their personal goals than to their in-group goals. Three hundred and five individuals from four UK-based cultural groups (white-English, American, Greek/Greek Cypriot, and Chinese) were successfully recruited for a quantitative survey through the use of non-randomised snowball and quota sampling. Twenty-two of these individuals were later qualitatively interviewed in a one-to-one, semi-structured manner. Questions regarding where the four cultures fit within the individualism-collectivism paradigm, how acculturation affects the individualismcollectivism paradigm, what other factors explain stigmatisation, and the level of stigmatising attitudes present in these cultures, were also integrated into the methodological components in an attempt to explore these other important themes. The results partially supported the hypothesis that the paradigm can be applied to explain mental illness attitudes. Increases in the paradigm's explanatory power corresponded with a cultures' stigmatisation level. Specifically, the more stigmatising a culture's mental illness attitudes are, the more likely collectivism effectively explains these attitudes. In contrast, the more positive a culture's mental illness attitudes, the more likely individualism effectively explains attitudes. Educational level, mental illness experience, and, particularly, mental illness knowledge, were other powerful and consistent stigma explanatory factors, although the stigma affect of these and impact of other key themes were unique to each cultural group. The results also revealed that successfully acculturating to a new culture can impact on one's cultural values including levels of individualism-collectivism. The American cultural survey group held the most positive mental illness attitudes, followed by the white English group. Both groups also scored high on levels of individualism. The Greek/Greek Cypriots and Chinese held the least positive attitudes and were also found to be generally collectivistic. None of the survey groups' scores were wholly stigmatising, which suggests a positive shift towards more tolerant attitudes having taken place in recent years even in the Greek/Greek Cypriot and Chinese cultures. This is illuminating as these are traditionally particularly stigmatising cultures, which qualitative interviewees also argued. A number of important recommendations for policy and practice that aim to reduce stigma and highlight the importance of culture are proposed. These include anti-stigma campaigns needing to be culturally and linguistically appropriate and sensitive; using in-group, second-generation members of closed and collectivist communities/cultures to deliver of anti-stigmatising initiatives and; training practitioners to understand the impact of individualism-collectivism on mental health attitudes. Further, a consideration of the individualism-collectivism paradigm should be included in any future research aiming to provide a holistic understanding of the causes of mental illness stigma both on an individual and cultural level.
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Nguyen, Tram, and Özden Aylin Cakanlar. "The influence of culture on impulse buying : A cross-cultural study on impulse buying." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53485.
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Background: Impulse buying is increasingly grown and it creates up to 80% of all purchases in certain low involvement product categories. In Sweden, a Swede can spend 20000SEK a year for impulse shopping in average. On the other hand, impulse buying is calculated to be strongly grown in the emerging markets such as Vietnam and Turkey. Due to the steady economic growth of 7% every year in Vietnam, it leads to a higher demand in shopping of the consumers. Similarly, Turkey’s economy is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and consequently leads to the increase of impulse buying behavior among the customers. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to expand the understanding of the impulse buying behavior by looking further into the role of culture in cross-cultural contexts Hypothesis: H1-There is a significant relationship between individualism-collectivism and impulse buying behavior. H2- There is a significant relationship between power distance and impulse buying behavior. H3- There is a significant relationship between uncertainty-avoidance and impulse buying behavior H4- There is a significant relationship between masculinity-femininity and impulse buying behavior Methodology: Three focus groups and seven interviews are served as the pre-study and a cross-cultural questionnaire is substantially conducted across three countries: Sweden, Turkey and Vietnam. Findings: Culture generates certain effects on impulse buying behavior and the influence is diverse across these countries. However, the findings also indicate that there could be other factors that could affect impulse buying behavior.
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Classon, Anton. "The J in JRPG : Finding collectivism or individualism in games." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för speldesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329461.
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This paper covers the JRPG subgenre as it compares to the greater RPG genre. These will be compared through how games can, through their mechanics, be traced back to which types of society the games originate from. These societal types are collectivism and individualism, as defined by Richard Brislin (2000). The games are divided into Japanese games and Western games, and are examined for evidence of societal ties in their gameplay mechanics that tie them to their country of origin, or evidence that contend those ties.Detta examensarbete täcker JRPG-subgenren och jämför denna med den bredare RPG-genren. Dessa jämförs genom hur spel kan, genom deras mekaniker, spåras tillbaka till vilka typer av samhälle spelen härstammar från. Dessa samhällsformer är kollektivism och individualism, enligt definitionen av Richard Brislin (2000). Spelen är uppdelade i japanska spel och västerländska spel och undersöks för bevis på samhällsband i deras spelmekanik som knyter dem till sitt ursprungsland eller bevis som strider mot dessa band.
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Shang, Ziyuan. "Cultural Influences on Emotional Expression in Virtual Communication." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1272.
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Research has consistently demonstrated the influences of cultural orientation (Individualism/collectivism) on emotional expression when interacting with in-groups and out-groups members in face-to-face communication (e.g., Eid & Diener, 2001; Matsumoto et al., 2008; Safdar et al., 2009). The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate whether the same pattern exists in virtual communication, especially in instant text messaging. Using a mixed design, an online self-report questionnaire measuring Individualism/Collectivism and intensity of emotional expression of both positive and negative emotions will be given to a sample of 788 college students. Several universal effects are predicted, including greater emotion expression toward in-groups versus out-groups, greater overall expressivity for people with a high individualism score, and greater expressivity for positive emotions than negative emotions. It is further predicted that people with high individualism score will express more negative emotions to their in-groups, while people with high collectivism score will express more positive emotions. Lastly, it is predicted that when interacting with out-groups, people with a high individualism score will express more positive emotions, while people with high collectivism score will express more negative emotions. Implications for cultural orientation and emotion expression are discussed.
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Zhao, Jingyan. "From us to me: cultural value changes from collectivism to individualism in Chinese commercials." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35492.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Journalism and Mass Communications
Curtis B. Matthews
China’s society has been changing since 1979, when the open-door policy was implemented. Many great events in politics, economy and culture have brought lots of diversities to the Chinese younger generation who were born after 1979. These diversities have led to a cultural value change from collectivism to individualism among this generation (Cao, 2009; Sun & Wang, 2010; Moore, 2005). Cultivation analysis theory may be appropriate to explain this phenomenon as the open-door policy allowed American and European TV programs and other media products come into China. Effective advertising should cater to its audience in order to effectively persuade them to purchase its merchandise or service (Zhang & Harwood, 2004; Chang, 2006). If the cultural value of the Chinese younger generation has changed, it may be reflected in the commercial content of successful advertisers. This research conducted a content analysis of Chinese commercials, comparing the commercial contents in recent years to approximately ten years ago. It examined if the individualistic factors were more frequently showed in the commercials in recent years than approximately ten years ago, with the consideration to merchandise type and production place. Research results exhibited an increase of individualism revealing in Chinese commercials from approximately 2006 to 2016.
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Huang, Jo-Ting. "A cross-cultural study of the influence of personal cultural orientation on brand loyalty." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14421.
