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1
Snyder, Emily. "“Cuba, Nicaragua, Unidas Vencerán”: Official Collaborations between the Sandinista and Cuban Revolutions." Americas 78, no. 4 (October 2021): 609–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2021.5.
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AbstractThe Cuban and Sandinista Revolutions stand together as Latin America's two socialist revolutions achieved through guerrilla insurgency in the latter half of the twentieth century. But beyond studies that demonstrate that Cuba militarily trained and supported the Sandinistas before, during, and after their guerrilla phase, and observations that the two countries were connected by the bonds of socialist revolution, the nature of Cuba and Nicaragua's revolutionary relationship remains little explored. This article traces exchanges of people and expertise between each revolutionary state's Ministry of Foreign Relations and Ministry of Culture. It employs diplomatic and institutional archives, personal collections, and oral interviews to demonstrate the deep involvement of Cuban experts in building the Sandinista state. Yet, Cuban advice may have exacerbated tensions within Nicaragua. This article also shows that tensions marked the day-to-day realities of Cubans and Nicaraguans tasked with carrying out collaborations, revealing their layered and often contradictory nature. Illuminating high-level policy in terms of Cuban-Nicaraguan exchanges and how they unfolded on the ground contributes to new international histories of the Sandinista and Cuban revolutions by shifting away from North-South perspectives to focus instead on how the Sandinistas navigated collaboration with their most important regional ally.
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Jany, Nina. "The “Economic Battle” Now and Then: (E)valuation Patterns of Distributive Justice in Cuban State-Socialism." Social Justice Research 34, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11211-021-00372-1.
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AbstractThis article disentangles and explores some commonly made assumptions about egalitarian state-socialist ideologies. Based on the conceptual framework of the multiprinciple approach of justice, it presents the results of an in-depth analysis of (e)valuation patterns of distributive justice in Cuban state-socialism. The analysis mainly focuses on ideational conceptions of distributive justice (just rewards), but it also accounts for distribution outcomes and resulting (in)equalities (actual rewards). The results of the comparative case study of the Cuban framework of institutions and political leaders’ views in two periods of time, the early 1960s and the 2010s, point to (e)valuation patterns that are generally labelled as egalitarian, such as the allocation rules of outcome equality and (non-functional) needs. However, contrary to common assumptions about egalitarian state-socialist ideologies, the results also point to several other patterns, including equity rules as well as functional and productivist allocation rules. I argue that many of these (e)valuation patterns, in their connection to the discursive storyline of the Cuban economic battle, are indeed compatible with egalitarian state-socialist ideology.
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Pertierra, Anna Cristina. "If They Show Prison Break in the United States on a Wednesday, by Thursday It Is Here." Television & New Media 13, no. 5 (May 2, 2012): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476412443564.
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This article describes practices of informal digital media circulation emerging in urban Cuba between 2005 and 2010, drawing from interviews and ethnographic research in the city of Santiago de Cuba. The Cuban new media landscape is supported by informal networks that blend financial and social exchanges to circulate goods, media, and currency in ways that are often illegal but are largely tolerated. Presenting two case studies of young, educated Cubans who rely on the circulation of film and television content via external hard drives for most of their media consumption, I suggest that the emphasis of much existing literature on the role of state censorship and control in Cuban new media policy overlook the everyday practices through which Cubans are regularly engaged with Latin and U.S. American popular culture. Further, informal economies have been central to everyday life in Cuba both during the height of the Soviet socialist era and in the period since the collapse of the Soviet Union that has seen a juxtaposition of some market reforms alongside centrally planned policies. In the context of nearly two decades of economic crisis, consumer shortages and a dual economy, Cuban people use both informal and state-sanctioned networks to acquire goods ranging from groceries to furnishings and domestic appliances. Understanding the informal media economy of Cuba within this broader context helps to explain how the consumption of commercial American media is largely uncontroversial within Cuban everyday life despite the fraught politics that often dominates discussions of Cuban media policy.
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Boreyko, A. V. "The evolution of Cuban medical diplomacy." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-4-92-104.
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The author examines the evolution of Cuban medical diplomacy under the governments of Raul Castro and Miguel Diaz-Canel. The author shows that the essence of the Cuban national health system, which developed after the 1959 Revolution, is its accessibility. At the time of collapse of the socialist bloc, the Cuban government managed to maintain and surpass the achieved level of development of medicine. The presence of a large number of medical specialists allows the socialist government of Cuba to organize cooperation with dozens of states around the world. Under the leadership of Castro, the export of medical goods and services has become the main source of foreign exchange earnings and a driver of economic growth, and medical diplomacy has become an important tool of soft power, which is used to form an attractive image of the state among the world community. In doing so, the government combines pragmatism, increasing the cost-effectiveness of the programs, and altruism, providing gratuitous aid to the countries most in need. The main difficulty in developing this direction in Cuba’s foreign policy is associated with the North American embargo. In 2018, the US government launched a large-scale campaign to discredit Cuban medical internationalism. This policy aims to further restrict already limited access to essential resources. The country was also negatively affected by the ‘right turn’ in the region: the neoliberal governments of several countries refused to continue medical cooperation with Cuba. At the same time, the trends of recent years indicate an imminent repetition of the shift to the left, which in the future can significantly strengthen the Cuban positions in the region. In addition, the coronavirus pandemic showed that the world community needs a rapid medical response force with Cuban missions serving as a basis thereof.
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Härkönen, Heidi. "Gender, Kinship and Lifecycle Rituals in Cuba." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.116658.
