Journal articles: 'Culturable mycobiome'

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Ben-Dor Cohen, Eyal, Micha Ilan, and Oded Yarden. "The Culturable Mycobiome of Mesophotic Agelas oroides: Constituents and Changes Following Sponge Transplantation to Shallow Water." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070567.

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Marine sponges harbor a diverse array of microorganisms and the composition of the microbial community has been suggested to be linked to holo-biont health. Most of the attention concerning sponge mycobiomes has been given to sponges present in shallow depths. Here, we describe the presence of 146 culturable mycobiome taxa isolated from mesophotic niche (100 m depth)-inhabiting samples of Agelas oroides, in the Mediterranean Sea. We identify some potential in vitro interactions between several A. oroides-associated fungi and show that sponge meso-hyl extract, but not its predominantly collagen-rich part, is sufficient to support hyphal growth. We demonstrate that changes in the diversity of culturable mycobiome constituents occur following sponge transplantation from its original mesophotic habitat to shallow (10 m) waters, where historically (60 years ago) this species was found. We conclude that among the 30 fungal genera identified as associated with A. oroides, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma constitute the core mycobiome of A. oroides, and that they persist even when the sponge is transplanted to a suboptimal environment, indicative of the presence of constant, as well as dynamic, components of the sponge mycobiome. Other genera seemed more depth-related and appeared or disappeared upon host’s transfer from 100 to 10 m.

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Rubio-Portillo, Esther, David Orts, Eleuterio Llorca, Cleofé Fernández, Josefa Antón, Consuelo Ferrer, Beatriz Gálvez, et al. "The Domestic Environment and the Lung Mycobiome." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111717.

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This study analyzes the relationship between the mycobiome of the Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT) and the fungi in the domestic environment. Samples studied consisted of Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) from 45 patients who underwent bronchoscopy for different diagnostic purposes, and dust and air from the houses (ENV) of 20 of them (44.4%). Additionally, five bronchoscopes (BS) were also analyzed and negative controls were included for every procedure. All samples were processed for DNA extraction and cultures, which were performed in Sabouraud Dextrose and Potato Dextrose Agar. The fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) was sequenced by the Solexa/Illumina system and sequences were analyzed by QIIME 1.8.0 and compared with the UNITE Database for identification. The similarity between the two fungal communities (BAL and ENV) for a specific patient was assessed via the percentage of coincidence in the detection of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and about 75% of co-occurrence was detected between the mycobiome of the LRT and the houses. Cultures confirmed the presence of the core mycobiome species. However, the low rate of isolation from BAL suggests that most of its mycobiome corresponds to non-culturable cells. This likely depends on the patient’s immune system activity and inflammatory status.

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Lifshitz, Nofar, Lena Hazanov, Maoz Fine, and Oded Yarden. "Seasonal Variations in the Culturable Mycobiome of Acropora loripes along a Depth Gradient." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081139.

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Coral associated fungi are widespread, highly diverse and are part and parcel of the coral holobiont. To study how environmental conditions prevailing near the coral-host may affect fungal diversity, the culturable (isolated on potato dextrose agar) mycobiome associated with Acropora loripes colonies was seasonally sampled along a depth gradient in the Gulf of Aqaba. Fragments were sampled from both apparently healthy coral colonies as well as those exhibiting observable lesions. Based on phylogenetic analysis of 197 fungal sequences, Ascomycota were the most prevalent (91.9%). The abundance of fungi increased with increasing water depth, where corals sampled at 25 m yielded up to 70% more fungal colony forming units (CFUs) than those isolated at 6 m. Fungal diversity at 25 m was also markedly higher, with over 2-fold more fungal families represented. Diversity was also higher in lesioned coral samples, when compared to apparently healthy colonies. In winter, concurrent with water column mixing and increased levels of available nutrients, at the shallow depths, Saccharomytacea and Sporidiobolacea were more prevalent, while in spring and fall Trichocomacea (overall, the most prevalent family isolated throughout this study) were the most abundant taxa isolated at these depths as well as at deeper sampling sites. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of the culturable coral mycobiome and its sensitivity to environmental conditions and coral health.

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Conejo-Saucedo, Ulises, Alejandro Ledezma-Villanueva, Gabriela Ángeles de Paz, Mario Herrero-Cervera, Concepción Calvo, and Elisabet Aranda. "Evaluation of the Potential of Sewage Sludge Mycobiome to Degrade High Diclofenac and Bisphenol-A Concentrations." Toxics 9, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060115.

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One of the most challenging environmental threats of the last two decades is the effects of emerging pollutants (EPs) such as pharmaceutical compounds or industrial additives. Diclofenac and bisphenol A have regularly been found in wastewater treatment plants, and in soils and water bodies because of their extensive usage and their recalcitrant nature. Due to the fact of this adversity, fungal communities play an important role in being able to safely degrade EPs. In this work, we obtained a sewage sludge sample to study both the culturable and non-culturable microorganisms through DNA extraction and massive sequencing using Illumina MiSeq techniques, with the goal of finding degraders adapted to polluted environments. Afterward, degradation experiments on diclofenac and bisphenol A were performed with the best fungal degraders. The analysis of bacterial diversity showed that Dethiosulfovibrionaceae, Comamonadaceae, and Isosphaeraceae were the most abundant families. A predominance of Ascomycota fungi in the culturable and non-culturable population was also detected. Species such as Talaromyces gossypii, Syncephalastrum monosporum, Aspergillus tabacinus, and Talaromyces verruculosus had remarkable degradation rates, up to 80% of diclofenac and bisphenol A was fully degraded. These results highlight the importance of characterizing autochthonous microorganisms and the possibility of selecting native fungal microorganisms to develop tailored biotransformation technologies for EPs.

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Summers, Katie L., Juli Foster Frey, Timothy G. Ramsay, and Ann M. Arfken. "The piglet mycobiome during the weaning transition: a pilot study1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 7 (May 28, 2019): 2889–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz182.

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Abstract The importance of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of animals is recognized as a critical player in host health. Recently, the significance of the mycobiome has been recognized, but culture-independent studies are limited, especially in swine. Weaning is a time of stress, dietary changes, and a predisposition to infections, making it a time point of interest to industry. In this pilot study, we sought to assess and characterize the mycobiome in the feces of swine from birth through the critical weaning transition to investigate the mycobiome population and its temporal dynamics in piglet feces. Cultured fecal samples demonstrate a significant increase in fungal burden following weaning that does not differ from adult levels, suggesting stable colonization. Culturable fungi were not found in any environmental samples tested, including water, food, sow milk or colostrum. To determine the fungal diversity present and to address the problem of unculturable fungi, we performed a pilot study utilizing ITS and 16S rRNA focused primers for high-throughput sequencing of fungal and bacterial species, respectively. Bacterial populations increase in diversity over the experimental timeline (days 1 to 35 postbirth), but the fungal populations do not demonstrate the same temporal trend. Following weaning, there is a dynamic shift in the feces to a Saccharomycetaceae-dominated population. The shift in fungal population was because of the dominance of Kazachstania slooffiae, a poorly characterized colonizer of animal gastrointestinal tracts. This study provides insights into the early colonization and subsequent establishment of fungi during the weaning transition in piglets. Future studies will investigate the effect of the mycobiome on piglet growth and health during the weaning transition.