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This thesis investigates a generalisable cross-cultural model for brand loyalty by integrating extant theories of personal cultural orientation (of individualism and collectivism), self-congruity (actual, ideal, social, and ideal social self-congurity), customer satisfaction, attitudinal brand loyalty, and behavioural brand loyalty. Creating brand loyalty is a key branding issue in modern marketing. Brands are faced with the challenge of building, maintaining, and increasing their capacity to drive customer loyalty across borders with consumers of different cultures. Notwithstanding the growth of culturally centered brand loyalty research, the focus of research today continues to be on cross-cultural differences, often overlooking the generalisable cross-cultural path to consumer brand loyalty. This study instead addresses this overlooked topic of cross-cultural generalisabilities across nations. To assess the cross-cultural generalisability of the conceptual model, survey data from a non-student sample were collected from middle-class, Generation Y individuals of the relevant nationality who have always lived in China, Singapore, or the United States. After performing data cleaning procedures, 541 usable responses from three countries were analysed with the use of the SEM model. The findings show that the personal cultural orientation of collectivism has a positive effect on behavioural brand loyalty through ideal social self-congruity, customer satisfaction, and attitudinal brand loyalty. These findings extend brand loyalty research by considering how an individual’s personal cultural orientation impacts brand loyalty. Moreover, the findings offer marketers increased insight into consumers’ brand loyalty formation process in cross-cultural contexts. The limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also presented.
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Johnston, Sarah P. "A Cultural Comparison of Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum Disorder." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/540.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) with no cure (Hall, 2011). A variety of treatments exist to help with symptoms and one therapy is applied behavior analysis (ABA) (Virues-Ortega, 2010). ABA works by providing rewarding stimuli, specifically verbal praise, to encourage positive behavior. Most of the current research related to autism and ABA has been done in the US or other western countries (Hall, 2011), but studies show that verbal praise motivates people differently in different cultures (Henderlong & Lepper, 2002). One of these differences occurs between individualist and collectivist cultures. The current study will manipulate verbal praise administered in ABA therapy in two different countries, the United States, an individualist culture, and South Korea, a collectivist culture. There will be two types of ABA interventions: type A, with individualist-focused verbal praise and type B, with collectivist-focused verbal praise. Thirty children from each country will receive type A and 40 from each country will receive type B. The results would likely confirm the hypotheses which are: 1) that children with an individualist upbringing will have a greater improvement in symptoms with intervention type A than children with a collectivist upbringing, and 2) that children with a collectivist upbringing will have greater symptom improvement with intervention type B than children with an individualist upbringing. Further directions regarding the development of treatments for children with autism are discussed. This research will help to provide insight into the importance of considering culture when treating children with autism.
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Knutson, Ruth. "Discipling individuals in collectivist cultures a healthy biblical tension /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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au, psnider@central murdoch edu, and Paul Dabney Snider. "Exploring the Relationships between Individualism and Collectivism and Attitudes towards Counselling among Ethnic Chinese, Australian, and American University Students." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040430.140708.
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Exploring the Relationships Between Individualism and Collectivism and Attitudes Towards Counselling Among Ethnic Chinese, Australian, and American University Students Compensating for reduced public funding, Australian and American universities actively recruit full-fee paying East Asian international students. University staff, aware of international students having difficulties coping with cultural and emotional issues, often encourage them to seek university counselling services. However, East Asian international students under-utilise Western universities counselling services.
It has been argued that the Western concept of counselling reflects Western cultural values, in particular individualism. Thus the reluctance of international students from more collectivistic cultures to seek counselling services may in part be due to a clash of cultural values. Over a decade ago, Draguns hypothesised the existence of a relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions of individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity, and their influence on individuals attitudes towards psychopathology and treatment modalities. The current study sought to offer empirical support for Draguns hypothesis as it related to individualism and power distance, and to attitudes towards counselling. In place of Hofstedes cultural dimensions, this study used the Triandis cultural concepts of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism.
Using the Triandis Individualism Collectivism Scale (ICS) and the Tinsley Expectations about Counseling-Brief Form (EAC-B)questionnaire, the current study explores the relationship between levels of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism, and attitudes towards the roles of counsellors, the roles of clients, and the process and goals of counselling. The research is based on data collected from three cultural groups: ethnic Chinese international students attending Australian universities, and Australian and American university students enrolled in their home countries.
This study is unusual in cross-cultural research owing to its use of the Rasch extended logistic model of modern item response theory (IRT) as a means of validating the data prior to standard statistical analysis. Whereas classical test theory emphasises the model fitting the data, the Rasch model of IRT requires that the data fit the model to be considered valid. Psychometric analysis of the ICS found its four scales separately fit the Rasch model quite well, as did three modified scales of the EAC-B.
The IRT analysis also provided a means of identifying differential item functioning (DIF), that is, items functioning differently (demonstrating bias) among
the three cultural groups.
Using the EAC-B to collect pre and post-intervention data, the current study assessed the effectiveness of a videotape intervention as a means of changing within and between-group attitudes towards counselling. It was anticipated that ethnic Chinese participants, representing the group with the least familiarity with counselling, would show the greatest change in counselling attitudes as a result of the intervention. Americans were expected to show the least change, and Australian participants to be in the middle position. Based on the findings, the intervention did not significantly alter the participants attitudes towards counselling regardless of their cultural background. Overall, the intervention served to strengthen existing attitudes.
Lastly as a means of gaining a deeper understanding of the quantitative findings, the study collected qualitative data from the participants and from university counsellors. These findings indicated that there was a general lack of knowledge about university counselling services even among those participants who were familiar with counselling as a concept. Participants, in general, expressed reservations about seeking counselling due to concerns of being seen by friends. This was particularly true for the Chinese. Chinese participants also expressed scepticism towards a non-Chinese counsellors ability to understand their problems.
In reference to Draguns hypothesis, overall the findings from this study supported his model. The findings indicated that individuals endorsing collectivistic attitudes expressed a strong preference for counsellors who were direct, expert-like, and helped clients seek concrete solutions to their problems. The study also found that an individuals expressions of cultural dimensions, such as vertical collectivism, were better predictors of counsellor preference than an individuals cultural background.
These findings have implications for university policy makers who are responsible for ensuring the existence of an infrastructure capable of meeting the needs of the international students they so actively recruit. This would include appropriate funding for an adequate and diverse counselling staff extending itself to the university community. There are also implications for counsellor education programs in recognising the link between cultural variables and client expectations.
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Fauziah, Noordin. "Individualism-collectivism in organisational and career commitment: A study of managers in Australia and Malaysia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/106896/1/T%28BS%29%20207%20Individualism-collectivism%20in%20organisational%20and%20career%20commitment%20a%20study%20of%20managers%20in%20Australia%20and%20Malaysia.pdf.