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This report discusses the efforts of state powers to inflict large-scale societal transformations on local gender and kinship by exploring the relationship between matrifocal gender and kinship structure and the socialist state in Cuba. Cuban gender and kinship relations are approached not only by examining the kinds of daily social interactions that took place amongst ‘lower-class’ Havanian informants, but also via the types of lifecycle rituals celebrated in Cuba: Catholic baptism, girls’ quince-party, weddings and funerals. The report indicates an intriguing contrast between the, in-practice, very mother-centred gender andkinship relations, and the revolutionary state symbology manifesting an idea of a metaphoric patriliny.
Keywords: Cuba, gender, kinship, matrifocality, life-cycle rituals
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Brigos, Jesús Pastor García. "People's power in the organization of the cuban socialist state." Socialism and Democracy 15, no. 1 (January 2001): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300108428281.
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Cruz-Amarán, Damaris, Maribel Guerrero, and Alma Delia Hernández-Ruiz. "Changing Times at Cuban Universities: Looking into the Transition towards a Social, Entrepreneurial and Innovative Organization." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062536.
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Since the 1990s, the socialist higher education system has faced several reforms oriented to satisfy social, economic, and technological demands. However, little is known about the transformation process of the socialist university system over the past two decades. This study provides a better understanding of the entrepreneurial and innovative transition of universities located in socialist economies. By adopting mixed theoretical approaches, we proposed a conceptual model to understand the social, the innovative, and the entrepreneurial transformation of socialist universities. We revised and tested this model in the context of Cuban universities by implementing a prospective case study approach. Our findings show insights about the transition towards a business model innovation within Cuban universities. The determinants have been state regulations, the closing of the complete cycle from teaching to the commercialization of results, and the creation of hybrid structures to manage knowledge. Consequently, the university is facing managerial challenges related to its ability to explore and exploit its activities to generate social, innovative and economic outcomes. Our results provide practical implications for the university managers and actors involved in the transformation process of Cuban universities.
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CRISTEA, Mădălina. "The One-footed Roller Skater. A Visual Ethnography of Contemporary Cuba." Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review 26 (2021): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.57225/martor.2021.26.11.
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"This article deals with scarcity of goods, consumption, and the ethics of photographing scarcity of goods in contemporary Cuba. It is based on a six-month ethnographic research conducted in 2015 and 2018 respectively and shows some of the photographs I took during these two visits. In the first part I discuss the scarcity and distribution of goods in and out of socialist environments, differences between capitalism and communism and non-traditional methods of consumption. How do desires of consumption impact people in contemporary communist Cuban society? What is the role of Cuban diaspora in sending so-called capitalist goods to Cuba? It also draws a connecting line between a state-controlled communist economy and specific forms of capitalist entrepreneurship, through the existence of a black market and the distribution of goods between people. The second part of the article questions my position in the field as an outsider who was gradually familiarized with the Cuban understanding of the world more generally, and of consumption specifically. How did locals react to photographs taken by foreigners like me? How can two children share one pair of roller skates and distribute their happiness? Making visible certain aspects of scarcity in contemporary communist Cuban society made me realize that photography has a profound ethical dimension."
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Benz, Andreas. "The greening of the revolution: Changing state views on nature and development in Cuba’s transforming socialism." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.29.4.9.
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In the early 1990s, in the midst of the deepest economic crisis in its recent history, President Fidel Castro proclaimed sustainable development as the new guiding principle for Cuba. This would prove to be a wise move in the context of crisis management.This article explores the shift in Cuba’s state visions of nature and development, which occurred in the wake of the deep crisis unfolding after the breakdown of the Eastern Bloc, on which Cuba heavily depended. This vital threat to the country’s socialist system necessitated far-reaching economic and social policy adjustments, resulting in painful consequences for its citizens. The measures taken in the so-called Special Period demanded a new development vision for their legitimation. The Castro government developed a reformed socialist development model, shifting away from the ideal of Soviet model catch-up modernisation and its instrumental view on nature, towards the paradigm of sustainable development. Based on the analysis of 55 speeches made by Fidel Castro between 1959 and 1996, this radical change in views on nature and development is analysed. This paradigm shift served several political purposes and helped the Cuban leadership navigate through the crisis of the 1990s.
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Kosec, Maja Maria. "Chinese Religions and the Cuban Revolution." Poligrafi 27, no. 107/108 (December 29, 2022): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2022.340.
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The issue of religious practices within the Chinese diaspora in Cuba is increasingly debated within Chinese studies in Latin America. As the Chinese and African diasporas in Cuba have intermingled ethnically, their religious practices have historically also intermingled. While the rise of Afro-Cuban religions in recent decades is primarily understood as a response to centuries of Spanish colonialism and perceived as a resistance to Eurocentric hegemonic power, this article aims to examine the efforts of the Chinese diaspora to re-evaluate their religions from the same decolonial perspective. This article aims to determine the tendencies of interactions between Chinese religious beliefs and Cuba’s religions before and after the Cuban Revolution, including after the fall of the socialist bloc. Specifically, it examines whether post-revolution state atheism had an impact on the religious beliefs and ethnic heritage of members of the Chinese diaspora. In the 1990s there was a revival of the Guan Yu (关羽) cult which has been often interpreted as a consequence of the economic interests of the Chinese and Afro-Chinese diaspora or as a consequence of the interests of the Cuban government. However, we must also be aware of the broader historical, social and political context at play here.
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Otero, Gerardo, and Janice O'Bryan. "Cuba in Transition? The Civil Sphere's Challenge to the Castro Regime." Latin American Politics and Society 44, no. 04 (2002): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2002.tb00222.x.
