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1
Ho, Cristy. "Multisensory aspects of the spatial cuing of driver attention." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0861a98b-efd1-4062-8f53-5f1c24d1491d.
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The primary goal of the empirical research outlined in this thesis was to examine a number of the factors contributing to the design of more ergonomic multisensory warning signals, that is, signals that elicit efficient and effective responses from interface operators under demanding conditions. To achieve this goal, a series of experiments was conducted in order to examine the nature and consequences of the crossmodal links inherent in spatial attention between various different sensory modalities, such as audition, vision, and touch, in an applied setting. In particular, a laboratory-based simulated driving task was used to investigate the effectiveness of various different auditory and vibrotactile cues in orienting a driver's attention to potential emergency driving events seen through the front windscreen or rearview mirror. The results of the first set of auditory spatial cuing experiments highlighted a significant performance advantage when the target driving events occurred in the cued, rather than the uncued, direction, with the biggest benefits being seen following spatially-predictive auditory or verbal cues. The second set of vibrotactile spatial cuing experiments demonstrated the potential utility of vibrotactile warning signals for presenting spatial information to car drivers, and the results were successfully replicated in a study using a high-fidelity driving simulator. The third set of experiments, incorporating an orthogonal task design, were conducted in order to examine the mechanisms responsible for the advantageous spatial cuing effects reported in the earlier experiments. Taken together, the results demonstrated that while directional congruency between a warning signal and target driving event may be sufficient to facilitate performance due to the priming of the appropriate response, attentional facilitation (i.e., perceptual enhancement) typically requires the co-location of the cue and target within the same functional region of space. In sum, this thesis demonstrates the potential value of approaching the design of effective multisensory warning signals for human operators by studying the information processing mechanisms in the human brain. The findings outlined here add to the literature concerning the brain's differential representation of stimuli presented in peripersonal as opposed to extrapersonal space. Further experimental chapters detail experiments that examined verbal directional cuing, olfactory cuing, and crossmodal interactions in virtual haptic environments.
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Lee, Jae Won. "Auditory cuing of visual attention : spatial and sound parameters." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:83efb40d-f77d-420e-9372-623ebae3224c.
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The experiments reported in this thesis investigate whether the current understanding of crossmodal spatial attention can be applied to rear space, and how sound parameters can modulate crossmodal spatial cuing effects. It is generally accepted that the presentation of a brief auditory cue can exogenously orient spatial attention to the cued region of space so that reaction times (RTs) to visual targets presented there are faster than those presented elsewhere. Unlike the conventional belief in such crossmodal spatial cuing effects, RTs to visual targets were equally facilitated from the presentation of an auditory cue in the front or in the rear, as long as the stimuli were presented ipsilaterally. Moreover, when an auditory cue and a visual target were presented from one of two lateral positions on each side in front, the spatial co-location of the two stimuli did not always lead to the fastest target RTs. Although contrasting with the traditional view on the importance of cue-target spatial co-location in exogenous crossmodal cuing effects, such findings are consistent with the evidence concerning multisensory integration in the superior colliculus (SC). Further investigation revealed that the presentation of an auditory cue with an exponential intensity change might be able to exogenously orient crossmodal spatial attention narrowly to the cued region of space. Taken together, the findings reported in this thesis suggest that not only the location but also sound parameters (e.g., intensity change) of auditory cues can modulate the crossmodal exogenous orienting of spatial attention.
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Bertels, Julie. "Influence de la valence émotionnelle de stimuli auditifs sur l'orientation de l'attention." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210337.
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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’investiguer l’influence de la valence émotionnelle négative, positive ou taboue des mots parlés sur l’orientation des ressources attentionnelles, dans la population tout-venant. Pour ce faire, j’ai élaboré des adaptations auditives de paradigmes expérimentaux qui avaient été utilisés auparavant dans le but d’explorer l’influence du contenu émotionnel de stimuli visuels sur l’allocation de l’attention :le paradigme de déploiement de l’attention (Etudes 1 et 3), le paradigme de Stroop émotionnel (Etude 2) et le paradigme d’indiçage spatial émotionnel (Etude 4). En particulier, les Etudes 1, 3 et 4 m’ont permis d’examiner l’influence de la valence émotionnelle de ces stimuli sur l’attention sélective à une localisation spatiale, évaluée au travers des réponses à une cible subséquente.
Dans la situation de compétition pour les ressources attentionnelles spécifique au paradigme de déploiement de l’attention (Etudes 1 et 3), nous avons observé un engagement préférentiel des ressources attentionnelles vers la localisation spatiale des mots tabous, lorsque ceux-ci étaient présentés à droite, par rapport à la localisation spatiale des mots neutres présentés conjointement. Ces biais attentionnels ont été observés quelle que soit l’attention portée volontairement aux stimuli, la nature de la tâche à réaliser sur la cible, ou la charge cognitive liée à la tâche. De tels biais ont également été observés envers la localisation spatiale des mots négatifs et positifs, mais de manière moins robuste. Lorsque deux stimuli rivalisent pour l’orientation des ressources, la valence choquante serait donc cruciale pour l’orientation de l’attention spatiale. De plus, les mots tabous induisent un ralentissement général des temps de réaction (TRs) à la cible subséquente, quelle que soit sa localisation spatiale.
Au contraire, lorsque des mots-indices sont présentés isolément dans le paradigme d’indiçage spatial émotionnel (Etude 4), la valence émotionnelle négative des mots, mais pas leur valence choquante, paraît cruciale pour l’observation d’effets spatiaux :les stimuli les plus négatifs moduleraient l’orientation spatiale automatique de l’attention suscitée par leur présentation périphérique. Plus précisément, ils empêcheraient l’application de processus attentionnels inhibiteurs des localisations déjà explorées. En outre, la présentation d’un indice périphérique négatif accélère le traitement d’une cible subséquente, quelle que soit sa localisation spatiale.
L’influence de la dimension émotionnelle des mots parlés sur l’attention sélective à une dimension (non-émotionnelle) de ces stimuli a été investiguée grâce au paradigme de Stroop émotionnel (Etude 2). Contrairement à mes autres études, aucun déplacement attentionnel spatial n’était impliqué dans cette situation puisque les participants devaient répondre à chaque essai à une dimension non-émotionnelle (l’identité du locuteur) du stimulus (potentiellement émotionnel) présenté. J’ai ainsi observé une influence de la dimension émotionnelle taboue ou négative des mots sur le traitement de la dimension pertinente d’un mot neutre subséquent, mais pas sur le traitement de la dimension pertinente de ces mots eux-mêmes, suggérant l’occurrence d’effets lents, inter-essais, des mots tabous et négatifs, mais pas d’effet rapide.
Ces données appuient donc l’existence, dans une population tout-venant, d’un mécanisme de traitement involontaire du contenu émotionnel des mots parlés qui influence non seulement l’orientation spatiale et dimensionnelle de l’attention mais également, de manière plus générale, la latence des réponses fournies par le sujet.
Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Bonmassar, Claudia. "The Role of Hearing in Central Cueing of Attention." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/245994.
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Our ability to be active agents in the world depends on our cognitive system to collect complex multisensory information, i.e. information coming from different senses, and integrate it appropriately. One fundamental topic of interest in the study of cognition is to understand the consequences of deafness on the organization of brain functions, specifically when one sensory modality is either lost or the information coming from that sensory modality is limited. In my work I used the spatial cueing paradigm to study how visual attention and selection is affected by diverse grades of congenital or acquired deafness in different life stages. The goal of the first study was to validate an integrated approach of covert and overt orienting to study social and non-social cueing of attention in hearing adults. Specifically, I examined manual and oculomotor performance of hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative social (gaze cue) and non-social cues (arrow cue). In Experiment 1 the discrimination task was easy and eye movements were not necessary, whereas in Experiment 2 they were instrumental in identifying the target. Validity effects on manual response time (RT) were similar for the two cues in Experiment 1 and in Experiment 2, though in the presence of eye movements, observers were overall slower to respond to the arrow cue compared to the gaze cue. Cue-direction had an effect on saccadic performance before the discrimination was presented and throughout the duration of the trial. Furthermore, I found evidence of a distinct impact of the type of cue on diverse oculomotor components. While saccade latencies were affected by whether the cue was social or not, saccade landing positions were not affected by cue-type. Critically, the manual validity effect was predicted by the landing position of the initial eye movement. This work suggests that the relationship between eye movements and attention is not straightforward. In hearing adults, in the presence of eye movements, saccade latency was related to the overall speed of manual response, while eye movements landing position was closely related to manual performance in response to the validity of the cues. In the second study, I used the above-mentioned approach to investigate the impact of early profound deafness on the oculomotor control and orienting of attention to social and non-social cues. Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggests that early deaf adults are less sensitive to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of this second study was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behavior helps explain the reduced contribution of this social cue in deaf adults. Twenty-five deaf and twenty-five age-matched hearing observers took part in the experiment. In both groups, the cueing effect on RT was comparable for the gaze- and arrow-cue, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers responded equally to the cue presented in isolation, deaf participants relied significantly more on eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target was presented. Saccade landing position in the deaf group was affected by validity but not by cue type while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and determines the manual performance. The increase in eye movements and overall slower responses in deaf observers may act as an adaptive strategy to balance the need for accuracy in a context where vision and visual attention are used to monitor the surrounding environment in the absence of auditory input. This tendency to emphasize accuracy of response at the cost of responding more slowly seems to allow them to maintain the same level of cue-driven performance as their hearing peers. In the third study I focused on partial hearing loss. Little is known on the consequences of pure presbycusis, which is usually associated with aging (Age-related Hearing Loss, ARHL). In this case, auditory information is still present, although linked to an amount of uncertainty regarding its usefulness. In this study I started to investigate the role of ARHL on cognition considering covert orienting of attention, selective attention and executive control. I compared older adults with and without mild to moderate presbycusis (26-60 dB) performing 1) a spatial cueing task with uninformative central cues (social vs. non-social cues), 2) a flanker task and 3) a neuropsychological assessment of attention. Notably, while hearing impaired individuals responded as equally fast as their normally hearing peers, they were characterized by reduced validity effects on spatial cueing of attention, though no additional group differences were found between the impact of social and non-social cues. Hearing impaired individuals also demonstrated diminished performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and on tasks requiring divided attention and flexibility. Conversely, overall response times and flanker interference effects were comparable across groups. This work indicates that while response speed and response inhibition appear to be preserved following mild to moderate presbycusis, orienting of attention, divided attention and the ability to flexibly allocate attention, are more deteriorated in older adults with ARHL. These findings suggest that presbycusis might exacerbate the detrimental influences of aging on visual attention. Taken together, the findings of my research project highlight the different role hearing loss may play at different life stages. On the one hand, congenital and early deafness seems to induce cognitive and behavioral compensations, which may encompass oculomotor behavior as well; these changes occur progressively during development and may reflect experience-dependent plasticity. On the other hand, late-life compensations in vision and visual attention in older adults with presbycusis may not take place or do not effectively reduce the negative impact of the auditory impairment. Rather, my data suggest that in this population a deficit in audition may consequently lead to a deficit in visual attention. Future lines of research can aim to better characterize other aspects of attention in the aging population with presbycusis, e.g. peripheral visual attention and the relationship between covert and overt attention. Finally, future research may also consider intervention through early diagnosis and treatment by means of hearing aids, which can be beneficial to cognitive functions and might delay or even prevent cognitive decline in this population, in which sensory compensation may not be sufficient.