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One of the major issues that many organisations will face in the coming years is the management of increasing diversity in the workforce. Understanding the influence of individualism-collectivism on organisational and career commitment, organisational value types, and general satisfaction of managers in different cultures may allow
organisations to effectively manage the intra- and intercultural differences present in a culturally diverse workforce. The influence of individualism-collectivism on organisational and career commitment, organisational value types and general satisfaction were examined in two cultures (Malaysia and Australia) by a survey methodology. Three
studies were conducted. Study 1 was to develop semantically equivalent measures in English and Malay languages. Four bilinguals performed the translation, back-translation
and decentering procedures for the 15 measures. Study 2 was to ensure that the reliabilities of the measures were comparable across the two culture groups. Reliability
analysis indicated that the internal consistencies were acceptable for all the measures, and that the reliabilities were similar across the two groups. Modifications of the
questionnaires for the main study were made. Study 3 was the main study. Twenty-eight organisations participated in the main study and a total of 323 managers voluntarily
participated in the survey. Tests of invariance confirm that each of the 15 measures were invariant. Cross-cultural t-test results revealed that Malaysian managers were
higher on vertical individualism, horizontal and vertical collectivism, continuance and normative organisational commitment, whereas Australian managers were higher on
career resilience and general satisfaction. The multiple regressions analyses revealed several unexpected results. Vertical allocentric managers in Malaysia have significant
positive effects on continuance commitment whereas horizontal allocentrics managers have a significant positive relationship with career planning commitment. Vertical
idiocentrics managers in Australia showed a significant positive relationships with normative commitment whereas horizontal allocentrics managers have a significant
positive relationships with general satisfaction. Horizontal allocentrics in both Malaysia and Australia have significant positive relationships with career identity commitment. The
research findings are discussed in relation to the literature. Implications and recommendations for the future research are presented.
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Stamkou, Eftychia, Kleef Gerben A. van, Astrid C. Homan, Michele J. Gelfand, de Vijver Fons J. R. van, Egmond Marieke C. van, Diana Boer, et al. "Cultural Collectivism and Tightness Moderate Responses to Norm Violators: Effects on Power Perception, Moral Emotions, and Leader Support." SAGE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218802832.
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Responses to norm violators are poorly understood. On one hand, norm violators are perceived as powerful, which may help
them to get ahead. On the other hand, norm violators evoke moral outrage, which may frustrate their upward social mobility.
We addressed this paradox by considering the role of culture. Collectivistic cultures value group harmony and tight cultures
value social order. We therefore hypothesized that collectivism and tightness moderate reactions to norm violators. We
presented 2,369 participants in 19 countries with a norm violation or a norm adherence scenario. In individualistic cultures,
norm violators were considered more powerful than norm abiders and evoked less moral outrage, whereas in collectivistic
cultures, norm violators were considered less powerful and evoked more moral outrage. Moreover, respondents in tighter
cultures expressed a stronger preference for norm followers as leaders. Cultural values thus influence responses to norm
violators, which may have downstream consequences for violators' hierarchical positions.
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Zbinden, Karine Gilberte Verena. "The cross-cultural transmission of works by Mikhail Bakhtin and the Bakhtin circle : missing sociality." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369837.
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McFeeters, Forrest Ethan. "The Effects of Individualism Vs. Collectivism on Learner's Recall, Transfer and Attitudes Toward Collaboration and Individualized Learning." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28049.
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This study examined the differences in achievement between groups exhibiting different cultural dimensions in a particular online instructional environment. Variables were measured concerning the relationship between instructional environments, cultural dimensions and online learner preference. The subjects of this study were a representative sample of groups of graduate students from different cultures. The instrument was composed of a treatment that was represented across two instructional environments. A web-based tool measured participant?s cultural dimension, recall, transfer of knowledge and learning preference. A 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVA analysis method was used to examine the effects of individualism and collectivism on learner preference and achievement (recall, transfer). Significance in transfer measures was found. This indicated deep understanding of materials for collectivist participants. Correlational analysis revealed significance between cultural dimension and learner preference for instructional methods. Findings were consistent with the body of literature on cross-cultural psychology.Ph. D.
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Wang, Danni, and Regis Hell. "Cultural impact on the audit planning phase : An empirical study in China and France." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-25743.
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China and France have both adopted the International Standards on Auditing (ISA). Thelargest firms in auditing and accounting in the world, known as Big Four, are established inFrance as well as in China. Auditors from those firms apply procedures that have beenharmonized worldwide within Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, and Ernst &Young. When it comes to audit, French auditor and Chinese auditor talk the same language,use the same software, boundaries seem to be knocked over. On the other hand, what BigFour firms are not able to standardize is the culture of their auditors. Does auditor’s culturemay shatter all efforts that have been put to deliver the same services throughout the world?Does auditor’s culture may call the work of the International Auditing and AssuranceStandards Board (IAASB) into question? Do either French or Chinese auditors enable ahigher audit risk to the audited client? Many other questions could be raised about the effectof cultures on the audit process.
The purpose of this research is to explore, measure and analyse the cultural impact on theaudit process. In order to highlight the difference(s) of the audit outcome due to culture,countries have to exemplify a certain numbers of cultural differences. China and France havebeen chosen because their belonging to the Eastern and Western clusters, and as we know,Eastern and Western countries have substantial cultural differences (Hofstede, 2001).According to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, Individualism (versus Collectivism) andUncertainty Avoidance are the two dimensions that get the higher cultural differences whenhe compares Chinese and French Culture. We want to discover how Chinese and Frenchauditors rely on analytical procedures and assess audit evidence and internal controlenvironment. We want to study if their audit results reflect the cultural differences betweenChina and France based on the two cultural dimensions.
In order to manage our empirical research, we use a sample of 28 Chinese auditors and 14French auditors. We use primary data collection through our design questionnaire. Theauditors’ answers were analysed using a quantitative approach to reveal the eventual existenceof a connection between the auditor’s cultural background and how the audit process iscarried out.
Our findings about cultural differences within Big Four companies are not so categorical. We did not find significant differences regarding Chinese and French auditors’ culture. However,Chinese auditors appear to have a higher willingness to refuse a misstatement in the client’s financial statements, due to collectivism cultural dimension, than French auditors. Auditors from both countries assess in similar way audit evidence, but they do not consider of the same importance some components of the internal control environment. French auditors considerof greater importance components that can directly influenced the accuracy of the accountingreporting process, because an individualism society as France tends to “encourage”accounting and cut-off errors within organizations.
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Poo-Im, Phanugorn, and Sangkan Savaikiat. "Cultural influences on the social network marketing effectiveness : A case Study in Thailand." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-14999.
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UNIVERSITY Mälardalen University (Mälardalens högskola) School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology COURSE Master Thesis in Business Studies with Specialization in International Marketing COURSE CODE EFO705 TITLE Cultural influences on the social network marketing effectiveness: A case study in Thailand. RESEARCH QUESTIONS How does collectivism influence the effectiveness of social network marketing? PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and analyze whether the cultural dimension of collectivism among Thais has an influential impact on the effectiveness of social network marketing implementation on clothing retailing companies toward online customers or not. METHODOLOGY This thesis has employed both primary and secondary data to operationalize the conceptual framework. A questionnaire given to 160 respondents and the interview of 2 Thai expert marketers has been carried out to operationalize this research question. CONCLUSION The collectivistic behaviors among Thais show a slightly positive relationship which supports the effectiveness of social network marketing implementation. The other influential factors, apart from collectivism, are detergency in educational levels, knowledge of using social network, smart phone trends, and internet facility readiness.
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Khoury, Haitham A. "The Moderating Influence of Cultural Dimensions on the Relationship Between Role Stressors, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/332.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the implications of cultural dimensions on the relationship between job satisfaction facets, role stressors, and organizational commitment. Using data from 214 university employees, the moderating influence of individualistic and collectivistic orientations as expressed through four cultural dimensions (responsibility, affiliation, social welfare, and achievement) on those relationships were investigated. Results indicated that role ambiguity had a greater negative influence on affective commitment for those who were more cooperative as opposed to competitive in their achievement orientation; whereas the relationship between coworker and supervision satisfaction and affective commitment was stronger for those who endorsed an individualist achievement orientation. Responsibility was found to moderate the relationship between satisfaction with the nature of work and continuance commitment more strongly and negatively for those who endorsed a collectivist orientation. The prediction that the relationship between role stressors and normative commitment would be more negative for those endorsing a collectivist orientation of affiliation was supported. Support was also found for the more positive influence of a collectivist orientation of affiliation on the relationship between job satisfaction facets (coworkers and supervision) and normative commitment. Finally, support was found for the collectivist orientation of affiliation positively influencing the relationship of satisfaction with the nature of work with normative commitment.
