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Journal articles on the topic 'Cults – Trinidad and Tobago'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Leon, Lee P., Leighton A. Ellis, Hector H. Martin, and Byron Fermin. "Dominating Factors of Road Failures: Perceptions of Key Stakeholders in the Small Island Developing State of Trinidad and Tobago." West Indian Journal of Engineering 45, no. 2 (January 2023): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/mgbb4897.

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Accelerated global population increase, socioeconomic and environmental changes have resulted in spiralling maintenance costs for pavements. Current understanding of pavement deterioration fails to address this longstanding issue, and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are not immune to the recurring expense incurred from pavement degradation. Existing academic debates on design and construction inadequacies in pavement longevity do not address regular maintenance challenges. This research examines the reasons for frequent pavement failures and explains how they affect Trinidad and Tobago’s future maintenance and economic development. A questionnaire was completed by 120 contractors, consultants, and state agency experts specialising in road construction and maintenance. The findings revealed from an assessment of the Relative Importance Index (RII) that utility cuts by the Water and Sewerage Authority were the most important (0.904), followed by maintenance culture (0.898), quality of work (workmanship) (0.888), poor drainage facilities, and overloaded vehicles (0.854). Climate change (temperature) was the lowest-ranked cause overall (0.568). The findings also show that economic growth and development are directly and indirectly affected, resulting in high vehicle running costs, longer travel times, and higher prices for fundamental products and services. Recommendations are made to aid engineers and policymakers in identifying critical causes and reducing the adverse consequences of frequent pavement failure. Keywords: Maintenance, Pavement deterioration, Perceptions, Road failures, Trinidad and Tobago

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2

Aceto, Michael, and Lise Winer. "Trinidad and Tobago." Language 70, no. 2 (June 1994): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415875.

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3

Gaidosch, Tamas, and Rangachary Ravikumar. "Trinidad and Tobago." High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports 2023, no. 003 (April 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9798400237836.029.

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4

Ortiz, Jina. "Miss Trinidad and Tobago." Callaloo 36, no. 2 (2013): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2013.0127.

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5

Ho, Christine. "Destination Trinidad and Tobago." Anthropology News 37, no. 1 (January 1996): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1996.37.1.15.1.

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6

Feheney, John M. "Catholic Education in Trinidad in the Twentieth Century: Shaking Off British Protestant Influence." Recusant History 29, no. 4 (October 2009): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200012413.

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In 1797 Trinidad became a British possession and, by 1889, the islands of Trinidad and Tobago had become a single political entity. In this article, however, discussion will be confined to Trinidad, rather than to Trinidad and Tobago, since the history of the two islands differed significantly in regard to Catholic education.

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7

Spaner, D., D. E. Mather, and R. A. I. Brathwaite. "Management Practices for Carnival-season Production of Immature Field Corn in Trinidad and Tobago." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.638.

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Immature field corn (Zea mays L.) grown for pre-lenten carnival festivities in Trinidad and Tobago can be a profitable cash crop. Hybrid and local unimproved open-pollinated corn were grown with two levels of weed control and fertilizer application late in the rainy season at two locations each on Trinidad and on Tobago. The Trinidad locations were situated on more productive agricultural land than those on Tobago. The hybrid `Pioneer 3098' yielded more edible corn than the local variety at all locations and at all treatment levels. Manual weed removal at the four- to five-leaf stage was sufficient to allow corn to out-compete the weed canopy, and an additional field operation would not be justifiable. On Tobago, the application of fertilizer just before tasselling, in addition to an earlier application of urea, increased the number and yield of edible ears. Few boiling-quality, marketable ears were produced on Tobago. On Trinidad, the additional fertilizer did not alter yield. For commercial carnival-season production of immature field corn on productive soils in Trinidad, the purchase of imported hybrid seed is economically justifiable, but high inputs into weed control and fertility management may not be needed.

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8

Kerrigan, Dylan. "Love is Love." Journal of Legal Anthropology 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2018.020111.

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Trinidad and Tobago’s anti-gay laws can be traced back to British colonialism and European imperialism. Their existence today and their consequences for human lives in Trinidad and Tobago during the past one hundred years are a local entanglement of historic global hierarchies of power. On 12 April 2018, in the High Court of Port of Spain, capital of Trinidad and Tobago, Justice Devindra Rampersad, in a form of judicial activism, trod where local politicians have not dared and intervened in such coloniality by delivering a legal judgement upholding the challenge by Jason Jones to the nineteenth-century colonial laws in Trinidad and Tobago that criminalise homosexual relations and same-sex loving.

