Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cultivation of plants

Academic literature on the topic 'Cultivation of plants'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cultivation of plants"

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Rabbimov, Abdullo, Shirin Achilova, and Dilora Azimova. "Research On Cultivation Of Medicinal Plants." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue02-09.

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The article describes the results of research on the cultivation of Ferula assa-foetida L. plant, one of the valuable medicinal plant species. It was found that the seeds of Ferula assa-foetida L. plant have good germination properties in laboratory and field conditions, and it is possible to establish its industrial plantations by sowing the seeds.
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Wann, D. Q., R. S. Tubbs, W. C. Johnson, A. R. Smith, N. B. Smith, A. K. Culbreath, and J. W. Davis. "Tine Cultivation Effects on Weed Control, Productivity, and Economics of Peanut under Organic Management." Peanut Science 38, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps10-22.1.

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ABSTRACT Identifying effective weed control regimes for organic peanut is paramount for improving the feasibility of organic production. Tine cultivation is a proven effective method for reducing in-row weed populations in several crops. Field trials were therefore conducted in 2008 and 2009 to assess the effects of tine cultivation combined with sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding on weed control and overall productivity of two peanut cultivars under organic management. Tine cultivation regimes consisted of two frequencies (once per week or twice per week) for three durations (3 wk, 4 wk, or 5 wk). All cultivation treatments were also cultivated with flat sweeps at least once and hand-weeded periodically during the growing season. A non-cultivated, non-weeded control was included for comparison. All cultivation treatments significantly reduced annual grass populations in 2008 and Florida pusley populations both years. Cultivated treatments also resulted in denser plant stands for peanut (9.2 plants/m to 13.2 plants/m) than the non-cultivated control (5.9 plants/m to 7.9 plants/m). Pod yields in cultivated treatments ranged from 3502 kg/ha to 3823 kg/ha and were all significantly greater than yields in the non-cultivated control (1630 kg/ha). Also, net revenues generated by cultivated treatments ranged from ($3333/ha to $3637/ha) and were greater than that of the control ($1795/ha). Cultivation frequency had little effect on weed control and peanut productivity. However, the 4- and 5-wk durations displayed potential for improving peanut yield, grade, and net revenue over the 3-wk duration, especially when annual grass weeds were predominant. Cultivating once weekly for 4 or 5 wk with a tine cultivator, along with at least one sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding, is a viable, economical option for providing adequate weed control and maximizing productivity of organically-managed peanut at current market premiums.
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Haryono, Endang Siswati, Indah Epriliati, and Indra P. P. Salmon. "Commercialize the Cultivation of Yellow Pumpkin Plants." Review of European Studies 12, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v12n1p66.

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This paper aims to explain the highly prospect and opportunity of yellow pumpkin commercialized and its indicate variable behind the lows interest of making it as the main crop by farming society. Cultivation technical approach used in identifying cultivating system of yellow pumpkin and use SWOT analysis to develop the strategy. Analyzing business feasibility commercialization of the cultivation of yellow pumpkin income calculations every harvest based on the primary data by the census of 9 sample group of farmers, observation, and in-depth interviews some key informants. The result of this research show that cultivation system of yellow pumpkin in Majasem Village do potential for cultivated commercially based on the mountain areas the mount of Northern Lawu with a production capacity 180.000 tons. Majasem Village qualified planting cultivation yellow pumpkin although using the simple and planting patterns the midst of rice, corn and soybean. Potential development cultivation yellow pumpkin in the future identified based on internal and external factors have a great capital opportunity to commercialization in supporting industrialization food and drink. Business feasibility in commercialization by requiring investment IDR 3.579.800 and IDR 6.211.667 at operational cost can produce income IDR 8.550.000 per harvest or IDR 2.338.333 per month with long turning capital during 2 months.
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Wesołowski, Marian, and Karol Bujak. "The influence of simplified on reserve of weeds in erodible loess soil." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 2 (2012): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.089.

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In the paper the influence of diferent simplified tillage per number and seeds botanical composition of weeds in 0-25 cm of soil layer under plants crop rotation (potato-spring barley-winter rape-winter wheat) on erodible loess soil was presented. The simplifications in soil tillage relied on replaceing ploughing by cultivation, rotary cultivator tillage or Gramoxone formula. The replaceing ploughing by cultivations or rotary cultivator tillage especially bringing in chemical tillage instead of after-harvest cultivation increasing the number of weeds seed under all plants excluding spring barley. Resource of weeds seed under all plants of crop rotation were formated mainly by short duration species, especially <i>Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Viola arvensis</i> as well as <i>Stellaria media</i> (potato, barley, wheat) and <i>Veronica persica</i> (wheat). It was proven that the number of weeds seed in 0-25 cm of soil layer on erodible loess slope depended from plant species more than the way of soil tillage.
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Asharo, Rizal Koen, Elsa Lisanti, Reni Indrayanti, Adisyahputra, Pinta Omas Pasaribu, Rizky Priambodo, Vina Rizkawati, and Yulia Irnidayanti. "Cultivation of Family Medicinal Plants using the Verticulture Method as Efforts to Use Narrow Yard Land in Rawamangun, East Jakarta." Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Madani (JPMM) 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/10.21009/jpmm.005.1.05.