Cross-cultural psychology has moved towards the inclusion of cultural dimensions into the study of psychological behavior in the workplace in a two-pronged approach: refining the theory of cross-cultural industrial/organizational psychology and determining the processes by which cultural dimensions are linked to work behaviors. This study aimed to tackle both approaches by extending the empirical research that is ongoing in the area and accelerating the theoretical development.
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Dalgar, Ilker. "Relational Models Theory And Their Associations With Cultural Orientations And Personal Value Priorities In The Turkish Cultural Context." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614770/index.pdf.
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This study aims to investigate elementary models of social relations in Turkish cultural context and to link these models with horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism and personal value priorities. Fiske (1992) suggested that four elementary relationship models: communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, and market pricing motivate, organize, generate, coordinate, and evaluate almost all social relations. First, the Modes of Relationship Questionnaire (MORQ) asessing the four relational models was adopted to Turkish. Second, systematical associations of relational models with horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism and personal value priorities were examined. It was expected that horizontal cultural dimensions would predict equality matching and vertical dimensions would predict authority ranking, individualism would be linked to market pricing and collectivism would be linked to communal sharing. For personal value priorities, self-trancendence values would be associatedwith communal sharing, self-enhancement with authority ranking and market pricing, and conservation with authority ranking. Participants (N = 214) completed the MORQ, the Individualism and Collectivism Scale (INDCOL), and the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). The four factor-structure of the relational models was supported in comfirmatory factor analyses. The hypothesized associations between relaitonal models, cultural orientations, and personal priorities were mostly supported. The results indicated that collectivism predicted communal sharing, vertical dimensions predicted authority ranking, horizontal collectivism predicted equality matching, and vertical individualism predicted market pricing. It was also found that self-trancendence predicted communal sharing and equality matching, self-enhancement predicted authority ranking and market pricing, and conservation predicted authority ranking.Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the findings were discussed considering previous work and cultural context.
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Ma, Shuangjie, and Stellah Njeru. "The impact of culture (individualism and collectivism) on identified multicultural group work challenges : A study at Linnaeus University." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53419.
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This paper aims to measure the kinds of challenges faced by multicultural studentgroups and the influence of culture (individualism and collectivism) on student'sperception of importance on each of the challenges discovered. A 19-item questionnairewas completed by students (N = 234) from different faculties including natural andsocial sciences at Linnaeus University, students were from 47 countries. Challenges inmulticultural groups were measured using a Likert scale (from 1 to 5) that assessedmember participation, communication, group processes and group member compositionand analysed by exploratory factor analysis. To examine the differences in perception ofimportance of the challenges discovered between individualists and collectivists basedon Hofstede's culture framework, t-tests and Mann-Whitney test were conducted. Theresults suggested three main kinds of challenges: culture related challenges, genericgroup work challenges and membership resemblance. Membership resemblance was theonly kind of challenge that significantly differed between individualists and collectivists.Further discussions explaining the results and implementation of this study werepresented.
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Hoersting, Raquel Carvalho. "The Effects of Priming, Culture, and Context on Perception of Facial Emotion, Self-representation and Thought: Brazil and the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115096/.
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Individualist and collectivist cultural approaches describe the relationship between an individual and his or her social surroundings. the current study had a two-fold purpose. the first was to investigate whether Brazilians, like other collective peoples, displayed more group self-representations, categorized items more relationally and paid more attention to context than Americans. the second purpose of this study was to investigate if counter-cultural primes played a role in activating either collective or individual selves. Both American (n = 100) and Brazilian (n = 101) participants were assigned either to a no-prime condition or a counter-cultural prime condition and then were asked to rate emotion cartoons, categorize items, complete the Twenty Statement Test (TST), and choose a representative object. As expected, unprimed Brazilian participants displayed more collectivist patterns on emotional (F[1,196] = 10.1, p = .001, ?²= .049; F[1,196] = 7.9, p = .006, ?²= .038; F[1,196] = 9.0, p = .005, ?²= .044) and cognitive (F[1, 196] = 6.0, p < .01, ?² = .03) tasks than Americans. However, Brazilians offered more individualist self-representations (F[1, 195] = 24.0, p < .001, ?² = .11) than American participants. Priming only had a marginal effect on item categorization (F[1,194] = 3.9, p = .051, ?² = .02). Understanding such cultural differences is necessary in the development of clinicians’ multicultural competence. Therefore, these findings, along with the strengths and limitations of this study and suggestions for future research, are discussed.
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Lee, In Heok. "Readiness for self-directed learning and the cultural values of individualism/collectivism among American and South Korean college students seeking teacher certification in agriculture." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3281.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and the cultural values of individualism/collectivism in two sample groups drawn from different cultures. The research design used for this study was descriptive and correlational in nature. The target population for this study consisted of two sample groups: Korean and American college students who seek teacher certification in the field of agriculture. Data were collected using a web-formatted questionnaire. Results were computed statistically, including the means, standard deviations, effect size, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, bivariate correlations, and multiple regression.
Findings indicated that in a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, scores for the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS) (R2 = .03, adjusted R2 = .01, p = .30) in Step 1 was not statistically significantly related by gender, student classification, and GPA. Gender, student classification, and GPA accounted for only 3% of the variance and the three beta weights for the gender, student classification, and GPA variables were not statistically significantly related to the SDLRS. However, scores for SDLRS (R2= .34, adjusted R2 = .30, ¨R2 = .31, p =.00) in Step 2 was statistically significantly related by gender, student classification, GPA, nationality, vertical individualism (VI), horizontal individualism (HI), vertical collectivism(VC), and horizontal collectivism(HC). This model accounted for 34 % of the variance in the SDLRS (R2 change = .31). It appears that nationality, VI, HI, VC, and HC accounted for a further 31% of the variance. However, in Step 1, the gender, student classification, and GPA variables did not account for a significant amount of variance in Step 2. The beta weight for nationality and VI variables were not statistically significantly related to the SDLRS (E = -0.15, t = -1.67, p = .10; E = 0.01, t = 0.10, p = .92, respectively). However, the beta for the HI variable was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.40, t = 4.31, p = .00). The beta for the VC
variable also was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.20, t = 2.12, p = .04). The beta for the HC variable also was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.21, t = 2.19, p = .03). These findings indicated that if HI, VC, and HC attitudes are high, the SDLRS
scores tend to be high. That is, differences in the students SDLRS can be best explained through HI, VC, and HC among the cultural values of individualism/collectivism.
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Lunk, Bettina. "MySpace or OurSpace a cross-cultural empirical analysis of MySpace comments /." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1208805281.
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Thesis (M.Ap.C.T. & M.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 8, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-111). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in in print.