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Korneykova, Maria V., Anastasia S. Soshina, Andrey I. Novikov, Kristina V. Ivashchenko, Olesya I. Sazonova, Marina V. Slukovskaya, Anna A. Shirokaya, Viacheslav I. Vasenev, Anna A. Vetrova, and Olga Gavrichkova. "Microscopic Fungi in Big Cities: Biodiversity, Source, and Relation to Pollution by Potentially Toxic Metals." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2021): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111471.

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For the first time, a mycological analysis of outdoor urban environment (air, leaves, sealed surfaces) was carried in the cities of subarctic (Murmansk) and temperate (Moscow) climatic zones. The chemical composition of dust deposited on leaves of dominant tree species was taken as an indicator of the air quality. Assessment of the complex impact of factors (climate zone, type of substrate, anthropogenic load) on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of mycobiome was performed. Compared to Moscow, Murmansk was characterized by an increased number and concentrations of pollutants in the deposited dust. The number of culturable airborne fungi in Murmansk was substantially lower than in Moscow. Half of the species belonged to the opportunistic in both cities. Most dangerous opportunistic fungi were absent in the air of recreational zones but present on leaves surface and in road dust in all assessed zones of the cities. Dust chemical composition affected the diversity of fungi species. While the relationship of biological parameters with concentration of potentially toxic metals was generally negative, Cd increased the fraction of opportunistic fungi in road dust. The study revealed an importance of substrate in determining the sensitivity of outdoor mycobiome to pollution and highlighted its biological characteristics sensitive to climate.

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Ljaljević Grbić, Milica, Ivica Dimkić, Željko Savković, Miloš Stupar, Aleksandar Knežević, Aleksa Jelikić, and Nikola Unković. "Mycobiome Diversity of the Cave Church of Sts. Peter and Paul in Serbia—Risk Assessment Implication for the Conservation of Rare Cavern Habitat Housing a Peculiar Fresco Painting." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8121263.

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The mycobiome of the cave Church of Sts. Peter and Paul, housing the peculiar fresco painting of “The Bald-headed Jesus”, was analyzed via culture-dependent and -independent methods. Salt efflorescence, colored patinas, and biofilm, as well as biopitting, discolorations, and fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi were observed on surfaces within the church. Microscopic analyses showed an abundance of fungal structures, i.e., conidiophores, conidia, chlamydospores, and ascospores. The estimated values of the contamination classified all surfaces as the “Danger zone”. A total of 24 fungi from 17 genera were determined as part of the culturable mycobiome, with a dominance of Ascomycota of genera Penicillium. Biodegradative profiles analyzed via plate assays demonstrated positive reactions for 16 isolates: most commonly acid production (8), followed by pigment production and ligninolytic activity (6), protein degradation (5), cellulolytic activity (3) and carbonate dissolution (2). Metabarcoding analysis showed a dominance of Ascomycota in all samples (79.9–99.7%), with high relative abundance documented for Hypoxylon fuscopurpureum on the iconostasis and unclassified Mycosphaerellaceae family within order Capnodiales on fresco and stone, as well as moderate relative abundance for unclassified Dothideomycetes, Botryolepraria lesdainii, Verrucaria sp. and Cladosporium sp. on stone walls. The used set of integrative methods pointed out species of genus Neodevriesia and H. fuscopurpureum as the main deteriogenic agents of fresco and iconostasis surfaces, respectively.

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Haarith, Deepak, Dong-gyu Kim, Noah B. Strom, Senyu Chen, and Kathryn E. Bushley. "In Vitro Screening of a Culturable Soybean Cyst Nematode Cyst Mycobiome for Potential Biological Control Agents and Biopesticides." Phytopathology® 110, no. 8 (August 2020): 1388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-20-0015-r.

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Fungal biological control of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) is an important component of integrated pest management for soybean. However, very few fungal biological control agents are available in the market. In this study, we have screened fungi previously isolated from SCN cysts over 3 years from a long-term crop rotation field experiment for their ability to antagonize SCN using (i) parasitism, (ii) egg hatch inhibition, and (iii) J2 mortality. We evaluated egg parasitism using an in-vitro egg parasitism bioassays and scored parasitism using the egg parasitic index (EPI) and fluorescent microscopy. The ability of these fungi to produce metabolites causing egg hatch inhibition and J2 mortality was assessed in bioassays using filter-sterilized culture filtrates. We identified 10 high-performing isolates each for egg parasitism and toxicity toward SCN eggs and J2s and repeated the tests after storage for 1 year of cryopreservation at −80°C to validate the durability of biocontrol potential of the chosen 20 isolates. Although the parasitic ability changed slightly for the majority of strains after cryopreservation, they still scored 5/10 on EPI scales. There were no differences in the ability of fungi to produce antinemic metabolites after cryopreservation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

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Adams, Sarah J., Brent M. Robicheau, Diane LaRue, Robin D. Browne, and Allison K. Walker. "Foliar Endophytic Fungi from the Endangered Eastern Mountain Avens (Geum peckii, Rosaceae) in Canada." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051026.

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Eastern Mountain Avens (Geum peckii Pursh, Rosaceae) is a globally rare and endangered perennial plant found only at two coastal bogs within Digby County (Nova Scotia, Canada) and at several alpine sites in the White Mountains of New Hampshire (USA). In Canada, the G. peckii population has declined over the past forty years due in part to habitat degradation. We investigated the culturable foliar fungi present in G. peckii leaves at five locations with varying degrees of human impact within this plant species’ Canadian range. Fungal identifications were made using ITS rDNA barcoding of axenic fungal cultures isolated from leaf tissue. Differences in foliar fungal communities among sites were documented, with a predominance of Gnomoniaceae (Class: Sordariomycetes, Phylum: Ascomycota). Habitats with more human impact showed lower endophytic diversities (10–16 species) compared to the pristine habitat (27 species). Intriguingly, several fungi may represent previously unknown taxa. Our work represents a significant step towards understanding G. peckii’s mycobiome and provides relevant data to inform conservation of this rare and endangered plant.

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Wasti, Ibrahem, Foo She Fui, Tan Qin Zhi, Cheh Wai Mun, Mohammad Hafiz Syukri Kassim, Mahadimenakbar Mohd Dawood, Noor Haliza Hasan, Vijay Kumar Subbia, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan, and Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan. "Fungi from dead arthropods and bats of Gomantong Cave, northern Borneo, Sabah (Malaysia)." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 82, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2019mb0146.