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The area of RW 01 Rawamangun, Pulogadung District, East Jakarta does not have an allocation of open land, so there is a minimum of green yards. The technology introduced in this community service activity is the cultivation of family medicinal plants in yards using the verticulture method. The purpose of this community service activity is to convey information about the cultivation of family medicinal plants through lectures, discussions, and direct practice of cultivating family medicinal plants in yards using the verticulture method. Evaluation of participants' knowledge improvement was carried out by pre- and post test after counseling and cultivation practices. Skills participants are carried out when evaluating the practice of cultivating medicinal plants in their yards. The results of the activity showed an increase in basic knowledge regarding the types, benefits, and techniques of cultivating family medicinal plants from technology. Family medicinal plant service activity is classified as successful and beneficial, due to increased knowledge more than 60 in average test scoring. The skills evaluation showed that some residents were able to plant and maintain family medicinal plants on a narrow plot of land using the proper verticulture method. The results of the cultivation of these medicinal plants, apart from being one of the real actions of plant greening, can also be in the form of powder products which can then be consumed as a body health measure or sold.
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Canter, Peter H. "Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 10, no. 3 (September 2005): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/fact.10.3.0002.

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Lukman Priyambodo, Hanin Latif Fuadi, Naura Nazhifah, Ibrohim Huzaimi, Angga Bagus Prawira, Tasya Enjelika Saputri, Mas Aly Afandi, Eka Setia Nugraha, Agung Wicaksono, and Petrus Kerowe Goran. "Klasifikasi Kematangan Tanaman Hidroponik Pakcoy Menggunakan Metode SVM." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 6, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v6i1.3828.

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Pakcoy is a type of vegetable plant belonging to the Brassica family. Pakcoy plants can be cultivated using hydroponic techniques, namely plant cultivation techniques without soil media. The advantage of cultivating Pakcoy plants using hydroponic techniques is that it does not require a large area of ​​land, so it is easy to apply in the yard. However, cultivation with hydroponic techniques has drawbacks such as farmers need to make regular observations to determine the harvest readiness of each plant. This causes a lack of effectiveness of farmers in cultivating Pakcoy plants. With the development of Machine Learning technology, a model can classify the maturity of Pakcoy plants based on digital image data. By applying the Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithm, the Machine Learning model can learn to classify a digital image of Pakcoy plants with the category "Small" to represent immature Pakcoy plants and "Large" to represent mature Pakcoy plants which results in an accuracy level of above 79%. It can be concluded that Machine Learning can be implemented in Pakcoy cultivation activities to support hydroponic farmers.
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De Rijck, G., E. Schrevens, and M. De Proft. "CULTIVATION OF CHICORY PLANTS IN HYDROPONICS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 361 (June 1994): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.361.21.

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Ibrahim, Ibrahim A., H. A. Emara, A. A. Nower, and A. Y. Abodiab. "In vitro Cultivation of Potato Plants." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5, no. 12 (December 10, 2016): 858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.512.094.

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Winter, Gerd. "Cultivation Restrictions for Genetically Modified Plants." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 1 (March 2016): 120–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005444.

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Directive (EU) 2015/412 allows Member States to restrict the cultivation of genetically modified seed or propagating material, although their placing on the market has been authorized. This so-called opt-out is meant to resolve the current Member States’ conflict about gene technology by facilitating differences of states concerning cultivation regulations. The concept has at the same time the potential to pioneer a general reorientation of European and even global principles of free trade. Where as trade restrictions on grounds of health and environmental protection could thus far only be justified on a strict scientific basis, a variety of risk perceptions and evaluations are now made acceptable. The article explores what grounds may justify cultivation restrictions beyond those identified in a concrete environmental risk assessment. Two categories are suggested: general environmental concerns weighing systemic effects and uncertainty, and trans-environmental concerns such as the use-value of genetically modified plants, the avoidance of costs resulting from policies of coexistence with conventional plants, the halting of agricultural industrialisation, and ethical considerations. It is further examined if cultivation restrictions based on such grounds are compatible with the EU rules of free movement of goods and relevant WTO agreements. The pertinent report of a WTO-Panel on genetically modified plants is scrutinized for this purpose and a dissenting interpretation developed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cultivation of plants"

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Haddad, Ola. "Soilless Cultivation of Edible Plants for Phytoremediation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-185047.