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Lee, Sanguk. "A cross-cultural investigation of individual versus group-based fear appeals: Effects of culturally-tailored threat and self-efficacy on perceived threat, perceived self-efficacy, and behavioral intention." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1500660989364982.
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Snider, Paul D. "Exploring the relationships between individualism and collectivism and attitudes towards counselling among ethnic Chinese, Australian, and American university students /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040430.140708.
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Acevedo, Ignacio David. "UNDERSTANDING ETHNICITY: THE RELATION AMONG ETHNIC IDENTITY, COLLECTIVISM, AND INDIVIDUALISM IN AFRICAN AMERICANS AND EUROPEAN AMERICANS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2003. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukypcps2003t00073/AcevedoThesis.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2003.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 68 p. Includes abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-65).
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Valbuena, Michele Joan Dalman. "A study of athlete engagement, athlete identity and individualism: Collectivism cultural behaviours among Filipino Athletes compared with US American Athletes." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2015. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/183d71286aee9bc543927153bf592a762f7d8254e9459adcbbee0d57884b6eca/1404685/Valbuena_2015_Study_of_athlete_engagement_athlete_identity.pdf.
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The focus of this study is the Filipino athlete, how they engage with their sport and the influence in this process of their cultural background and the way in which they construct their personal identity as athletes. These aspects are further studied in comparison with a sample of their US American counterparts. Athlete Engagement (AE) is a fairly new concept in sport psychology. It has been developed from the concept of employee engagement in industrial/organizational psychology where it was operationalised with the dimensions of vigour, dedication and absorption (Hakanen, Schaufeli & Aloha, 2008). Similar dimensions were explored in the first two research studies on AE by Lonsdale, Hodge and Raedeke (2007) and Lonsdale, Hodge and Jackson (2007). AE has been found to be “a persistent, positive, cognitive-affective experience in sport characterized by confidence, dedication and vigour” (2007, p.451). The first study in the present enquiry surveyed 70 Filipino and 62 US American athletes. AE was explored in relation to the athletic identity and the individualism- collectivism cultural behaviours of these athletes. AE was measured through the use of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ); athletic identity was measured through the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale-Plus (AIMS-Plus); and individualism- collectivism cultural behaviours were measured through the Auckland Individualism Collectivism Scale (AICS). No differences were found between the levels of global AE reported for the two national groups (p=.489). However at the level of the subscales the US sample engaged with greater confidence (p=.014) and dedication (p=.001) whereas the Filipino group engaged with more vigor (p=.023) and enthusiasm (p=.044). There was no difference found between the two groups for their individualist behaviours (p=.236) or the strength of their athletic identities (p=.739). It was therefore concluded on the basis of these findings that, regardless of their national cultural background, athletes were primarily individualistic and had high levels of athletic identity. The second study sought to explore these differences further through the use of qualitative techniques. Following the model applied by Lonsdale, Hodge and Raedeke (2007) with a sample of New Zealand athletes, the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method was used to gather information from 10 Filipino and 10 US American athletes. It was found that although both samples experienced the same engagement dimensions, their experiences were also strongly influenced by their cultural orientation identified as spirituality' among the Filipinos and 'character' among the US American athletes. Both spirituality and character were initially considered as AE dimensions before being interpreted as moderating variables. The third study examined differences in the way that athletes engage at two different points in the same season, namely before and after a major competition. Filipino (n=26) and US American athletes (n=l 8) from two university elite soccer teams were the subjects. Surveys were conducted two weeks before their major tournament and two weeks following. Two-way ANOVA with level of AE as the dependent variable, showed no main effect for time (p=.990) but a significant main effect for nationality (p=.013). The US athletes reported significantly higher levels of engagement both before and after the competition. There were no interactions observed (p=.243). Stepwise regression analysis showed that for the US American athletes a model with AI as a significant variable (p<.001; p=.013) was able to significantly predict AE both at the pre- competition stage (R square = .554) and at the post- competition stage (R square=.559) . For the Filipino samples a model containing both individualism (p=.001) and collectivism (p=.017) strongly predicted engagement at the pre- competition stage (R square=.637), whereas at the post competition stage a model (R square=.585) containing only the variable AI (p<.000) provided the best prediction of engagement. It was concluded that the explanation for these differences lay in the interaction of national cultural characteristics with the specific socio-environmental circumstances experienced by the athletes themselves. It is concluded from this program of studies that the concept of AI has relevance in enhancing AE even where cultural and socio-economic circumstances might provide obstacles to optimal achievement in sport. As such awareness of this is important for athletes, coaches, trainers and sport psychologists in collectivist cultures as they work together to create and implement training programs for athletes to help them perform at the optimal level.
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Lituchy, Terri Robin. "International and intranational negotiations in the United States and Japan: The impact of cultural collectivism on cognitions, behaviors and outcomes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186117.
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This dissertation explores the determinants of integrative outcomes in intranational and international negotiations between Americans and Japanese. A laboratory study was conducted to test the effects of cultural collectivism on (1) empathic concern towards, and trust in the negotiating partner, (2) competitive, cooperative and maximizing joint profit behaviors and (3) the integrativeness of the outcomes between Japanese and Americans. Individuals from collectivist cultures, such as the Japanese, behave differently towards members of their ingroup than with members of outgroups. An ingroup is defined as a group whose norms and values shape the behavior of its members. Results of an experiment involving 98 Japanese and 92 American students found that two Japanese negotiating together reached more integrative outcomes than either two Americans or an American and Japanese negotiating together. Japanese individuals behave in such a way as to satisfy the needs and goals of the entire ingroup. When negotiating with Japanese partners, Japanese negotiators behaved cooperatively and reached integrative outcomes. With American partners, however, the Japanese behaved competitively and reached distributive outcomes. People in individualist cultures, such as Americans, are interested in satisfying their own needs and compete with others, (regardless of their negotiating partners), to get what they want. In this negotiation exercise, the Americans reached distributive outcomes. Two cognitions that have an effect on the integrativeness of the outcome were examined in this dissertation. They are trust in and empathy towards one's negotiating partner. Japanese negotiators tend to have trust in and empathy towards members of Japanese partners, but not American partners. American negotiators tend to have less trust in and empathy towards their negotiating partners. Practical implications and future research are discussed.
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Bejanyan, Kathrine. "The influence of familial involvement and cultural values on mate preferences and romantic relationships : what do today's emerging adults in India and America want?" Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11623.
