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Journal articles on the topic 'Culex annulirostris'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 November 2024

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1

Furlong, Morgan, Andrew Adamu, Roslyn I. Hickson, Paul Horwood, Maryam Golchin, Andrew Hoskins, and Tanya Russell. "Estimating the Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Vectors in Australia Using Ecological Niche Modelling." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7120393.

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Recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in southeastern Australia have sparked interest into epidemiological factors surrounding the virus’ novel emergence in this region. Here, the geographic distribution of mosquito species known to be competent JEV vectors in the country was estimated by combining known mosquito occurrences and ecological drivers of distribution to reveal insights into communities at highest risk of infectious disease transmission. Species distribution models predicted that Culex annulirostris and Culex sitiens presence was mostly likely along Australia’s eastern and northern coastline, while Culex quinquefasciatus presence was estimated to be most likely near inland regions of southern Australia as well as coastal regions of Western Australia. While Culex annulirostris is considered the dominant JEV vector in Australia, our ecological niche models emphasise the need for further entomological surveillance and JEV research within Australia.

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2

Williams, Simon H., Avram Levy, Rachel A. Yates, Nilusha Somaweera, Peter J. Neville, Jay Nicholson, Michael D. A. Lindsay, et al. "The Diversity and Distribution of Viruses Associated with Culex annulirostris Mosquitoes from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia." Viruses 12, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12070717.

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Metagenomics revealed an impressive breadth of previously unrecognized viruses. Here, we report the virome of the Culex annulirostris Skuse mosquito, an important vector of pathogenic arboviruses in Australia. Mosquitoes were collected from three sites in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Unbiased high-throughput sequencing (HTS) revealed the presence of 16 novel viral sequences that share less than 90% identity with known viruses. None were closely related to pathogenic arboviruses. Viruses were distributed unevenly across sites, indicating a heterogeneous Cx. annulirostris virome. Polymerase chain reaction assays confirmed HTS data and identified marked variation between the virus prevalence identified at each site.

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3

Ritchie, Scott A., Debbie Phillips, Michael Poidinger, John Mackenzie, Andrew Van Den Hurk, and Annette Broom. "Isolation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus from Culex annulirostris in Australia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.56.80.

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4

Hanford, Jayne K., Dieter F. Hochuli, and Cameron E. Webb. "Oviposition Behavior of Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Is Affected by the Recent Presence of Invasive Gambusia holbrooki (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (March 24, 2019): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz027.

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Abstract Constructed wetlands are popular tools for managing threatened flora and fauna in urban settings, but there are concerns that these habitats may increase mosquito populations and mosquito-related public health risks. Understanding the interactions occurring between mosquitoes of public health concern and co-occurring organisms is critical to informing management of these habitats to mitigate potential health risks and balance the multiple values of urban wetlands. This study examined how oviposition behavior of Culex annulirostris Skuse, the most important pest mosquito species associated with freshwater wetland habitats in Australia, is influenced by the presence of Gambusia holbrooki Girard, a widespread invasive fish. Water was collected from urban wetlands that are intensively managed to reduce G. holbrooki populations to assist conservation of locally threatened frogs, and adjacent unmanaged wetlands where G. holbrooki was abundant. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the oviposition response by Cx. annulirostris to water samples from these two habitats. Experiments were conducted on two occasions, once in February following draining and refilling of the urban wetlands, and repeated following a substantial rainfall event in March. The results clearly demonstrate that ovipositing mosquitoes were able to detect and avoid water derived from habitats containing fish, even in the absence of the fish themselves. Understanding how invasive species affect the behavior and spatial distribution of pest species such as Cx. annulirostris will enable future wetland design and management to maximize benefits of urban wetlands and minimize potential public health risks.

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5

Williams, C. R., B. P. C. Smith, S. M. Best, and M. J. Tyler. "Mosquito repellents in frog skin." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (February 21, 2006): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0448.