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Bonmassar, Claudia. "The Role of Hearing in Central Cueing of Attention." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/245994.
Full textAbstract:
Our ability to be active agents in the world depends on our cognitive system to collect complex multisensory information, i.e. information coming from different senses, and integrate it appropriately. One fundamental topic of interest in the study of cognition is to understand the consequences of deafness on the organization of brain functions, specifically when one sensory modality is either lost or the information coming from that sensory modality is limited. In my work I used the spatial cueing paradigm to study how visual attention and selection is affected by diverse grades of congenital or acquired deafness in different life stages. The goal of the first study was to validate an integrated approach of covert and overt orienting to study social and non-social cueing of attention in hearing adults. Specifically, I examined manual and oculomotor performance of hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative social (gaze cue) and non-social cues (arrow cue). In Experiment 1 the discrimination task was easy and eye movements were not necessary, whereas in Experiment 2 they were instrumental in identifying the target. Validity effects on manual response time (RT) were similar for the two cues in Experiment 1 and in Experiment 2, though in the presence of eye movements, observers were overall slower to respond to the arrow cue compared to the gaze cue. Cue-direction had an effect on saccadic performance before the discrimination was presented and throughout the duration of the trial. Furthermore, I found evidence of a distinct impact of the type of cue on diverse oculomotor components. While saccade latencies were affected by whether the cue was social or not, saccade landing positions were not affected by cue-type. Critically, the manual validity effect was predicted by the landing position of the initial eye movement. This work suggests that the relationship between eye movements and attention is not straightforward. In hearing adults, in the presence of eye movements, saccade latency was related to the overall speed of manual response, while eye movements landing position was closely related to manual performance in response to the validity of the cues. In the second study, I used the above-mentioned approach to investigate the impact of early profound deafness on the oculomotor control and orienting of attention to social and non-social cues. Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggests that early deaf adults are less sensitive to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of this second study was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behavior helps explain the reduced contribution of this social cue in deaf adults. Twenty-five deaf and twenty-five age-matched hearing observers took part in the experiment. In both groups, the cueing effect on RT was comparable for the gaze- and arrow-cue, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers responded equally to the cue presented in isolation, deaf participants relied significantly more on eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target was presented. Saccade landing position in the deaf group was affected by validity but not by cue type while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and determines the manual performance. The increase in eye movements and overall slower responses in deaf observers may act as an adaptive strategy to balance the need for accuracy in a context where vision and visual attention are used to monitor the surrounding environment in the absence of auditory input. This tendency to emphasize accuracy of response at the cost of responding more slowly seems to allow them to maintain the same level of cue-driven performance as their hearing peers. In the third study I focused on partial hearing loss. Little is known on the consequences of pure presbycusis, which is usually associated with aging (Age-related Hearing Loss, ARHL). In this case, auditory information is still present, although linked to an amount of uncertainty regarding its usefulness. In this study I started to investigate the role of ARHL on cognition considering covert orienting of attention, selective attention and executive control. I compared older adults with and without mild to moderate presbycusis (26-60 dB) performing 1) a spatial cueing task with uninformative central cues (social vs. non-social cues), 2) a flanker task and 3) a neuropsychological assessment of attention. Notably, while hearing impaired individuals responded as equally fast as their normally hearing peers, they were characterized by reduced validity effects on spatial cueing of attention, though no additional group differences were found between the impact of social and non-social cues. Hearing impaired individuals also demonstrated diminished performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and on tasks requiring divided attention and flexibility. Conversely, overall response times and flanker interference effects were comparable across groups. This work indicates that while response speed and response inhibition appear to be preserved following mild to moderate presbycusis, orienting of attention, divided attention and the ability to flexibly allocate attention, are more deteriorated in older adults with ARHL. These findings suggest that presbycusis might exacerbate the detrimental influences of aging on visual attention. Taken together, the findings of my research project highlight the different role hearing loss may play at different life stages. On the one hand, congenital and early deafness seems to induce cognitive and behavioral compensations, which may encompass oculomotor behavior as well; these changes occur progressively during development and may reflect experience-dependent plasticity. On the other hand, late-life compensations in vision and visual attention in older adults with presbycusis may not take place or do not effectively reduce the negative impact of the auditory impairment. Rather, my data suggest that in this population a deficit in audition may consequently lead to a deficit in visual attention. Future lines of research can aim to better characterize other aspects of attention in the aging population with presbycusis, e.g. peripheral visual attention and the relationship between covert and overt attention. Finally, future research may also consider intervention through early diagnosis and treatment by means of hearing aids, which can be beneficial to cognitive functions and might delay or even prevent cognitive decline in this population, in which sensory compensation may not be sufficient.
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Peterson, Scott Alan. "Effects of cue validity on the orienting of covert visual attention : evidence for implicit learning in the attentional cueing paradigm." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29861.
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Broadway, James Michael. "SNARC and SNAAC: spatial-numeric association of response codes and attentional cuing." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44708.
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Two event-related potential (ERP) experiments were conducted to investigate spatial-numeric associations of response codes (SNARC) and attentional cuing (SNAAC). In the SNARC effect, people respond faster when making a left-hand response to report that a number is small, and when making a right-hand response to report that a number is large. Experiment 1 examined effects of SNARC-compatibility and prior response-probability in a number comparison task. Lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) showed that SNARC-compatibility influenced an intermediate stage of response-selection, and prior response-probability influenced both earlier and later stages. The P300 ERP component was also modulated by SNARC-compatibility and prior response-probability, suggesting parietal involvement in the SNARC effect. In the SNAAC effect, attention is directed to left-side regions of space upon viewing small-magnitude numbers, and to right-side regions of space upon viewing large-magnitude numbers. Experiment 2 investigated whether ERPs evoked by peripheral visual probes would be enhanced when probes appeared in the left hemifield after small-magnitude digits and when they appeared in the right hemifield after large-magnitude digits. ERPs to peripheral probes were not modulated by numerical magnitude of digit pre-cues.
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O'Grady, Rebecca Bridget. "Object-based, space-based and domain-based mechanisms of selection : an investigation of the Duncan (1984), Baylis and Driver (1993), and Egly and Homa (1984) paradigms." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267614.
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Spurrier, Graham. "Consonant and dissonant music chords improve visual attention capture." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2125.
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Recent research has suggested that music may enhance or reduce cognitive interference, depending on whether it is tonally consonant or dissonant. Tonal consonance is often described as being pleasant and agreeable, while tonal dissonance is often described as being unpleasant and harsh. However, the exact cognitive mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. We hypothesize that tonal dissonance may increase cognitive interference through its effects on attentional cueing. We predict that (a) consonant musical chords are attentionally demanding, but (b) dissonant musical chords are more attentionally demanding than consonant musical chords. Using a Posner cueing task, a standard measure of attention capture, we measured the differential effects of consonant chords, dissonant chords, and no music on attentional cueing. Musical chords were presented binaurally at the same time as a visual cue which correctly predicted the spatial location of a subsequent target in 80% of trials. As in previous studies, valid cues led to faster response times (RTs) compared to invalid cues; however, contrary to our predictions, both consonant and dissonant music chords produced faster RTs compared to the no music condition. Although inconsistent with our hypotheses, these results support previous research on cross-modal cueing, which suggests that non-predictive auditory cues enhance the effectiveness of visual cues. Our study further demonstrates that this effect is not influenced by auditory qualities such as tonal consonance and dissonance, suggesting that previously reported cognitive interference effects for tonal dissonance may depend on high-level changes in mood and arousal.
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Shi, Yiquan. "The neural correlates of rule implementation and attentional bias in the task-cuing paradigm." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-133424.