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With increasing globalization, researchers are beginning to document the changing patterns of family life in collectivistic societies undergoing rapid economic development, such as India. With these changes, expectations of romantic relationships are also shifting as individuals re-calibrate their gender roles and attitudes towards romantic relationships to meet the challenges of modern society. Yet, not enough is known about the younger generation of collectivist youth and their evolving romantic habits and preferences. Therefore, the overarching goal of this thesis was to gain a more comprehensive understanding of cultural and familial influences in selecting a marital partner, maintaining a relationship, endorsing romantic beliefs, and anticipating future difficulties in marital life. In collectivist cultures, families tend to be characterized by respect for parental authority and strong, interdependent ties. Do these aspects of collectivism exert countervailing pressures on mate choices and relationship quality? In Study 1, I tested my predictions on a British sample by dividing participants into high or low collectivist groups based on their heritage cultural background, whereas in Study 2 I recruited participants from India and the United States. In both studies, I found that collectivism was associated with greater acceptance of parental influence over mate choice, thereby driving relationship commitment down, but collectivism was also associated with stronger family ties (referred to as family allocentrism), which drove commitment up (Study 2). Along similar lines, Study 1 found that collectivists’ greater acceptance of parental influence on mate choice contributed to their reduced relationship passion, whereas Study 2 found that their greater family allocentrism may have enhanced their passion. Study 2 also revealed that collectivists may have reported a smaller discrepancy between their own preferences for mates high in warmth and trustworthiness and their perception of their parents’ preferences for these qualities because of their stronger family allocentrism. However, their higher tolerance of parental V influence may have also contributed to a smaller discrepancy in their mate preferences versus their perceptions of their parents’ preferences for qualities signifying status and resources. Studies 3 and 4 moved away from familial dynamics and took a closer look at the cultural values of collectivism and gender role ideology. Previous studies have established that Indians tend to be greater in collectivism and gender role traditionalism than Americans. The purpose of Studies 3 and 4 was to examine whether these differences explained further cultural differences in romantic beliefs, traditional mate preferences, and anticipation of future difficulties in marital life. Results for both studies revealed that Indians reported greater collectivism than Americans and, in turn, held stronger romantic beliefs. Additionally, Indians’ greater collectivism, endorsement of more traditional gender roles and benevolent sexism in part predicted their preferences for a marital partner possessing traditional characteristics. Collectivism and gender role traditionalism accounted for Indians’ heightened concerns about encountering future difficulties in marital life in Study 3, while in Study 4 only collectivism explained these concerns. Overall, the results from these four studies shed light on the processes underlying cultural differences in relationship attitudes and preferences, and point to the need for greater cultural awareness and sensitivity to the diversity that exists in relationship functioning across societies.
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Labsomboonsiri, Saranya. "A cross-country study of motivations for eWOM continuity in review sites: Do cultural values matter?" Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/199782/1/Saranya_Labsomboonsiri_Thesis.pdf.
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This research studied reviewer motivations for electronic word of mouth (eWOM) continuity and how individual and collective cultural values influence these motivations. The findings highlight the processes of extrinsic motivations (rewards) and intrinsic motivation (self-presentation) within eWOM. The research demonstrates that a combination of affective motivations (positive and negative consumption-related feelings) and cognitive motivations (helping and warning others) drives eWOM. The research uncovers review (dis)confirmations as important motivations to continue eWOM. The results reveal the impacts of reviewers' individual cultural values on motivations for eWOM continuity.
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Nogueira, Madalena Maltês de Almeida. "The relationship between cultural dimensions and goal orientation." Master's thesis, reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26247.
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Submitted by Madalena Nogueira (madalenanogueira93@gmail.com) on 2018-07-25T21:02:19Z
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The purpose of this study consists on understanding the relationship between cultural dimensions and goal orientation. Specifically, the research seeks to explore if some cultural dimensions of GLOBE Project are related to goal orientation, specifically Learning and Performance Goal Orientation. A quantitative research method was used in the study to collect responses from individuals through an online survey previously elaborated. The relationship between five cultural dimensions and Learning and Performance Goal Orientation were tested through multiple linear regressions to understand if there were significant relationships between them and to test if those were positive or negative. The results supported two out of five hypotheses proposed. Performance Orientation was positively related to Learning Goal Orientation, as well as Institutional Collectivism was negatively related to Performance Goal Orientation. Although the opposite relationship was proposed in the hypothesis, the relationship between High Power Distance and Performance Goal Orientation was significant. Remaining relationships tested did not yield significant findings. Finally, the results obtained could provide important information about specific cultural behaviors needed to engage with to incur and follow a particular goal orientation, as well as, significant information to future research in this area.
O objetivo principal do presente estudo é compreender a relação existente entre dimensões culturais e orientação de resultados. Para além disso, a pesquisa pretende explorar se algumas dimensões culturais propostas pelo GLOBE Study exercem influência na orientação de resultados, especificamente orientação por aprendizagem e performance. O método de pesquisa utilizado no estudo foi um método quantitativo na forma de um inquérito online previamente elaborado, para recolher as respostas dos participantes. As relações existentes entre cinco dimensões culturais e Orientação de Resultados por Aprendizagem e Performance foram testadas através de regressões lineares múltiplas com o objetivo de perceber se alguma delas era significativa e ao mesmo tempo testar se eram positivas ou negativas. Duas das cinco hipóteses foram suportadas pelos resultados apresentados. A Orientação por Performance tem uma relação positiva com a Orientação de Resultados por Aprendizagem, assim como o Coletivismo Institucional estabelece uma relação negativa com a Orientação de Resultados por Performance. Apesar de apresentar uma relação oposta àquela prevista na hipótese, a relação que existe entre altos níveis de Distância de Poder e Orientação de Resultados por Performance é significativa. As restantes relações que foram testadas não apresentaram qualquer relevância para o estudo. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos podem fornecer informações relevantes sobre comportamentos humanos importantes a adaptar para incorrer numa especifica orientação de resultados, assim como disponibilizar informação significante de base para futura pesquisa nesta área.
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Lund, Trace Warren. "Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty in a Cross-Cultural Context: Student Views on Cheaters, Cheating, and Severity of Offenses." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1494458206485151.
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Nogueira, Madalena Maltês de Almeida. "The relationship between cultural dimensions and goal orientation." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24531.
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Submitted by Madalena Nogueira (madalenanogueira93@gmail.com) on 2018-07-25T21:02:19Z
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Master Thesis_Madalena Nogueira - Final Version.pdf: 1294131 bytes, checksum: 2a3af8ff91ac4f2c6e21a2ec218611ff (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-08-02T17:42:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis_Madalena Nogueira - Final Version.pdf: 1294131 bytes, checksum: 2a3af8ff91ac4f2c6e21a2ec218611ff (MD5)
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The purpose of this study consists on understanding the relationship between cultural dimensions and goal orientation. Specifically, the research seeks to explore if some cultural dimensions of GLOBE Project are related to goal orientation, specifically Learning and Performance Goal Orientation. A quantitative research method was used in the study to collect responses from individuals through an online survey previously elaborated. The relationship between five cultural dimensions and Learning and Performance Goal Orientation were tested through multiple linear regressions to understand if there were significant relationships between them and to test if those were positive or negative. The results supported two out of five hypotheses proposed. Performance Orientation was positively related to Learning Goal Orientation, as well as Institutional Collectivism was negatively related to Performance Goal Orientation. Although the opposite relationship was proposed in the hypothesis, the relationship between High Power Distance and Performance Goal Orientation was significant. Remaining relationships tested did not yield significant findings. Finally, the results obtained could provide important information about specific cultural behaviors needed to engage with to incur and follow a particular goal orientation, as well as, significant information to future research in this area.