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Food security and eutrophication are two issues proven to have severe impacts on both humanity and the environment. This study suggests improving the local food security by utilizing phosphorus and nitrogen, available in severe eutrophic small lakes, in local food production, thus turning eutrophication from a problem into a resource. The study theoretically experiments the possibility of using eutrophic water in a greenhouse, where hydroponics is used as a cultivation method. The eutrophic water is pumped from the lake into the greenhouse, and then to the hydroponic system, which is expected to remediate the water, returning clean water to the lake. The objective of this process is to phytoremediate eutrophic water and simultaneously, produce edible commercial plants. Finding the best matching lake and plant nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) ratio, is of key importance to optimize the remediation process. Based on data from a literature review, edible plants N:P ratios are found lower than typical lake N:P ratios, suggesting that, in some cases, edible plants in the hydroponic system would require additional nutrients to grow optimally. Finding the best matching lake and plant N:P ratio is thought to optimize the remediation process. Matching the lake and plant N:P ratio was conducted in Python.
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Alamino, Douglas Alvarez. "Características agronômicas de fisalis (Physalis pubescens L.) produzida por diferentes métodos e substratos e aspectos anatômicos e fitoquímicos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/234.

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Physalis pubescens L., ou camapu, é uma planta herbácea, cujos frutos são comestíveis e folhas, caules e raízes utilizados na medicina tradicional, contra diversas enfermidades. Como os estudos referentes a esta espécie são escassos o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar os aspectos agronômicos de plantas cultivadas por diferentes métodos e substratos, 2) descrever anatomicamente as principais estruturas da plantas e 3) detectar a presença de compostos de interesse do metabolismo secundário. Para tanto, no primeiro ensaio foram avaliadas plantas produzidas a partir de sementes e estacas herbáceas. Como substratos foram utilizados: (SA) Solo + areia; (SV) Solo + vermiculita; (SP) Solo + Plantmax; (SAV); Solo + areia + vermiculita e (S) Solo. Foram avaliados os comprimentos da parte aérea e da maior raiz; área foliar; massas fresca e seca das folhas, caules e raízes; e volume radicular. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial de 2x5, com 10 repetições por tratamento. No segundo ensaio, folhas, caules e flores foram submetidos a cortes paradérmicos e transversais, fixados em FAA 70%, armazenados em etanol a 70% e posteriormente, analisados por microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura. No terceiro ensaio, folhas oriundas de plantas cultivadas em vasos mantidos em casa de vegetação foram secas, moídas e extraídas com hexano. O resíduo seco hexânico foi aplicado em coluna cromatográfica, tendo como solventes de partição diclorometano, acetato de etila, metanol e água destilada. As frações foram submetidas à cromatografia em camada delgada (TLC) e ressonância magnética de prótons (RMN 1H). O extrato bruto foi submetido à cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Para o primeiro ensaio observou-se interação significativa entre os fatores substrato e método de propagação somente para massa fresca e seca dos caules, com destaque para o método estaquia e os substratos S, SA, SP. Para as demais variáveis não foram constatadas diferenças significativas. Em relação aos aspectos anatômicos constatou-se que P. pubescens apresenta lâmina foliar hipoestomática, mesófilo com a presença de drusas; idioblastos de areia cristalina dispersos aleatoriamente pelo pecíolo, e tricomas glandulares e eglandulares ao longo de toda a lâmina foliar, caule, pecíolo e pétalas. O estudo fitoquímico por CG/EM revelou a possível presença do alcalóide epistefamiersina (86% de probabilidade); também foram observados as presenças de cumarinas, fisalinas, óleo essencial, saponinas, triterpenóides e taninos por TLC, além de triterpenos e compostos aromáticos de baixa intensidade por RMN 1H. Diante destes resultados, conclui-se que P. pubescens possui características anatômicas que auxiliam a diferenciá-la das demais espécies do gênero, e que a mesma sintetiza uma grande variedade de metabólitos secundários, com a estaquia sendo o melhor método de propagação, independente do tipo de substrato.
Physalis pubescens L., or Winter Cherry, is a herbaceous plant, whose fruits are edible and the leaves, stems and roots used in traditional medicine against various diseases. As the studies for this species are scarce this study aimed to 1) assess the agronomic features of crops grown by different methods and substrates, 2) describe the main anatomical structures of plants and 3) the presence of compounds of interest secondary metabolism. For this, the first trials were evaluated plants grown from seed and cuttings. The substrates were used: (SA) Soil + sand; (SV) Soil + vermiculite, (SP) Soil + Plantmax; (SAV) Soil + sand + vermiculite and (S) Soil. We evaluated the length of shoot and main root, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots and root volume. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 2x5, with 10 replicates per treatment. In the second trial leaves, stems and flowers were sectioned transverse paradermic and fixed in FAA 70%, stored in 70% ethanol and subsequently analyzed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In the third essay leaves from plants grown in pots in a greenhouse, were dried and extracted with hexane. The hexanic dry residue was applied to the extraction chromatographic column, and as solvents for the partition dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water. The fractions were subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) and proton magnetic resonance (NMR 1H). The crude extract was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS). For the first test there was significant interaction between the factors substrate and method of propagation only for fresh and dry weight of stems, especially the cutting method and the substrate S, SA, SP. For the other variables were not significantly different. Regarding the anatomy it was found that P. pubescens leaf presents hypostomatic mesophyll with the presence of drusen, crystalline sand idioblasts scattered randomly around the petiole, and glandular and eglandular throughout the leaf, stem, petiole and flower petals. Phytochemical study by GC / MS revealed the possible presence of alkali epistephamiersine (86% probability) were also observed the presence of coumarins, physalins, essential oil, saponins, triterpenoids and tannins by TLC, and triterpenes and aromatic compounds of low NMR 1H intensity. Given these results it is concluded that P.pubescens has anatomical features that help differentiate it from other species of the genus, and that it synthetizes a wide variety of secondary metabolites also that the cutting is the best method of propagation, independent of substrate type.
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Sanvido, Olivier David. "Conceptual approaches to manage the cultivation of genetically modified plants /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17546.