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Borneo is a biodiversity and ecotourism hotspot, yet one of its least-studied ecosystems is their limestone caves. Not many studies have been conducted on the role fungi play in tropical cave ecosystems, and no fungal surveys have been conducted in the caves of Sabah, Malaysia. Here, we assess the mycofloral diversity on bat and arthropod cadavers in one of the most popular ecotourism destinations of northern Borneo, Gomantong caves. Opportunistic sampling of cadavers within the Semud Hitam chamber of Gomantong cave yielded nine dead arthropods and four dead bats. Twenty-four culturable fungi were isolated, of which 14 morphological taxonomic units (MTU) were observed. Twelve of the 14 MTUs underwent molecular characterization of the ITS gene region to confirm identification. All fungi were Ascomycetes except for one Basidiomycete isolate. Aspergillus spp. had the highest occurrence (45.8%), followed by Penicillium spp. (25.0%), and Fusarium sp. (12.5%). Ceratobasidium sp., Diaporthe sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., and Xylaria feejeensis were isolated once each. No more than one fungal taxon was isolated from each arthropod cadaver, and not all arthropods yielded culturable fungi. Bat cadavers yielded 14 out of 24 isolates (58.3%), with the highest occurrence of the fungi sampled from their skin. Our results corroborate that bats and arthropods play a role in fungal dispersion and introduction in the cave because their exteriors are likely to harbor fungi they are exposed to in the environment. We also conclude that cadavers are important substrates for fungal growth and proliferation, perpetuating the role of fungi as important decomposers in caves. This study provides a baseline of information of the mycobiome of Bornean caves for future bioprospecting and potential biotechnological applications.

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Haarith, Deepak, Weiming Hu, Dong-gyu Kim, David N. Showalter, Senyu Chen, and Kathryn E. Bushley. "Culturable mycobiome of soya bean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) cysts from a long-term soya bean-corn rotation system is dominated by Fusarium." Fungal Ecology 42 (December 2019): 100857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2019.08.001.

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Reynoso-García, Jelissa, Yvonne Narganes-Storde, Tasha M. Santiago-Rodriguez, and Gary A. Toranzos. "Mycobiome-Host Coevolution? The Mycobiome of Ancestral Human Populations Seems to Be Different and Less Diverse Than Those of Extant Native and Urban-Industrialized Populations." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020459.

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Few data exist on the human gut mycobiome in relation to lifestyle, ethnicity, and dietary habits. To understand the effect of these factors on the structure of the human gut mycobiome, we analyzed sequences belonging to two extinct pre-Columbian cultures inhabiting Puerto Rico (the Huecoid and Saladoid) and compared them to coprolite samples found in Mexico and Ötzi, the Iceman’s large intestine. Stool mycobiome samples from extant populations in Peru and urban cultures from the United States were also included. The ancient Puerto Rican cultures exhibited a lower fungal diversity in comparison to the extant populations. Dissimilarity distances showed that the Huecoid gut mycobiome resembled that from ancient Mexico. Fungal genera including Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rasamsonia spp., Byssochlamys spp., Talaromyces spp., Blastomyces spp., Monascus spp., and Penicilliopsis spp. were differentially abundant in the ancient and extant populations. Despite cultural differences, certain fungal taxa were present in all samples. These results suggest that culture and diet may impact the gut mycobiome and emphasize that modern lifestyles could be associated with the alteration of gut mycobiome diversity. The present study presents data on ancient and extant human gut mycobiomes in terms of lifestyle, ethnicity, and diet in the Americas.

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Beznosko, І., Т. Gorgan, L. Gavrilyuk, Y. Turovnik, and N. Kosovska. "The pathogenic mycobium in seeds of cultural plant varieties." Agroecological journal, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2021.227242.

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The number phytopathogenic micromycetes is determined in the seeds of such cultivated varieties of cultural plant as soybeans, sunflowers, yellow mustard, buckwheat and thistle, which are grown by organic technology. It is shown that the number of micromycetes in the plant seeds differs significantly and ranges from 0.2 to 1.3 thousand NCO/g seeds. It depends on properties plants variety and hybrid, which are characterized by some certain set of physiological and biochemical characteristics that influences the formation seed mycobiome and it is quantitative composition. In the seeds varieties of these crops we identified such species of the phytopathogenic fungi as Alternaria alternate Fr., Fusarium oxysporum Schleht, Cladosporium herbarum Lket Gray, Botrytiscinerea Pers. Ex Fr., Ascochyta fagopyri Bres., Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire, Aspergillus P. Micheliex Haller, Pénicillium Link. It was found that the species composition of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the seeds of soybean cultivar Kent and thistle Riches is much more diverse than the seeds other crops dominated by fungi A. alternate and F. oxysporum, which are characterized by different frequency of occurrence. These phytopathogenic fungi can cause plant diseases at different stages of ontogenesis, produce mycotoxins and reduce the quality of plant products. In the mycobiome of seeds buckwheat varieties Sophia, Sуn and sunflower hybrids Oscar and Oliver are dominated by fungi of the genus Pénicillium аnd Aspergillus (60–90%). The seeds affected by saprotrophic fungi can be reinfected during storage. This reduces its field and laboratory germination of the seeds. Saprotrophic fungi that dominate the seeds significantly impair its quality during storage and cause dangerous plant diseases in agrophytocenoses during the cultivation of this variety/hybrid. This requires the application of additional preventive protection measures of plants. Mycobioma mustard seeds of а yellow variety Ford represents a small number the phytopathogenic micromycetes. This may indicate its environmental safety in organic production. Thus, the analyzed research results indicate a significant differentiation in varieties species as to composition and number of phytopathogenic species of micromycetes in the seed mycobioma. Therefore, in order to avoid ecologic risks and biological contamination of agrocenoses, it is necessary to test the seeds, as on the density of the mycobiome and on the frequency of phytopathogenic micromycetes damage.

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Yamamoto, Y., Y. Kinoshita, T. Kurokawa, I. Yoshimura, V. Ahmadjian, and Y. Yamada. "Cell growth and pigment production in suspension cultures of a mycobiont isolated from the lichen Cladonia cristaiella." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-299.

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This is the first study on the factors that affect cell growth and the production of secondary metabolites of a lichen mycobiont in liquid culture. An ascospore-derived strain of Cladonia cristatella mycobiont accumulated and excreted red pigments into a liquid medium. Growth of the mycobiont was increased by using liquid Lilly–Barnett medium containing 16% (w/v) sucrose as a carbon source, 0.2% (w/v) L-glutamine as a nitrogen source, and 0.2% (w/v) polypeptone, adjusting pH to 5.0 before autoclaving, and incubating cultures at 20 °C. Pigment production by the mycobiont was increased by using liquid Lilly–Barnett medium containing 4% (w/v) sucrose as a carbon source, 0.2% (w/v) L-asparagine as a nitrogen source, and 0.2% (w/v) malt extract, adjusting pH to 5.0 before autoclaving and incubating cultures at 20 °C. All acetone extracts under any cultural conditions yielded similar HPLC chromatograms. We proved no relationship between cell growth and secondary metabolism based on the nutritional factors in the cultured C. cristatella mycobiont. Key words: lichen, suspension culture, Cladonia cristatella mycobiont, red pigment, production, and growth factor.

