Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cucumber plant

Academic literature on the topic 'Cucumber plant'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cucumber plant"

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Arima, Seiichi, and Naoshi Kondo. "Cucumber Harvesting Robot and Plant Training System." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 11, no. 3 (June 20, 1999): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1999.p0208.

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Cucumber is one of the most popular vegetables cultivated in Japan. It must be harvested daily because of rapid maturation and the deterioration of quality in cucumbers harvested too late. We developed a cucumber harvesting robot using a visual sensor, manipulator, endeffector, and traveling device. To discriminate cucumbers from leaves and stems, we used a monochrome TV camera with 550 nm and 850 nm wavelength interference filters. After thresholding images, cucumbers were recognized morphologically. A seven degree-of-freedom (DOF) polar coordinate manipulator moved to a target cucumber and a harvesting end-effector grasped the top, detected the peduncle, and cut it. The manipulator and end-effector were trialmanufactured based on the cucumber's physical properties. A 4-wheel traveling device carrying the robot then moved to the next plant. Experiments verified the robot's feasibility in harvesting cucumbers.
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Hanna, H. Y., P. D. Colyer, T. L. Kirkpatrick, D. J. Romaine, and P. R. Vernon. "Feasibility of Improving Cucumber Yield without Chemical Control in Soils Susceptible to Nematode Buildup." HortScience 29, no. 10 (October 1994): 1136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.10.1136.

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Studies were conducted for 2 years in root-knot-nematode-infested soils to determine growth and yield response of `Dasher II' cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) to double-cropping with nematode-resistant tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), using nematode-free cucumber transplants and preplant treatment with ethoprop nematicide. Cucumbers grown following the nematode-resistant `Celebrity' tomato during the same season produced significantly more plant dry weight, more fruit per plant, and higher premium and total yields than did cucumbers double-cropped with the nematode-susceptible `Heatwave' tomato in both years. The cucumber produced longer stems in 1992 and fewer culls in 1993 following resistant tomatoes. Cucumber plants raised in nematode-free soilless mix for 3 weeks before transplanting produced significantly longer stems and more plant dry weight than did direct-seeded cucumbers in 1992, but not in 1993; however, they produced significantly higher premium yield in both years, and higher total yield, more fruit per plant, and fewer culls in 1993. Preplant treatment with ethoprop significantly increased cucumber stem length, dry weight, premium and total yield, and number of fruit per plant in 1992 but not in 1993. Ethoprop treatment had no effect on the percentage of culls in either year. Chemical name used: O-ethyl S,S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate (ethoprop).
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Ells, James E., and Ann E. McSay. "Allelopathic Effects of Alfalfa Plant Residues on Emergence and Growth of Cucumber Seedlings." HortScience 26, no. 4 (April 1991): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.4.368.

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Growth chamber tests demonstrated that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) residue is toxic to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed germination and seedling growth. Ground alfalfa roots at 0.5% (w/w, dry weight) inhibited germination when added to the growing medium. Alfalfa roots at 0.5% were also toxic to pregerminated cucumber seed. However, cucumber seedlings grew normally if this same medium was watered and incubated for >1 day before planting. Alfalfa particle size in media influenced cucumber performance, with the intermediate size (1 to 2 mm) being lethal to cucumbers.
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Guan, Wenjing, Dean Haseman, and Dennis Nowaskie. "Rootstock Evaluation for Grafted Cucumbers Grown in High Tunnels: Yield and Plant Growth." HortScience 55, no. 6 (June 2020): 914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14867-20.

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Grafting technology is increasingly being accepted in the United States, particularly for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production under protected structures. There is a great potential to expand this technology to other high tunnel crops. Using grafting technology in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) production is widely adopted in Asia to enhance cucumbers’ tolerance to low temperatures. But this technique is rarely used in the United States mainly because of the lack of information on the performance of the grafted plants under local production systems. Figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia), Cucurbita moschata, and squash interspecific hybrid (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) are the most used cucumber rootstocks worldwide. But their comparative performance was largely unknown for cucumber production in high tunnels in the Midwest United States. This study was therefore designed to compare the major types of cucumber rootstocks with the goal of identifying a rootstock with the maximized benefits for high tunnel cucumber production in the area. Nongrafted ‘Socrates’ and ‘Socrates’ grafted with Cucurbita moschata, squash interspecific hybrid, and figleaf gourd rootstocks were evaluated in high tunnels from March to June or July in 2016–19 at the Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center in Vincennes, IN. Transplant establishment, vine growth, and yield in early- and main-crop seasons were investigated. Grafted plants regardless of rootstocks ensured transplant survival even when the soil temperatures were dropped below 10 °C. Suboptimal soil conditions were encountered in the first month after transplanting. Grafted cucumbers with squash interspecific hybrid rootstock significantly increased vine growth from March to April and increased early-season yields (yield before 15 May) by 1.8 to 18.2 times compared with the early-season yields of the nongrafted cucumbers. The benefits provided by using grafting technology dismissed around middle May. Only squash interspecific hybrid rootstock improved cucumber yields in the entire production seasons. Cucumbers grafted with figleaf gourd rootstock had the lowest yield and the least plant growth after mid-May, indicating figleaf gourd rootstock may not be suitable for cucumber production under the current production system. Overall, squash interspecific hybrid was the most promising rootstock for early-season high tunnel cucumber production in the Midwest United States.
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Hanna, H. Y. "TOMATOES AND CUCUMBERS ARE A GOOD COMBINATION FOR A DOUBLE-CROPPING SYSTEM." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 428b—428. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.428b.