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Abstract This article assesses how much the emergence of civil society and private market activities are challenging Cuba's ruling communist regime. The assessment is based on a conceptualization of a “civil sphere,” constituted by civil society and private market activities (or the “second economy”), and how this affects democratic transitions from state-socialist societies, using Cuba as a case study. Examining the multiple sectors at play reveals an increasingly organized and vocal opposition, but one hampered by continued government repression. Considering several theoretical and historically possible scenarios, this study concludes that under current conditions, the civil sphere's significant challenge is still not enough for a regime change in the Cuban state.
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Buckwalter-Arias, James. "Reinscribing the Aesthetic: Cuban Narrative and Post-Soviet Cultural Politics." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 120, no. 2 (March 2005): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081205x52437.
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With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba's revolutionary paradigm encounters its greatest crisis to date. As the state's cultural institutions struggle to cope with severe material limitations and strive to square socialist ideology with world events, Cuban writers increasingly publish their work with foreign companies. Not uncommonly these authors reassert the aesthetic priorities that state institutions are said to have repressed or subordinated to political imperatives. It may appear, superficially, that Cuban writers are out to revive some notion of an autonomous literary art. In situating aesthetic discourse in profoundly dialogic, historically specific, and politically charged narrative contexts, however, these writings challenge traditional universalizing formulations of the aesthetic category. Such historico-narrative rearticulation of social practices and theories of art is prerequisite to a more progressive cultural politics than the socialist state has managed to implement and than an uncritical reengagement with the global market can bring about.
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Marshalek, Frank. "Cuban and Danish Agriculture, The Rochdale Principles, and the Renovation of Socialism." Human Geography 10, no. 3 (November 2017): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861701000303.
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In 2011, the Guidelines for Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution announced Cuba's intentions to decentralize state power and economic decision-making, shift toward a mixed economy, and channel up to one-third of state workers to worker-owned cooperative enterprises and the small business sector. As socialist theory requires movement away from state-centered and toward mixed economies, I examine Danish and Cuban cooperative agricultural movements, evaluating them with respect to the Rochdale Principles of cooperative production, to identify appropriate economic production forms for democratic, participatory socialism within the context of globalization. This study argues first that, to maximize efficiency, cooperative production processes must remain entirely in the hands of cooperative federations. Second, a culture of economic democracy is reinforced by the democratic principles of cooperative work. Third, an income tax would function as a more appropriate way for the Cuban state to obtain a share of returns from agricultural cooperatives than the current production quota system, to avoid disrupting cooperative incentive structures. Fourth, cooperatives can perform well in any industry, at all levels of technological development, and should be considered a dominant model for socialism. Finally, although the Rochdale Principles are based on economic and social justice, these principles and their practical application must be continually refined through further experimentation and research.
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Humphreys, Laura-Zoë. "Utopia in a Package? Digital Media Piracy and the Politics of Entertainment in Cuba." boundary 2 49, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 231–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-9615473.
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Following the 1959 revolution, the Cuban state nationalized media outlets on the island and has controlled them ever since. Since 2010, however, this monopoly has been threatened by the paquete (package), one terabyte of pirated digital media collected by independent Cuban entrepreneurs and circulated through informal distribution networks across the island using flash drives and hard drives. Combining archival and textual analysis with ethnographic research, this article analyzes how the legacy of state socialism gave distinctive shape to experiences and perceptions of digital media piracy. I show how the state's history of contravening international copyright provided justification for piracy and how cultural producers and consumers worked to reconcile revolutionary aspirations for socialist art with the influx of global entertainment and the rise of new forms of local cultural production, especially advertising, enabled by the paquete. In so doing, this research challenges media archaeology's Euro-American focus and shows how alternate media histories can lead to different understandings of key questions in media studies, including the links between copyright, entertainment, and modernity.
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Perfecto, Ivette. "The transformation of Cuban agriculture after the cold war." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005762.
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AbstractCuba's agriculture after the 1959 revolution had been based on large-scale, capital intensive monoculture, which made Cuba heavily dependent on the socialist bloc for subsidized agrichemical inputs and for set prices of agricultural exports. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies in 1989–90, Cuba's inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and petroleum dropped by more than half Cuba responded with a dramatic shift in its agricultural development model that featured appropriate technology, alternative organization of labor, alternative planning, and environmental preservation. Cuban pest control efforts now focus on biological control and on enhanced monitoring and diagnostic techniques. Soil management emphasizes biofertilizers and vermiculture. Minimum tillage and crop rotation are frequent practices among Cuba's independent farmers, agricultural cooperatives, and state farms. The transition to low-input agriculture has decreased the exodus of people from rural areas to cities, and has lead to establishment of lab or camps with volunteer labor and long-term programs for rebuilding rural communities. To address the loss of important food imports while ensuring environmental conservation, agricultural planning now gives priority to crop rotations, city gardens, and introduction of food crops in sugar cane areas.
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Ochoa, Francisco Rojas, and Cándido M. López Pardo. "Economy, Politics, and Health Status in Cuba." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 4 (October 1997): 791–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hbxe-6kwm-0h9v-1dcf.
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An economic contraction occurred in Cuba at the beginning of the 1990s, of a magnitude greater than in any developed country in the last half century. This resulted primarily from the disappearance of the European socialist bloc and simultaneous tightening of the U.S. government's blockade at a time when Cuba was engaged in correcting its main economic problems. The economic crisis affected a number of areas of Cuban society. The state adopted a series of measures to cope with the socioeconomic situation, which have yielded positive results in the social and economic fields, as well as some undesirable results. In the health sector, the economic crisis has mainly reduced the availability of resources and has adversely affected some health determinants and some aspects of the population's health status. Despite the prevailing economic difficulties, the government is determined to preserve the country's achievements in health, and to develop them still further. The solution is not privatization or the introduction of health insurance systems or similar measures. Rather, Cuba will seek greater rationality and economic efficiency in the health sector. It has ratified the principles that the state should continue to finance the health system and maintain universal coverage and accessibility through free services.