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Zhang, Z. F., F. Liu, X. Zhou, X. Z. Liu, S. J. Liu, and L. Cai. "Culturable mycobiota from Karst caves in China, with descriptions of 20 new species." Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 39, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.01.

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Habibi, Azadeh, and Banafsheh Safaiefarahani. "Identification of fungi from soil and sediment in Jefriz Cave; the first survey in a cave from Iran." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 83, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2019mb0145.

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The aim of this study was to characterize the mycobiota in soil and sediment samples of Jefriz cave in Kerman, Iran. During 2018−2019, the culturable mycobiota from several sites within the Jefriz cave, resulted in 82 fungal isolates. Morphological characteristics of the isolates, as well as molecular sequence data, were used for species identifications. The fungi were identified as species of Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geomyces (Pseudogymnoascus), Humicola, Chalastospora, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Epiciccum, Podospora and Mucor. The most prevalent was Aspergillus spelunceus, followed by Geomyces pannorum and Humicola grisea. The majority of these species have been reported as cave residents in previous studies of cave environments. Our data showed that the fungal community composition varied between the samples from the entrance and less visited sites deeper in the cave. This study is the first cave mycological investigation in Iran, and one of the identified species is reported for the first time from a cave.

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Carranza, Cecilia S., Carla L. Barberis, Stella M. Chiacchiera, Ana María Dalcero, and Carina E. Magnoli. "Isolation of culturable mycobiota from agricultural soils and determination of tolerance to glyphosate of nontoxigenicAspergillussectionFlavistrains." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 51, no. 1 (November 7, 2015): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.1080491.

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Cabral, Daniel, Jeffrey K. Stone, and George C. Carroll. "The internal mycobiota of Juncus spp.: microscopic and cultural observations of infection patterns." Mycological Research 97, no. 3 (March 1993): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81140-4.

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Gnavi, Giorgio, Laura Garzoli, Anna Poli, Valeria Prigione, Gaëtan Burgaud, and Giovanna Cristina Varese. "The culturable mycobiota of Flabellia petiolata: First survey of marine fungi associated to a Mediterranean green alga." PLOS ONE 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): e0175941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175941.

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Bovio, E., L. Garzoli, A. Poli, V. Prigione, D. Firsova, G. P. McCormack, and G. C. Varese. "The culturable mycobiota associated with three Atlantic sponges, including two new species: Thelebolus balaustiformis and T. spongiae." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2018.01.07.

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Paiva, Diana S., Luís Fernandes, João Trovão, Nuno Mesquita, Igor Tiago, and António Portugal. "Uncovering the Fungal Diversity Colonizing Limestone Walls of a Forgotten Monument in the Central Region of Portugal by High-Throughput Sequencing and Culture-Based Methods." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 10650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010650.

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Fungal organisms are considered one of the most relevant stone colonizers, and biodeteriogens. They are ubiquitous heterotrophs, metabolically versatile, ranging from generalist to extremophiles. Limestone, a sedimentary rock characterized by high levels of calcium carbonate, has low compressive strength and hardness and high porosity. These features make it highly susceptible to fungal colonization and an exceptional target for biodeterioration. Understanding the mycobiome composition associated with different biodeterioration scenarios is key for the development of effective guidelines and strategies for preventive conservation and viable maintenance of our cultural heritage. In this work, a thorough analysis of the fungal community composition on the Lemos Pantheon, a limestone-built artwork located in Portugal, was performed using high-throughput sequencing complemented with culture-based methods. The combined results allowed a detailed characterization of the fungal communities of each analyzed spot, revealing highly diverse and dissimilar communities according to the type of biodeterioration observed. In addition, we verified that both cultivation and metagenomics methodologies should be employed synergistically to tackle inherent limitations.

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Florio Furno, Matteo, Anna Poli, Davide Ferrero, Federica Tardelli, Chiara Manzini, Matteo Oliva, Carlo Pretti, et al. "The Culturable Mycobiota of Sediments and Associated Microplastics: From a Harbor to a Marine Protected Area, a Comparative Study." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8090927.

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Fungi are an essential component of marine ecosystems, although little is known about their global distribution and underwater diversity, especially in sediments. Microplastics (MPs) are widespread contaminants worldwide and threaten the organisms present in the oceans. In this study, we investigated the fungal abundance and diversity in sediments, as well as the MPs, of three sites with different anthropogenic impacts in the Mediterranean Sea: the harbor of Livorno, the marine protected area “Secche della Meloria”; and an intermediate point, respectively. A total of 1526 isolates were cultured and identified using a polyphasic approach. For many of the fungal species this is the first record in a marine environment. A comparison with the mycobiota associated with the sediments and MPs underlined a “substrate specificity”, highlighting the complexity of MP-associated fungal assemblages, potentially leading to altered microbial activities and hence changes in ecosystem functions. A further driving force that acts on the fungal communities associated with sediments and MPs is sampling sites with different anthropogenic impacts.

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Barta, Marek, Katarína Pastirčáková, Radovan Ostrovský, Marek Kobza, and Miriam Kádasi Horáková. "Culturable Endophytic Fungi in Fraxinus excelsior and Their Interactions with Hymenoscyphus fraxineus." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071098.

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The species diversity of culturable endophytic fungi was studied in the leaves and twigs of symptomatic and asymptomatic Fraxinus excelsior trees. Endophytic mycobiota was dominated by Ascomycota species, with Pleosporales (44.17%) and Diaporthales (23.79%) endophytes being the most frequently observed in the tree samples. The number of endophytic isolates and species richness varied depending on the sampling date (May and October) and tissue location. Of the 54 species identified based on ITS sequences, 14 were classified as dominant. The most frequently isolated species were Diaporthe eres, followed by Alternaria alternata, Dothiorella gregaria, and Fraxinicola fraxini. The inhibitory effect of 41 species (75 isolates) of endophytes on the radial growth of a Hymenoscyphus fraxineus isolate was studied under in vitro conditions (dual cultures). The radial growth of H. fraxineus was the most inhibited by four endophytic fungi from twigs (Fusarium lateritium, Didymella aliena, Didymella macrostoma, and Dothiorella gregaria). The inhibitory effect of the four isolates was also studied under in planta conditions. The isolates artificially inoculated into the trunks of ash trees reduced the length of necroses formed by H. fraxineus co-inoculated in the same trunks. This effect depended on the isolate, and the inhibition was most prominent only on trunks inoculated with F. lateritium and D. aliena. Although the total length of necrotic lesions formed by the H. fraxineus infection was shorter in the ash trunks co-inoculated with the endophytes, the difference was not significant.

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Bovio, Elena, Giorgio Gnavi, Valeria Prigione, Federica Spina, Renata Denaro, Michail Yakimov, Rosario Calogero, Francesca Crisafi, and Giovanna Cristina Varese. "The culturable mycobiota of a Mediterranean marine site after an oil spill: isolation, identification and potential application in bioremediation." Science of The Total Environment 576 (January 2017): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.064.