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The search for novel insect repellents has been driven by health concerns over established synthetic compounds such as diethyl- m -toluamide (DEET). Given the diversity of compounds known from frog skin and records of mosquito bite and ectoparasite infestation, the presence of mosquito repellents in frogs seemed plausible. We investigated frog skin secretions to confirm the existence of mosquito repellent properties. Litoria caerulea secretions were assessed for mosquito repellency by topical application on mice. The secretions provided protection against host-seeking Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. Olfactometer tests using aqueous washes of skin secretions from L. caerulea and four other frog species were conducted to determine whether volatile components were responsible for repellency. Volatiles from Litoria rubella and Uperoleia mjobergi secretions were repellent to C. annulirostris , albeit not as repellent as a DEET control. The demonstration of endogenous insect repellents in amphibians is novel, and demonstrates that many aspects of frog chemical ecology remain unexplored.

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6

MOTTRAM, P., and D. S. KETTLE. "Development and survival of immature Culex annulirostris mosquitoes in southeast Queensland." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 11, no. 2 (April 1997): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00311.x.

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7

Sweeney, A. W., Edwin I. Hazard, and M. F. Graham. "Intermediate host for an Amblyospora sp. (Microspora) infecting the mosquito, Culex annulirostris." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 46, no. 1 (July 1985): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(85)90133-8.

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8

Van den Eynde, Claudia, Charlotte Sohier, Severine Matthijs, and Nick De Regge. "Japanese Encephalitis Virus Interaction with Mosquitoes: A Review of Vector Competence, Vector Capacity and Mosquito Immunity." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030317.

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus and a major cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. We provide an overview of the knowledge on vector competence, vector capacity, and immunity of mosquitoes in relation to JEV. JEV has so far been detected in more than 30 mosquito species. This does not necessarily mean that these species contribute to JEV transmission under field conditions. Therefore, vector capacity, which considers vector competence, as well as environmental, behavioral, cellular, and biochemical variables, needs to be taken into account. Currently, 17 species can be considered as confirmed vectors for JEV and 10 other species as potential vectors. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex annulirostris are considered primary JEV vectors in endemic regions. Culex pipiens and Aedes japonicus could be considered as potentially important vectors in the case of JEV introduction in new regions. Vector competence is determined by various factors, including vector immunity. The available knowledge on physical and physiological barriers, molecular pathways, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiome is discussed in detail. This review highlights that much remains to be studied about vector immunity against JEV in order to identify novel strategies to reduce JEV transmission by mosquitoes.

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9

Boyd, Ann Marie, and Brian H. Kay. "Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti, Culex sitiens, Culex annulirostris, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) for Barmah Forest Virus." Journal of Medical Entomology 37, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-37.5.660.

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10

Russell, Richard C. "CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AT APPIN, N. S. W.?BIONOMICS AND BEHAVIOUR." Australian Journal of Entomology 25, no. 2 (May 1986): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1986.tb01087.x.

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11

van den Hurk, Andrew F., Eloise Skinner, Scott A. Ritchie, and John S. Mackenzie. "The Emergence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia in 2022: Existing Knowledge of Mosquito Vectors." Viruses 14, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061208.

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In early 2022, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was identified as the cause of stillborn and mummified piglets in pig farms in southeastern Australia. Human cases and additional pig farms with infected piglets were subsequently identified across a widespread area encompassing four states. To inform surveillance and control programs, we synthesized existing information on Australian vectors of JEV, much of which was generated in response to incursions of JEV into the northern state of Queensland between 1995 and 2005. Members of the Culex sitiens subgroup, particularly Culex annulirostris, should be considered the primary vectors of JEV in Australia, as they yielded >87% of field detections of JEV, were highly efficient laboratory vectors of the virus, readily fed on pigs and birds (the key amplifying hosts of the virus) when they were available, and are widespread and often occur in large populations. Three introduced species, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex gelidus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus may also serve as vectors, but more information on their geographical distribution, abundance and bionomics in the Australian context is required. Mosquitoes from other genera, such as Aedes and Verrallina, whilst considered relatively poor vectors, could play a regional or supplemental role in transmission, especially facilitating vertical transmission as a virus overwintering mechanism. Additional factors that could impact JEV transmission, including mosquito survival, dispersal and genetics, are also discussed. Possible directions for investigation are provided, especially in the context of the virus emerging in a region with different mosquito fauna and environmental drivers than northern Australia.

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12

Dhileepan, K. "Physical Factors and Chemical Cues in the Oviposition Behavior of Arboviral Vectors Culex annulirostris and Culex molestus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Environmental Entomology 26, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.2.318.