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Rahutomo, Suroso. "The response of allocasuarina littoralis, hakea florulenta and hakea actities to organic phosphorus /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18867.pdf.

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McGinley, Susan. "Retractable Roof Greenhouse Cultivation Offers Flexibility: Plants Thrive Under Moveable Shade." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622206.

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Bertoni, Daniel Robert. "The Cultivation and Conceptualization of Exotic Plants in the Greek and Roman Worlds." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11448.

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This dissertation is an investigation into how plants provide a way to explore cultural interactions between Greece and Rome and the east. I use India, a region that remained consistently exotic to most Greeks and Romans throughout antiquity, as a test case to examine how eastern plants were received and integrated into Greek and Roman culture. Throughout I use my test case as a focus and as an object of comparison: India is a constant reminder of what was conceptualized as exotic. My methodology is primarily "plants in text," an approach that incorporates both the physical reality of plants for sale at the market as well as the imagined flora that grows at the end of the earth. The results of this inquiry show the value of investigating the cultural importance of plants and the mental constructs that surround them in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.
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Crossley, Mark Norman. "The effects of water flow, pH and nutrition on the growth of the native aquatic plant, Aponogeton elongatus /." [St. Lucia, Qld. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17481.pdf.

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Morujo, Nuno Filipe Claro. "Caracterização dos produtores de plantas aromáticas e medicinais em modo de produção biológico em Portugal." Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6574.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Economia Agrária e Gestão do Território - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
This paper concerns a study on the production of aromatic and medicinal plants (MAP) in Portugal. These species have always been considered as interesting in cultural, social, culinary and medicinal but only recently acquired an economic interest. Global growth of organic farming and market demand in this direction led to the production of specific interest in MAP organic production (MPB). In the particular case of Portugal, are known two ways to get these plants: cultivation and spontaneous gathering. These two types of production associated with the soil and climate of the country makes it a potential producer of these species, although even today the import of plants from abroad, often of dubious quality, still the main supplier of these species to the market. In an attempt to make the sector stronger and more competitive we believe it important to make a first analysis, more profound, about the characteristics of the producers of PAM on MPB in terms of culture: knowing who they are, where they are, what they produce, how to produce and where they sell. Being aware that the features of the islands are very specific, this study has focused on producers identified in Portugal. In an attempt to make the sector stronger and more competitive we believe it is important to make a first analysis, more profound, about the characteristics of the producers of PAM on MPB in terms of culture: knowing who they are, where they are, what they produce, how they produce and where they sell. Being aware that the features of the islands are very specific, this study has focused on producers identified in mainland Portugal.
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Rohloff, Jens. "Cultivation of Herbs and Medicinal Plants in Norway - Essential Oil Production and Quality Control." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-415.