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Ljaljevic-Grbic, Milica, M. Stupar, Jelena Vukojevic, Ivana Maricic, and Natasa Bungur. "Molds in museum environments: Biodeterioration of art photographs and wooden sculptures." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 3 (2013): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1303955g.

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Pieces of art stored in museum depots and display rooms are subject to fungal colonization that leads to bio-deterioration processes. Deteriorated wooden sculptures and art photographs temporarily stored in the quarantine room of the Cultural Center of Belgrade were subject to mycological analyses. Twelve fungal species were identified on the wooden substratum and five species were detected on photograph surfaces. Trichoderma viride, Chaetomium globosum and Alternaria sp. were the fungi with proven cellulolytic activity detected on the examined cellulose substrata. Indoor air mycobiota were estimated to 210.09 ? 8.06 CFU m-3, and the conidia of fungus Aspergillus niger were the dominant fungal propagules in the air of the examined room.

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Randall, B. L., and L. F. Grand. "Morphology and possible mycobiont (Suillus pictus) of a tuberculate ectomycorrhiza on Pinus strobus." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 2182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-290.

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Suillus pictus was consistently associated with tuberculate ectomycorrhizae (tubercles) on Pinus strobus in North Carolina. Histological, cultural, and chemical reaction studies were used to examine this association. Tubercles were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Clamp connections, a reduced to absent tannin layer, and appressed mantle hyphae were observed. Naturally occurring rhizomorphs of Suillus pictus and tubercles have a similar morphology consisting of an outer pseudoparenchymatous sheath, large vessel-like cells, and a prosenchymatous layer between the sheath and the vessel-like cells. Similar macroscopic chemical color reactions to 10% FeSO4, 15% KOH, concentrated NH4OH, concentrated H2SO4, and Melzer's reagents were observed on rhizomorphs of S. pictus and tubercles, surface of tubercles, and stipes of S. pictus. Chemical color reactions and growth characteristics of S. pictus and the tubercle mycobiont were similar on different agar media.

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Marušić, Katarina, Maja Šegvić Klarić, Lucija Sinčić, Irina Pucić, and Branka Mihaljević. "Combined effects of gamma-irradiation, dose rate and mycobiota activity on cultural heritage – Study on model paper." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 170 (May 2020): 108641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108641.

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Sigler, Lynne, and Connie Fe C. Gibas. "Utility of a cultural method for identification of the ericoid mycobiont Oidiodendron maius confirmed by ITS sequence analysis." Studies in Mycology 53 (2005): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim.53.1.63.

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Santo, Alba Patrizia, Oana Adriana Cuzman, Dominique Petrocchi, Daniela Pinna, Teresa Salvatici, and Brunella Perito. "Black on White: Microbial Growth Darkens the External Marble of Florence Cathedral." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 6163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136163.

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Weathering processes seriously affect the durability of outdoor marble monuments. In urban environments, a very common deterioration phenomenon is the dark discoloration or blackening of marble. This paper describes a multidisciplinary study on the state of conservation of white marbles of the Florence Cathedral and the microbial community involved in their deterioration. The study is focused on the widespread dark discoloration of marble analyzed in two differently exposed sites of the Cathedral. It aims to provide information useful for future interventions to control the microbial growth. By chemical and petrographic analysis, in situ and ex situ microscopy, and cultivation and identification of microorganisms, it was found that (i) the darkening is mainly due to the growth of black fungi and dark cyanobacteria and (ii) the state of conservation of marble and the growth pattern of microorganisms seems to be linked to the microclimatic conditions, in particular to solar radiation exposure. This is the first report on the lithobiontic community inhabiting the Florence Cathedral marbles, with a more detailed investigation of the culturable mycobiota.

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Borzęcka, Justyna, Agata Piecuch, Tomasz Kokurewicz, Kathleen H. Lavoie, and Rafał Ogórek. "Greater Mouse-Eared Bats (Myotis myotis) Hibernating in the Nietoperek Bat Reserve (Poland) as a Vector of Airborne Culturable Fungi." Biology 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070593.

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Bats can contribute to an increase of aeromycota in underground ecosystems and might be a vector/reservoir of microorganisms; however, there is no information about the number and species composition of fungi around hibernating bats. One of the most common species in Europe with direct human contact is the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). The goal of our research was the first report of the airborne fungi present in the close vicinity of hibernating M. myotis in the Nietoperek bat reserve (Western Poland) by the use of culture-based techniques and genetic and phenotypic identifications. Aerobiological investigations of mycobiota under hibernating bats were performed on two culture media (PDA and YPG) and at two incubation temperatures (7 and 24 ± 0.5 °C). Overall, we detected 32 fungal species from three phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota) and 12 genera. The application of YPG medium and the higher incubation temperature showed higher numbers of isolated fungal species and CFU. Penicillium spp. were dominant in the study, with spores found outside the underground hibernation site from 51.9% to 86.3% and from 56.7% to 100% inside the bat reserve. Penicillium chrysogenum was the most frequently isolated species, then Absidia glauca, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. tubingensis, Mortierella polycephala, Naganishia diffluens, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Temperature, relative humidity, and the abundance of bats correlated positively with the concentration of airborne fungal propagules, between fungal species diversity, and the concentration of aeromycota, but the number of fungal species did not positively correlate with the number of bats. The air in the underground site was more contaminated by fungi than the air outside; however, the concentration of aeromycota does not pose a threat for human health. Nevertheless, hibernating bats contribute to an increase in the aeromycota and as a vector/reservoir of microscopic fungi, including those that may cause allergies and infections in mammals, and should be monitored.

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Kopytina, Nadezda I. "Mycobiota of the pelagic zone of Odessa region in the northwestern Black Sea." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 52 (2020): 140–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/52/8.