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9

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 96, no. 50 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837537.002.

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10

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 97, no. 41 (1997): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837544.002.

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11

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 98, no. 80 (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837551.002.

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12

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 01, no. 108 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837605.002.

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13

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 6 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837636.002.

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14

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 33 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837667.002.

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15

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 07, no. 8 (2007): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837674.002.

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16

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 07, no. 9 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837681.002.

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17

Hogan, Catherine, Amanda Wilmer, Mazen Badawi, Linda Hoang, Michael Chapman, Natasha Press, Kym Antonation, Cindi Corbett, Marc Romney, and Melanie Murray. "Melioidosis in Trinidad and Tobago." Emerging Infectious Diseases 21, no. 5 (May 2015): 902–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2105.141610.

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18

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 12, no. 128 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475504019.002.

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19

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 205 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475523041.002.

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20

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 17, no. 353 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484329993.002.

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21

Kasule, Omar Hasan. "Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago." Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1986): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602008608715974.

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22

International Monetary Fund. "Trinidad and Tobago: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 11, no. 74 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455228119.002.

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23

Winer, Lise S. "Orthographic Standardization for Trinidad and Tobago." Language Problems and Language Planning 14, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.14.3.04win.

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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Rechtschreibnormierung für Trinidad und Tobago: Sprachliche und sozialpolitische Überlegungen in einer englischsprachigen Kreolgesellschaft Die Akzeptanz von Kreolsprachen wächst in immer mehr Anwendungsbereichen und Funktionen. Man hat daher begonnen, Möglichkeiten für die Normierung ihrer Orthografie zu untersuchen. Der Aufsatz schlagt eine Normrechtschreibung für die englische Kreolsprache von Trinidad und Tobago vor. Hiermit werden zwei Ziele verfolgt: den Bedurfnissen der dortigen Gesellschaft zu entsprechen, die immer mehr auf Kreolisch schreibt, und ein normgebendes Wörterbuch der Sprache zu erstellen. Einer knappen Ubersicht über die Kreolsprachen der Karibik folgt ein kurzer Überblick über die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Sprache einschließlich der Rechtschreibung auf Trinidad und Tobago. Drei Rechtschreib-modelle - ein phonemisches, ein historisch-etymologisches und ein modifiziertes englisches -werden erörtert. Es wird ein "Kontinuummodell" vorgeschlagen. RESUMO Ortografia normigo por Trinidado kaj Tobago: Lingvaj kaj socipolitikaj konsideroj en anglalingva kreola komunumo Kreskas la akcepteblo de kreolaj lingvoj en ciam pli da medioj kaj funkcioj. Sekve oni komencas ekzameni vojojn al normigo de iliaj ortografiaj konvencioj. La artikolo proponas normigitan ortografion por la indiĝena angla kreolo de la karibaj insuloj Trinidado kaj Tobago. La motivoj estas du: plenumi la bezonojn de la loka socio, kiu pli kaj pli ofte skribas kreole, kaj pretigi norman vortlibron de la lingvo. Mallongan trarigardon de karibaj indiĝenaj kreoloj sekvas resumo de la historia evoluo de la lingvaĵo de Trinidado kaj Tobago, inkluzive la skribajn konvenciojn. La aiitoro priskribas kaj pritaksas tri ortografiajn modelojn - foneman, historian-etimologian, kaj modifitan anglan - kaj apogas "kontinuan" modelon.

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24

Smith, Bradford L. "In re Request for Assistance from Ministry of Legal Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago." American Journal of International Law 82, no. 4 (October 1988): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203518.

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Appellant, Joseph Azar, appealed the district court’s denial of his motion to quash a subpoena obtained by the U.S. Department of Justice at the request of the Minister of Legal Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago. The United States had sought the subpoena to obtain Azar’s Florida bank records as part of a criminal investigation in Trinidad and Tobago. On review, the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (per Fay, J.) affirmed the district court’s decision and held that 28 U.S.C. §1782 authorized the judicial assistance sought by the Minister of Legal Affairs even though there was no pending proceeding in Trinidad and Tobago.

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25

Baboolal, Nelleen, Gershwin Davis, and Amanda McRae. "Trinidad and Tobago: A decade of dementia research." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 8, no. 4 (December 2014): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642014dn84000005.