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Several studies were conducted to determine the effect of using tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant skeletons as a support for trellised cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) double-cropped with tomatoes. In addition, the effect of mulch color, drip irrigation, and root-knot nematodes on subsequent cucumber yield also were examined. The presence of tomato skeletons significantly reduced the total yield (U.S. Fancy, no. 1, and no. 2), but not the premium (U.S. Fancy, no. 1) yield of cucumbers. Black polyethylene mulch used for the previous tomato crop had no undesirable effect on cucumber yield compared to the white mulch. Drip irrigated cucumber using same tomato irrigation lines significantly increased cucumber yield compared to nonirrigated cucumber. Cucumbers planted after nematode resistant tomatoes produced significantly higher yields than cucumber planted after nematode-susceptible tomatoes.
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Caldwell, John, and Maurice Ogutu. "490 Effects of Rye–Vetch No-till and Habitat Strips and Black Plastic Mulch on Insect Densities, Weed Control, and Freshmarket Cucumber Growth and Yield." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 478E—479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.478e.

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Greater plant diversity is associated with reduced insect pest pressure, but field-scale vegetable production systems incorporating plant diversity have been lacking. Cucumber was grown in 1998 and 1999 at the Virginia Tech Kentland experimental farm, by direct seeding or transplanting into rye/vetch mixture rolled to make a no-till mulch alternating with strips of vetch left to flower as a habitat for beneficial insects between cucumber rows, or direct-seeded into black plastic mulch between habitat strips or with bare soil between rows. Rye and hairy vetch were seeded at 56 kg·ha–1 each the preceding fall; only rye was planted in plots without habitats. A rippled coulter, cutting shank, and daisy wheels mounted on a tractor-drawn toolbar enabled a belt-driven seeder to seed cucumbers without pulling the no-till mulch. One hand weeding in cucumber rows at 3 weeks after planting (WAP) provided weed control equivalent to pre-emergence herbicide. At 3 WAP, no-till transplanted cucumbers had higher above-ground plant dry weights than no-till direct seeded cucumbers in both years, but, at 6 WAP, cucumber above-ground plant dry weights were equal (1999) or higher (1998) in direct seeded no-till than in transplanted no-till or black plastic mulch on bare soil. In 1999, Pennsylvania leatherwings, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus DeG. (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), a cucumber beetle predator, had higher densities and cucumber beetles lower densities in no-till plots than in black plastic mulch plots, and bacterial wilt incidence was reduced in plots with habitat strips and no insecticide application compared to plots without habitat strips and four insecticide applications. Cumulative marketable yields in no-till were 59% higher in 1998 and 23% higher in 1999 compared to yields on black plastic mulch.
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Hanna, H. Y. "Cucumbers Planted Immediately after the Termination of a Nematode-resistant Tomato Cultivar Produce Higher Yields." HortTechnology 12, no. 2 (January 2002): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.2.211.

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In the southern United States, the polyethylene-mulched and drip-irrigated beds remaining after the last harvest of fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) offer the potential for producing a cucumber (Cucumis sativus) crop to increase grower profit. A 2-year study of double-cropping cucumbers with `Celebrity' (nematode-resistant) and `Heatwave' (nematode-susceptible) tomato cultivars was conducted at the Red River Research Station in northwestern Louisiana to assess the benefits of this system and to determine how soon cucumbers should be planted following the termination of the tomato crop. Results indicated that cucumbers planted after `Celebrity' produced significantly greater premium and total yields per acre than did cucumbers planted after `Heatwave'. Plant fresh weight of cucumbers was greater and the percentage of galled roots was smaller when planted after `Celebrity' than when planted after `Heatwave'. Planting dates had significant effects on cucumber yield. Cucumbers planted in early July, immediately after the termination of the tomato crop produced the highest yield. Cucumbers planted in early August, 1 month after terminating the tomato crop produced an intermediate yield, and cucumbers planted in September, 2 months after the termination of the tomato crop, produced the lowest yield. A gradual decline of plant fresh weight and a gradual increase of galled-root percentage resulted from delaying cucumber planting beyond the July month. Year of planting had no significant effect on cucumber productivity, but it did influence plant fresh weight and the percentage of galled roots significantly. Average minimum temperature in September was lower than the minimum safe temperature for growing cucumbers. The combined effect of higher temperature and lower percentage of galled roots may have contributed to the increased yield of cucumbers planted in July.
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Jankauskienė, Julė, Kristina Laužikė, and Danguolė Kavaliauskaitė. "Effects of Vermicompost on Quality and Physiological Parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings and Plant Productivity." Horticulturae 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111009.