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Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. "Assessing the conundrums of the Cuban economy under the revolution (1959–2019)." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 36, no. 3 (2020): 455–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.305.
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This article evaluates the resilient challenges faced by Cuba’s economy during the six decades of the Revolution (1959–2019), mainly its historical external economic dependency upon a foreign country (the USSR and Venezuela) and the adverse consequences that occur when such relationship ends or deteriorates. Several hypotheses address that issue as well as others such as the hindrance of the US embargo/blockade aggravated by Donald Trump’s punitive sanctions and Cuban continuity of a centrally planned economy and predominance of state enterprises over the market and the non-state sector. The core is an analysis of performance of key economic indicators: GDP growth, gross capital formation, financial stability, mining-industry agriculture output, tourism and exports of professional services. Hypotheses are tested with long-term statistical series elaborated and scrutinized by the author over half a century based on Cuban official sources, as well as legislation, articles by Cuban scholars and from news media. Among the results: external dependency has declined somewhat but demands deeper economic reforms, there are no countries currently capable and willing to fully replace Venezuela’s substantial aid, the ongoing crisis provoked by the deteriorating Venezuelan economy cum Trump’s sanctions should have lesser adverse effects than the 1990s crisis that resulted from the USSR disappearance. The article is a significant contribution to the study of Cuba’s external economic dependence and its consequences, and should be also worthy for other small economies and socialist countries.
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Buynova, Kristina. "Mario Vargas Llosa in Soviet Union. Dedicated to Llosa’s 85th anniversary." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 7 (2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0015308-7.
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The present article is a publication of a report by Tamara Zlochevskaya, a translator of the Foreign Commission of the Union of Soviet Writers, on the stay of the Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa in the USSR in 1968, provided with a introduction by the researcher and explanations to the text. This is the first publication of a document preserved in the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art (RGALI). It’s known that at the end of the 60s the writer found himself disappointed in socialism, although the reasons for this disenchantment could be various factors from visits to socialist countries to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and the reaction of the Cuban leadership to those events. The accompanying translator's report is a rare source about Llosa's visit to Moscow, which we hardly know about. The testimony of T.Zlochevskaya, as well as the analysis of the correspondence between M. Vargas Llosa and the Foreign Commission, shed light on the misunderstandings between the writer and Soviet institutions related with the censorship and author’s emolument for the novel "The Time of the Hero".
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Rodríguez, Raime R., Milena Alves, and Carlos A. Ramos. "Propriedade dos meios de produção em Cuba: Origens e atualidade do debate econômico." enero-abril 30, no. 1 (November 28, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18232/20073496.1304.
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(2004). Estructura social e igualdad en la Cuba actual: Los efectos de la reforma de los noventa sobre la estructura de clases cubana. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 76, 45-59. doi: 10.18352/erlacs.9684 Nova, Ar. (2008). El sector agropecuario en Cuba. Nueva Sociedad. Democracia y política en América Latina, 216, 77-89. Partido Comunista Cubano. (1978). 1 Congreso del PCC: Tesis y Resoluciones. Sobre el sistema de dirección y planificación de la economía. PCC. Recuperado de http://congresopcc.cip.cu/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/I-Congreso-PCC.-Tesis-y-Resoluciones-sobre-el-sistema-de-direcci%C3%B3n-y-planificaci%C3%B3n-de-la-econom%C3%ADa.pdf Partido Comunista de Cuba. (2011). Lineamientos de la política económica y social del partido y la revolución. Cuba Debate. Recuperado de https://www.tsp.gob.cu/documentos/lineamientos-de-la-politica-economica-y-social-del-partido-y-la-revolucion Pérez, O. (2011). The political economy of change in Cuba: la actualización del modelo económico cubano. Nueva York. Recuperado de http://cubaproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Omar.Everleny.-2011-Presentation.pdf Pérez, O. e Torres, R. (eds.). (2013). Economía cubana: Ensayos para una reestructuración necesaria. La Habana: Instituto de Información Científica y Tecnológica. Pérez-López, J. e Murillo, L. (2003). El interminable periodo especial de la economía cubana. Foro Internacional, 43(3), 566-590. Quintana, Y. (2013). Inversión extranjera en la agricultura cubana. Una oportunidad para la sustitución de importaciones. Cuba: Investigación Económica, 1(2), 60-75. Ramírez, J. (1988). El sector cooperativo en la agricultura cubana. Revista de Idelcoop, 15(58), 1-16. Richardson, R., Peres, J., Wanderley, J., Correia, L. e Peres, M. (1989). Pesquisa social; métodos e técnicas. Sao Paulo: Atlas. Rodríguez, J. (1987). Agricultural policy and development in Cuba. World Development, 15(1), 23-39. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(87)90100-8 Rodríguez, J. (2005). Estrategia del desarrollo económico en Cuba. La Habana: Ciencias Sociales. Sociedad Cubana de Derecho Internacional. (1989). Agresiones de EE.UU. a Cuba revolucionaria. La Habana: Ciencias Sociales. Sovilla, B. y García, F. (2013). La economía cubana: entre voluntarismo e intentos de planifcación (1959-2012). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 58(219), 157-187. Sovilla, B. (2019). Dificultades y contradicciones en la construcción del socialismo en Cuba al inicio del periodo revolucionario. América Latina en la Historia Económica, 26(3), 1-20. doi: 10.18232/alhe.983 Terrero, A. (2017). Inversión extranjera en Cuba: amenazas de la lentitud. Cuba Debate. Recuperado de: http://www.cubadebate.cu/opinion/2017/11/06/inversion-extranjera-en-cuba-amenazas-de-la-lentitud/ Tironi B., E. (1973). Debates económicos durante la transición soviética al socialismo. El Trimestre Económico, 160(4), 821-843. Torres, R. e Fernández, O. (2020). El sector privado en el nuevo modelo económico cubano. Estudios del Desarrollo Social, 8(3), 1-13. U-Echevarría, O. (1999). Estado, economía y planificación: Una primera aproximación. Investigación Económica, 5(4), 1-25. Valdés, A., Díaz, O. e Rivas, E. (2018). La propiedad en la transición al Socialismo en Cuba. XIII Coloquio Nacional Carlos Rafael Rodríguez in Memoriam. Presentado en Cienfuegos. Cienfuegos: Universo Sur. Vasconcelos, J. (2012). Acumulação socialista originária e o debate econômico da transição em Cuba. Leituras de Economia Política, 19, 21-49. Vidal, A. (2005). Los procesos nacionalizadores durante la revolución cubana según los testimonios de los inmigrantes gallegos en la isla: 1959-1968. Anuario Americanista Europeo, 3, 61-92. Everleny Pérez Villanueva, O. (2014). La inversión extranjera directa en Cuba: necesidad de su relanzamiento. Economía y Desarrollo, 152(2), 37-52. Villegas, A. (1970). Lenin y la Revolución Cubana. Revista de la Universidad de México. Recuperado de: https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/articles/9f78e7f4-06d4-4909-919d-6384070f1391/lenin-y-la-revolucion-cubana