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Essential oils (EO) are plant secondary metabolites that are known for their fragrance and food flavour properties. They consist of a complex mixture of mono- and sesquiterpenes, phenyl propanoids and oxygenated compounds. EOs can be present in different plant organs and materials, and their storage is related to specialised secretory structures. The yield of EOs from plant raw materials by distillation or pressing may on average vary from 0.1 – 1%, thus restricting the major EO production to the plant group of aromatic plants. Due to their function as signalling compounds between different types of organisms and diverse biological systems, their general antimicrobial and antioxidative effects and medicinal activity, EOs offer a promising potential for future applications within the fields of agriculture, medicine, pharmaceutical industry and biotechnology.

Changed consumer demands and raised interest in natural product compounds, especially essential oils, have formed the basis for initiating the research project “Norwegian Herb Production (Norsk Urteproduksjon NUP)” to encourage the cultivation, processing, marketing and distribution of aromatic and medicinal plants. The production, composition and quality characteristics of EOs (yield and terpene composition) from chamomile, lemon balm, oregano, peppermint, sachalinmint, thyme and yarrow have been investigated in the project period between 1994-1998.

Much focus has been put on the application of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the analysis of EO volatiles from various aromatic and medicinal plants. SPME is a fast, solvent-free and non- destructive sample preparation technique where the analytes are extracted from fluid or solid matrices by headspace (HS) or direct immersion sampling (DI). Apart from EO isolation by common distillation, the applicability and sensitivity of the SPME fibre has made it feasible to carry out qualitative and semi-quantitative HS analyses of aromatic plants with regard to changes of EO metabolism during ontogenesis and plant development.

Based on NUP-results from field trials in the period between 1995-1996, the mint species peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) and sachalinmint (Mentha sachalinensis (Briq.) Kudô) have been studied in detail (Papers B, D and E). Comparative analyses by applying distillation sampling and SPME have been carried out in order to study the advantages and disadvantages of both techniques (Papers B and E). It could be shown, that SPME offers a fast and reliable method for detecting quality-impact compounds from the p-menthane group (menthol, menthone, neomenthol, isomenthone and menthyl acetate). A distinct increase in the menthol/menthone ratio in the basipetal direction could be detected for peppermint and sachalinmint by applying SPME, thus revealing within-plant quality differences according to pharmacopeial requirements. Taking the increase of EO production from the vegetative to the generative growth stage into account, the harvest of mint plants in bloom will result in better EO yield and quality with regard to higher amounts of menthol.

When applying HS-SPME on complex EO volatile matrices such as known for yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.; Paper C), one might deal with fibre-partitioning effects of the different mono- and sesquiterpenes due to their physical and chemical properties. Despite these disadvantages, HS-SPME appears to be a sensitive extraction method for the screening of EO volatiles from complex sample matrices. Comparative analyses of volatiles from rose root rhizomes (Rhodiola rosea L.) have been carried out in order to characterize the rose-like odour compounds (Paper F). A total of 75 and 59 compounds have been identified by distillation sampling and HS-SPME, respectively, thus underscoring the excellent extraction properties and applicability of the SPME fibre.

Paper A gives a brief overview of EO biosynthesis and chemical structures, plant sources and methods of EO production. Before leading over to the main topic of HS-SPME applications by referring to numerous examples from the research work at The Plant Biocenter in the past 5 years, an introduction of solid-phase microextraction with regard to devices, procedures and extraction parameters is given.

The advantages and disadvantages of distillation vs. SPME are outlined on the background of comparative analyses of peppermint, chamomile, basil and dill. Furthermore, the utilization of HS-SPME for quantitative studies with regard to extraction time and analyte concentration is being highlighted. Examples for the screening of chemotypes (hops −Humulus lupulus L.) and cultivars (dill – Anethum graveolens L.) and ontogenetic studies are given (Mentha species; arnica −Arnica montana L.). Finally, the applicability of HS-SPME for the quality assessment of processed herbs (sweet basil −Ocimum basilicum L.) and phytomedicinal preparations (red coneflower – Echinacea purpurea L.) is being discussed.

The advantages of HS-SPME over classical distillation and headspace applications are impressive due to drastically reduced analysis time and will introduce new frontiers in plant volatile research with regard to secondary metabolism, plant-insect interactions and in vivo studies. The user-friendliness of operating SPME will initiate the development of future applications and equipment for the monitoring of volatiles for plant biological and environmental studies, extraction automation, on-site sampling and on-fibre storage of analytes.


Paper VI reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier, Sciencedirect, www.sciencedirect.com
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Gikaara, Daniel Maina. "Phosphorus nutrition of the Australian native flowering plants caustis blakei, sticherus flabellatus and chamelauchium uncinatum /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17488.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Cultivation of plants"

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Shivaa, M. K. Cultivation of medicinal plants. Mettupalayam, [Coimbatore]: Forest College & Research Institute, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, 2001.

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Husain, Akhtar. Medicinal plants and their cultivation. Lucknow: Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1993.