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Jerome, Christian. "ORIENTING OF VISUAL-SPATIAL ATTENTION WITH AUGMENTED REALITY: EFFECTS OF SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL MULTI-MODAL CUES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4141.
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Advances in simulation technology have brought about many improvements to the way we train tasks, as well as how we perform tasks in the operational field. Augmented reality (AR) is an example of how to enhance the user's experience in the real world with computer generated information and graphics. Visual search tasks are known to be capacity demanding and therefore may be improved by training in an AR environment. During the experimental task, participants searched for enemies (while cued from visual, auditory, tactile, combinations of two, or all three modality cues) and tried to shoot them while avoiding shooting the civilians (fratricide) for two 2-minute low-workload scenarios, and two 2-minute high-workload scenarios. The results showed significant benefits of attentional cuing on visual search task performance as revealed by benefits in reaction time and accuracy from the presence of the haptic cues and auditory cues when displayed alone and the combination of the visual and haptic cues together. Fratricide occurrence was shown to be amplified by the presence of the audio cues. The two levels of workload produced differences within individual's task performance for accuracy and reaction time. Accuracy and reaction time were significantly better with the medium cues than all the others and the control condition during low workload and marginally better during high workload. Cue specificity resulted in a non-linear function in terms of performance in the low workload condition. These results are in support of Posner's (1978) theory that, in general, cueing can benefit locating targets in the environment by aligning the attentional system with the visual input pathways. The cue modality does not have to match the target modality. This research is relevant to potential applications of AR technology. Furthermore, the results identify and describe perceptual and/or cognitive issues with the use of displaying computer generated augmented objects and information overlaid upon the real world. The results also serve as a basis for providing a variety of training and design recommendations to direct attention during military operations. Such recommendations include cueing the Soldier to the location of hazards, and mitigating the effects of stress and workload.Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology
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Hitchcock, Edward M. "EFFECTS OF SIGNAL SALIENCE AND CUEING ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY DURING SUSTAINED ATTENTION." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin971875192.
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Rouinfar, Amy. "Influence of visual cueing and outcome feedback on physics problem solving and visual attention." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18725.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Physics
N. Sanjay Rebello
Research has demonstrated that attentional cues overlaid on diagrams and animations can help students attend to the relevant areas and facilitate problem solving. In this study we investigate the influence of visual cues and outcome feedback on students’ problem solving, performance, reasoning, and visual attention as they solve conceptual physics problems containing a diagram. The participants (N=90) were enrolled in an algebra-based physics course and were individually interviewed. During each interview students solved four problem sets while their eye movements were recorded. The problem diagrams contained regions that were relevant to solving the problem correctly and separate regions related to common incorrect responses. Each problem set contained an initial problem, six isomorphic training problems, and a transfer problem. Those in the cued condition saw visual cues overlaid on the training problems. Those in the feedback conditions were told if their responses (answer and explanation) were correct or incorrect. Students’ verbal responses were used to determine their accuracy. The study produced two major findings. First, short duration visual cues coupled with correctness feedback can improve problem solving performance on a variety of insight physics problems, including transfer problems not sharing the surface features of the training problems, but instead sharing the underlying solution path. Thus, visual cues can facilitate re-representing a problem and overcoming impasse, enabling a correct solution. Importantly, these cueing effects on problem solving did not involve the solvers’ attention necessarily embodying the solution to the problem. Instead, the cueing effects were caused by solvers attending to and integrating relevant information in the problems into a solution path. Second, these short duration visual cues when administered repeatedly over multiple training problems resulted in participants becoming more efficient at extracting the relevant information on the transfer problem, showing that such cues can improve the automaticity with which solvers extract relevant information from a problem. Both of these results converge on the conclusion that lower-order visual processes driven by attentional cues can influence higher-order cognitive processes associated with problem solving.
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Lie, Kin-pou, and 李健豹. "The hierarchical nature of acquisition of visual specificity in spatial contextual cueing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43223965.
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Lie, Kin-pou. "The hierarchical nature of acquisition of visual specificity in spatial contextual cueing." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43223965.
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Dalmaso, Mario. "Social modulators of social attention." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423816.
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Social attention refers to the ability, which generally characterizes human beings as well as other animal species, to orient attentional resources in response to spatial cues provided by other individuals. These spatial cues are typically represented by gaze direction, head direction, and body orientation. This thesis focused mainly on the role that some social variables play in modulating this ability.
In Chapter 1, the concept of social attention and its relevance in regulating social interactions are discussed. After that, in Chapter 2, I present four studies in which I have employed the gaze-cueing paradigm. This allows to investigate the role of gaze direction in modulating social attention. In these four studies, the social variables manipulated have been social status (Study 1) and political affiliation (Study 2). Moreover, I have also investigated the impact of implicit social learning on gaze cueing (Study 3). The final study (Study 4), investigated social attention in schizophrenic patients, who are known to be particularly impaired in dealing with social stimuli. In Chapter 3, I present a particular aspect of social attention known as social inhibition of return, a phenomenon whereby an individual is slower to reach a location previously explorer by another individual. Here, I have manipulated the social similarity between participants (Study 5). Finally, in Chapter 4, I present some evidence supporting the view that gaze direction, in combination with racial group membership, represents a crucial variable not only for attentional mechanisms but even for the encoding and maintenance of face’s visual representations in visual working memory (Study 6). To conclude, in Chapter 5, a general discussion highlights the importance of considering social variables in the study of social attention, inviting to embrace a more ecological research approach in order to investigate this phenomenon during real social interactions and in real world settings.Con attenzione sociale si intende l’abilità, che generalmente caratterizza gli esseri umani così come altre specie animali, di orientare le proprie risorse attentive in risposta agli indizi spaziali che provengono dagli altri individui. Questi indizi spaziali sono rappresentati, tipicamente, dalla direzione dello sguardo, della testa e dall’orientamento del corpo. La presenti tesi si è focalizzata, principalmente, sul ruolo giocato da alcune variabili di tipo sociale nel modulare tale abilità. Nel Capitolo 1 è discusso il concetto di attenzione sociale e la sua importanza nella regolazione delle interazioni sociali. Nel Capitolo 2 presento quattro studi nei quali ho utilizzato il paradigma di orientamento attentivo mediato dallo sguardo. Questo paradigma consente di valutare il ruolo della direzione dello sguardo nel modulare l’attenzione sociale. In questi quattro studi, le variabili sociali da me manipolate sono state lo status sociale (Studio 1) e l’affiliazione politica (Studio 2). Inoltre, ho approfondito il ruolo dell’apprendimento implicito di variabili sociali sull’orientamento attentivo mediato dallo sguardo (Studio 3). Lo studio finale (Studio 4), ha indagato l’attenzione sociale in pazienti schizofrenici, nei quali l’abilità di elaborare stimoli sociali risulta generalmente compromessa. Nel Capitolo 3, presento un particolare aspetto legato all’attenzione sociale noto come inibizione di ritorno sociale, un fenomeno per il quale gli individui risultano più lenti nel compiere un movimento verso una posizione spaziale precedentemente raggiunta da un altro individuo. In questo caso, ho manipolato la somiglianza percepita tra i partecipanti (Studio 5). In fine, nel Capitolo 4 presento alcune evidenze che sottolineano come la direzione dello sguardo, in combinazione con l’appartenenza etnica, sia una variabile cruciale implicata non solo nei processi attentivi ma addirittura nei processi di codifica e mantenimento dell’identità di un volto nella memoria visiva a breve termine (Studio 6). Per concludere, nel Capitolo 5, una discussione generale sottolinea l’importanza di considerare le variabili sociali nello studio dell’attenzione sociale e invita l’idea di considerare l’utilizzo paradigmi sperimentali sempre più ecologici, in modo tale da permettere di studiare il fenomeno dell’attenzione sociale durante vere interazioni tra individui che avvengono in contesti sociali reali.
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Fiske, Steven William. "Does Crowding Obscure the Presence of Attentional Guidance in Contextual Cueing?" Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4039.
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The contextual cueing effect was initially thought to be the product of memory guiding attention to the target location. However, the steep search slopes obtained in contextual cueing indicate an absence of attentional guidance. We hypothesized that crowding could be obscuring the presence of attentional guidance and investigated this possibility in 2 experiments. Crowding was manipulated by varying the density of items in the local target region in a contextual cueing task. We observed a significant reduction in search slopes between the novel and repeated conditions when crowding was reduced. Enhancing crowding eliminated the contextual cueing effect. These findings suggest that increased crowding at larger set sizes attenuates the memory-based attentional guidance in contextual cueing thereby producing steep search slopes.
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Kühnel, Anja [Verfasser]. "Change Blindness and Cueing : The role of attention and memory in visual search / Anja Kühnel." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067842926/34.
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Meyberg, Susann. "Microsaccades as a window to visuospatial attention." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17756.