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In 2003, academic staff members at The University of the West Indies Faculty of Medical Sciences St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago combined their expertise to make strides in Alzheimer's and Dementia research in Trinidad and Tobago. Dr. Nelleen Baboolal, Dr. Gershwin Davis and Professor Amanda McRae began developing a project that has produced significant results by examining not only the epidemiology of dementia, but the associated risk factors; caregiver burden and ultimately establishing biomarkers for the disease. This review is an account of our results from a decade of dementia research and how they are contributing toward mitigating the dementia tsunami in Trinidad and Tobago.

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26

Mohamed, Reda. "VERTEBRAL ANATOMIC VARIATIONS IN THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES IN TRINIDAD." Agrobiological Records 7 (2022): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2022.001.

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The occurrence of lumbar vertebrae variants in horses in Trinidad are rarely reported. Parts of the skeletons of two horses of unknown age and sex that died in a horse farm in Trinidad and Tobago were brought to the Anatomy Laboratory. It was reported that specimens of fused left transverse processes of the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrae and a blunted left transverse process of the 6th lumbar vertebra in thoroughbred racehorses in Trinidad. It may be a first reports of its own kind in Trinidad and Tobago.

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27

Bahaw, Priscilla. "Innovation Implementation by SMEs in Trinidad and Tobago." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 10 (April 30, 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n10p186.

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Innovation has become an important contributing factor to firms’ competitive advantage. However, little research has been carried out in understanding innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises in the English-speaking Caribbean countries, particularly in Trinidad and Tobago. This study evaluates the degree to which small and medium-sized enterprises in Trinidad and Tobago engage in innovative activities within their businesses’ operations and identifies the major barriers to innovation that are experienced by these firms. This exploratory study utilized primary data collected through delivery and collection survey questionnaires from 350 randomly selected small and medium-sized enterprises with a minimum active operation period of five years in Trinidad and Tobago. The questionnaire, administered to the longest serving employees of the small and medium-sized enterprises, was designed to collect information on each small and medium-sized enterprise about their innovation experiences, the innovative environment, and innovation barriers. Some of the variables measured were adapted from the Community Innovation Survey found in previous research done by Sileshi Talegeta (2014). The key findings from the research revealed that there are limited efforts of small and medium-sized enterprises in Trinidad and Tobago to implement strategies for encouraging innovation within their organizations. More specifically, it was found that there are low levels of product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation, and organizational innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises in Trinidad and Tobago. The data suggested that the main barriers to innovation present in small and mediumsized enterprises in descending order of intensity are as follows: organizational culture, lack of reward and recognition, lack of finance, lack of skilled personnel, and lack of knowledge, lack of co-operation, market barriers, and legal barriers. The conclusion from the research findings showed that internal and external factors hindered the small and mediumsized enterprises in Trinidad and Tobago innovation capabilities

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28

Voisin, Dexter R., Donna R. Baptiste, Dona Da Costa Martinez, and Gabrielle Henderson. "Exporting a US HIV/AIDS prevention program to a Caribbean island-nation." International Social Work 49, no. 1 (January 2006): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872806059403.

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English Compared with the rest of the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago is disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. This article outlines a recent venture between researchers in Chicago and a Trinidadian social service agency to adapt a US-based HIV prevention intervention for teens. French En comparaison avec les autre nations caraïbéennes anglophones, les îles de Trinidad et Tobago sont affectées de fac¸ on disproportionnée par le VIH et le SIDA. Cet article révè le les contours d'une expérience récente entreprise par des chercheurs de Chicago en collaboration avec une agence de services sociaux de Trinidad, visant à adapter un programme développéaux états- Unis en prévention du VIH et en intervention auprè s d'adolescents. Spanish En comparació n con el resto de los países caribeños de habla inglesa, Trinidad y Tobago han sido afectados desproporcionadamente por VIH/ SIDA. Se describe una iniciativa tomada recientemente por investigadores de Chicago y una agencia de servicio social de Trinidad. Esta iniciativa trata de adaptar a Trinidad una intervenció n preventiva desarrollada en EE.UU. adolescentes.

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29

Alexander, Damian V. A., Derek Anthony Gay, and Kyung Ho Park. "Development of a Thornthwaite Moisture Index Map for Trinidad and Tobago." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501013.