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Carnivorous plants: Care and cultivation. London: Blanford, 1990.

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Lecoufle, Marcel. Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Edited by Paul Temple and Roy Gasson. London: Blandford Press, 1991.

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Berry, Susan. Irises: A guide to cultivation. London: Pavilion Bks., 1993.

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Metcalf, L. J. The cultivation of New Zealand plants. Auckland, N.Z: Godwit Press, Ltd., 1993.

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Husain, Akhtar. Essential oil plants and their cultivation. Lucknow, India: Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1994.

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Ornamental plants: Types, cultivation and nutrition. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Fluet, Amy. Plants with altitude: Regionally native plants for Wyoming gardens. Laramie, Wyoming: University of Wyoming Extension, 2014.

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J, Atwell Brian, Kriedemann Paul E, and Turnbull Colin G. N, eds. Plants in action: Adaptation in nature, performance in cultivation. South Yarra, [Vic.]: Macmillan Education Australia, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cultivation of plants"

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Lethbridge, Ben. "Cultivation of Quandong (Santalum acuminatum)." In Australian Native Plants, 147–53. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-13.

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Glover, Rus. "Cultivation of Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii)." In Australian Native Plants, 155–63. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-14.

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Denham, Tim. "The plants of highland cultivation." In Tracing Early Agriculture in the Highlands of New Guinea, 63–86. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: UCL Institute of Archaeology Publications: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351115308-5.

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Mazzorana, Gary, and Melissa Mazzorana. "Cultivation of Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora)." In Australian Native Plants, 113–26. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-10.

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Read, Christopher D. "Cultivation of Native Pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata)." In Australian Native Plants, 133–45. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-12.

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Mazzorana, Gary, and Mazzorana Melissa. "Cultivation of Anise Myrtle (Syzygium anisatum)." In Australian Native Plants, 7–18. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-2.

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Tony, Page, and Watkins Margo. "Cultivation of Davidson’s Plum (Davidsonia spp.)." In Australian Native Plants, 33–48. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-4.

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Douglas, Jock. "Cultivation of Desert Limes (Citrus glauca)." In Australian Native Plants, 69–80. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-6.

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Glover, Rus. "Cultivation of Lemon Aspen (Acronychia acidula)." In Australian Native Plants, 105–11. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-9.

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Sultanbawa, Fazal. "Cultivation of Muntries (Kunzea pomifera F. Muell.)." In Australian Native Plants, 127–32. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. | Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; 17: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20635-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cultivation of plants"

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Orekhova, T. P. "Clonal micropropagation of Far Eastern tree species promising for plantation cultivation." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-326.

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Glukhova, L. B., D. K. Kaposhko, Yu A. Frank, D. A. Ivasenko, and D. A. Ivasenko. "Optimization of Trichoderma spp. industrial cultivation." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.088.

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Sergeev, V. S., D. R. Mukminov, and L. F. Minnebaev. "Anti-stress sugar beet cultivation technology." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.218.

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During the growing season, sugar beets are subjected to various stresses, while most of the crop is lost. Biological products and biofertilizers produced by BashIncom reduce the impact of environmental stress factors and allow you to save the crop.
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Lobanov, A. N., and T. V. Polyudova. "Cultivation of Rhizobium leguminosarum to produce exopolysaccharide." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.150.

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While studying the bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum from different sources, a strain was isolated. Its growth on a liquid nutrient medium is accompanied by the accumulation of a significant amount of exopolysaccharide substance.
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Stepanova, A. Yu, A. I. Solovyova, and S. A. Salamaikina. "The influence of cultivation conditions on the content of biologically active flavones inin vitro cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-413.

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Zavorueva, Elena. "Thermostability of plants in various light conditions of cultivation." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Vladimir P. Lukin. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.606348.

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Zemlyanukhina, O. A., V. N. Veprintsev, E. N. Vasilchenko, N. N. Cherkasova, T. P. Zhuzhzhalova, and V. N. Kalayev. "The dependence of the energy of germination of sugar beet seeds on the methods of cultivation and geographical areas of growth." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-180.

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Frank, Y. A., D. V. Antsiferov, L. B. Glukhova, D. A. Ivasenko, and D. A. Ivasenko. "Industrial cultivation of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana strain Dar." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.076.

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The work is focused on the selection of an appropriate substrate for solid-state fermentation using B. bassiana with the aim of a biopesticide production. The highest number of conidia was yielded during cultivation on polished rice moistened with water in a ratio of 1:1.5 and 1:2.
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PETRE, Ionut Laurentiu, and Iuliana DOBRE. "STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE MAIN OLEAGINOUS CULTURES IN ROMANIA." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2019/8/07.