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Mycobiota of the marine area of Odessa region was studied (30°70′00′′-31°00′00′′N, 46°23′00′′-46°60′00′′E) (See Fig. 1). Hydrological and hydrochemical regimes of the marine area of Odessa region in the northwestern Black Sea are affected by the discharge of the Dnieper (93.4%) and the Southern Bug (5.7%) rivers, the permanent anthropogenic discharges of the cities of Odessa, Chernomorsk (Ilyichyovsk), Yuzhnyi and their ports, shipping, dredging, and the open sea. The aim of this work was to study the species composition, the number of colony forming units (CFU) and the dynamics of the spatiotemporal distribution of reared microfungi as a function of abiotic factors and the trophic level of seawater in this area. Water samples were taken in summer and autumn 2008-2012 in the surface (1 m depth) and bottom (7-24 m depth) layers. The samples were taken, at least, in three replicates. The results of processing 258 samples from 22 stations were analyzed. The effects of environmental factors (water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, five-day biochemical oxygen demand, petroleum hydrocarbons, dissolved metals Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd and suspended particulate matter) were studied in 140 samples (See Table 1). Micromycetes were isolated on Czapek’s medium prepared in sea water. 1 ml of sample water was added to a Petri dish and filled with medium cooled to approximately 36-40 °C. To suppress the growth of bacteria, 0.03% chloramphenicol was added to the medium (by volume of the medium). Cultivation was carried out at a temperature of 18-20 °С for 2-8 weeks. Micromycetes were identified by morphological and cultural characteristics according to Vera Bilay and Eleonora Koval’ (1988) and GS De Hooh ea tl. (2000). Nomenclature, and taxonomy of fungi correspond to The Index Fungorum database. The ecological analysis of mycocomplexes was carried out according to: species composition, the number of species in complexes, frequency of occurrence of a species and the number of colony-forming units (CFU / L). In this research, 50 fungal species of 19 genera, 14 families, 9 orders, 4 classes of the division Ascomycota were revealed. Fungal taxa from Odessa region were grouped into families. The family Aspergillaceae included the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces (27 species); the family Pleosporaceae included the genera Alternaria and Stemphylium (8); and there were 3 species of the genus Cladosporium from the family Cladosporiaceae. In total, 76.0% of species found were from the three families (See Table 2). Using Average Taxonomic Distinctness index, AvTD (Δ+), and Variation in Taxonomic Distinctness index, VarTD (Λ+), features of the taxonomic diversity of mycocomplexes were revealed. These indices were calculated from a matrix of micromycete species from the region under study combined with the fungi list (master list, 219 species) of the Black Sea pelagic zone. In the analysis, the taxonomy levels from Species to Kingdom were included. For the indices Δ+ and Λ+, 95% probability funnel graphs were plotted, and their mean expected values were calculated for mycobiota of the region under study and for mycocomplexes from each station. It was found out that the mean expected values of the index Δ+ for mycobiota of the marine area of Odessa region and the stations are considerably lower, and index Λ+ values are higher than those for the sea as a whole (See Fig. 2 and 3). According to literature sources, no significant seasonal and inter-annual changes in the trophic status of the region occurred in 1992-2010. It was transitional between mesotrophic and eutrophic. The long-term mean TRIX value was 5.3 (4-5: medium trophic level; 5-6: high trophic level and poor water quality). In the species composition and numerical structure of mycocomplexes of the mesotrophic and eutrophic zones, no significant differences were detected. Over the entire period of this research, a relatively uniform distribution of the mean abundance of fungi over the area and depth was noted (See Table 3). No significant correlation was found between abiotic parameters under study and micromycete abundance over the horizons, seasons, sampling dates, location of stations, as well as mesotrophic and eutrophic zones. In the region, 44% of fungi-indicators of different kinds of pollution were registered. In the areas of stormwater runoff and wastewater treatment plant discharges, the indicator value (IndVal) was the largest for melanin-containing fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides (28.3%), Alternaria alternata (17.5%), and Aspergillus niger (12.3%), which are resistant to several adverse environmental factors. In the eutrophic zone, large values of the indices were found in Aspergillus clavatus (21,2%), Penicillium expansum (17,7%), Penicillium citrinum (16,1%), Al. tenuissima (12,5%), and in A. fumigatus (60%), Al. alternata (40%) and A. niger (35,7%) in places of local oil pollution. It is established that in the entire marine area of Odessa region, the formed mycocomplexes have a high similarity in species and numerical structure, and therefore, they can be considered as a single community.

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Lutsenko, V. A., L. V. Polishchuk, J. Hong, and M. A. Fomina. "Xerotolerant strain of Penicillium chrysogenum MF18_10 isolated from the damaged walls of Saint Sophia’s Cathedral, Kyiv." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 25 (August 30, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v25.1132.

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Aim. The aim of this work is to determine the taxonomic position of the fungal strain MF18_10 isolated from the damaged wall with medieval painting of St. Sophia’s Cathedral (Kyiv, Ukraine). Methods. The fungus was isolated on selective medium for xerophilic fungi (70% sucrose Czapek agar). Мacro- and micro-morphological phenotypic characterization was carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular-biological identification was performed using nucleotide sequences of the ITS-fragment. Results. On the basis of phenotypical characteristics of the fungal isolate MF18_10, it was established its affiliation to the genus Penicillium. ITS analysis revealed that the isolate belongs to the species P. chrysogenum demonstrating 100% identity with other 78 P. chrysogenum strains in GenBank database including the type strains NR_077145 and AY373902, also sharing several distinct differences in substitutions, deletions and insertions within this group. Conclusions. The isolated xerotolerant fungus was identified as P. chrysogenum, the typical representative of the indoor environments and dust, and also common for mycobiota of damaged historic-cultural artifacts. The differences in the analyzed P. chrysogenum ITS primary structures did not correlate with the source of isolation. Keywords: Penicillium chrysogenum, xero-tolerant fungi, ITS, scanning electron microscopy.

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Khaldeeva, E. V., N. I. Glushko, S. A. Lisovskaya, V. R. Parshakov, and G. G. Khaidarova. "Indoor fungal contamination as a biological risk factor." Kazan medical journal 101, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-513.

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Aim. To assess the degree of fungal contamination and the species composition of the fungal microbiota of residential apartments in Kazan Methods. A mycological study of 90 air samples and 60 samples from sites of fungal biodeterioration from the residential buildings of Kazan was carried out using cultural and microscopic methods. Results. The presence of micromycetes fungi were detected in 90% of air samples and 100% of samples from sites of biodeterioration. Higher fungal species diversity was noted in the sites, compared with air samples. Fungal concentrations in indoor air varied between 8 and 360 CFU/m3. Fungal community composition analysis of the sites of biodeterioration showed that the surfaces were more frequently contaminated by undemanding and capable of growth at different moisture levels fungal species (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus stolonifer). The resulting fungal plaque can create conditions favorable for aggressive fungal species that actively damage materials (Chaetomium spp., Acremonium spp., Aureubasidium spp). Allergenic fungi, as well as potentially pathogenic and toxin-forming species, were widespread in the air that can be a health risk factor. A quantitative assessment of air mycobiota indicated the moderate level of fungal contamination. Conclusion. The presence of potentially pathogenic, allergenic and biodegradable fungal species in the sites of biodeterioration has been confirmed, as well as the relationship between airborne fungal contamination and the spread of fungi in indoors, confirming the need to prevent fungal biodeterioration and control indoor air quality.

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Kirtsideli, Irina Yu, D. Yu Vlasov, M. S. Zelenskaya, V. A. Iliushin, Yu K. Novozhilov, I. V. Churkina, and E. P. Barantsevich. "ASSESSMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC INVASION OF MICROFUNGI IN ARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS (EXEMPLIFIED BY SPITSBERGEN ARCHIPELAGO)." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 2 (March 23, 2020): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-2-145-151.