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Die Erforschung visueller Aufmerksamkeit beruht auf verdeckter Aufmerksamkeit; das heißt, wenn der Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit trotz strikter Fixation ausgerichtet wird ohne größere Sakkaden auszuführen. EEG-Studien haben das neuronale Netzwerk identifiziert, dass verdeckte Aufmerksamkeit steuert. Diese Studien ignorieren jedoch unwillkürliche kleine Sakkaden während der Fixation - Mikrosakkaden (MS) genannt. Blickbewegungsstudien hingegen belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Aufmerksamkeit und diesen MS, beziehen ihre Resultate jedoch nicht auf etablierte EEG-Befunde. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, zielt diese Dissertation darauf, den Zusammenhang zwischen Ereignis-korrelierten Potentialen (EKP) endogener Aufmerksamkeit und MS zu untersuchen. Folglich wurden drei Studien mit gleichzeitiger Erfassung von EEG und Blickbewegungen durchgeführt. In den Studien haben die Probanden ein „Posner Spatial-Cueing-Paradigma“ absolviert mit einem endogenen Hinweisreiz. Wir zeigen deutliche Zusammenhänge zwischen MS und neuronalen Korrelaten visueller Aufmerksamkeit. Erstens, MS und ein posteriores EKP reflektierten die Selektion visueller Reize basierend auf deren Merkmale. Dieses Ergebnis stärkt die Idee eines Netzwerkes, dass relevante Reize unter Distraktoren selektiert und zielgerichtetes Verhalten initiiert. Zweitens, MS erzeugten ein visuelles Potential, das verstärkte Potentialkomponenten für Reize zeigte, die im Aufmerksamkeitsfokus lagen. Dieses MS-evozierte Potential stellte einen zeitlich gut aufgelösten Aufmerksamkeitsindex dar. Drittens, MS erzeugten zudem ein in früheren Studien übersehenes, korneoretinales Artefakt. Dieses Artefakt kontaminierte die Messung eines frontalen EKPs, dass zuvor mit der Kontrolle von Aufmerksamkeit assoziiert war. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Dissertation, dass die gleichzeitige Erfassung von EEG und Blickbewegungen bedeutsame Einblicke in den Zusammenhang von MS und visueller Aufmerksamkeit erlaubt.Research on visual attention focusses on covert attention; that is, when attention is directed during fixation periods in the absence of larger saccades. While previous EEG research has provided insights into the neural network that controls covert attention, this field fails to account for the inevitable occurrence of miniature fixational saccades - called microsaccades (MS). In contrast, previous eye-tracking research has established links between MSs and covert attention, but has not directly related their findings to seminal EEG results. This thesis bridges this research gap by investigating the link between event-related potentials (ERPs) of endogenous attention and MSs. To this end, three studies were conducted with concomitant ERP and high-resolution eye-tracking recordings while participants performed a Posner spatial cueing task with an endogenous cue. Crucially, we show that MSs relate to neural correlates of visual attention. First, MS and an early posterior ERP reflected the top-down selection of a visual stimulus based on its features. This finding is consistent with the notion of a neural network that selects relevant stimuli from distracting ones and initiates goal-directed behavior toward selected stimuli. Second, gaze shifts from MSs evoked a visual potential in the EEG that was enhanced for stimuli in the focus of attention; a finding well-known for the visual potential measured after presenting a stimulus. Importantly, these MS-related potentials provided a fine-grained temporal index of the subject’s attentional state. Finally, MSs further evoked a corneoretinal artifact overlooked in previous EEG studies. This artifact contaminated the measurement of a frontal ERP previously associated with preparatory attentional control. In sum, this thesis provides first evidence for the benefits of using concomitant ERP and eye-tracking recordings to examine the link between MSs and visual attention.
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Zhao, Shuo. "Can gaze-cueing be helpful for detecting sound in autism spectrum disorder?" 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188718.
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Defer, Alexis. "Développement et utilisation de connaissances dans l’apprentissage de régularités contextuelles de scènes naturelles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS530.
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Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les mécanismes en jeu dans le développement et l’utilisation de connaissances relatives aux régularités présentes dans un environnement visuel, au moyen du paradigme d’indiçage contextuel. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’apprentissage de régularités contextuelles de scènes naturelles opère involontairement au cours de l’exploration visuelle et peut conduire à l’accumulation de connaissances implicites. Nous avons montré que l’effet d’indiçage contextuel et la prise de conscience des régularités sont sensibles à l’attention sélective portée aux scènes naturelles (Expériences 1 et 2a). Toutefois, les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de l’apprentissage de régularités contextuelles opèrent sans attention au cours de la recherche visuelle (Expériences 5 et 6).Nos travaux indiquent également que la prise de conscience des régularités améliore la recherche visuelle (Expériences 1 et 2a). Cependant, bien que l’expertise en rugby renforce la prise de conscience des régularités de scènes de rugby, les performances des experts en situation de recherche visuelle ne sont pas meilleures que celles de novices pour lesquels l’apprentissage est moins explicite (Expérience 4). Etant donné que la procédure des Expériences 1 à 6 ne permet pas de savoir quelles connaissances guident véritablement l’attention lors de la recherche visuelle, nous avons adapté le paradigme de l’indiçage contextuel inter-essais aux scènes naturelles. Nos résultats montrent que les connaissances relatives aux régularités catégorielles de scènes naturelles peuvent être extraites et utilisées rapidement, sans effort d’attention, aussi bien pour des scènes naturelles relevant du quotidien que de scènes issues d'un domaine d'expertise spécifique (Expériences 7a - 8)The mechanisms involved in the development and use of contextual regularities were studied using the contextual cueing paradigm. In our research, we argue that learning contextual regularities from natural scenes occur unintentionally and implicitly during visual search. We showed that learning of contextual regularities and conscious awareness depend on how selective attention is allocated toward natural scenes (Experiments 1 and 2a). However, the mechanisms supporting the learning of contextual regularities remained unaffected by the presence of an interfering, working memory task (Experiment 5 and 6). Our studies also indicated that awareness of regularities improves performance on the visual search task (Experiments 1 and 2a). We also found that rugby expertise improved conscious awareness of regularities from rugby scenes, while visual search performance of experts was no better than performance of novices (Experiment 4). Finally, the procedure used in Experiments 1-6 does not allow to precisely determine what knowledge is used during visual search. Consequently, we have applied the paradigm of inter-trial temporal contextual cueing to natural scenes. We found evidence indicating that categorical regularities of natural scenes can be extracted and used quickly and without attentional efforts for natural scenes, independently of expertise level (7a Experience 7a - 8)
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Burnett, Katherine E. "Dimension-specific effects of endogenous and exogenous spatial cueing : indication for integration of spatial and feature-based attention." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/dimensionspecific-effects-of-endogenous-and-exogenous-spatial-cueing--indication-for-integration-of-spatial-and-featurebased-attention(836d32ab-8d72-485d-8adc-130a7f57c18a).html.
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The experiments in this thesis were designed to examine the consequences of endogenous and exogenous spatial cueing in a dual-task set-up. The first experiments, presented in Chapters 2 and 3, explored whether spatial attention generalises across dimensions in the same location. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 contain a second series of experiments using exogenous cues, in which cue properties were manipulated. A dual-task set-up was used in all studies in this thesis, with a display of four random dot kinematograms containing motion and colour features. In order to examine whether endogenous attention may be spatially oriented to only one feature dimension, a central cue was presented that was 70% valid for the location of only one task. Both tasks showed validity effects, but the task for which the cue was informative showed larger attentional modulation. This suggests that spatial attention is not a single 'spotlight' but can be biased in favour of expected features. There was also asymmetry in the tasks, whereby the validity effect was modulated for motion, but comparable for colour regardless of the task for which the cue was informative. This asymmetry was also evident when using uninformative exogenous cues preceding the same tasks. Peripheral luminance and colour cues affected the validity effects for the motion and colour tasks differently, suggesting that the relationship between cue properties and proceeding stimuli modulates attentional effects. The size of a frame cue leads to different attentional effects on tasks of different sizes. These experiments make a considerable contribution to the spatial attention literature, by showing that spatial attention may be biased either by cue properties or cue information, suggesting that spatial attention and feature-based attention may interact. They also provide further evidence that motion is better represented than colour in visual attention.
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Gregory, Nicola Jean. "The influence of socio-biological cues on saccadic orienting." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3231.
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Previous research has suggested that viewing of another’s averted eye gaze causes automatic orienting of attention and eye movements in observers due to the importance of eye gaze for effective social interaction. Other types of visual cues with no social or biological relevance, such as arrows, are claimed not to produce such a direct effect on orienting behaviour. The finding that processing of eye gaze is reduced in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders as well as following damage to the orbitofrontal cortex of the brain, suggests that gaze processing is indeed critical for effective social behaviour and therefore eye gaze may constitute a “special” directional cue. This thesis tested these ideas by examining the influence of socio-biological (eye gaze and finger pointing) and non-social cues (arrows and words) on eye movement responses in both healthy control participants and those with damage to the frontal lobes of the brain. It further investigated the relationship between orienting to gaze and arrow cues and autistic traits in a healthy population. Important differences between the effects of socio-biological and non-social cues were found on saccadic eye movements. Although in the pro-saccade tasks, arrow cues caused a similar facilitation of responses in the cued direction as eye gaze and pointing cues, in the anti-saccade tasks (in which participants have to respond away from the location of a peripheral onset), arrows had a greatly reduced effect on oculomotor programming relative to the biologically relevant cues. Importantly, although the socio-biological cues continued to influence saccadic responses, the facilitation was in the opposite direction to the cues. This finding suggests that the cues were being processed within the same "anti-response" task set (i.e. "go opposite") as the target stimulus. Word cues had almost no effects on saccadic orienting in either pro- or anti-saccade tasks. Schematicised eye gaze cues had a smaller magnitude effect than photographic gaze cues suggesting that ecological validity ("biological-ness") is an important factor in influencing oculomotor responses to social cues. No relationship was found between autistic traits and orienting to gaze or arrow cues in a large sample of males. However, findings from the neurological patients point to a possible double-dissociation between the neural mechanisms subserving processing of socio-biological and non-social cues, with the former reliant on the orbitofrontal cortex, and the latter on lateral frontal cortex. Taken together, these results suggest that biologically relevant cues have privileged access to the oculomotor system. The findings are interpreted in terms of a neurocognitive model of saccadic orienting to socio-biological and non-social cues, and an extension to an existing model of saccade generation is proposed. Finally, limitations of the research, its wider impact and directions for future work are discussed.