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The Thornthwaite Moisture Index (TMI) has been traditionally used as a climatic index parameter to estimate annual moisture status of soils (deficit/surplus), primarily in the agricultural domain. Engineers have also adopted the TMI in efforts to estimate volume change potential in expansive clays, where seasonal (temporal) moisture changes can be correlated to soil matric suction and ultimately volume change via appropriate mechanistic models. In Trinidad and Tobago, approximately 60 % of the islands are covered with over-consolidated clays of medium to high plasticity. When combined with extreme variations in moisture status, these plastic clays have exhibited high volume change potential. This paper investigates the spatial distribution of this climatic index for Trinidad and Tobago, intending to develop an index map for the islands. Within the post-colonial era in Trinidad and Tobago (1962 ~ present), the availability of consistent climatic data is limited to just two recording stations within the islands. The Meteorological Services of Trinidad and Tobago (MET) manages both stations: Piarco, Trinidad and Crown Point, Tobago, where consistent data exists for 36 years (1981 ~ 2018). These two points and their limited data timeframe cannot support the development of a spatial TMI map for the islands. This research addresses this shortcoming by collecting and analysing historical climatic data collected at 28 stations over Trinidad and Tobago over the British Colonial era (1931 ~ 1964). These data are recorded in publications of the Land Capability Surveys of The Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA). Data sets of monthly rainfall data from the historical and at present for the Piarco location showed strong statistical coherence, examined through a t-test. Having justified the historical data, TMI values are calculated at all locations. Using the calculated TMI values, a map was developed using the GIS software, Surfer, and interpolation method of Kriging. In Trinidad, the map indicates high TMI at the north-eastern side of the island, with a significant decrease going into the south-western side. Low TMI values are observed in the most western side of Trinidad indicating substantially long dry season period, during which the underlying expansive clay can experience significant shrinkage.

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COCK, MATTHEW J. W., and RODOLPHE ROUGERIE. "Gamelia bennetti sp. nov., a new Saturniidae species from Trinidad and Tobago (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea)." Zootaxa 4942, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4942.3.2.

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Gamelia bennetti sp. nov. is described from Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, and compared with members of the Gamelia abas species group: G. abas (Cramer, [1775]), G. berliozi Lemaire, 1967, G. lichyi Lemaire, 1973, G. rubriluna (Walker, 1862) and G. septentrionalis (Bouvier, 1936). A photographic record suggests G. bennetti sp. nov. may also occur in Tobago.

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LAURENT, RYAN A. ST, and MATTHEW J. W. COCK. "Annotated list of Mimallonidae (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea) from Trinidad and Tobago, with the description of a new species of Cicinnus Blanchard, 1852 and taxonomic notes." Zootaxa 4268, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4268.1.3.

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We present the first list focused on Mimallonidae from Trinidad and Tobago and report seven genera and 13 species from Trinidad, and two genera and two species from Tobago, one species of which has not yet been found in Trinidad. All species found on these islands are figured, with the exception of the species known only from Tobago. Additionally, we describe a new species: Cicinnus trini, sp. n. This new species is closely allied to C. beta (Schaus, 1910), comb. n. and C. veigli (Schaus, 1934), comb. n. which we transfer to Cicinnus Blanchard, 1852 from Psychocampa Grote & Robinson, 1866 based on male genitalia characteristics. We designate lectotypes for C. beta, C. magnapuncta (Kaye, 1901), and Trogoptera guianaca Schaus, 1928.

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32

Rudder, Marc M. R. "A Decision-making Process for the Election of a Tier II Oil Spill Response Mechanism." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.31.

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ABSTRACT Trinidad and Tobago has been involved in the oil industry for quite some time now. This twin-island Caribbean state recently celebrated 100 years of commercial oil production. The first Trinidad oil well was drilled in 1857, two years before the Drake well in Pennsylvania. With respect to oil spills, the largest vessel-related oil spill took place just off Tobago in 1979 as a result of a collision between two Very Large Crude Carriers. Fortunately, the first National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP) was developed just two years prior and its activation assisted with Tier III management of this incident. This history surely warrants a robust in-country system for preparedness and response to oil spill events. The 1977 NOSCP instituted a system for the management of Tier II incidents based on assignment of Marine Areas of responsibility to oil companies and the Coast Guard. However, with the proliferation of operators since 1977, this system proved to be unsustainable. Alternative systems were evaluated in 2009 based on an environmental assessment tool known as Multi Attribute Utility Theory that enabled a level of objectivity. The process culminated with a recommendation of two possible systems that would be favorable to the Trinidad and Tobago context. One system was a Tier II system operated and controlled primarily by the Government and the other was a system operated by the oil and gas companies operating in Trinidad and Tobago. In the final analysis, and with counsel, the operator-led system was chosen as the most suitable system for Trinidad and Tobago. This upgraded Tier II system was incorporated in the revised Trinidad and Tobago NOSCP which was approved by Cabinet on January 31, 2013. This paper will present the process of decision-making employed in this matter by a committee composed of Government and energy sector companies in order to enable other countries in the Caribbean and beyond to employ a useful environmental assessment tool to assist in their own decision-making processes.