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Introduction. The aim of this work was to study the mycobiota of anthropogenic materials, soil and air in the settlement Barentsburg (Spitsbergen archipelago), to assess the spread of invasive species and to identify potentially pathogenic microfungi. Material and methods. The material for the study was collected in the period of research work of the Russian expedition of the AARI (2017-2018) in the area of the settlement Barentsburg (located at 78° N, 14° E). Isolation and identification of microfungi were carried out using standard microbiological methods according to cultural and morphological characteristics and sequencing in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Results. As a result of the research, a high level of microbiological colonization of anthropogenic substrates has been established, the places of accumulation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms were found out. 24 species of microfungi were identified from anthropogenic materials, 46 and 43 species from aeromycota and the soils of the observed territory. The genus Penicillium (12 species) prevailed by the number of species, followed by Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Cadophora (3 species each). For disturbed ecosystems the following peculiarities have been established: 1) a change in the structure of microfungi complexes and increase in the CFU number of microfungi at aeromycota and soil, 2) aeromycota formation occurs partly due to introduced species, 3) a clear dominance of dark-colored fungi on anthropogenic materials, 4) among the introduced microfungi a significant proportion were destructors of the materials as well as potentially human pathogens; 5) introduced species are able to adapt to arctic conditions. Conclusion. On the example of the village of Barentsburg (arch. Svalbard) it is shown that anthropogenic impact leads to changes in the main characteristics of microscopic fungi complexes in the Arctic territories.

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Galuppi, Roberta, Benedetto Morandi, Silvia Agostini, Sara Dalla Torre, and Monica Caffara. "Survey on the Presence of Malassezia spp. in Healthy Rabbit Ear Canals." Pathogens 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090696.

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Malassezia spp. have rarely been reported in rodents and lagomorphs. In 2011, Malassezia cuniculi was described in two rabbits. Further microscopic studies showed M. cuniculi-like yeasts in more than 50% of samples from rabbits’ ear canals, but no isolation was made. The present study details the presence of Malassezia spp. and tries to typify it from ear canals of healthy rabbits. Seventy-eight half-breed rabbits from rural farms and 98 companion dwarf rabbits from northern Italy were considered. A first attempt to screen ear swabs was performed by microscopic and cultural examination on Sabouraud Glucose Agar (SGA), modified Dixon Agar (mDA) and Leeming and Notman Agar (LNA). Additionally, ear swabs from eight further microscopically positive rabbits for M. cuniculi-like cells, were used for both isolation on LNA medium and nine of its variants and for DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing. The microscopic observation of the swabs of the screened 168 rabbits highlighted the presence of yeasts in one or both of the external ear canals of 98 rabbits (58.3%). Rabbits used for meat production were more frequently diagnosed positive than pet rabbits (P = 0.001), and young ones were more often positive compared to rabbits older than 3 months (P = 0.027). No yeast growth was observed in culture. From the eight selected rabbits, Malassezia isolation failed both on LNA and on the modified mediums. Sequences of ~300 bp fragments of 18s rDNA, obtained by PCR from swabs, showed 99.9% identity with Malassezia phylotype 131 described from human ear canals. As Malassezia-like yeasts have been observed in more than half of the examined population, its colonization of ear meatus can be considered as physiological in rabbits. The results outline how much remains to be discovered on Malassezia as a component of the skin mycobiota of rabbits and that the use of the culture examination alone is not the best choice to detect Malassezia-like yeasts in rabbits.

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Durán, María, Leticia San Emeterio, Leire Múgica, Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa, Beatriz R. Vázquez de Aldana, and Rosa María Canals. "Disruption of Traditional Grazing and Fire Regimes Shape the Fungal Endophyte Assemblages of the Tall-Grass Brachypodium rupestre." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (June 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.679729.

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The plant microbiome is likely to play a key role in the resilience of communities to the global climate change. This research analyses the culturable fungal mycobiota of Brachypodium rupestre across a sharp gradient of disturbance caused by an intense, anthropogenic fire regime. This factor has dramatic consequences for the community composition and diversity of high-altitude grasslands in the Pyrenees. Plants were sampled at six sites, and the fungal assemblages of shoots, rhizomes, and roots were characterized by culture-dependent techniques. Compared to other co-occurring grasses, B. rupestre hosted a poorer mycobiome which consisted of many rare species and a few core species that differed between aerial and belowground tissues. Recurrent burnings did not affect the diversity of the endophyte assemblages, but the percentages of infection of two core species -Omnidemptus graminis and Lachnum sp. -increased significantly. The patterns observed might be explained by (1) the capacity to survive in belowground tissues during winter and rapidly spread to the shoots when the grass starts its spring growth (O. graminis), and (2) the location in belowground tissues and its resistance to stress (Lachnum sp.). Future work should address whether the enhanced taxa have a role in the expansive success of B. rupestre in these anthropized environments.

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Mertin, A. A., M. H. Laurence, M. van der Merwe, K. French, and E. C. Y. Liew. "The culturable seed mycobiome of two Banksia species is dominated by latent saprotrophic and multi-trophic fungi." Fungal Biology, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2022.09.002.

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Majumder, Rajib, Brodie Sutcliffe, Phillip W. Taylor, and Toni A. Chapman. "Fruit host-dependent fungal communities in the microbiome of wild Queensland fruit fly larvae." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (October 6, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73649-1.

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Abstract Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), the Queensland fruit fly (Qfly), is a highly polyphagous tephritid fly that is widespread in Eastern Australia. Qfly physiology is closely linked with its fungal associates, with particular relationship between Qfly nutrition and yeast or yeast-like fungi. Despite animal-associated fungi typically occurring in multi-species communities, Qfly studies have predominately involved the culture and characterisation of single fungal isolates. Further, only two studies have investigated the fungal communities associated with Qfly, and both have used culture-dependant techniques that overlook non-culturable fungi and hence under-represent, and provide a biased interpretation of, the overall fungal community. In order to explore a potentially hidden fungal diversity and complexity within the Qfly mycobiome, we used culture-independent, high-throughput Illumina sequencing techniques to comprehensively, and holistically characterized the fungal community of Qfly larvae and overcome the culture bias. We collected larvae from a range of fruit hosts along the east coast of Australia, and all had a mycobiome dominated by ascomycetes. The most abundant fungal taxa belonged to the genera Pichia (43%), Candida (20%), Hanseniaspora (10%), Zygosaccharomyces (11%) and Penicillium (7%). We also characterized the fungal communities of fruit hosts, and found a strong degree of overlap between larvae and fruit host communities, suggesting that these communities are intimately inter-connected. Our data suggests that larval fungal communities are acquired from surrounding fruit flesh. It is likely that the physiological benefits of Qfly exposure to fungal communities is primarily due to consumption of these fungi, not through syntrophy/symbiosis between fungi and insect ‘host’.

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Ben-Rhouma, Khouloud, Salma Feki Ben-Salah, Nada Boulehmi, and Aida Bouratbine. "Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Intestinal Candida spp. in Tunisia." Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 14, no. 6 (August 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/jjm.113800.