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This paper aims to determine the economic efficiency that each of the three main oil crops can have, namely the sunflower, soybean and rapeseed in Romania. Starting from the cultivation technologies of these plants it can be determined the main expenses for the cultivation of one hectare. With the help of statistical data on the price of recovery and the average production per hectare, it can be determined the incomes obtained by cultivating each crop taken into consideration, thus, at the end of this paper, it can determined the economic efficiency of cultivating one hectare with one of the three crops studied. These calculations will be performed for two levels of production; thus, two scenarios will be estimated for each crop chosen.
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Kozitsyn, A. E., T. M. Sidorova, and A. M. Asaturova. "Scaling of the promising producer strains cultivation process of fungicidal metabolites." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.129.

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The optimal conditions in pilot bioreactors for deep cultivation of the genus Bacillus bacteria were selected according to a number of biotechnological parameters, and the dynamics of antifungal compounds synthesis in the process of the culture maintaining was monitored.
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Reports on the topic "Cultivation of plants"

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García Victoria, Nieves, Esteban Baeza, Geert Franken, and Silke Hemming. Cultivation of the potted plants Schefflera and Anthurium under electrochromic glass : Smart materials crop experiments. Bleiswijk: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/563864.

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Suhartono, Suhartono, Agoes Soegianto, and Achmad Amzeri. Mapping of land potentially for maize plant in Madura Island-Indonesia using remote sensing data and geographic information systems (GIS). EM International, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.1.

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Maize productivity in Indonesia was still low (5.241 tons/ha) compared to the average of the ten largest maize producing countries in the world (6.179 tons/ha). The potential for maize on the island of Madura is approximately 360,000 hectares. The potential for maize cultivation in Madura continues to decrease in land quality due to improper land clearing and land-use change. The purpose of this research was to make a map of land suitability for maize using Remote Sensing Data and Geographic Information System (GIS). The land suitability method for maize plants used satellite imagery as a data source, supported by fieldwork and secondary data. Data analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The results of the analysis of land suitability modeling based on agroecosystem potential found that most of the Madura area was suitable for maize cultivation. Madura island had a land area of 456,622.3ha for maize cultivation, where 170.379.5 (15.4%) was very appropriate, 211.412.3 ha (46.3%) was appropriate, 160,098.6 (35.1%) was less appropriate, and 14,732.0 ha (3.2%) was not appropriate.
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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.

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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra, and Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.

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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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Lapidot, Moshe, Linda Hanley-Bowdoin, Jane E. Polston, and Moshe Reuveni. Geminivirus-resistant Tomato Plants: Combining Transgenic and Conventional Strategies for Multi-viral Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592639.bard.

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Begomoviruses, which constitute one genus of the Geminiviridae family, are single-stranded DNA viruses that infect many dicotyledonous crops important to large agricultural industries as well as to subsistence growers. Although all begomoviruses are transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), they have proven difficult to manage even with heavy insecticide applications. The begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), has been a problem in tomato production in Israel since the 1950s and in the United States since 1997. Approximately 89 begomoviruses have now been reported to infect tomato. Crop losses due to begomoviruses such as TYLCV and Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), are limiting factors in tomato cultivation in Israel, the U.S., and many tomato-growing regions throughout the world. To overcome these limitations, we proposed a two-step strategy that combines transgenic and conventional resistance in order to develop tomato plants that are resistant to multiple begomoviruses. In the first step, we have developed transgenic tomato plants expressing trans-dominant interfering mutants Rep and C3 from TYLCV and ToMoV, and tested whether these plants are resistant to infection by these two viruses. In the second step we have tested whether pyramiding transgenic and conventional resistance is superior to either strategy alone. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1. Design and test trans-dominant interfering constructs for TYLCV and ToMoV Rep and C3 in transient replication interference assays. 2. Generate and test transgenic tomato plants expressing mutant Rep and C3 in resistance assays. 3. Generate and test conventional resistant lines that also express mutant Rep and C3. Two viral replication interfering constructs, expressing the trans-dominant interfering mutants Rep and C3, were designed and constructed during this project. One construct, pNSB1630 was based on TYLCV sequences and the other, pNSB1682, based on ToMoV sequences. The TYLCV transformation construct was tested in a protoplasts replication assay, and was found to inhibit TYLCV replication. The ToMoV transformation construct is yet to be tested in a protoplast assay. Both transformation vectors, pNSB1630 and pNSB1682, were used to transform four different tomato lines, and generate transgenic plants. The tomato lines used for transformation were: FL7613, MM, TY172, TY199. FL7613 and MM are susceptible to both TYLCV and ToMoV. TY172 and TY199 are breeding lines developed at Volcani Center. TY172 is resistant to TYLCV but susceptible to ToMoV, while TY199 is resistant to both TYLCV and ToMoV. When transgenic T1 plants expressing the pNSB1630 constructed were screened for TYLCV resistance, it was found that these plants showed very low level of TYLCV resistance, if any. However, some of these lines showed high level of resistance to ToMoV. Only five transgenic T1 lines expressing the pNSB1682 construct were tested (so far) for resistance to ToMoV. It was found that all five lines express very high level of resistance to ToMoV. Although we haven’t finished (yet) the screen of all the transgenic lines, it is already clear that we were able to successfully combine genetic resistance for TYLCV with transgenic resistance to ToMoV.
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Lieth, J. Heiner, Michael Raviv, and David W. Burger. Effects of root zone temperature, oxygen concentration, and moisture content on actual vs. potential growth of greenhouse crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586547.bard.