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Shi, Yiquan [Verfasser], and Torsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Schubert. "The neural correlates of rule implementation and attentional bias in the task-cuing paradigm / Yiquan Shi. Betreuer: Torsten Schubert." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1015131220/34.
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Blackmore, Michelle A. "Attentional Bias for Affective Stimuli: Evaluation of Disengagement in Persons with and without Self-reported Generalized Anxiety Disorder." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/147943.
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PsychologyPh.D.
A core feature of GAD, excessive and uncontrollable worry, may be indicative of poor attentional control and difficulty disengaging attention from threatening or emotional information (e.g., Fox, 2004; Mathews, Fox, Yiend, & Calder, 2003; Yiend & Mathews 2001). The current study examined the performance of college students with and without self-reported GAD (N = 63) on measures of attentional control and a spatial cueing task designed to assess engagement-disengagement processes from emotionally valenced (aversive, pleasant) and neutral picture stimuli. Attentional control abilities were examined using the Stroop Color-Word Association Test (SCW Test) and Trail-Making Test (TMT). Separate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) demonstrated that GAD participants performed more poorly on the Stroop Color subtest and the TMT: Part B than non-GAD participants. Mixed ANOVAs of response times measured during the spatial cueing task revealed significant main effects for Cue Valence and Cue Validity, as well as several significant interactions of these variables with GAD status. The significant Cue Valence x Cue Validity x GAD status interaction indicated that GAD participants were slower to disengage their attention from aversive stimuli, relative to pleasant or neutral stimuli, than non-GAD participants who did not exhibit this bias. This interaction effect, however, did not remain significant upon covarying for depression. Together, these findings suggest that individuals with GAD evidence poorer attentional control and demonstrate difficulties disengaging from threatening stimuli compared to persons without the disorder. Impairment in these attentional processes may, therefore, contribute to the etiology and maintenance of GAD.
Temple University--Theses
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Agra, Elise Stacey Garasi. "A conceptual model for facilitating learning from physics tasks using visual cueing and outcome feedback: theory and experiments." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20438.
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Doctor of PhilosophyPhysics
Nobel S. Rebello
This dissertation investigates the effects of visual cueing and outcome feedback on students' performance, confidence, and visual attention as they solve conceptual physics problems that contain diagrams. The research investigation had two parts. In the first part of the study, participants solved four sets of conceptual physics problems that contain diagrams; each set contained an initial problem, four isomorphic training problems, a near transfer problem (with a slightly different surface feature as the training problems), and a far transfer problem (with considerably different surface feature as the training problems). Participants in the cued conditions saw visual cues overlaid on the training problem diagrams, while those in the feedback conditions were told if their responses were correct or incorrect. In the second part of the study, the same students solved the near and far transfer problems from the first study two weeks later. We found that the combination of visual cueing and outcome feedback improved performance on the near transfer and delayed near transfer problems compared to the initial problem, with no significant difference between them. Thus, the combination of visual cueing and outcome feedback can promote immediate learning and retention. For students who demonstrated immediate learning and retention on the near and far transfer problems, visual cues improved the automaticity of extracting relevant information from the transfer and delayed transfer problem diagrams, while outcome feedback helped automatize the extraction of problem-relevant information on the delayed far transfer problem diagram only. We also showed that students' reported confidence in solving a problem is positively related to their correctness on the problem, and their visual attention to the relevant information on the problem diagram. The most interesting thing was how changes in confidence occurred due to outcome feedback, which were also related to changes in accuracy and visual attention. The changes in confidence included both reductions in confidence and increases in confidence due to feedback when the student was wrong (first) and right (later). This seems to have led to learning (change in accuracy), and also changes in attentional allocation (more attention to the thematically relevant area).
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CHATTERJEE, TANAYA. "It’s all about the Eyes: A multi-level investigation into the effects of gaze." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/379112.
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I nostri tre studi ci forniscono un progresso nella conoscenza dei diversi meccanismi in gioco nella percezione della direzione dello sguardo, nel comportamento di seguire lo sguardo e nell'attenzione congiunta, sia a livello comportamentale che neurofisiologico. In particolare, la presente tesi porta prove dell'interazione e del corso temporale dei meccanismi cognitivi e neurali (processi bottom-up e top-down) che vengono reclutati quando si vede lo sguardo di altre persone. Questo equilibrio è possibilmente mantenuto al fine di prendere giustamente in considerazione o ignorare le informazioni provenienti dagli occhi di un'altra persona a seconda dei nostri obiettivi, dell'intenzione e del comportamento corrente.our three studies provide us with an advance in knowledge on the different mechanisms at play in the perception of gaze direction, gaze following behavior and joint attention, both at the behavioral and neurophysiological level. Specifically, the present thesis brings evidence of the interplay and time course of the cognitive and neural mechanisms (bottom-up and top-down processes) that are recruited when seeing other people’s gaze. This balance is possibly maintained in order to justifiably take into account or disregard information coming from another person’s eyes depending upon our goals, intention and current behavior.
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Reuter, Robert. "Direct and indirect measures of learning in visual search." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209542.
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In this thesis, we will explore direct and indirect measures of learning in a visual search task commonly called contextual cueing. In the first part, we present a review of the scientific literature on contextual cueing, in order to give the readers of this thesis a better general idea of existing evidence and open questions within this relatively new research field. The aims of our own experimental studies presented in the succeeding chapters are the following ones: (1) to replicate and extend the findings described in the various papers by Marvin Chun and various colleagues on contextual cueing of visual attention; (2) to explore the nature of memory representations underlying the observed learning effects, especially whether learning is actually implicit and whether memory representations are distinctive, episodic and instance-based or rather distributed, continuous and graded; (3) to extend the study of contextual cueing to more realistic visual stimuli, in order to test its robustness across various situations and validate its adaptive value in ecologically sound conditions;and (4) to investigate whether such knowledge about the association between visual contexts and “meaningful” locations can be (automatically) transferred to other tasks, namely a change detection task.
In a first series of four experiments, we tried to replicate the documented contextual cueing effect using a wide range of various direct measures of learning (tasks that are supposed to be related to explicit knowledge) and we systematically varied the distinctiveness of context configurations to study its effect on both direct and indirect measures of learning.
We also ran a series of neural network simulations (briefly described in the general discussion of this thesis), based on a very simple association-learning mechanism, that not only account for the observed contextual cueing effect, but also yield rather specific predictions about future experimental data: contextual cueing effects should also be observed when repetitions of context configurations are not perfect, i.e. the networks were able to react to slightly distorted versions of repeating contexts in a similar way than they did to completely identical contexts. Human participants, we conjectured, should therefore (if the simple connectionist model captures some relevant aspects of the contextual cueing effect) become faster at detecting targets surrounded by context configurations that are only partially identical from trial to trial compared to those trials where the context configurations were randomly generated. These predictions were tested in a second series of experiments using pseudo-repeated context configurations, where some distractor items were either displaced from trial to trial or their orientation changed, while conserving their global layout.
In a third series of experiments, we used more realistic images of natural landscapes as background contexts to establish the robustness of the contextual cueing effect as well as its ecological relevance claimed by Chun and colleagues. We furthermore added a second task to these experiments to study whether the acquired knowledge about the background-target location associations would (automatically) transfer to another visual search task, namely a change detection task. If participants have learned that certain locations of the repeated images are “important”, since they contain the target item to look for, then changes occurring at those specific locations should lead to less “change blindness” than changes occurring at other irrelevant locations. We used two different types of instructions to introduce this second task after the visual search task, where we either stressed the link between the two tasks, i.e. telling them that remembering the “important” locations for each image could be used to find the changes faster, or we simply told them to perform the second task without any reference to the first one.
We will close this thesis with a general discussion, combining findings based on our review of the existing research literature and findings based on our own experimental explorations of the contextual cueing effect. By this we will discuss the implications of our empirical studies for the scientific investigation of contextual cueing and implicit learning, in terms of theoretical, empirical and methodological issues.
Doctorat en sciences psychologiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Thomas, Cyril. "La psychologie de la prestidigitation : approches historique, théorique et expérimentale." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA1003.