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Background: Yeasts naturally colonize the mammalian digestive tract and play an important role in health and disease. This community is composed of commensal yeasts, mostly Candida and Saccharomyces described as a part of the intestinal mycobiome and could be associated with resident or transient flora. Objectives: The aim of our study was to perform the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of culturable Candida isolates present in stool specimens of healthy Tunisian individuals and to evaluate their antifungal susceptibility. Methods: Yeasts were recovered from 46 stool samples cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 37°C. Species were identified using conventional methods and ITS-PCR sequencing. Candida isolates were tested by exploring their tolerance to oxidative stress and extreme acidic conditions. In addition, their biofilm formation ability and in vitro resistance to antifungals was determined by the VITEK 2 system. Results: The identification by sequencing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the 56 yeast strains isolated from 37 stool samples revealed that Candida was the dominant genus and was represented by Candida albicans (n = 21), C. parapsilosis (n = 10), C. glabrata (n = 9), and C. krusei (n = 9). In contrast, the other genera, including Trichosporon, Geotrichum, and Rhodotorula, were sporadically occurring. We found that most Candida isolates were able to form biofilms under oxidative stress and extreme pH conditions. Regarding antifungal susceptibility, a higher resistance rate to fluconazole was revealed in comparison to caspofungin and micafungin. However, no resistance was revealed against voriconazole, amphotericin B, and 5-flucytosine. Conclusions: This is the first work-generated data on cultivable yeasts from stool specimens of healthy individuals in Tunisia. Further metagenomic studies with a larger sample size are needed to better characterize the intestinal mycobiota.

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Elíades, Lorena A., Marta N. Cabello, Verónica Pancotto, Alicia Moretto, Natalia A. Ferreri, Mario C. N. Saparrat, and Marcelo D. Barrera. "Soil mycobiota under managed and unmanaged forests of Nothofagus pumilio in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina." New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 49 (July 10, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs492019x53x.

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Background: Management practices can modify the productivity of forests and the associated microbial diversity of soil. The soil mycobiota is considered a key factor in the ecological functions of forests. Forests of Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae) are the main source of timber and one of the most important economic resources in the province of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). However, there is no information on the impact of forest management interventions for the soil mycobiota, which can be reliable biological indicators of disturbance.Methods: Fungi were isolated from samples of soil collected under several Nothofagus pumilio forests subjected to different types of management and periods of time since the intervention. Types of management were represented by harvested forest with a shelter wood cutting, stockpile area and control forest without intervention and the periods of time since intervention were 1, 5–10 and 50 years. Species richness, evenness and Shannon’s diversity index of the mycobiota in each condition of management were calculated. Additionally, the effect of seasonality was analysed.Results: The soil mycobiota was represented by 70 taxa. Richness and/or Shannon’s diversity index of the mycobiota between undisturbed forest and stockpile area were higher in May (autumn) than in September or November. There were no differences in mycobiota diversity between dates in the harvested forest.Conclusions: Our results indicate that the forest intervention per se did not negatively affect the soil culturable mycobiota composition of N. pumilio forests in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina).

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Huët, Marie Andrea Laetitia, Li Wen Wong, Calvin Bok Sun Goh, Md Hamed Hussain, Nazmul Hasan Muzahid, Jacky Dwiyanto, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, et al. "Investigation of culturable human gut mycobiota from the segamat community in Johor, Malaysia." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 37, no. 7 (June 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-021-03083-6.

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Zhang, Zhi-Feng, Shi-Yue Zhou, Lily Eurwilaichitr, Supawadee Ingsriswang, Mubashar Raza, Qian Chen, Peng Zhao, Fang Liu, and Lei Cai. "Culturable mycobiota from Karst caves in China II, with descriptions of 33 new species." Fungal Diversity, July 26, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00453-7.

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Bovio, Elena, Estelle Sfecci, Anna Poli, Giorgio Gnavi, Valeria Prigione, Thierry Lacour, Mohamed Mehiri, and Giovanna Cristina Varese. "The culturable mycobiota associated with the Mediterranean sponges Aplysina cavernicola, Crambe crambe and Phorbas tenacior." FEMS Microbiology Letters 366, no. 24 (December 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnaa014.

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ABSTRACT Marine fungi are part of the huge and understudied biodiversity hosted in the sea. To broaden the knowledge on fungi inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and their role in sponge holobiont, three sponges namely Aplysina cavernicola, Crambe crambe and Phorbas tenacior were collected in Villefranche sur Mer, (France) at about 25 m depth. The fungal communities associated with the sponges were isolated using different techniques to increase the numbers of fungi isolated. All fungi were identified to species level giving rise to 19, 13 and 3 species for P. tenacior, A. cavernicola and C. crambe, respectively. Of note, 35.7% and 50.0% of the species detected were either reported for the first time in the marine environment or in association with sponges. The mini-satellite analysis confirmed the uniqueness of the mycobiota of each sponge, leading to think that the sponge, with its metabolome, may shape the microbial community.

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Yadav, Manila, Amita Yadav, Sandeep Kumar, and Jaya Parkash Yadav. "Spatial and seasonal influences on culturable endophytic mycobiota associated with different tissues of Eugenia jambolana Lam. and their antibacterial activity against MDR strains." BMC Microbiology 16, no. 1 (March 18, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0664-0.

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del Carmen H. Rodríguez, María, Harry C. Evans, Lucas M. de Abreu, Davi M. de Macedo, Miraine K. Ndacnou, Kifle B. Bekele, and Robert W. Barreto. "New species and records of Trichoderma isolated as mycoparasites and endophytes from cultivated and wild coffee in Africa." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (March 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84111-1.

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AbstractA survey for species of the genus Trichoderma occurring as endophytes of Coffea, and as mycoparasites of coffee rusts (Hemileia), was undertaken in Africa; concentrating on Cameroon and Ethiopia. Ninety-four isolates of Trichoderma were obtained during this study: 76 as endophytes of healthy leaves, stems and berries and, 18 directly from colonized rust pustules. A phylogenetic analysis of all isolates used a combination of three genes: translation elongation factor-1α (tef1), rpb2 and cal for selected isolates. GCPSR criteria were used for the recognition of species; supported by morphological and cultural characters. The results reveal a previously unrecorded diversity of Trichoderma species endophytic in both wild and cultivated Coffea, and mycoparasitic on Hemileia rusts. Sixteen species were delimited, including four novel taxa which are described herein: T. botryosum, T. caeruloviride, T. lentissimum and T. pseudopyramidale. Two of these new species, T. botryosum and T. pseudopyramidale, constituted over 60% of the total isolations, predominantly from wild C. arabica in Ethiopian cloud forest. In sharp contrast, not a single isolate of Trichoderma was obtained using the same isolation protocol during a survey of coffee in four Brazilian states, suggesting the existence of a ‘Trichoderma void’ in the endophyte mycobiota of coffee outside of Africa. The potential use of these African Trichoderma isolates in classical biological control, either as endophytic bodyguards—to protect coffee plants from Hemileia vastatrix, the fungus causing coffee leaf rust (CLR)—or to reduce its impact through mycoparasitism, is discussed, with reference to the on-going CLR crisis in Central America.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Culturable mycobiome'

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