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Soilless crop production in protected cultivation requires optimization of many environmental and plant variables. Variables of the root zone (rhizosphere) have always been difficult to characterize but have been studied extensively. In soilless production the opportunity exists to optimize these variables in relation to crop production. The project objectives were to model the relationship between biomass production and the rhizosphere variables: temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and water availability by characterizing potential growth and how this translates to actual growth. As part of this we sought to improve of our understanding of root growth and rhizosphere processes by generating data on the effect of rhizosphere water status, temperature and dissolved oxygen on root growth, modeling potential and actual growth and by developing and calibrating models for various physical and chemical properties in soilless production systems. In particular we sought to use calorimetry to identify potential growth of the plants in relation to these rhizosphere variables. While we did experimental work on various crops, our main model system for the mathematical modeling work was greenhouse cut-flower rose production in soil-less cultivation. In support of this, our objective was the development of a Rose crop model. Specific to this project we sought to create submodels for the rhizosphere processes, integrate these into the rose crop simulation model which we had begun developing prior to the start of this project. We also sought to verify and validate any such models and where feasible create tools that growers could be used for production management. We made significant progress with regard to the use of microcalorimetry. At both locations (Israel and US) we demonstrated that specific growth rate for root and flower stem biomass production were sensitive to dissolved oxygen. Our work also identified that it is possible to identify optimal potential growth scenarios and that for greenhouse-grown rose the optimal root zone temperature for potential growth is around 17 C (substantially lower than is common in commercial greenhouses) while flower production growth potential was indifferent to a range as wide as 17-26C in the root zone. We had several set-backs that highlighted to us the fact that work needs to be done to identify when microcalorimetric research relates to instantaneous plant responses to the environment and when it relates to plant acclimation. One outcome of this research has been our determination that irrigation technology in soilless production systems needs to explicitly include optimization of oxygen in the root zone. Simply structuring the root zone to be “well aerated” is not the most optimal approach, but rather a minimum level. Our future work will focus on implementing direct control over dissolved oxygen in the root zone of soilless production systems.
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Adelberg, Jeff, Halina Skorupska, Bill Rhodes, Yigal Cohen, and Rafael Perl-Treves. Interploid Hybridization of Cucumis melo and C. metuliferus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7580673.bard.

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The long-term motivation for this research is to transfer useful traits from a broad based gene pool of wild species into the narrow base of a cultivated crop in Cucumis. Our primary focus was to use polyploid prior to fertilization as a tool to overcome fertility barriers in the cross between C. melo and C. metuliferus. In conducting this research, we explored all combinations of tetraploid and diploid parents, in reciprocal combinations. Pollinations were made in both the field and greenhouse, using emasculated flowers, moneocious females, and open pollination by insect vectors, with morphological selection criteria. After observations of thousands of ovaries, we still have no definitive proof that this hybridization yielded viable embryos. The most promising results came from using tetraploid C. metuliferus, as the maternal parent in the interspecific hybridization, that set fruit were seeds contained small embryos that did not germinate. To obtain fruit set, it was important to rear plants in a cooler sunny greenhouse, as would be found in late winter/early spring. A second interspecific hybrid between wild and cultivated Cucumis, C. hystrix x C. sativus, yielded fertile progeny for the first time, while concomitantly working toward our primary goal. Two distinct treatments were necessary; 1) special plant husbandry was necessary to have the wild species produce fruit in cultivation, and 2) embryo rescue followed by chromosome doubling in vitro was required for fertility restoration. Backcrosses to crop species and resistance to nematodes are compelling areas for further work.
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Whitcomb, R. F., Shlomo Rottem, T. A. Chen, and C. J. Chang. Mollicutes that Cause Plant Disease: Detection, Cultivation, and Physiology. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566864.bard.

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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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Abstract:
The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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