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García, David F. "Music and Revolution: Cultural Change in Socialist CubaCuba Represent! Cuban Arts, State Power, and the Making of New Revolutionary Cultures." Ethnomusicology 52, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20174612.
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Арабаджян, А. З. "Ernesto Guevara’s Position in the Economic Debate on Cuba in 1960-s." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.008.
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В статье рассматриваются взгляды Эрнесто Гевары на управление экономикой Кубы, артикулированные им в ходе экономической дискуссии первой половины 1960-х гг. Эта полемика развернулась между сторонниками системы бюджетного финансирования, среди которых находился Гевара, и последователями системы хозяйственного расчета (самофинансирования). Позиция Гевары отражала приверженность марксизму с опорой на работы Маркса, Энгельса, Ленина. С его точки зрения, социалистическое строительство предполагало качественный переход к новой системе категорий, ключевым звеном которой было централизованное планирование, что радикально от-личало ее от выведенной в «Капитале» системы категорий капитализма. Противники Гевары утверждали, что в период социалистического строительства применение категорий капиталистического способа производства не только возможно, но и необходимо для обеспечения более высокой эффективности производства. Гевара применял теорию на практике, занимая пост министра промышленности, и распространил ее на предприятия, находящиеся в компетенции его министерства. Автор исследует основные источники, отражающие позицию Гевары, а также теоретические работы классиков марксизма и сторонников хозрасчета. Вводятся в оборот архивные материалы (РГАЭ), отражающие ряд аспектов развития системы планирования Кубы. The paper covers Ernesto Guevara’s views on managing the economy of Cuba which he expressed in the economic debate in the first half of 1960s. Participating in this discussion as a proponent of the budgetary finance system Guevara opposed advocates of the auto-financing system. During the debate he appealed to Marxist theory relying on original works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. From Guevara’s perspective, constructing socialism meant a transition to a qualitatively new system of categories among which centralized planning was the crucial one. Thus, this new system was utterly different from the one which was revealed by Marx in Das Kapital when the German scientists focused on capitalist mode of production. On the contrary, Guevara’s opponents highlighted that socialist construction could and should count on categories which functioned on the capitalist phase in order to promote efficiency. Being the Minister of Industries, Guevara brought his theory into practice at the production units that belonged to his Ministry. The author investigates several fundamental articles written by Guevara during the polemics, other sources the show Guevara’s vision of socialism and works of theoreticians whose ideas were used by the debaters. The paper also introduces archival materials (Russian State Archive of the Economy) that reveal some peculiarities of Cuban planning system formation.
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Schmidt, Jalane D. "The Antidote to Wall Street?" Latin American Perspectives 43, no. 3 (February 19, 2016): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x16629460.
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When revolutionary Cuba’s governmental cultural policy apparatus cast Afro-Cuban religions as “folklore,” certain religious forms, especially Santería, gained visibility in scholarly investigations, publications, documentary films, and state-sponsored cultural programming. Since the 1990s these discursive treatments of Santería have been monetized by the Cuban tourism industry and state-owned manufacturers and repackaged as merchandise that garners the attention and revenues of Cuban consumers and international visitors. This “ethno-business” produces a paradox: Afro-Cuban popular religions—long admired by the nation’s intellectual and artistic avant-garde as subaltern cultural rebuttals of dominant Cuban bourgeois opinion and U.S. economic pressures alike—are now promoted and consumed in a manner that conforms to neoliberal logic. The Cuban state confronts the challenges of late socialism with the methods of late capitalism. To some extent, the commodification of Afro-Cuban religions acts to fortify and extend revolutionary cultural policy. Cuando el aparato de cultura política del gobierno revolucionario cubano calificó las religiones afro-cubanas como “folclore,” ciertas formas religiosas, sobre todo la Santería, adquirieron visibilidad en investigaciones académicas, publicaciones, documentales, y programación cultural estatal. Desde la década de los noventa estos tratos discursivos de la Santería han sido monetizados por la industria turística cubana y los fabricantes estatales y empaquetado como mercancía que atrae atención e ingresos de los consumidores cubanos y las visitas internacionales. Este “etno-negocio” provoca una paradoja: las religiones populares afro-cubanas —largamente admiradas igualmente por la vanguardia intelectual y artística de la nación como refutaciones culturales subalternas de la opinión burgués cubana dominante como por las presiones económicas estadounidenses— son ahora promocionadas y consumidas conforme a la lógica neoliberal. El estado cubano encara los desafíos del socialismo tardío con los métodos del capitalismo tardío. En cierta medida, la mercantilización de las religiones afro-cubanas actúan para fortalecer y extender la política cultural revolucionaria.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 67, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1993): 109–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002678.