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Les magiciens trompent souvent l’esprit des spectateurs en manipulant certaines de leurs limites cognitives. Ainsi, la magie offre probablement un terrain original pour étudier certains processus cognitifs tels que la perception, l’attention, le raisonnement... Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs recherches qui tentent d’étudier scientifiquement les mécanismes psychologiques en jeu dans la prestidigitation. Dans une première partie, nous discutons de l’intérêt de cette « science de la magie » en passant en revue les principales recherches du siècle dernier à aujourd’hui, puis en discutant de plusieurs terrains d’investigations inexplorés et sans doute prometteurs. Dans une seconde partie, nous centrons nos recherches sur une illusion perceptive robuste dans laquelle les participants ont l’impression de « voir » une balle disparaître en l’air : la Vanishing Ball Illusion (VBI). Dans une première étude, nous explorons le rôle du regard du magicien dans la sensibilité à cette illusion. Dans une seconde étude, nous testons l’hypothèse selon laquelle la VBI serait basée sur un effet de Representational Momentum, ce dernier se référant à la tendance des observateurs à "se souvenir" du point d'arrêt d'une scène dynamique de façon décalée dans le sens du mouvement. Dans une troisième partie, nous explorons les mécanismes psychologiques en jeu dans un autre outil très utilisé par les magiciens et peu étudié par la psychologie à ce jour : l’utilisation d’une « fausse solution ». Pour terminer, nous discutons de l’ensemble des résultats et abordons différentes perspectives de recherches qui nous semblent prometteuses dans le domaine de la psychologie de la prestidigitationMagicians often trick spectators’ mind by manipulating some of their cognitive limitations. Thus, magic offers an original basis for studying cognitive processes, such as perception, attention, reasoning, etc. In this vein, the present thesis proposes some research that scientifically explores the psychological mechanisms at stake in magic tricks. In the first part of the manuscript, we discuss the interests of an “experimental science of magic” by reviewing the main research from the last century to the present and by presenting some yet unexplored promising areas. In the second part, we focus our research on a robust illusion in which participants ‘‘perceive’’ an imaginary ball disappearing into the air: the Vanishing Ball Illusion (VBI). In a first experimental study, we explore the role of the magician’s gaze in illusion sensitivity. In a second study, we test the hypothesis that VBI could be based on a Representational Momentum effect, the latter referring to the tendency of observers to perceive the stopping point of a moving scene as being located farther ahead in the direction of motion than it really is. In the third part of our manuscript, we explore the psychological mechanisms at stake in another tool often used by magicians and poorly known to psychologists: the use of a “false solution”. Finally, we discuss the overall results and we propose promising research perspectives in the “science of magic”
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Adrover, Roig Daniel. "Análisis neurocognitivo de la dinámica de las redes de memoria en el envejecimiento." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9448.
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Durant l'envelliment es dónen canvis estructurals i funcionals al cervell, especialment a l'escorça prefrontal, un dels substractes anatòmics responsables del control atencional. Aquest es va mesurar emprant tècniques neuropsicològioques i neurofuncionals durant l'execució de tasques de canvi amb senyals implícites (tipus WCST). 80 subjectes majors sans es varen dividir segons la seva edat i el seu nivell de control cognitiu. El baix control cognitiu (però no l'edat) s'associà a un augment dels costos residuals de resposta, en paral.lel amb una major amplitud del component P2 davant els senyals. L'edad avançada, en conjunt amb un baix nivell de control s'associà a un increment dels costos locals de resposta durant el canvi de tasca, paral.lelament amb l'augment de les ones lentes durant la fase de senyalització. Mantenir dues tasques en memòria es més difícil per als subectes amb baix control, reflexat per una reducció en l'amplitud de les ones lentes fronto-parietals
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Chang, Yu Chieh, and 張鈺潔. "On the exploration of surface-based attention with cuing task." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81360338921321384792.
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碩士國立政治大學
心理學研究所
95
Surface-based stage plays an important role in visual information process. Surface representation means the representation that goes beyond 2-D image representation. The purpose of this study is on the exploration of attentional selection which is based on surface representation. Referring to the surface material used before, this study adopted two interlacing slant surfaces structured by random-dot stereogram to test the effect of “same-surface advantage”. There are four experiments and each experiment includes two sub-experiments which are exogenous cuing task and endogenous cuing task, respectively. In Experiment 1, the same-surface advantage was revealed. In Experiment 2, the confounding of “slant” was ruled out and the same-surface advantage was still kept. In Experiment 3, we reduced the possibility that candidate targets group together to form simple perceptual organization and then influence the allocation of attention. After rearrange the spatial positions of candidate targets, attention cannot select the simple perceptual organization easily. In exogenous cuing task, same-surface advantage was still revealed. In endogenous cuing task, SOA should be prolonged to 500ms, and it shows same-surface advantage. Furthermore, in Experiment 4, we manipulate three kinds of SOA and confirm the operation of surface-based attention. We found that in exogenous cuing task, SOA should be prolonged to 500ms, and it shows same-surface advantage.In endogenous cuing task, SOA should be prolonged to 1000ms, and it shows same-surface advantage. In conclusion, it shows same-surface advantage in exogenous cuing task and endogenous cuing task. When candidate cannot group together to be selected easily, SOA should be prolonged to longer, and it still shows same-surface advantage. The results provide the direct support evidences of surface-based attention.
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Druker, Michael. "Exogenous Cuing and Perceptual Matching Judgments of Orientation and Motion." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6541.
Full textAbstract:
A series of experiments is described which uses a perceptual matching approach to study the effect of exogenous visual cues on perception of static and dynamic stimuli. Analogous experiments were carried out for orientation judgments of rotated Gabor patches and for direction of motion of coherent dot motion. Response time effects of cuing were found in all conditions. Cuing was found to improve accuracy of orientation judgments, while the effects on motion judgments were less reliable. Cuing was found to have substantially larger effects on quality of orientation judgments at low contrast levels. Other analyses performed found sequential trial effects and qualitatively different effects of canonical directions on orientation and motion judgments.
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Lee, Daniel Hyuk-Joon. "Effects of Emotional Expressions on Eye Gaze Discrimination and Attentional Cuing." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18821.
Full textAbstract:
Recent evidence has shown that our emotional facial expressions evolved to functionally benefit the expression’s sender, in particular fear increasing and disgust decreasing sensory acquisition. Using schematic eyes only that lack emotional content, but taken from actual participant fear and disgust expressions, we examined the functional action resonance hypothesis that adaptive benefits are also conferred to the expression’s receiver. Participants’ eye gaze discrimination was enhanced when viewing wider, “fear” eyes versus narrower, “disgust” eyes (Experiment 1). Using a gaze cuing paradigm, task facilitation by way of faster responses to target was found when viewing wider versus narrower eyes (Experiment 2). Contrary to our hypothesis, a null attention modulation for wider versus narrower eyes was found (Experiments 2 and 3). Nonetheless, the evidence is argued for the functional action resonance hypothesis.
34
Xiao, Fei-Shan, and 蕭斐珊. "Can Small Set-Size Repeated Context Produce Contextual Cuing: The Influence of Attentional Modulation." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/566az5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
心理學研究所
103
Contextual cuing refers to the findings that visual search can be improved when the search context is repeated. However, it remains a puzzle whether small set-size repetition can lead to contextual cuing. Small set-size repeated context refers to the situation that only few of the distractors in the visual search display were repeated. The present study examined the hypothesis that attention to the contextual cues (i.e., the repeated distractors) modulated contextual cuing by manipulating whether the repeated distractors were color singletons. Experiment 1 showed that when being attended, small set-size repeated context could produce contextual cuing. Experiment 2, however, suggested that this benefit might be due to small set-size visual search. In other words, there was no strong evidence showing that small set-size repeated context could produce contextual cuing. This might be due to small set-size visual search because the target and the colored distractors were presented in the same color in Experiments 1 and 2 and the participants could search for the target in the small group of colored stimuli. Experiment 3 supported this possibility by showing that when there were only two distractors in search display and both were repeated (i.e., small set-size visual search), contextual cuing did not occur. Experiment 4 further supported this possibility by replicating Experiment 2 without small set-size visual search. In contrast to Experiment 2, the results of Experiment 4 showed the effect of contextual cuing regardless of whether only few or all distractors were repeated. Finally, Experiment 5 showed that attentional capture by the small set-size repeated context facilitated visual search when the spatial distance between the target and distractors was short. Possible mechanisms were discussed.
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Hilchey, Matthew D. "Perceptual and Motor IOR: Components or Flavours?" 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13495.
Full textAbstract:
The most common evidence for inhibition of return (IOR) is the robust finding of increased
response times to targets that appear at previously cued locations following a cue-target interval
exceeding ~ 300 ms. In a variation on this paradigm, Abrams and Dobkin (1994a) observed that
IOR was greater when a saccadic response was made to a peripheral than to a central arrow,
leading to the conclusion that saccadic responses to peripheral targets comprise motoric and
perceptual components (the two components theory for IOR) whereas saccadic responses to a
central target comprise a single motoric component. In contrast to the foregoing findings, Taylor
and Klein (2000) discovered that IOR for saccadic responses was equivalent for randomly
intermixed central and peripheral targets, suggesting a single motoric flavor under these
conditions. To resolve the apparent discrepancy, a strict replication of Abrams and Dobkin was
conducted in which central and peripheral targets were either blocked or mixed. In the blocked
design, peripheral targets resulted in more IOR than central targets, while in the mixed design,
replicating Taylor and Klein (2000), target type had no bearing on the magnitude of IOR (i.e.,
equivalent IOR was obtained for both target types). This pattern of results suggests that the
confound inherent in Abrams and Dobkin's blocked design generated a pattern of results that
"masqueraded" as two components of IOR.
36
Haskell, Christie Rose Marie. "Barking at Emotionally-Laden Words: The Role of Attention." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7515.
Full textAbstract:
It has long been held that processing at the single word level during reading is automatic. However, research has recently begun to emerge that challenges this view. The literature surrounding the processing of emotion while recognizing printed words is limited, but some findings in the processing of emotion in faces suggest that negative stimuli (especially threat stimuli) promote quick and accurate processing. The purpose of the present experiments is to investigate whether negative emotionally-laden words are afforded priority processing in visual word recognition compared to positive emotionally-laden words. Two experiments are reported that manipulated the lexicality and valence of the target and distractor stimuli (Experiments 1 & 2), the validity of a spatial pre-cue (Experiments 1 & 2), and the presence of a distractor item (Experiment 2). Participants were asked to determine whether the target stimulus spelled a word or not. Response times on valid trials were faster compared to invalid trials, response times to negative emotionally-laden words were slower compared to positive emotionally-laden words, and the presence of a distractor item encouraged better focus on the target stimuli in the absence of any evidence that the valence of the distractor itself was processed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that visual word recognition is not automatic given that processing benefited from the accurate direction of spatial attention. Furthermore, negative emotionally-laden words benefited equally compared to positive emotionally-laden words and therefore provide no evidence of automatic processing.