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Cucumbers productivity and fruit quality depend on seedlings’ quality. The success of seedling cultivation largely depends on the choice of a suitable substrate. Therefore the aim of this research is to determine the effect of peat-vermicompost substrates on cucumber seedling quality and crop yield. The research was carried out in a greenhouse covered with double polymeric film in the Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. Cucumber seedlings were grown in different substrates: peat, peat+10% vermicompost, peat+20% vermicompost, and peat+30% vermicompost. The growth of cucumber seedlings in peat and vermicompost substrates was induced. They were 1.9–18.6% taller, and the leaf area of this seedlings was 1.2–1.4 time larger. Furthermore, the fresh leaves mass of these seedlings was 22.7–33.1%, and the fresh root mass was 1.1–1.5 time bigger. The addition of vermicompost to peat substrate has a positive effect on the physiological parameters in the leaves of cucumber seedlings. The total yield of cucumbers grown in peat-vermicompost substrates was 7.4–11.1% higher than that of plants whose seedlings grew in peat substrate.
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Salah, Radwa, Rui-Jin Zhang, Shi-Wei Xia, Shan-Shan Song, Qian Hao, Mustafa H. Hashem, Huan-Xiu Li, Yu Li, Xi-Xiang Li, and Yun-Song Lai. "Higher Phytohormone Contents and Weaker Phytohormone Signal Transduction Were Observed in Cold-Tolerant Cucumber." Plants 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070961.

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Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) originated from the South Asian subcontinent, and most of them are fragile to cold stress. In this study, we evaluated the cold tolerance of 115 cucumber accessions and screened out 10 accessions showing high resistance to cold stress. We measured and compared plant hormone contents between cold-tolerant cucumber CT90R and cold-sensitive cucumber CT57S in cold treatment. Most of the detected plant hormones showed significantly higher content in CT90R. To elucidate the role of plant hormones, we compared the leaf- and root-transcriptomes of CT90R with those of CT57S in cold stress treatment. In leaves, there were 1209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CT90R and CT57S, while there were 703 in roots. These DEGs were not evenly distributed across the chromosomes and there were significant enrichments at particular positions, including qLTT6.2, a known QTL controlling cucumber cold tolerance. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the pathway of plant hormone transductions between CT90R and CT57S in leaves. In short, genes involved in plant hormone transductions showed lower transcription levels in CT90R. In roots, the most significantly different pathway was phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. CT90R seemed to actively accumulate more monolignols by upregulating cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes. These results above suggest a new perspective on the regulation mechanism of cold tolerance in cucumbers.
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Crane, Melisa, and Todd Wehner. "(5) Cucumber Cultivars and Cultural Practices for Patio Gardening." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1015B—1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1015b.

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular vegetables grown in U.S. home gardens. The objectives of this study were to identify suitable cultivars and proper plant density for use with container-grown cucumber. Additional objectives were to determine the value of field trials for predicting cucumber performance in containers, and to evaluate different plant types (dwarf vs. tall, gynoecious vs. monoecious, pickling vs. slicing) for container use. Fourteen cultivars and breeding lines were tested at three densities in two seasons using a randomized complete-block design with six replications. Pickling cucumbers were M 21, M 27, NC-74, `NC-Danbury', `NC-Dixon', `Sumter', `Vlaspik', and `Picklebush'. Slicing cucumbers were `Bush Whopper II', `Spacemaster 80', `Bush Champion', `Marketmore 76', `Dasher II', and `Cherokee 7'. Plant densities were one, two, or three plants per container. For both the spring and summer container trials, there were corresponding field trials run at the same time for comparison. Best performance was obtained using three plants per container, or 4 L of soil volume per plant. There was a strong, significant correlation between patio and field trials, permitting gardeners to choose cucumber cultivars with high yield, high quality, and disease resistance using data from field trials. Pickling-type cucumbers have thinner skin than slicing-type cucumbers that were bred for shipping. Gynoecious types must be planted with monoecious cultivars to assure fruit set. Monoecious types can self-pollinate, and have the additional advantage of longer harvest period. Thus, home gardeners may want dwarf, monoecious, pickling types for best performance in containers. The best cultivar of that type was `NC-Danbury'.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cucumber plant"

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Tungadi, Trisna Dewi. "Cucumber mosaic virus modifies plant-aphid interactions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708288.

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Westwood, Jack Henry. "Cucumber mosaic virus infection and plant-aphid interactions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608811.