O objetivo principal do presente estudo é compreender a relação existente entre dimensões culturais e orientação de resultados. Para além disso, a pesquisa pretende explorar se algumas dimensões culturais propostas pelo GLOBE Study exercem influência na orientação de resultados, especificamente orientação por aprendizagem e performance. O método de pesquisa utilizado no estudo foi um método quantitativo na forma de um inquérito online previamente elaborado, para recolher as respostas dos participantes. As relações existentes entre cinco dimensões culturais e Orientação de Resultados por Aprendizagem e Performance foram testadas através de regressões lineares múltiplas com o objetivo de perceber se alguma delas era significativa e ao mesmo tempo testar se eram positivas ou negativas. Duas das cinco hipóteses foram suportadas pelos resultados apresentados. A Orientação por Performance tem uma relação positiva com a Orientação de Resultados por Aprendizagem, assim como o Coletivismo Institucional estabelece uma relação negativa com a Orientação de Resultados por Performance. Apesar de apresentar uma relação oposta àquela prevista na hipótese, a relação que existe entre altos níveis de Distância de Poder e Orientação de Resultados por Performance é significativa. As restantes relações que foram testadas não apresentaram qualquer relevância para o estudo. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos podem fornecer informações relevantes sobre comportamentos humanos importantes a adaptar para incorrer numa especifica orientação de resultados, assim como disponibilizar informação significante de base para futura pesquisa nesta área.
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Jang, Seulki. "A Multilevel Examination of Cultural Moderators of the Job Demands-Resources Model." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5826.
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Although the Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R) is the dominant theoretical framework used to understand the relationship between workplace factors and employee well-being, the cross-cultural generalizability of this model has seldom been directly tested. Therefore, this study examined whether and to what extent relationships between: 1) job demands (i.e., organizational constraints) and strain (i.e., job satisfaction, and turnover intentions) and 2) job resources (i.e., job control, participation in decision-making, direct supervisor support, senior leader support, and clear goals and performance feedback) and strain were moderated by cultural dimensions (i.e., individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance). Survey data from workers in 28 countries were used to examine these questions. Results revealed that culture-level individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance independently and significantly moderated some job demands-strain and job resources-strain outcomes relationships. Specifically, job control and senior leaders support was consistently and more strongly, negatively related to strain in more individualistic cultures, and participation in decision-making was more strongly, negatively related to strain in more collectivistic cultures when using cultural scores from both Hofstede and GLOBE taxonomies. In contrast, although I also uncovered some significant moderating effects of culture-level uncertainty avoidance on job demands-strain and job resources-strain relationships, the results from these analyses were often in the opposite pattern when GLOBE versus Hofstede cultural scores were used. Overall, the present study sheds light on the generalizability versus specificity of the JD-R model across cultural contexts.
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Youn, Inn. "The culture specificity of epistemological beliefs about learning /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841349.
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Li, Feng Edward Education Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "A cross-cultural study of Australian and Chinese university academics?? work motivation." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Education, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42794.
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This study examined university academics?? valence for teaching and research, and the relationships between the valence and self-efficacy for teaching and research, with an Australian and a Chinese sample. In addition, the study also investigated modelling of research activity and Chinese university academics?? attributions, experience of western research activities, and ingroup and outgroup relationships between models and observers. Design and conduct of the research was guided by a theoretical framework. Several hypotheses were generated and tested, and research questions were answered. Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were used in this study. The quantitative analysis comprised exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, and content analysis was used for free responses in the surveys and the interview data from the sample of Chinese academics. Within the context of the research, the results suggested that valence for academic work may be related to university academics?? cultural orientation and their self-efficacy for academic work. The study also suggested that observing modelling by others may have been related to the Chinese university academics?? self-efficacy for research. Effects of modelling and the Chinese academics?? attributions for models?? success in research appeared to be moderated by ingroup and outgroup relationships between the models and observers. Moreover, overseas experience was found to be the most important external attribution for Chinese models?? success in research.
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Khoury, Haitham A. "Measuring culture : the development of a multidimensional culture scale." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001741.
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Xu, Xian. "Explaining the Impact of Work Interference with Family: The Role of Work-Family Psychological Contract and Cultural Values." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002541.
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Stander, Gideon Stefan. "The cultural impact of cross–border acquisitions on the accounting function : a case study / Gideon Stefan Stander." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4593.
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Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are one of the fastest strategic options that companies choose to face the global competitive market. This is evident from the number and the amount of growth in the value of the deals, as well as the occurrence of the 'mega–mergers' in recent times. If companies do not adapt to the fast moving and evolving business environment, they will run the risk of becoming obsolete.
The key principle behind buying a company is to create shareholder value, which will give the organisation a competitive advantage. The reasoning behind M&A is that one combined company may be more valuable than two separate companies. Despite the popularity of M&A, 60–80% of M&A fail to create value. There are several reasons why M&A fail, such as the insufficient analysis and examination during the planning and early stages of the transaction, overpayment and poor management in the integration phase.
In the past 20 years, the volume of cross–border acquisitions has increased nearly three times faster than the volume of domestic acquisitions. Although cross–border M&A have become more popular, it comes with its own challenges and problems. The companies that enter into cross–border acquisitions need to face the issue of cultural differences, which is one of the common reasons of M&A failure. The participants of both companies need to integrate with the national and corporate cultures of the new company. In order for companies to be successful, the management needs to consider the impact and importance of these cultural differences.
Organisations frequently struggle with cross–cultural issues and it has been argued that the cultural distance between the country of the acquirer and the acquired is an important determinant of the success of cross–border acquisitions. In the example of the German company Daimler Benz and the American company Chrysler Corporation the fact that these two companies have very different cultural backgrounds and that their structures differed significantly complicated the merger. The company's choice of languages, images, metaphors and rhetorical strategies had a huge impact on the acceptance of the merger by the employees. Hofstede investigated the social dimensions of culture in order to develop a comprehensive model of culture. The model was developed on data collected from the IBM study of work–related attitudes of 116,000 employees in over 50 countries and three regions. The first four dimensions of culture were derived from this study namely, Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism (IDV), Masculinity (MAS), and Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Gray extended Hofstede's earlier cultural framework to an accounting perspective and suggested that accounting values are derived from cultural dimensions. Gray summarised his accounting values as: Professionalism versus statutory control, uniformity versus flexibility, conservatism versus optimism and secrecy versus transparency.
The research question and objective of this study was to investigate the potential impact of cultural differences of cross–border acquisitions on companies from an accounting perspective. In order to answer the research question there were three objectives set. The first objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have on a company using Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the second objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have towards an accounting perspective using Gray's accounting values. The third and final objective of this research is to interpret the potential impact of a cross–border acquisition on a company taking the cultural differences into account.
Considering the cultural differences, it was evident that there are differences between cultures, which may lead to cultural conflict and may hamper the success of cross–border mergers or acquisitions. The cultural differences that were observed, which was extended to an accounting perspective indicated that cultures do have an effect on the way accounting is done form one country to another. The conclusion can be made that companies do need to take the cultural differences into account before entering into cross–border mergers and acquisitions, and that proactive measures needs to be in place in order for the cross–border merger and acquisition to be a success.Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Veerla, Veena, and Maanasa Subrahmanyam. "Influence of cultural dimensions on Agile team behavioral characteristics." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2450.