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13

Lamichhane, Binit, Craig Brockway, Kimberly Evasco, Jay Nicholson, Peter J. Neville, Avram Levy, David Smith, and Allison Imrie. "Metatranscriptomic Sequencing of Medically Important Mosquitoes Reveals Extensive Diversity of RNA Viruses and Other Microbial Communities in Western Australia." Pathogens 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2024): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020107.

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Mosquitoes harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms, including viruses that are human pathogens, or that are insect specific. We used metatranscriptomics, an unbiased high-throughput molecular approach, to describe the composition of viral and other microbial communities in six medically important mosquito species from across Western Australia: Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, Cx. australicus, Cx. globocoxitus, Cx. pipiens biotype molestus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus. We identified 42 viral species, including 13 novel viruses, from 19 families. Culex mosquitoes exhibited a significantly higher diversity of viruses than Aedes mosquitoes, and no virus was shared between the two genera. Comparison of mosquito populations revealed a heterogenous distribution of viruses between geographical regions and between closely related species, suggesting that geography and host species may play a role in shaping virome composition. We also detected bacterial and parasitic microorganisms, among which Wolbachia bacteria were detected in three members of the Cx. pipiens complex, Cx. australicus, Cx. pipiens biotype molestus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus. In summary, our unbiased metatranscriptomics approach provides important insights into viral and other microbial diversity in Western Australian mosquitoes that vector medically important viruses.

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14

Hanford, J. K., D. F. Hochuli, and C. E. Webb. "Observations of an unexpected abundance of estuarine mosquitoes associated with an urban freshwater wetland." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.014.

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ABSTRACT Urban freshwater wetlands have been identified as a potential source of mosquitoes of pest and public health concern in Australia. Mosquitoes most commonly associated with these habitats include Anopheles annulipes, Culex annulirostris, Culex quinquefasciatus, Coquillettidia linealis and Mansonia uniformis. However, adaptive management of freshwater wetlands for wildlife conservation or vegetation management can alter the local environmental conditions and may provide opportunities for other mosquito species to exploit these habitats. A series of small wetlands at Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, were drained in spring 2016 and allowed to refill via rainfall to improve conditions for the endangered green and golden bell frog Litoria aurea. Below-average rainfall was experienced that summer and the wetlands did not fully refill until early autumn. Surprisingly, immature stages of the estuarine mosquito, Aedes vigilax, were observed in the freshwater wetlands in exceptional abundances during this period. Adjacent to these freshwater wetlands there are extensive saltmarsh and mangrove habitats where highly abundant populations of Ae. vigilax are common. Observations of use of freshwater habitats by this estuarine mosquito have implications for urban freshwater wetland management and rehabilitation strategies, which currently do not consider the potential pest and public health issues associated with estuarine mosquitoes.

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15

Shaalan, Essam A., Deon V. Canyon, Mohamed W. F. Younes, Hoda Abdel-Wahab, and Abdel-Hamid Mansour. "Efficacy of Eight Larvicidal Botanical Extracts from Khaya senegalensis and Daucus carota against Culex annulirostris." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22, no. 3 (September 2006): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[433:eoelbe]2.0.co;2.

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16

Hall-Mendelin, Sonja, Cassie C. Jansen, Wai Yuen Cheah, Brian L. Montgomery, Roy A. Hall, Scott A. Ritchie, and Andrew F. Van Den Hurk. "Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Host Feeding Patterns and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Ecology in Northern Australia." Journal of Medical Entomology 49, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me11148.

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17

Mottram, P., B. H. Kay, and D. S. Kettle. "THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON EGGS AND IMMATURE STAGES OF CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)." Australian Journal of Entomology 25, no. 2 (May 1986): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1986.tb01092.x.

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18

Sweeney, A. W., S. L. Doggett, and G. Gullick. "Laboratory experiments on infection rates of Amblyospora dyxenoides (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) in the mosquito Culex annulirostris." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53, no. 1 (January 1989): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(89)90077-3.

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19

van den Hurk, Andrew F., Alyssa T. Pyke, John S. Mackenzie, Sonja Hall-Mendelin, and Scott A. Ritchie. "Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia: From Known Known to Known Unknown." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010038.