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Pickron, Charisse. "Not All Gaze Cues Are the Same: Face Biases Influence Object Attention in Infancy." 2015. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/220.
Full textAbstract:
In their first year, infants’ ability to follow eye gaze to allocate attention shifts from being a response to low-level perceptual cues, to a deeper understanding of social intent. By 4 months infants look longer to uncued versus cued targets following a gaze cuing event, suggesting that infants better encode targets cued by shifts in eye gaze compared to targets not cued by eye gaze. From 6 to 9 months of age infants develop biases in face processing such that they show increased differentiation of faces within highly familiar groups (e.g., own-race) and a decreased differentiation of faces within unfamiliar or infrequently experienced groups (e.g., other-race). Although the development of cued object learning and face biases are both important social processes, they have primarily been studied independently. The current study examined whether early face processing biases for familiar compared to unfamiliar groups influences object encoding within the context of a gaze-cuing paradigm. Five- and 10-month-old infants viewed videos of adults, who varied by race and sex, shift their eye gaze towards one of two objects. The two objects were then presented side-by-side and fixation duration for the cued and uncued object was measured. Results revealed 5-month-old infants look significantly longer to uncued versus cued objects when the cuing face was a female. Additionally, 10-month-old infants displayed significantly longer looking to the uncued relative to the cued object when the cuing face was a female and from the infant’s own-race group. These findings are the first to demonstrate that perceptual narrowing based on sex and race shape infants’ use of social cues for allocating visual attention to objects in their environment.
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Nikitenko, T. "Attentional biases in spider fear: hypervigilance and disengagement difficulty." Thesis, 2016. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/23529/1/Nikitenko_whole_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to examine attentional biases of hypervigilance and disengagement difficulty in spider fear. Twenty-eight females between the ages of 18-36 years were grouped into high (n=14) and low (n=14) fear groups and completed a modified spatial cueing task comprising photographic cues of spiders (feared stimulus), beetles (neutral stimulus) and butterflies (positive valence stimulus). Cues were either valid (appeared on the same side as the target), or invalid (appearing on the opposite side). It was hypothesised that high fear participants would show faster reaction time and greater P1 amplitude following valid spider cues as an indicator of hypervigilance, and slower reaction times following invalid spider cues indexing disengagement difficulty. Instead, high fear participants showed greater reaction time to all targets, with this increase greater following spider cues. These findings were interpreted as interference following feared stimuli. P1 amplitude was higher overall in the high fear group, but both groups showed greater amplitude following spider cues relative to beetle and butterfly cues. Enhanced P1 amplitude in the high fear group was interpreted as increased attentional processing following feared images. This research provides preliminary support for Attentional Control Theory (ACT; Eyesenck et al., 2007) and suggests emphasis on attentional mechanisms in the treatment of spider fear.
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Weng, Kai-Yan, and 翁凱彥. "The Effect of Attentional Cuing on Reading Ability and Eye Movement Pattern of the Elderly and College Students." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vk6a96.
Full textAbstract:
碩士亞洲大學
心理學系
102
Aging of society is one of the important problems around the world. Researchers in many scientific disciplines continually conducted research to study the impact of aging society, and started to develop and re-design the daily life environment which is suitable for aging people. Many cognitive abilities and behaviors changes in the aging process. Due to roles of reading ability in acquiring new knowledge and problem solving, changing in reading ability is one of the important changes. The difference in reading ability between aging people and college students may be due to changing in motor ability, perceptual span, attention, working memory in the aging process. Previous studies on this topic often use single sentence, not paragraph, as experimental material. Therefore, experiment one of this study recruit the older and college students with similar reading habit as participants, and present the material in the form of either single sentence or paragraph to compare the performance in reading comprehension and eye movement pattern. In addition, since previous study have shown that attentional cuing can enhance the performance in reading comprehension of poor-graded students, experiment two of this study was aimed for the effect of attentional cuing on both groups. The results showed that reading comprehension in college students were better than the elderlys, either in single sentence or paragraph presentation. And both groups showed better surface comprehension and poorer inferential comprehension. The result of eye movement pattern analysis indicated that the elderlys have longer fixation duration, and college students have more fixation numbers. In experiment two, cuing benefit in single sentence condition appeared in inferential comprehension in both groups. In paragraph condition, attentional cuing enhanced surface and inferential comprehension for college students and inferential comprehension for the elderlys. The result of eye movement pattern analysis in experiment two was the same as experiment one. Comparison of results of both experiments showed that cuing facilitate inferential comprehension in either forms of presentation for both groups and surface comprehension in the form of paragraph for college students. The elderlys gained more benefit from attentional cuing. Age influenced eye movement pattern of both initial and later stages of comprehension, and this effect is dependent on attentional cuing. The reading comprehension of the elderlys in cuing and single sentence condition are no different from students without cuing, and are even better in inferential comprehension in cuing and paragraph condition. The finding in this study would be much helpful in many application settings.
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TSAI, WEI-WEI, and 蔡瑋瑋. "Effects of Two-Tier Self-Explanation and Attention Cueing Strategy on the Learning Achievement in Distance Multimedia Learning." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8fyb5v.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
資訊管理學系
107
Due to the great development of network technology, distance learning becomes the new trend of development. When learners conduct distance learning, because of the features and the free status of distance learning, it makes easy for students to become distracted or unfocused on their learning. Therefore, how to make learner to focus on the important content is a challenge in multimedia distance learning. Many studies have explored whether cueing can effectively guide students' attention. In this project, we will design a material with cues based on the “Central Cue” and “Peripheral Cue” from the “Attentional Cuing Paradigm” (Posner, 1980), to explore two cues which representing “endogenous” and “exogenous” attentional cueing by using multimedia video learning, whether it can effectively enhance the focus on the target area of interest(AOI) and the impact of the learning achievements and varieties. We will detect learners’ eye movements and patterns by eye tracker to confirm whether the learner is watching the right location at the right time, and then analyze the relationship between learners’ watching pattern and learning achievements. In addition, we found that only cueing learners to the target area of interest, cannot enhance the learner's knowledge building. In order to enhance learners’ depth of learning and cognitions, this study will use two-tier testing, and combined with self-explanation prompts to design our experiment, including the menu-based self-explanation strategy on the first level, and the open-ended self-explanation strategy on the second level. We design our questions by using contrapositive logic, which means “if is in p, then it must be in q; else is not within q, cannot be within p”, so that learners can reflect their answers from first-tier and second-tier questions, and help them thought and learn deeply to make sure their answers firmly. In this study, we may explore whether the two-tier self-explanation strategy will have better self-explanation learning achievements than the single-tier self-explanation strategy or not. The results of this study show that learners use the central cue that representing endogenous attentional cueing can effectively enhance the focus on the target AOI at the right time, and the two-tier self-explanation strategy can help learners to improve their learning achievement, learning motivation and reflection. The results of learning behavior pattern analytics show that the two-tier self-explanation strategy can help learners rethink the first-level questions and modify the answers and return to the learning video review.
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Fatima, Zainab. "Investigating the Neural Correlates of Crossmodal Facilitation as a Result of Attentional Cueing: An Event-Related fMRI Study." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/10429.
Full textAbstract:
Investigating the Neural Correlates of Crossmodal Facilitation as a Result of Attentional Cueing: An Event-Related fMRI Study.
Degree of Masters of Science, 2008
Zainab Fatima
Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto
ABSTRACT
Attentional cueing modulated neural processes differently depending on input modality. I used event-related fMRI to investigate how auditory and visual cues affected reaction times to auditory and visual targets. Behavioural results showed that responses were faster when: cues appeared first compared to targets and cues were auditory versus visual. The first result was supported by an increase in BOLD percent signal change in sensory cortices upon cue but not target presentation. Task-related activation patterns showed that the auditory cue activated auditory and visual cortices while the visual cue activated the visual cortices and the fronto-polar cortex. Next, I computed brain-behaviour correlations for both cue types which revealed that the auditory cue recruited medial visual areas and a fronto-parietal attentional network to mediate behaviour while the visual cue engaged a posterior network composed of lateral visual areas and subcortical structures. The results suggest that crossmodal facilitation occurs via independent neural pathways depending on cue modality.
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Skerratt, SS. "N2pc modulation as an electrophysiological marker of output-based inhibitory cueing effects." Thesis, 2018. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/31162/1/Skerratt_whole_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
An inhibitory cueing effect (ICE) is a phenomenon whereby behavioural responses (such as a manual keypress or saccade) to stimuli appearing at recently attended locations are slowed, provided that time elapsed is sufficient for the extinction of early facilitation effects. This phenomenon, often referred to as inhibition of return (IOR), is thought to be a functional component of visual search which facilitates novelty seeking. Research has demonstrated two dissociable mechanisms underlying ICEs – input-based and output-based. The present study used a modified spatial cueing task with both active and suppressed oculomotor-states, combined with electroencephalography (EEG) measurement, to investigate whether the deployment of covert visual attention (measured as the amplitude of N2pc) is modulated differentially by input and output-based ICEs. Additionally, the present study sought to examine the effect of attentional deficits on both behavioural inhibition (manual response times) and the modulation of deployed attention. Behavioural results showed that ICEs were elicited, however the observed inhibition was identical across oculomotor-state. The effect of group was marginally significant, with post-hoc analyses revealing a significant difference between uncued and cued targets in the control group (slower to cued), but only marginal significance for the deficit group. No significant results were found for N2pc analyses, however a polarity inverse to
that expected was observed. Results, interpretations, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Dolci, Carola. "The complex interaction between different attentional control mechanisms during visual search." Doctoral thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11562/1077987.