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Balcı, Evrim Doğanlar Sami. "Genetic characterization of cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)resistance in tomato and pepper." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/biyoloji/T000388.pdf.

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Sejbl, Iva Charlotte. "Blue light-signal transduction in etiolated cucumber hypocotyls." Thesis, University of York, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316140.

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Soards, Avril Jacqueline. "The Cucumber mosaic virus 2b protein : influences on the plant-virus interaction." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619971.

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Afsharifar, Alireza. "Characterisation of minor RNAs associated with plants infected with cucumber mosaic virus." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha2584.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 127-138. This thesis studies the minor double stranded RNAs (dsRNA) and single stranded RNAs (ssRNA) which are consistently associated with plants infected with Q strain of cucumber mosaic virus (Q-CMV). The investigations are focused on the structural elucidation of new RNAs which have been observed in single stranded and double stranded RNA profiles of Q strain of CMV.
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Graham, Ian Alexander. "Structure and function of the cucumber malate synthase gene and expression during plant development." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12057.

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Chen, Chunquan. "Induced systemic resistance against Pythium aphanidermatum by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on cucumber, Cucumis sativus L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ50129.pdf.

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Chen, Chunquan 1958. "Induced systemic resistance against Pythium aphanidermatum by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35862.

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Cucumber root rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum can be suppressed by introduced plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Preliminary experiments clarified that this root disease could be suppressed by strains of Pseudomonas aureofaciens, P. corrugata, and P. fluorescens. To determine whether the mechanism was a systemic resistance induced by PGPR, a split root technique was employed on greenhouse cucumbers grown in soilless substrates. On the split roots, bacteria which were introduced into one side of the root were completely separated from pathogen challenged-inoculated roots-on the other side of the roots. Results from the series of experiments conducted with this design demonstrated that (i) the resistance against root rot induced by PGPR was systemic, (ii) germination of P. aphanidermatum zoospores was reduced in extracts from bacterized roots compared to non-treated control, and (iii) spread of Pythium mycelia was delayed and zoospore germination was inhibited on the distant induced root, compared to the non-bacterized control. Furthermore, enzyme analysis indicated that phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase increased on cucumber roots two days after they were bacterized with Pseudomonas strains 13 or 63--28. When the bacterized roots were challenged with P. aphanidermatum, these plant defense enzymes increased as the symptoms appeared, but this accumulation of enzymes was not any higher on roots induced with each of the Pseudomonas strains compared to the Pythium inoculated control. This enzyme stimulation was also systemically induced by PGPR or P. aphanidermatum on cucumber roots. The patterns of iso-peroxidase induced with the PGPR and P. aphanidermatum treatments were different. High levels of salicylic acid (SA) accumulated in bacteria-induced roots, as well as in pathogen-infected roots, which suggests that SA may be associated with cucumber resistance response. But exogenous application of SA did not induce any systemi
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Robertson, Fiona Catherine. "Selective targeting of micro RNA-regulated plant development by the 2b protein of Cucumber mosaic virus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613182.

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Books on the topic "Cucumber plant"

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J, Skierkowski, ed. 2nd working party on greenhouse cucumbers: Skierniewice, Poland, 8-11 May, 1984. [Wageningen, Netherlands: ISHS], 1985.

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Legocka, Jolanta. Udział kinetyny w regulacji ekspresji genów podczas wzrostu liścieni ogórka (Cucumis sativus L.). Poznań: Wydawn. Nauk. Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1992.

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Valentine, Alexander. Effect of arbuscula mycorrhizal infection on photosynthesis, nutrient status and growth of cucumber plants. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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Cazier, Jean-Baptiste. Mathematical modelling of gas exchanges in film-wrapped cucumbers. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000.

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Papadopoulos, Athanasios P. Growing greenhouse seedless cucumbers in soil and in soilless media. Ottawa, Ont: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1994.

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Ming you li, ping guo gao chan zai pei ji shu. [Beijing]: Zhongguo ren shi chu ban she, 1996.

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Hongtrakul, Tawatchai. Attractivity of plant volatiles and a semichemical-based bait to the western spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). 1997.

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Hadidi, Ahmed, Ricardo Flores, John Randles, and Joseph Semancik. Viroids. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069855.