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disease in Asia. It is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted between water birds and/or pigs by Culex mosquitoes; humans are dead-end hosts. In 1995, JEV emerged for the first time in northern Australia causing an unprecedented outbreak in the Torres Strait. In this article, we revisit the history of JEV in Australia and describe investigations of JEV transmission cycles in the Australian context. Public health responses to the incipient outbreak included vaccination and sentinel pig surveillance programs. Virus isolation and vector competence experiments incriminated Culex annulirostris as the likely regional vector. The role this species plays in transmission cycles depends on the availability of domestic pigs as a blood source. Experimental evidence suggests that native animals are relatively poor amplifying hosts of JEV. The persistence and predominantly annual virus activity between 1995 and 2005 suggested that JEV had become endemic in the Torres Strait. However, active surveillance was discontinued at the end of 2005, so the status of JEV in northern Australia is unknown. Novel mosquito-based surveillance systems provide a means to investigate whether JEV still occurs in the Torres Strait or is no longer a risk to Australia.

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20

REID, MARK, ANDREW BARON, THOMAS P. MONATH, JOHN AASKOV, FARSHAD GUIRAKHOO, NATALIE LEHMANN, KYM LOWRY, and DONNA MACKENZIE. "EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS, CULEX GELIDUS, AND AEDES VIGILAX WITH A YELLOW FEVER/JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS VACCINE CHIMERA (CHIMERIVAX™-JE)." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.659.

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21

Kizu, Jo, Christina Neuman, Luke Le Grand, and Wenjun Liu. "Discovery of Cocirculating Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus At Wide Bay Military Training Area, Northeastern Australia." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/19-6821.1.

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ABSTRACT An arbovirus surveillance military exercise was conducted to assess the risk of Ross River virus (RRV) and Barmah Forest virus (BFV) in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) Wide Bay training area (WBTA), northeastern Australia, in April 2018. Of the 5,540 female mosquitoes collected, 3,702 were screened for RRV and BFV by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in a field laboratory. One pool of Verrallina funerea was positive for RRV and 8 pools (7 pools of Aedes vigilax and 1 pool of Culex annulirostris) were positive for BFV. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of the E2 protein subgrouped both RRV and BFV with viruses previously isolated from human infections, indicating the potential risk of RRV and BFV infection to ADF personnel while training in WBTA. This is the 1st time that both RRV and BFV have been detected in a military training area.

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22

Kay, B. H., P. F. L. Boreham, and I. D. Fanning. "Host-Feeding Patterns of Culex Annulirostris and Other Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Charleville, Southwestern Queensland, Australia." Journal of Medical Entomology 22, no. 5 (September 20, 1985): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/22.5.529.

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23

Kay, B. H., J. D. Edman, I. D. Fanning, and P. Mottram. "Larval Diet and the Vector Competence of Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) for Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus." Journal of Medical Entomology 26, no. 5 (September 1, 1989): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/26.5.487.

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24

Koolhof, Iain S., Nicholas Beeton, Silvana Bettiol, Michael Charleston, Simon M. Firestone, Katherine Gibney, Peter Neville, et al. "Testing the intrinsic mechanisms driving the dynamics of Ross River Virus across Australia." PLOS Pathogens 20, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): e1011944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011944.

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The mechanisms driving dynamics of many epidemiologically important mosquito-borne pathogens are complex, involving combinations of vector and host factors (e.g., species composition and life-history traits), and factors associated with transmission and reporting. Understanding which intrinsic mechanisms contribute most to observed disease dynamics is important, yet often poorly understood. Ross River virus (RRV) is Australia’s most important mosquito-borne disease, with variable transmission dynamics across geographic regions. We used deterministic ordinary differential equation models to test mechanisms driving RRV dynamics across major epidemic centers in Brisbane, Darwin, Mandurah, Mildura, Gippsland, Renmark, Murray Bridge, and Coorong. We considered models with up to two vector species (Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, Aedes camptorhynchus, Culex globocoxitus), two reservoir hosts (macropods, possums), seasonal transmission effects, and transmission parameters. We fit models against long-term RRV surveillance data (1991–2017) and used Akaike Information Criterion to select important mechanisms. The combination of two vector species, two reservoir hosts, and seasonal transmission effects explained RRV dynamics best across sites. Estimated vector-human transmission rate (average β = 8.04x10-4per vector per day) was similar despite different dynamics. Models estimate 43% underreporting of RRV infections. Findings enhance understanding of RRV transmission mechanisms, provide disease parameter estimates which can be used to guide future research into public health improvements and offer a basis to evaluate mitigation practices.