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Yearwood, Rico J., and Stefan K. Newton. "The Retention of the Mandatory Death Penalty in Trinidad and Tobago: An Ongoing Human Rights Concern." Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS) 1, no. 1 (July 5, 2022): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.4.

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Commonwealth Caribbean countries account for a significant portion (roughly 15%) of the Global South region. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (“Trinidad and Tobago”) is the lone Commonwealth Caribbean country that retains the mandatory death penalty on its statute book in defiance of its human rights obligations. The retention of this anti-human rights punishment is due, in large measure, to decisions from Trinidad and Tobago’s final court of appeal, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (“JCPC”), which has affirmed the constitutionality of the mandatory death penalty. This article comparatively evaluates the jurisprudence on the mandatory death penalty from the JCPC and its regional counterpart, the Caribbean Court of Justice (“CCJ”), to demonstrate that while the CCJ rightly places a premium on the protection of human rights, the posture of the JCPC severely threatens the respect, protection, and fulfillment of human rights. The article argues that the most recent judicial decision from the JCPC on the mandatory death penalty continues to afford Trinidad and Tobago a free pass to disregard its international human rights obligations indefinitely. It further argues that this state of affairs is wholly censurable for a civilized nation that supposedly has respect for the fundamental rights of the individual. Consequently, the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago should take the only corrective action remaining, which is to abolish the mandatory death penalty by legislative intervention.

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Phillips, Archilus. "Interagency Collaboration and National Security." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 3, no. 3 (April 3, 2021): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v3i3.2817.

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On November 23, 2020, Brigadier-General Archilus Phillips presented Interagency Collaboration and National Security at the 2020 CASIS West Coast Security Conference. Key points of discussion included the perspective of a small state, Trinidad & Tobago, and their security strategies; achievements; challenges; Interagency Collaboration (IAC); the history of Trinidad & Tobago; and Caribbean security. The presentation was followed by a question and answer period.

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35

Martins, Ubirajara R., and Maria Helena M. Galileo. "Duas espécies de Onciderini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) do Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelas." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 52, no. 19 (2012): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0031-10492012001900001.

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36

Abdel-Shehid, Malek. "A Home in Disorder is not a Home: Examining Race in Trinidad and Tobago." Caribbean Quilt 5 (May 19, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/caribbeanquilt.v5i0.34365.

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Among its neighbours, the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago stands out due to its ethnic makeup. The population of most Caribbean nations is mainly of African descent; similar to Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago is evenly divided between Afro-Trinidadians and Indo-Trinidadians. Unlike many of the other Caribbean colonies, Trinidad and Tobago were not extensive plantation economies until much later in the colonial period (Paton 291). This is one of the main reasons why the country presently hosts a proportionately lower Afro-Trinidadian population in comparison to other Caribbean countries. While other ethno-cultural groups reside in the country, the aforementioned groups have dominated the landscape in numbers since at least the early 20th century (United Nations Statistics Division). Afro-Trinidadians are generally descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the Caribbean to serve as plantation labourers; Indo-Trinidadians are generally the descendants of South Asian indentured labourers brought to Trinidad to fulfill the same role following the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies. Trinidad and Tobago's long history of colonial subjugation has bred a modern social hierarchy highly tied to race. Racial categories centered around physical characteristics and created during the colonial period have been instrumental in the development of this social hierarchy. Its institutionalization within the country’s modern national political system has resulted in persisting legacies evident throughout modern Trinidadian society. I focus on the island of Trinidad (while still making occasional reference to Tobago) and argue that Trinidadian national unity has been hampered by the foundations laid by the plantation system and consolidated by the modern political system.

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Wallace, Wendell C. "Police Unions and the Implementation of Body-Worn Cameras in a Small Island Developing State: The Case of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service." International Annals of Criminology 58, no. 1 (May 2020): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2020.16.