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This comprehensive volume presents indispensable and up-to-date information on viroids and viroid diseases. It provides a single source of information on the properties of viroids, the economic impact of viroid diseases, and methods for their detection and control. It examines the diseases associated with different plant species, the geographic distribution and epidemiology of viroids, diseases of possible viroid etiology, and the future applications of viroids. Viroids examines the biology of viroids, molecular characteristics, localization and movement, replication, pathogenesis, viroids and gene silencing, classification, viroid-like satellite RNAs, detection of viroids using bioamplification hosts, biological indexing, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction. The book looks at the geographical distribution and epidemiology of viroids in North America, Australasia, China, Japan, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, and at the global level. It covers the control of viroids including quarantine of imported germplasm, availability of viroid-tested propagation materials, thermotherapy, tissue culture, and other conventional strategies as well as biotechnological control approaches. Special topics such as ribozyme reaction of viroids and economic advantages of viroid infection are also included. Other chapters summarise the current state of knowledge concerning viroid diseases of the crop in question and aspects of the natural history of viroids in horticulture. Among the crops covered are potato, tomato, tobacco, cucumber, pome fruits, stone fruits, avocado, citrus, grapevines, hop, chrysanthemum, coleus, columnea, and coconut palm. The four eminent editors of this watershed volume have assembled an international group of more than 70 scientists who have substantial experience with viroids and viroid diseases. They have produced a cohesive and comprehensive work that can be used by students, researchers, extension agents, and regulators. It may also be of a great value to science managers, policy makers, and industries in formulating policies and products to obtain viroid-free plants and control viroid diseases. The information on plant quarantine and certification programs will help anyone concerned with the safe movement of plant material across international boundaries or within a single country.
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Bronson, Vincent. Guide to Cucumber Garden: Cucumber Plants Are One of the Standards and Most Loved Plants to Grow for Many Gardeners. Independently Published, 2021.

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Ballaré, Carlos L. Photomorphogenic processes in the agricultural environment. 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cucumber plant"

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Cucumis sativus (Cucumber)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 706–29. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_273.

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Okada, Yoshimi. "Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus." In The Plant Viruses, 267–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7026-0_14.

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Colijn-Hooymans, C. M., R. Bouwer, and J. J. M. Dons. "Plant Regeneration from Cucumber Protoplasts." In Progress in Plant Protoplast Research, 91–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2788-9_30.

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Weng, Yiqun. "The Cucumber Genome—An Update." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 25–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88647-9_3.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Ecballium elaterium (Squirting cucumber)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 933–34. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_341.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Marah macrocarpus (Wild cucumber)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 1497–98. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_569.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Sicyos australis (Star cucumber)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 2210–11. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_841.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Trichosanthes kirilowii (Chinese cucumber)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 2557. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_951.

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Wehner, Todd C. "Breeding for Improved Yield in Cucumber." In Plant Breeding Reviews, 323–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118061039.ch8.

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Andersen, Grethe Iren, Pernille Baardseth, Erik Slinde, Jon Bremer, and Astrid Nilsson. "α-Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Cucumber." In Plant Lipid Metabolism, 271–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8394-7_75.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cucumber plant"

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Molad, Ori, Elisheva Smith, Neta Luria, Noa Sela, Oded Lachman, Elena Bakelman, Diana Leibman, and Aviv Dombrovsky. "Plant Disease Symptomatology: Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV)-Infected Cucumber Plants Exposed to Fluctuating Extreme Temperatures." In IECPS 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-11991.

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Xu, Jing, Teng Miao, Kai Song, Lin Gao, and Ying Cui. "Agent Based Cucumber Plant Climbing Characteristic Simulation." In 2016 International Conference on Communications, Information Management and Network Security. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cimns-16.2016.22.

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Стратулат, Татьяна, Владимир Тодираш, Анна Гушан, and Алексей Попа. "Динамика накопления калия в листьях огурцов на фоне обработок биофунгицидом на базе бикарбоната калия." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.59.

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Investigations were conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of potassium bicarbonate (PB) on powdery mildew of cucumber caused by E. cichoracearum. PB of two concentrations was applied as foliar sprays to cucumber and K content of the leaf samples was determined by AAC. In the greenhouse, PB provided significant control of powdery mildew with fungal isolates, reducing disease levels by up to 67 %. Higher disease pressure reduced the efficacy of PB on powdery mildew but did not affect the content of the K in leaves. Application of KHCO3 increased the level of K in the leaves, which was responsible for the suppression of the disease.
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Caus, Maria. "Efectul șocului termic a temperaturilor suboptimale pozitive și a preparatului Reglalg asupra indicilor germinativi ai semințelor de castravete Cucumis Sativus L." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.64.

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), cv Concurent and forms as Plai, F1; ELITA, F1; ASSIA, F1; Viorel, F1 și Cernomor, F1 seeds treated with distillate water (control) or water solutions of Reglalg preparation (1/100 and 1/1000 dilutions) were germinated at 27°C (control) or at different sub optimal positive low temperature (15°C, 13°C, 10°C, 8°C, 6°C and 4°C) to study germination characteristics. Final germination percent of cv Concurent seeds and germination energy decreased, while the conditional number of days, required for germination of one seed, increased with the decrease of temperature. The temperature of 13°C is the minimum below which all cucumber seeds do not germinate. Application of Reglalg preparation (dilution 1/1000) had a beneficial effect on the germination parameters under suboptimal temperature of 15⁰C.
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Lungu, Andrei. "Problemele combaterii dăunătorilor la culturile agricole în spații protejate." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.46.