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25

Cowled, Chris, Gustavo Palacios, Lorna Melville, Richard Weir, Susan Walsh, Steven Davis, Aneta Gubala, W. Ian Lipkin, Thomas Briese, and David Boyle. "Genetic and epidemiological characterization of Stretch Lagoon orbivirus, a novel orbivirus isolated from Culex and Aedes mosquitoes in northern Australia." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.010074-0.

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Stretch Lagoon orbivirus (SLOV) was isolated in 2002 from pooled Culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected at Stretch Lagoon, near the Wolfe Creek national park in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Conventional serological tests were unable to identify the isolate, and electron microscopy indicated a virus of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Here, a cDNA subtraction method was used to obtain approximately one-third of the viral genome, and further sequencing was performed to complete the sequences of segment 1 (viral polymerase) and segment 2 (conserved inner-core protein). Phylogenetic analysis showed that SLOV should be considered a new species within the genus Orbivirus. A real-time RT-PCR test was designed to study the epidemiology of SLOV in the field. Six additional isolates of SLOV were identified, including isolates from four additional locations and two additional mosquito species. Horses, donkeys and goats were implicated as potential vertebrate hosts in a serological survey.

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26

Russell, RC. "Report of a Field Study on Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Vectors of Dog Heartworm, Dirofilaria Immitis Leidy (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) Near Sydney, N.s.w., And the Implications for Veterinary and Public Health Concern." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 4 (1985): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850461.

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Transmission of dog heartworm has been increasing in many parts ofAustralia, but very little is known about the local mosquito vectors. For the first time in this country a range of natural vectors has been identified from a systematic field investigation in an area of known transmission. The study area centred on a dog pound which was surrounded by urban, semi-rural, and natural bushland conditions, supporting a diverse and abundant mosquito fauna. Mosquitoes were trapped for 3 months, over a summer, and scored for developing filariae. Of the eleven species collected seven were naturally infected, and four infective. Vector potential indices suggested that Culex annulirostris and Aedes notoscriprus were primary vectors, Anopheles annulipes and Cx. quinquefasciatus secondary vectors, and Ae. alboannulatus, Ae. rubrithorax, and Cx. australicus only minor vectors. The importance of the results in relation to control of the disease is discussed, although local factors will determine the relative significance of these or other vectors in different areas of Australia.

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27

Williams, Craig R., and Michael J. Kokkinn. "Daily patterns of locomotor and sugar-feeding activity of the mosquito Culex annulirostris from geographically isolated populations." Physiological Entomology 30, no. 4 (June 17, 2005): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2005.00462.x.

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28

Russell, Richard C. "HOST-ATTRACTION STUDIES OF CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) NEAR ECHUCA, IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF VICTORIA." Australian Journal of Entomology 26, no. 4 (November 1987): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1987.tb01990.x.

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Sweeney, A. W., M. F. Graham, and E. I. Hazard. "Life cycle of Amblyospora dyxenoides sp. nov. in the mosquito Culex annulirostris and the copepod Mesocyclops albicans." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 51, no. 1 (January 1988): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(88)90087-0.

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30

CUTCHER, Z., E. WILLIAMSON, S. E. LYNCH, S. ROWE, H. J. CLOTHIER, and S. M. FIRESTONE. "Predictive modelling of Ross River virus notifications in southeastern Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002594.

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SUMMARYRoss River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne virus endemic to Australia. The disease, marked by arthritis, myalgia and rash, has a complex epidemiology involving several mosquito species and wildlife reservoirs. Outbreak years coincide with climatic conditions conducive to mosquito population growth. We developed regression models for human RRV notifications in the Mildura Local Government Area, Victoria, Australia with the objective of increasing understanding of the relationships in this complex system, providing trigger points for intervention and developing a forecast model. Surveillance, climatic, environmental and entomological data for the period July 2000–June 2011 were used for model training then forecasts were validated for July 2011–June 2015. Rainfall and vapour pressure were the key factors for forecasting RRV notifications. Validation of models showed they predicted RRV counts with an accuracy of 81%. Two major RRV mosquito vectors (Culex annulirostris and Aedes camptorhynchus) were important in the final estimation model at proximal lags. The findings of this analysis advance understanding of the drivers of RRV in temperate climatic zones and the models will inform public health agencies of periods of increased risk.