Full textAbstract:
The brain selectively processes incoming sensory information and plans adequate motor output aimed at behaviourally relevant objects in the environment, based on different attentional control (AC) mechanisms. The contribution of single AC mechanisms to visual attention has been extensively investigated; still, it remains unclear how those different biasing signals interact with one another in order to reach the final choice of which spatial location (or stimulus) is worth of attention. The main goal of my PhD project was to investigate whether different AC mechanisms jointly act to shape priority of given stimuli and locations or whether, at any given moment, one mechanism prevails over the others, gaining precedence onto the neural representation of the visual space, known as spatial priority map. By using variants of the same visual search task, we implemented a series of behavioural and EEG experiments to test the unique and combined effect of two AC mechanisms: top-down control, modulated via endogenous cueing (valid vs. neutral cues), and experience-dependent control, implemented through a statistical learning (SL) protocol (high vs. low target frequency locations). Our results revealed that both cue validity and SL enhanced performance respectively for targets predicted by valid (vs. neutral) cue and for targets at high (vs. low) frequency locations. The benefit of top-down control was also confirmed by larger CNV and P1, i.e. EEG markers of general preparation and early categorization for target selection, respectively. Most importantly, when activated together, top-down control and SL display an interesting interaction, with the behavioural effect of the latter being overridden by the presence of the former. However, in terms of N2pc, an EEG index of selection, the cueing effect selectively emerged for targets in the low- (vs. high) frequency location, suggesting that, even if not behaviourally evident, the SL effect was not totally blocked by top-down guidance; rather, it could affect attentional deployment, at least at some point of the target selection process. Finally, in our tasks, we could also indirectly assess the impact of a salient distractor on individuals’ performance; this irrelevant bottom-up AC signal indeed diverted attention from the target and interfered with the task, regardless of the presence or absence of the other AC mechanisms.
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Chang, An-Yi, and 張安頤. "Attentional Orientation Induced by Viewing the Back of Head: Spatial cueing, inhibition of return, and the Simon effect." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57201969776642201927.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
102
Orienting your attention toward where another is looking at can provide you with important information about the environment. Social cues such as gaze or head orientation induce observers’ joint attention. But previous studies have used only front-view social cues, and little is known about whether joint attention is also triggered without face-to-face interaction. We test this by using the Posner paradigm. The cue, supraliminal/subliminal back of head, was followed by the target, which appeared on the faced-toward (valid) or the faced-away (invalid) side. Regardless of the cue visibility, we found a facilitatory cueing effect (faster RTs for valid-cue trials), inhibition of return (the reversed pattern), and the spatial Simon effect (faster RTs with congruent cued-side and response-hand). The current study expands the realm of social cues: Being a highly socialized species, even without face-to-face interaction, observers’ joint attention and action preparation can be triggered by viewing the back of others’ heads.
45
Wilson, NR. "P1 event-related potential component modulations and behavioural inhibitory cueing effects in the presence of a distractor stimulus." Thesis, 2018. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/31170/1/Wilson_whole_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Inhibitory cueing effects (ICEs) denote slowed responses to a target stimulus caused by exposure to a cue appearing in the same location and are thought to improve the efficiency of visual search. Research has demonstrated the existence of two types of ICE – those that are generated along input pathways (sensory/perceptual; observed when the oculomotor system is suppressed) and those that are generated along output pathways (oculomotor; observed when the oculomotor system is active). Within a spatial cueing task using oculomotor suppressed (for input ICEs) and oculomotor active (for output ICEs) manipulations, the present study employed electroencephalography to study the effects of input and output ICEs on an early sensory/attentional event-related potential component (the P1) in the presence of a distractor stimulus. This study also explored the effects of ADHD symptomology on ICEs. Results showed ICEs (slower reaction times for cued trials compared to uncued trials) for both suppressed and active manipulations, but no difference in the magnitude of ICEs between the two. Additionally, while there was no overall difference in RTs between deficit and control levels, there was a marginally significant interaction such that controls had a significant ICE, but deficits’ ICEs were marginal. No significant results were observed for P1 analyses. Results, limitations and future directions are discussed.
46
ferrante, oscar. "Statistical learning of target selection and distractor filtering." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/979109.
Full textAbstract:
The cognitive system has the capacity to learn and make use of environmental regularities – known as statistical learning (SL), including for the implicit guidance of attention. For instance, it is known that attentional selection is biased according to the spatial probability of targets; similarly, changes in distractor filtering can be triggered by the unequal spatial distribution of distractors. Open questions remain regarding the cognitive/neuronal mechanisms underlying SL of target selection and distractor filtering. Crucially, it is unclear whether the two processes rely on shared neuronal machinery, with unavoidable cross-talk, or they are fully independent, an issue that I directly addressed here. In a series of visual search experiments, human participants had to discriminate a target stimulus, while ignoring a task-irrelevant salient distractor (when present). I systematically manipulated spatial probabilities of either one or the other stimulus, or both. I then measured performance to evaluate the direct effects of the applied contingent probability distribution (e.g., effects on target selection of the spatial imbalance in target occurrence across locations) as well as its indirect or “transfer” effects (e.g., effects of the same spatial imbalance on distractor filtering across locations). By this approach, I confirmed that SL of both target and distractor location implicitly bias attention. Most importantly, I described substantial indirect effects, with the unequal spatial probability of the target affecting filtering efficiency and, vice versa, the unequal spatial probability of the distractor affecting target selection efficiency across locations. The observed cross-talk demonstrates that SL of target selection and distractor filtering are instantiated via (at least partly) shared neuronal machinery, as further corroborated by strong correlations between direct and indirect effects at the level of individual participants. My findings are compatible with the notion that both kinds of SL adjust the priority of specific locations within attentional priority maps of space.
47
Malienko, Anton. "Modèle attentionnel à deux étapes de la planification des mouvements de portée du bras et des saccades." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22875.
Full text
48
Lee, Conrad. "Behavioural and neuronal correlates of sensory prioritization in the rat whisker system." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133569.
Full textAbstract:
Animals need to assess when to initiate actions based on
uncertain sensory evidence. To formulate a response, decision
making systems must prioritize extraction of neuronal signals
that represent ecologically relevant events from signals that are
behaviorally less relevant. This is commonly known as selective
attention. The current thesis aims to investigate two simple
forms of attention in rodents: sensory prioritization to a
specific modality and temporal cueing. The rat whisker system is
functionally efficient, and anatomically well characterized. We
therefore utilize the whisker touch as a model sensory system to
investigate the neuronal and behavioral correlates of attention
in rats.
We begin this thesis by designing a novel simple detection task
that investigated whether rats dedicate attentional resources to
the sensory modality in which a near-threshold event is more
likely to occur. Detection of low-amplitude events is critical to
survival, and to formulate a response, animals must extract
minute neuronal signals from the sensory modality that is more
likely to provide key information. We manipulated attention by
controlling the likelihood with which a stimulus was presented
from one of two modalities. In a whisker session, 80% of trials
contained a brief vibration stimulus applied to whiskers and the
remaining 20% of trials contained a brief change of luminance.
These likelihoods were reversed in a visual session. When a
stimulus was presented in the high-likelihood context, detection
performance increased and was faster compared with the same
stimulus presented in the low-likelihood context. Sensory
prioritization was also reflected in neuronal activity in the
vibrissal area of primary somatosensory cortex: single units
responded differentially to a whisker vibration stimulus when
presented with higher probability compared to the same stimulus
when presented with lower probability. Neuronal activity in the
vibrissal cortex displayed signatures of multiplicative gain
control and enhanced response to vibration stimuli during the
whisker session. In Chapter 3, we replicated these findings in a
forced choice paradigm and extended the investigation from
somatosensory/visual to the somatosensory/auditory. Attention was
similarly manipulated by controlling likelihoods of stimulus
presentation. Again, we observed improvements in detection
performance and reaction time, as well as improvements in
discrimination performance for stimuli presented in a
high-likelihood context. The behavioral consequences of a forced
choice compared to simple detection task are discussed.
Finally, we developed a novel task that investigated whether rats
were able to dedicate attentional resources in time. Operating
with some finite quantity of attentional resources, by direct
these resources at the expected time, animals would benefit from
prioritizing processing based on temporal cues. We manipulated
temporal cueing by presenting an auditory cue that preceded a
target vibration stimulus in a subset of trials. On another
subset, no auditory cue was presented. Presentations of these
trials were of equal probability. Critically in this paradigm,
the auditory cue provided temporal information but did not
provide any spatial information about the location of the
vibration stimulus. The auditory cue increased detection and
discrimination performances and resulted in faster responses
compared to trials in which the cue was absent. We observed
neuronal signatures of temporal cuing in the vibrissal area of
the primary somatosensory cortex. Single units showed enhanced
response to the vibration stimulus during trials in which the
stimulus was temporally expected. However, we did not observe
signatures of multiplicative gain control in this paradigm.
Instead, a decrease in baseline activity was observed that was
phase locked to the onset of the auditory cue.
In summary, this thesis presents two novel paradigms to study
selective attention in rats in the form of sensory prioritization
and temporal cueing. In addition, we investigate the neuronal
correlates of selective attention in the vibrissal area of the
primary somatosensory cortex. These series of experiments
establish the rat as an alternative model organism to primates
for studying attention.