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Context: Agile methodologies are widely recognized in western countries. From past few years, its practices are being successfully adopted in global settings especially in eastern countries. Across the world, teams are following its values and principles. Are all the teams behaving in the same way? Potential difficulties related to culture arise while implementing agile practices. Due to variance in backgrounds and behaviors, social cliques and issues are likely to be formed between the team mates which become a hurdle. Objectives: The study unravels the list of relationships between the agile team behavioral characteristics and Hofstede cultural dimensions. It also explores whether Indian employees working in an agile environment possess the required behavioral characteristics which are useful for the effective functioning of a team. The other objective of this study reveals the influence of the years of experience of the agile employees on behavioral characteristics. Methods: Data collection processes include a literature review and a web survey. First, in the literature review analysis of the empirical studies from year 1999-2011 was done. The review approach helped in collecting and summarizing the data. The studies were identified from the most reliable and authentic databases that are scientifically and technically peer reviewed such as Engineering village, IEEE Xplore, ACM digital library, Springer Link and Google Scholar. A survey was conducted with 33 practitioners from various multinational organizations in India. Statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Hofstede’s cultural dimensions had noticeable influence on agile team behavioral characteristics. Although, all the enabler characteristics were not seen in Indian culture, the results clearly show that some of the cultural dimensions are enabling factors to function well in an agile team and some hinder the team effectiveness. The result from the literature review shows the list of relationships between Hofstede cultural dimensions and agile team behavioral characteristics. All team behavioral characteristics were to a certain extent demonstrated by Indian agile employees, which can be known from the survey results. It is also seen from the survey results that, team behavioral characteristics can be demonstrated more effectively by the experienced agile employees. Conclusion: From this study, we have found the relationships between Hofstede cultural dimensions and agile team behavioral characteristics. List of agile team behavioral characteristics which were followed by Indian agile employees were obtained from the survey. We conclude that Indian agile employees were able to demonstrate all the agile team behavior characteristics required for an effective functioning of a team. One more interesting thing which came into our attention, after analyzing the survey was that years of experience of agile employees do have an effect on the employees which influences the demonstration of team behavior characteristics. It was clear that demonstration of these characteristics were not only dependent on individual’s nature but also on the years of experience in agile environment. The absence of relationships which were not found through literature needs to be focused. Hence we conclude that there is a need for conducting even more in-depth surveys and reviews to investigate the unfound relationships.
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Wissing, Jan Andries Benjamin. "Psychological well-being in cultural context : measurement, patterns and relevance for practice / J.A.B. Wissing." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1190.
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This study, presented in article format, contributed to the development of the
science and practice of positive psychology / psychofortology, specifically in the
South African multi-cultural context, through (i) a first phase exploration of the
validity of several scales, mainly developed in a 'western' context, for applicability of
measurement of facets of psychological well-being in the South African (multicultural)
context (manuscript I), (ii) an exploration of patterns of psychological wellbeing
and satisfaction with life in cultural context (manuscript 2), and (iii) a review of
the state of the art of the applicability of knowledge (theory and experimental
findings) from the domain of positive psychology, for use in practice to enhance the
quality of life for people (manuscript 3). For purposes of this study "cultural context"
referred to relatively individualist and relatively collectivist cultural orientations as
manifested in shared patterns of behavioural readiness, assumptions, attitudes, beliefs,
self-definitions, norms, values, historical background and language groupings.
The aim of the first study I article was to do a first phase screening of
psychometric properties of several scales measuring facets of psychological wellbeing
in a South African context. Most of these scales were developed in a western
context, and measure facets of cognitive, affective, conative, social, and spiritual
psychological well-being. Data were gathered in two projects including 731
participants from different cultural contexts in the North West Province. The FORTproject
(FORT = Clarifying the nature of psychological strengths; -=strength)
included a convenience sample of 384 mainly white students and adults from the
Potchefstroom area, and a convenience sample of 130 mainly black students from the
Mafikeng area. The POWIRS-project (POWIRS = Profiles of Obese Women with the
Insulin Resistance Syndrome) included 102 black and 1 15 white adult women.
Reliability and validity of scales for use in a South African context were reported.
Results indicated that the reliability and validity of scales varied from acceptable to
totally unacceptable for use in specific subgroups. It was concluded that the most
promising scales for use in all groups were the Affectometer 2 (AFM), the Fortitude
Questionnaire (FORQ) (except the FORQ-S), the Cognitive Appraisal Questionnaire
(CAQ), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) the General Health Questionnaire
(GHQ) (the latter measuring pathology), and to some extent the Sense of Coherence
Scale (SOC).
This second study I article explored the patterns of psychological well-being
and satisfaction with life in relatively more individualist and relatively more
collectivist cultural contexts in South Africa. Secondary factor analyses were
conducted on data obtained in four cross-sectional studies, comprising 1,909
participants. Questionnaires varied in studies, and measured facets of affective,
cognitive, physical, spiritual, interpersonal and social well-being. Similarities and
differences in patterns of psychological well-being and satisfaction with life were
found. Satisfaction with life clusters with intra-psychological well-being in relatively
more individualist cultural groups, and with inter-personal factors in relatively more
collectivist African groups. Implications for models of psychological well-being and
interventions to enhance psychological well-being were indicated.
The aim of the third study I article was to review and evaluate the practical
applicability of scientific knowledge from the domain of positive psychology
/ psychofortology, with specific reference to assessment, interventions, lifespan
development and application in various contexts. It was shown that knowledge in the
scientific domain of positive psychology has great relevance for, and application
possibilities on individual, community and public policy levels. Applications were
found as far as evaluation (assessment) and interventions are concerned in various life
contexts (such as education, psychotherapy, health promotion, work), and in various
phases of life (from childhood through adolescence and adulthood to old age). Several
specific, empirically validated, strategies for enhancement of facets of psychological
well-being were highlighted. It was pointed out that an advantage of positive
psychology is that it has the theory, research evidence, and techniques to bring benefit
to many people on the total mental health continuum, and not only, but also, to the
minority who have a problem or are at risk of developing problems.
A main conclusion across the different studies reported in this thesis (articles
1-3), was that cultural contexts and variables certainly need to be taken into account in
research and practice of positive psychology. Despite the major developments in the
scientific domain of positive psychology / psychofortology, its theories and
applications have mainly been developed and explored in a western context, and
further research is necessary, specifically in the African context. Several
recommendations for future research were made.Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Woo, Boyun. "Cultural Effects on Work Attitudes and Behaviors: The Case of American and Korean Fitness Employees." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1241612067.
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Stenberg, Johanna, and Carl Thorsson. "Legislative impact on the fight against Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in The Gambia." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26805.
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Over 200 million women and girls alive today have been victims of Female Geni-tal Mutilation / Cutting, and another 3,6 million are at risk every year. This tradi-tional practice is widespread and has gained a lot of attention from Non-governmental organizations, scholars and medical professionals around the world, stating warnings about the harmful effects. Yet, the prevalence and continuance are still not regressing in a desirable rate. Many countries have enacted legislative actions against the practice, among these countries is the West African nation of The Gambia. The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine and analyse what experiences and perceptions NGOs in The Gambia have with using legislative ac-tion against FGM /C, how their work has changed due to the legislation as well as examine their perception on local community attitudes towards the law. This has been done using the theories of Cultural Relativism vs Universalism and through selected concepts within Hofstede's Theory of Cultural Dimensions. This study will theorise what happens when a law representing western norms and values gets implemented in a society where culture, traditions and the collective group is high-ly important. Our findings show that The Gambia, in particularly local communi-ties, holds a strong cultural relativistic mentality and is characterized by a collec-tivistic culture in which the power distance is high. This society puts emphasis on collective identity, solidarity and collective decisions as well as traditional heritage and cultural values. Implementing a law that promotes western values thus brings problems and a lack of efficiency.
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Beyer, Steven Phillip. "Examining the Impact of Race Matching and Cultural Worldview Matching On Treatment Outcomes for Patients with Schizophrenia." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1513168908905989.
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