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31

Russell, Richard C. "Seasonal Abundance and Age Composition of Two Populations of Culex Annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) at Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia." Journal of Medical Entomology 23, no. 3 (May 30, 1986): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/23.3.279.

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32

Chapman, H. F., J. M. Hughes, S. A. Ritchie, and B. H. Kay. "Population Structure and Dispersal of the Freshwater Mosquitoes Culex annulirostris and Culex palpalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia." Journal of Medical Entomology 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.165.

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33

WILLEMS, KAREN J., CAMERON E. WEBB, and RICHARD C. RUSSELL. "TADPOLES OF FOUR COMMON AUSTRALIAN FROGS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE PREDATORS OF THE COMMON PEST AND VECTOR MOSQUITO CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 21, no. 4 (December 2005): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2006)21[492:tofcaf]2.0.co;2.

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34

KAY, BRIAN H., IAN D. FANNING, and PIPI MOTTRAM. "The vector competence of Culex annulirostris, Aedes sagax and Aedes alboannulatus for Murray Valley encephalitis virus at different temperatures." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 3, no. 2 (April 1989): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00484.x.

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35

Russell, Richard C. "AGE COMPOSITION AND OVERWINTERING OF CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) NEAR DENILIQUIN, IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF NEW SOUTH WALES." Australian Journal of Entomology 26, no. 1 (February 1987): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1987.tb00269.x.

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Hurst, Timothy P., Brian H. Kay, Michael D. Brown, and Peter A. Ryan. "Laboratory Evaluation of the Effect of Alternative Prey and Vegetation on Predation of Culex annulirostris Immatures by Australian Native Fish Species." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22, no. 3 (September 2006): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[412:leoteo]2.0.co;2.

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Bishop, Alan L., Harry J. McKenzie, and Lorraine J. Spohr. "Attraction of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) to simulated visual and chemical stimuli from cattle." Australian Journal of Entomology 47, no. 2 (May 2008): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2008.00637.x.

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Williams, Simon H., Avram Levy, Rachel A. Yates, Nilusha Somaweera, Peter J. Neville, Jay Nicholson, Michael D. A. Lindsay, et al. "Discovery of Jogalong virus, a novel hepacivirus identified in a Culex annulirostris (Skuse) mosquito from the Kimberley region of Western Australia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): e0227114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227114.

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Rae, Debbie J. "Survival and Development of the Immature Stages of Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) at the Ross River Dam in Tropical Eastern Australia." Journal of Medical Entomology 27, no. 5 (September 1, 1990): 756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.5.756.

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RUSSELL, RICHARD C., and MERILYN J. GEARY. "The susceptibility of the mosquitoes Aedes notoscriptus and Culex annulirostris to infection with dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis and their vector efficiency." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 6, no. 2 (April 1992): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00594.x.

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Sweeney, A. W., S. L. Doggett, and G. Gullick. "Bioassay experiments on the dose response of Mesocyclops sp. Copepods to meiospores of Amblyospora dyxenoides produced in Culex annulirostris mosquito larvae." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53, no. 1 (January 1989): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(89)90083-9.

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van den Hurk, Andrew F., John S. Mackenzie, Ina L. Smith, Carmel T. Taylor, Hume E. Field, Greg A. Smith, Judith A. Northill, Cassie C. Jansen, and Craig S. Smith. "Transmission of Japanese Encephalitis Virus from the Black Flying Fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris Mosquitoes, Despite the Absence of Detectable Viremia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.81.457.

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43

Hurst, Timothy P., Michael D. Brown, Brian H. Kay, and Peter A. Ryan. "Evaluation of Melanotaenia duboulayi (Atheriniformes: Melanotaeniidae), Hypseleotris galii (Perciformes: Eleotridae), and Larvicide Vectolex® WG (Bacillus sphaericus) for Integrated Control of Culex annulirostris." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22, no. 3 (September 2006): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[418:eomdam]2.0.co;2.