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AbstractWithin the past two decades, body-worn cameras (BWCs) have developed as an evidentiary tool to determine the outcomes of contentious police–citizen contacts as well as a method of enhancing the accountability of both groups. While there have been numerous studies conducted on BWCs, the research has focused primarily on police officer perceptions and follow-up analyses of their usage subsequent to implementation and/or during controlled, randomized trials. However, there is a dearth of academic literature on police union members’ perceptions of BWC technology prior to implementation within their departments. This article contributes to the body of literature on BWCs by providing an analysis of data on the attitudes and perceptions towards the implementation of BWC technology into the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service that were collected from Central Committee representatives of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service Social and Welfare Association, the representative body for police officers of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. The findings indicate that the respondents were generally amenable to the introduction and implementation of BWCs into the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service; however, this is premised on a phased implementation preceded by a controlled trial of the BWCs, as well as the creation of internal policies prior to implementation.

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Perry, Gad, and Adrian Hailey. "The snakes of Trinidad and Tobago." Wildlife Society Bulletin 33, no. 3 (September 2005): 1186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[1186:tsotat]2.0.co;2.

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Ramrekha, Camille, Akash Ramkhelawan, Ravi Singh, Alvin Solomon, Carla Tilluckdharry, Akram Ahmad, Sameer Dhingra, Sureshwar Pandey, and Sandeep Maharaj. "Pharmacy Education in Trinidad and Tobago." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 49, no. 3 (February 26, 2015): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ijper.49.3.1.

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40

Julien, Gabriel. "Street Children in Trinidad and Tobago." International Journal of Learning: Annual Review 15, no. 3 (2008): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v15i03/45644.

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41

Tanaka, Yoshifumi. "Barbados / Trinidad and Tobago maritime delimitation." Hague Justice Journal 2, no. 1 (May 2007): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/hjj/187742022007002001007.

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42

Crother, Brian I. "THE SNAKES OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO." Copeia 2002, no. 2 (May 2002): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0538:]2.0.co;2.

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43

Brereton, Bridget. "Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago." Caribbean Quarterly 65, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2019.1685766.

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44

Stark, Bill P. "Anacroneuriaof Trinidad and Tobago (Plecoptera: Perlidae)." Aquatic Insects 16, no. 3 (July 1994): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650429409361552.

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45

Francis, Brian M., and Kimberly Waithe. "Financial Liberalisation in Trinidad and Tobago." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 03n04 (December 2013): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0034.

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This study analyses financial liberalisation in Trinidad and Tobago within the context of the McKinnon–Shaw model. The broad objective of this article is to empirically investigate the validity of both the McKinnon complementarity hypothesis and the Shaw debt intermediation model in relation to Trinidad and Tobago. These two models purport that persuasive government intervention and involvement in the financial system through the regulatory and supervisory network, particularly in controlling interest rates and allocation of credit, tend to distort financial markets. Therefore, by the removal of administrative controls on the assets portfolio and pricing behaviour of financial institutions, interest rates will rise to levels that will result not only in increased savings and loanable funds but also in a more efficient allocation of these funds, providing, in turn, stimuli for economic growth. Utilising the cointegration approach, the empirical analysis is conducted with annual data from 1970 to 2001. The empirical results support both the McKinnon complementarity hypothesis and the Shaw debt intermediation hypothesis in the long run. That is to say, real interest rates have a significant influence on savings in the long run. However, the results indicate that the real interest rate plays an insignificant role in the Error Correction Model in the short run for both the McKinnon and Shaw theories. Hence, this article provides empirical validity for the McKinnon–Shaw financial liberalisation theory in Trinidad and Tobago over the long run. Thus policy makers should take explicit account of this result in the formulation of financial policy. The sustainability of this policy, however, depends on the appropriateness of other fiscal, monetary incomes and exchange rate policies.

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Mugnier, Clifford J. "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 84, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.84.11.677.

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Mohammed, L. A. "Signature disguise in Trinidad and Tobago." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 33, no. 1 (January 1993): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(93)72944-8.

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Christo, E. D. "Data protection in Trinidad and Tobago." International Data Privacy Law 3, no. 3 (June 4, 2013): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipt013.

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McGregor, Alan. "Trinidad and Tobago: Carnival and cholera." Lancet 339, no. 8792 (February 1992): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90355-7.

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Maharajh, Hari D., Akleema Ali, and Monique Konings. "Adolescent depression in Trinidad and Tobago." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (February 2006): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0501-3.

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