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Climate change is becoming increasingly unpredictable as the climate dries up, protected areas grown with vegetables are growing every day, but farmers in this area are facing a number of problems, including pests of green cucumber lice (Aphis gossypii), the common thrips. (Thrips tabaci), the common red spider (Tetranychus urticae). Scientists around the world are conducting studies to propose solutions. The use of material that allows the passage of a larger amount of UV rays inhibits the development of aphid colonies. The dual application of Lecanicillium longisporum for the simultaneous suppression of green lice of cucumbers and powdery mildew has been demonstrated. Beauveria bassiana preparations are highly effective against tripe. For a future assured with high quality vegetables, it is necessary to develop as diverse methods as possible to control pests, so that each farmer can choose the method that suits him, both technologically and economically. The methods should be applicable in the most diverse areas of the earth. We must learn to model not only favorable climatic conditions but to create a healthy and viable ecosystem, so the greenhouses will generate profit for the farmer, fresh and tasty products for us.
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E.K., Askarova, Toporkova Y.Yu., S. S. Gorina, E. O. Smirnova, L. Sh Mukhtarova, and A. N. Grechkin. "Atypical representatives of cytochromes P450 of the CYP74 family of cucumber Cucumissativus." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-49.

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Boyko, E. V., E. V. Simon, A. N. Plusnin, A. N. Vidershpan, and I. F. Golovatskaya. "INFLUENCE OF MELATONIN ON THE MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF CUCUMBER PLANT." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-143-145.

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Bityutsky, N. P., K. L. Yakkonen, K. A. Lukina, K. N. Semenov, and G. G. Panova. "The effect of polyhydroxylated fullerene C60 on the resistance of cucumber plants to airon deficiency." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-70.

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Bagdonavičienė, Aistė, Aušra Brazaitytė, Julė Jankauskienė, and Pavelas Duchovskis. "THE EFFECT OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX DENSITY ON CUCUMBER AND TOMATO TRANSPLANTS ASSIMILATIVE INDICES." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.030.

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The objective of our studies was to evaluate the assimilative indices of cucumber (‘Pasalimo F1’) and tomato (‘Marissa F1’) transplants, cultivated under various photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) were provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Experiment was performed in phytotron complex of Institute of Horticulture, LRCAF. A system of high-power, solid-state lighting modules with 92 % 638 nm (red) + 665 nm (red) + 731 nm (far red) and 8 % 447 nm (blue) was used in the experiments. The generated PPFD of each type of five solid-state modules was ~200 and ~400 μmol m-2 s-1. Our experiment revealed that increased net assimilation rate (NAR) depended on increased PPFD of cucumber and tomato hybrid. 400 μmol m-2 s-1 LED illumination had positive effect on relative growth rate (RGR). Cucumbers which were grown under 200 μmol m-2 s-1 had bigger leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA), their development has been bigger as compared to higher 400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. High PPFD LED illumination had positive effect on leaf weight ratio (LWR), shoot root ratio (SRR) and tomato transplants development. These studies with various photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) and LEDs light should be continued throughout plant vegetation.
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"Systemic Acquired Resistance Induced by Some Biotic Agents against Downy Mildew of Cucumber Disease." In International Conference on Plant, Marine and Environmental Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0115022.

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Reports on the topic "Cucumber plant"

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Gubbels, Jessy, and Caterina Carpineti. Improving light use efficiency of cucumber in a plant factory setting. Bleiswijk: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/582811.

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Gal-On, Amit, Shou-Wei Ding, Victor P. Gaba, and Harry S. Paris. role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 in plant virus defense. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597919.bard.