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Shaalan, Essam Abdel-Salam, Deon Vahid Canyon, Reinhold Muller, Mohamed Wagdy Faried Younes, Hoda Abdel-Wahab, and Abdel-Hamid Mansour. "A mosquito predator survey in Townsville, Australia, and an assessment of Diplonychus sp. and Anisops sp. predatorial capacity against Culex annulirostris mosquito immatures." Journal of Vector Ecology 32, no. 1 (June 2007): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[16:ampsit]2.0.co;2.

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Brown, Michael D., Tonya M. Watson, Susannah Green, Jack G. Greenwood, David Purdie, and Brian H. Kay. "Toxicity of Insecticides for Control of Freshwater Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) to the Nontarget Shrimp, Caradina indistincta (Decapoda: Atyidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 93, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.667.

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Russell, Richard C. "SEASONAL ACTIVITY AND ABUNDANCE OF THE ARBOVIRUS VECTOR CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE NEAR ECHUCA, VICTORIA, IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA 1979-1985." Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 64, no. 1 (February 1986): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.1986.11.

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RUSSELL, RICHARD C., and MERILYN J. GEARY. "The influence of microfilaria! density of dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis on infection rate and survival of Aedes notoscriptus and Culex annulirostris from Australia." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10, no. 1 (January 1996): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00078.x.

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48

Ramírez, Ana L., Sonja Hall-Mendelin, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie L. McMahon, Kyran M. Staunton, Scott A. Ritchie, and Andrew F. van den Hurk. "Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz044.

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Abstract:

Abstract Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.

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Russell, Richard C. "POPULATION AGE COMPOSITION AND FEMALE LONGEVITY OF THE ARBOVIRUS VECTOR CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE NEAR ECHUCA, VICTORIA, IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA 1979-1985." Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 64, no. 6 (December 1986): 595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.1986.63.

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Kurucz, Nina, Jamie Lee McMahon, Allan Warchot, Glen Hewitson, Jean Barcelon, Frederick Moore, Jasmin Moran, et al. "Nucleic Acid Preservation Card Surveillance Is Effective for Monitoring Arbovirus Transmission on Crocodile Farms and Provides a One Health Benefit to Northern Australia." Viruses 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061342.

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Abstract:

The Kunjin strain of West Nile virus (WNVKUN) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can infect farmed saltwater crocodiles in Australia and cause skin lesions that devalue the hides of harvested animals. We implemented a surveillance system using honey-baited nucleic acid preservation cards to monitor WNVKUN and another endemic flavivirus pathogen, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), on crocodile farms in northern Australia. The traps were set between February 2018 and July 2020 on three crocodile farms in Darwin (Northern Territory) and one in Cairns (North Queensland) at fortnightly intervals with reduced trapping during the winter months. WNVKUN RNA was detected on all three crocodile farms near Darwin, predominantly between March and May of each year. Two of the NT crocodile farms also yielded the detection of MVE viral RNA sporadically spread between April and November in 2018 and 2020. In contrast, no viral RNA was detected on crocodile farms in Cairns during the entire trapping period. The detection of WNVKUN and MVEV transmission by FTATM cards on farms in the Northern Territory generally correlated with the detection of their transmission to sentinel chicken flocks in nearby localities around Darwin as part of a separate public health surveillance program. While no isolates of WNVKUN or MVEV were obtained from mosquitoes collected on Darwin crocodile farms immediately following the FTATM card detections, we did isolate another flavivirus, Kokobera virus (KOKV), from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. Our studies support the use of the FTATM card system as a sensitive and accurate method to monitor the transmission of WNVKUN and other arboviruses on crocodile farms to enable the timely implementation of mosquito control measures. Our detection of MVEV transmission and isolation of KOKV from mosquitoes also warrants further investigation of their potential role in causing diseases in crocodiles and highlights a “One Health” issue concerning arbovirus transmission to crocodile farm workers. In this context, the introduction of FTATM cards onto crocodile farms appears to provide an additional surveillance tool to detect arbovirus transmission in the Darwin region, allowing for a more timely intervention of vector control by relevant authorities.

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