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-Louis Allaire, Samuel M. Wilson, Hispaniola: Caribbean chiefdoms in the age of Columbus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xi + 170 pp.-Douglas Melvin Haynes, Philip D. Curtin, Death by migration: Europe's encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xviii + 251 pp.-Dale Tomich, J.H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xii + 266 pp.-Myriam Cottias, Dale Tomich, Slavery in the circuit of sugar: Martinique and the world economy, 1830 -1848. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1990. xiv + 352 pp.-Robert Forster, Pierre Dessalles, La vie d'un colon à la Martinique au XIXe siècle. Pré-senté par Henri de Frémont. Courbevoie: s.n., 1984-1988, four volumes, 1310 pp.-Hilary Beckles, Douglas V. Armstrong, The old village and the great house: An archaeological and historical examination of Drax Hall Plantation, St Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990. xiii + 393 pp.-John Stewart, John A. Lent, Caribbean popular culture. Bowling Green OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1990. 157 pp.-W. Marvin Will, Susanne Jonas ,Democracy in Latin America: Visions and realities. New York: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1990. viii + 224 pp., Nancy Stein (eds)-Forrest D. Colburn, Kathy McAfee, Storm signals: Structural adjustment and development alternatives in the Caribbean. London: Zed books, 1991. xii + 259 pp.-Derwin S. Munroe, Peggy Antrobus ,In the shadows of the sun: Caribbean development alternatives and U.S. policy. Carmen Diana Deere (coordinator), Peter Phillips, Marcia Rivera & Helen Safa. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xvii + 246 pp., Lynne Bolles, Edwin Melendez (eds)-William Roseberry, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Lords of the mountain: Social banditry and peasant protest in Cuba, 1878-1918. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989. xvii + 267 pp.-William Roseberry, Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless liberators, political banditry and Cuban independence. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1989. x + 297 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Robert M. Levine, Cuba in the 1850's: Through the lens of Charles DeForest Fredricks. Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990. xv + 86 pp.-José Sánchez-Boudy, Gustavo Pérez Firmat, The Cuban condition: Translation and identity in modern Cuban literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. viii + 185 pp.-Dick Parker, Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and the origins of the Cuban revolution: An empire of liberty in an age of national liberation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xi + 235 pp.-George Irvin, Andrew Zimbalist ,The Cuban economy: Measurement and analysis of socialist performance. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1989. xiv + 220 pp., Claes Brundenius (eds)-Menno Vellinga, Frank T. Fitzgerald, Managing socialism: From old Cadres to new professionals in revolutionary Cuba. New York: Praeger, 1990. xiv + 161 pp.-Patricia R. Pessar, Eugenia Georges, The making of a transnational community: Migration, development, and cultural change in the Dominican republic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. xi + 270 pp.-Lucía Désir, Maria Dolores Hajosy Benedetti, Earth and spirit: Healing lore and more from Puerto Rico. Maplewood NJ: Waterfront Press, 1989. xvii + 245 pp.-Thomas J. Spinner, Jr., Percy C. Hintzen, The costs of regime survival: Racial mobilization, elite domination and control of the state in Guyana and Trinidad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. x + 240 pp.-Judith Johnson, Morton Klass, Singing with the Sai Baba: The politics of revitalization in Trinidad. Boulder CO: Westview, 1991. xvi + 187 pp.-Aisha Khan, Selwyn Ryan, The Muslimeen grab for power: Race, religion and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain: Inprint Caribbean, 1991. vii + 345 pp.-Drexel G. Woodson, Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, Haiti: The Breached Citadel. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xxi + 217 pp.-O. Nigel Bolland, Howard Johnson, The Bahamas in slavery and freedom. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1991. viii + 184 pp.-Keith F. Otterbein, Charles C. Foster, Conchtown USA: Bahamian fisherfolk in Riviera beach, Florida. (with folk songs and tales collected by Veronica Huss). Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1991. x + 176 pp.-Peter van Baarle, John P. Bennett ,Kabethechino: A correspondence on Arawak. Edited by Janette Forte. Georgetown: Demerara Publishers, 1991. vi + 271 pp., Richard Hart (eds)-Fabiola Jara, Joop Vernooij, Indianen en kerken in Suriname: identiteit en autonomie in het binnenland. Paramaribo: Stichting Wetenschappelijke Informatie (SWI), 1989. 178 pp.-Jay Edwards, C.L. Temminck Groll ,Curacao: Willemstad, city of monuments. R.G. Gill. The Hague: Gary Schwartz/SDU Publishers, 1990. 123 pp., W. van Alphen, R. Apell (eds)-Mineke Schipper, Maritza Coomans-Eustatia ,Drie Curacaose schrijvers in veelvoud. Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1991. 544 pp., H.E. Coomans, Wim Rutgers (eds)-Arie Boomert, P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, De rotstekeningen van Aruba/The prehistoric rock drawings of Aruba. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Presse-Papier, 1991. 228 pp.-J.K. Brandsma, Ruben S. Gowricharn, Economische transformatie en de staat: over agrarische modernisering en economische ontwikkeling in Suriname, 1930-1960. Den Haag: Uitgeverij Ruward, 1990. 208 pp.-Henk N. Hoogendonk, M. van Schaaijk, Een macro-model van een micro-economie. Den Haag: STUSECO, 1991. 359 pp.-Bim G. Mungra, Corstiaan van der Burg ,Hindostanen in Nederland. Leuven (Belgium)/ Apeldoorn (the Netherlands): Garant Publishers, 1990. 223 pp., Theo Damsteegt, Krishna Autar (eds)-Adrienne Bruyn, J. van Donselaar, Woordenboek van het Surinaams-Nederlands. Muiderberg: Dick Coutinho, 1989. 482 pp.-Wim S. Hoogbergen, Michiel Baud ,'Cultuur in beweging': creolisering en Afro-Caraïbische cultuur. Rotterdam: Bureau Studium Generale, 1989. 93 pp., Marianne C. Ketting (eds)
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Arabadzhyan, Alexandra. "Evolution of political and ideological foundations of Cuban socialism and its reflection in the Constitutions of the country." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 11 (2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0017111-1.