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Objectives: Our BARD proposal on the impact of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1) in plant defense against viruses was divided into four original objectives. 1. To examine whether a high level of dsRNA expression can stimulate RDR1 transcription independent of salicylic acid (SA) concentration. 2. To determine whether the high or low level of RDR1 transcript accumulation observed in virus resistant and susceptible cultivars is associated with viral resistance and susceptibility. 3. To define the biogenesis and function of RDR1-dependent endogenous siRNAs. 4. To understand why Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) can overcome RDR1-dependent resistance. The objectives were slightly changed due to the unique finding that cucumber has four different RDR1 genes. Background to the topic: RDR1 is a key plant defense against viruses. RDR1 is induced by virus infection and produces viral and plant dsRNAs which are processed by DICERs to siRNAs. siRNAs guide specific viral and plant RNA cleavage or serve as primers for secondary amplification of viral-dsRNA by RDR. The proposal is based on our preliminary results that a. the association of siRNA and RDR1 accumulation with multiple virus resistance, and b. that virus infection induced the RDR1-dependent production of a new class of endogenous siRNAs. However, the precise mechanisms underlying RDR1 induction and siRNA biogenesis due to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We found that in the cucurbit family (cucumber, melon, squash, watermelon) there are 3-4 RDR1 genes not documented in other plant families. This important finding required a change in the emphasis of our objectives. We characterized 4 RDR1s in cucumber and 3 in melon. We demonstrated that in cucumber RDR1b is apparently a new broad spectrum virus resistance gene, independent of SA. In melon RDR1b is truncated, and therefore is assumed to be the reason that melon is highly susceptible to many viruses. RDR1c is dramatically induced due to DNA and RNA virus infection, and inhibition of RDR1c expression led to increased virus accumulation which suggested its important on gene silencing/defense mechanism. We show that induction of antiviral RNAi in Arabidopsis is associated with production of a genetically distinct class of virus-activated siRNAs (vasiRNAs) by RNA dependent RNA polymerase-1 targeting hundreds of host genes for RNA silencing by Argonaute-2. Production of vasiRNAs is induced by viruses from two different super groups of RNA virus families, targeted for inhibition by CMV, and correlated with virus resistance independently of viral siRNAs. We propose that antiviral RNAi activate broad-spectrum antiviral activity via widespread silencing of host genes directed by vasiRNAs, in addition to specific antiviral defense Implications both scientific and agricultural: The RDR1b (resistance) gene can now be used as a transcription marker for broad virus resistance. The discovery of vasiRNAs expands the repertoire of siRNAs and suggests that the siRNA-processing activity of Dicer proteins may play a more important role in the regulation of plant and animal gene expression than is currently known. We assume that precise screening of the vasiRNA host targets will lead in the near future for identification of plant genes associate with virus diseases and perhaps other pathogens.
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.

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Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.
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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Katzir, Nurit, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack E. Staub. Map Merging and Homology Studies in Cucumis Species. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575276.bard.

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List of original objectives (1) Construct a saturated map of melon, using RFLP, SSR, RAPD and Inter-SSR genetic markers. (2) Study the homology between the genomes of cucumber and melon. (3) Add to the Cucumis map, biologically important genes that had been cloned in other plant systems. Background Cucumber and melon are important vegetable crops in Israel and the US. Genome analysis of these crops has lagged behind the major plant crops, but in the last few years genetic maps with molecular markers have been developed. The groups that participated in this program were all involved in initial mapping of cucurbit crops. This grant was meant to contribute to this trend and promote some of the more advanced applications of genome analysis, i.e., map saturation and comparative mapping between cucurbit species. Major achievements The main achievements of the research were (a) the construction of melon maps that include important horticultural traits and Resistance Gene Homologues, (b) the development of approximately 200 SSR markers of melon and cucumber, (c) the preliminary map merging of melon maps and of comparative mapping between melon and cucumber. Implications As a result of this program, we have a good estimate of the applicability of different types or markers developed in one cucurbit species to genetic mapping in other species. Since the linkage groups of melon and cucumber can now be related to each other, future identification of important genes in the two crops will be facilitated. Moreover, the further saturation of the maps with additional markers will now allow us to target several disease resistance loci, horticultural traits for marker-assisted selection, fine mapping and positional cloning.
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Michel Jr., Frederick C., Harry A. J. Hoitink, Yitzhak Hadar, and Dror Minz. Microbial Communities Active in Soil-Induced Systemic Plant Disease Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586476.bard.

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Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is a highly variable property that can be induced by compost amendment of potting media and soils. For example, previous studies showed that only 1 of 79 potting mixes prepared with different batches of mature composts produced from several different types of solid wastes were able to suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae compared with disease on plants produced in a nonamended sphagnum peat mix. In this project, microbial consortia in the rhizosphere of plants grown in ISR-active compost-amended substrates were characterized. The plants used included primarily cucumber but also tomato and radish. Rhizosphere microbial consortia were characterized using multiple molecular tools including DGGE (Israel) and T -RFLP (Ohio) in both ISR-active field plots and potting media. Universal as well as population-specific bacterial and fungal PCR primers were utilized. T -RFLP analyses using universal bacterial primers showed few significant differences in overall bacterial community composition in ISR-active and inactive substrates (Ohio). In addition, the community members which were significantly different varied when different ISR-activecomposts were used (Ohio). To better characterize the shifts in microbial community structure during the development of ISR, population specific molecular tools were developed (Israel, Ohio).-PCR primers were designed to detect and quantify bacterial groups including Pyrenomycetes, Bacillus, Pan toea, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Streptomyces as well as Trichoderma and Fusarium; two groups of fungi that harbor isolates which are ISR active (Isreal and Ohio). Bacterial consortia associated with cucumber plants grown in compost-amended potting mixtures were shown to be dominated by the phylogenetic taxon Bacteroidetes, including members of the genus Chryseobacterium, which in some cases have been shown to be involved in biocontrol (Israel). Nested-PCR-DGGE analyses coupled with long l6S rDNA sequencing, demonstrated that the Chryseobacteriumspp. detected on seed and the root in compost-amended treatments were derived from the compost itself. The most effective ISR inducing rhizobacterial strains were identified as Bacillus sp. based on partial sequencing of l6S rDNA. However, these strains were significantly less effective in reducing the severity of disease than Trichoderma hamatum382 (T382). A procedure was developed for inoculation of a compost-amended substrate with T -382 which consistently induced ISR in cucumber against Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsiciand in radish against bacterial spot (Ohio). Inoculation of compost-amended potting mixes with biocontrol agents such as T -382 and other microbes that induce systemic resistance in plants significantly increased the frequency of systemic disease control obtained with natural compost amendments.
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Minz, Dror, Eric Nelson, and Yitzhak Hadar. Ecology of seed-colonizing microbial communities: influence of soil and plant factors and implications for rhizosphere microbiology. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587728.bard.

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Original objectives: Our initial project objectives were to 1) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities on seeds, 2) Determine the dynamics of development of microbial communities on seeds, and 3) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities with the composition of those in the soil and rhizosphere of the plants. Revisions to objectives: Our initial work on this project was hampered by the presence of native Pythium species in the soils we were using (in the US), preventing us from getting accurate assessments of spermosphere microbial communities. In our initial work, we tried to get around this problem by focusing on water potentials that might reduce damage from native Pythium species. This also prompted some initial investigation of the oomycete communities associated seedlings in this soil. However, for this work to proceed in a way that would allow us to examine seed-colonizing communities on healthy plants, we needed to either physically treat soils or amend soils with composts to suppress damage from Pythium. In the end, we followed the compost amendment line of investigation, which took us away from our initial objectives, but led to interesting work focusing on seed-associated microbial communities and their functional significance to seed-infecting pathogens. Work done in Israel was using suppressive compost amended potting mix throughout the study and did not have such problems. Our work focused on the following objectives: 1) to determine whether different plant species support a microbial induced suppression of Pythium damping-off, 2) to determine whether compost microbes that colonize seeds during early stages of seed germination can adequately explain levels of damping-off suppression observed, 3) to characterize cucumber seed-colonizing microbial communities that give rise to the disease suppressive properties, 4) assess carbon competition between seed-colonizing microbes and Pythium sporangia as a means of explaining Pythium damping-off suppression. Background: Earlier work demonstrated that seed-colonizing microbes might explain Pythium suppression. Yet these seed-colonizing microbial communities have never been characterized and their functional significance to Pythium damping-off suppression is not known. Our work set out to confirm the disease suppressive properties of seed-colonizing microbes, to characterize communities, and begin to determine the mechanisms by which Pythium suppression occurs. Major Conclusions: Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the bacterial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. Suppression on pea was highly variable. Fungi and archaea play no role in disease suppression. Potentially significant bacterial taxa are those with affinities to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Current sequencing efforts are trying to resolve these taxa. Seed colonizing bacteria suppress Pythium by carbon competition, allowing sporangium germination by preventing the development of germ tubes. Presence of Pythium had a strong effect on microbial community on the seed.
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Valverde, Rodrigo A., Aviv Dombrovsky, and Noa Sela. Interactions between Bell pepper endornavirus and acute viruses in bell pepper and effect to the host. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598166.bard.

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Based on the type of relationship with the host, plant viruses can be grouped as acute or persistent. Acute viruses are well studied and cause disease. In contrast, persistent viruses do not appear to affect the phenotype of the host. The genus Endornavirus contains persistent viruses that infect plants without causing visible symptoms. Infections by endornaviruses have been reported in many economically important crops, such as avocado, barley, common bean, melon, pepper, and rice. However, little is known about the effect they have on their plant hosts. The long term objective of the proposed project is to elucidate the nature of the symbiotic interaction between Bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV) and its host. The specific objectives include: a) to evaluate the phenotype and fruit yield of endornavirus-free and endornavirus-infected bell pepper near-isogenic lines under greenhouse conditions; b) to conduct gene expression studies using endornavirus-free and endornavirus-infected bell pepper near-isogenic lines; and c) to study the interactions between acute viruses, Cucumber mosaic virus Potato virus Y, Pepper yellow leaf curl virus, and Tobacco etch virus and Bell pepper endornavirus. It is likely that BPEV in bell pepper is in a mutualistic relationship with the plant and provide protection to unknown biotic or abiotic agents. Nevertheless, it is also possible that the endornavirus could interact synergistically with acute viruses and indirectly or directly cause harmful effects. In any case, the information that will be obtained with this investigation is relevant to BARD’s mission since it is related to the protection of plants against biotic stresses.
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10

Davis, Eric L., Yuji Oka, Amit Gal-On, Todd Wehner, and Aaron Zelcer. Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593389.bard.

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Abstract:
Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.
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