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The paper investigates contemporary political and ideological shifts of Cuban socialism paying specific attention to the period of actualization of Cuban socio-economic model of development implemented since the VI Congress of the Communist party of Cuba. The analysis is based on the different variants of Cuban Constitutions and proposes three historical models of Cuban socialism (Marxist-Leninist, the model of transition and the actualization period model). Comparing the texts of the Constitutions, the study sheds light on several key aspects: the role and functions of the State and the Party, ideological problems of socialism, communism and Marxism, the evolution of the exploitation and oppression concepts, issues of equity and equality, and appeal to the figure of J. Marti. Using historical method, comparative analysis and Marxist theory, as the latter has been the base for the first model of Cuban socialism under investigation, the paper reveals the role of Marxism within the three models. The study uncovers the contradiction between postulating a significant role of Marxism within the actualization model and revision of several core Marxist principles as well as the turn towards national issues in the contemporary Cuban socialism.
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Ramírez, Yarileisy Barcelay. "The Social Media System in Cuba in Times of Change: A General Analysis." Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/jarss.v4i1.686.
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The political arena in Cuba has had a direct impact on the development of the media throughout the country's history. Therefore, it is necessary to know the updated status of the Cuban media system in the last stage (2018-2019) nowadays. This article shows the main transformations of the Cuban media system, based on the analysis of the historical process experienced on the island since 1959. The current press model is classified based on the theoretical analysis of The Four Theories of the Press. The methodology used allowed us to carry out a study of 50 issues of the Granma newspaper - chosen for its great influence on the Cuban society, with a sample of 1031 news items on different topics. The analysis helped to determine that the content of the Cuban government media its core and main aims are used to spread the socialist ideas and concepts. Both the content analysis and the historical process revealed that the media in Cuba continues to be controlled by the Government and maintains its social character, which makes it possible to relate the current media system with the old Soviet press model, although the current scenario, marked by the access to Internet and the appearance of new independent digital media not recognized by the government, creates the bases for the conception of a socialist alternative to the social responsibility model.
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Lepeshkin, Artem Aleksandrovich. "The Second Declaration of Havana as the Political Manifest of the Socialistic Stage of the Cuban Revolution." RUDN Journal of World History 12, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-1-81-91.
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The Second Declaration of Havana ratified on February 4, 1962 is the most important document of the socialistic stage of the Cuban Revolution. The historical analysis of this document is essential to appreciate all the peculiarity of the socialism formation in Cuba and to understand the origin of the principles of the revolutionary internationalism during the Cuban Revolution. However, investigations, which are dedicated to specifically this issue, does not present in the Russian historiography. The aim of this work is to clarify the role of the Second Declaration of Havana in the process of the socialistic ideology formation in Cuba under specific historical conditions of the first half of the 20th century and also to estimate the impact of the foreign policy of USA and VIII Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of American States (OAS), which took place in January 1962, onto the radicalization of the Cuban Revolution.
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Manuel, Peter. "Marxism, nationalism and popular music in revolutionary Cuba." Popular Music 6, no. 2 (May 1987): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000005961.
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Among the ever-growing body of publications on popular music, all but a small minority have tended to deal exclusively with the capitalist world. The relative neglect of the workings of popular music in socialist countries has led to an unfortunate lacuna in descriptive studies and, perhaps more importantly, a potential bias in theoretical studies. Popular cultures in socialist states may share many features with their counterparts in the capitalist world, but they are also likely to differ in several important aspects, including, for example, the role of the market, of the bureaucracy, of state cultural policy, the limits on commercialism and the entire ideological climate fostered by socialism. Consequently, many of the theoretical generalisations about popular music, based on studies of the capitalist world, must be revised or qualified when socialist countries are considered.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 73, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1999): 111–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002582.
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-Michael D. Olien, Edmund T. Gordon, Disparate Diasporas: Identity and politics in an African-Nicaraguan community.Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. xiv + 330 pp.-Donald Cosentino, Margarite Fernández Olmos ,Sacred possessions: Vodou, Santería, Obeah, and the Caribbean. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997. viii + 312 pp., Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds)-John P. Homiak, Lorna McDaniel, The big drum ritual of Carriacou: Praisesongs in rememory of flight. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. xiv + 198 pp.-Julian Gerstin, Gerdès Fleurant, Dancing spirits: Rhythms and rituals of Haitian Vodun, the Rada Rite. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1996. xvi + 240 pp.-Rose-Marie Chierici, Alex Stepick, Pride against Prejudice: Haitians in the United States. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1998. x + 134 pp.-Rose-Marie Chierici, Flore Zéphir, Haitian immigrants in Black America: A sociological and sociolinguistic portrait. Westport CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1996. xvi + 180 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and temptation in Cuba. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. xxiv + 239 pp.-Jorge L. Giovannetti, My footsteps in Baraguá. Script and direction by Gloria Rolando. VHS, 53 minutes. Havana: Mundo Latino, 1996.-Gert Oostindie, Mona Rosendahl, Inside the revolution: Everyday life in socialist Cuba. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. x + 194 pp.-Frank Argote-Freyre, Lisa Brock ,Between race and empire: African-Americans and Cubans before the Cuban revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. xii + 298 pp., Digna Castañeda Fuertes (eds)-José E. Cruz, Frances Negrón-Muntaner ,Puerto Rican Jam: Rethinking colonialism and nationalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. x + 303 pp., Ramón Grosfoguel (eds)-Helen I. Safa, Félix V. Matos Rodríguez ,Puerto Rican Women's history: New perspectives. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. x + 262 pp., Linda C. Delgado (eds)-Arlene Torres, Jean P. Peterman, Telling their stories: Puerto Rican Women and abortion. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1996. ix + 112 pp.-Trevor W. Purcell, Philip Sherlock ,The story of the Jamaican People. Kingston: Ian Randle; Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1998. xii + 434 pp., Hazel Bennett (eds)-Howard Fergus, Donald Harman Akenson, If the Irish ran the world: Montserrat, 1630-1730. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997. xii + 273 pp.-John S. Brierley, Lawrence S. Grossman, The political ecology of bananas: Contract farming, peasants, and agrarian change in the Eastern Caribbean. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. xx + 268 pp.-Mindie Lazarus-Black, Jeannine M. Purdy, Common law and colonised peoples: Studies in Trinidad and Western Australia. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Dartmouth, 1997. xii + 309.-Stephen Slemon, Barbara Lalla, Defining Jamaican fiction: Marronage and the discourse of survival. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996. xi + 224 pp.-Stephen Slemon, Renu Juneja, Caribbean transactions: West Indian culture in literature.-Sue N. Greene, Richard F. Patteson, Caribbean Passages: A critical perspective on new fiction from the West Indies. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. ix + 187 pp.-Harold Munneke, Ivelaw L. Griffith ,Democracy and human rights in the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1997. vii + 278 pp., Betty N. Sedoc-Dahlberg (eds)-Francisco E. Thoumi, Ivelaw Lloyd Griffith, Drugs and security in the Caribbean: Sovereignty under seige. University Park: Penn State University Press, 1997. xx + 295 pp.-Michiel Baud, Eric Paul Roorda, The dictator next door: The good neighbor policy and the Trujillo regime in the Dominican republic, 1930-1945. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1998. xii + 337 pp.-Peter Mason, Wim Klooster, The Dutch in the Americas 1600-1800. Providence RI: The John Carter Brown Library, 1997. xviii + 101 pp.-David R. Watters, Aad H. Versteeg ,The archaeology of Aruba: The Tanki Flip site. Oranjestad; Archaeological Museum Aruba, 1997. 518 pp., Stéphen Rostain (eds)
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Adie, Bailey Ashton, Alberto Amore, and Colin Michael Hall. "Urban tourism and urban socialist and communist heritage: beyond tragedy and farce?" International Journal of Tourism Cities 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-02-2017-0011.
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Purpose Existing literature on state socialist and communist heritage as a form of tourist consumption predominately focuses on destination contexts, such as the former Soviet countries and the few remaining state communist countries (i.e. China, North Korea and Cuba). As a result, the visitation to places linked to the history of socialism and communism in the so-called western pluralist democracies has often been overlooked and, at most, unacknowledged, especially as most research on “socialist” heritage focuses on sites connected to statist heritage rather than sites connected to socialist movements. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper aims to fill the gap in terms of research focusing on these types of sites, with evidence from a range of countries in Europe and the Americas. It does so by illustrating the presence and engagement with official and non-official communist/socialist heritage at varying levels of commodification. Findings The paper concludes that not only is there a need to broaden the concept of socialist heritage but that its framing needs to continue to be understood from present day ideological discourses and struggles with respect to the marking of urban heritage tourist locations. Originality/value This contribution advocates the broadening of the concept of socialist heritage by acknowledging the relevance of “hidden” urban sites related to key socialist thinkers, socialist opposition to fascism, and civil wars in which the socialist movement was involved, while also drawing parallels between the levels of socialist/heritage recognition and use as a commodity in relation to the historical narrative within the studied countries.
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Henken, Ted A., and Gabriel Vignoli. "A Taste of Capitalism? Competing Notions of Cuban Entrepreneurship in Havana's Paladares." Human Geography 10, no. 3 (November 2017): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861701000308.
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This essay examines the meaning, function, and possible future(s) of entrepreneurship in Cuba. Within the larger process of Raúl Castro's unprecedented economic reforms and in the midst of an ongoing “normalization” of relations between Cuba and the United States, we ask: How is entrepreneurship being reconfigured both from above and from within? What effects will that reconfiguration have in shaping the popular response to the simplistic either-or model of a mere “updating” of socialism, on the one hand, versus an implicit “transition” to capitalism on the other? What was—and is—the meaning of entrepreneurship in the Cuban context, especially from the perspective of entrepreneurs themselves? To address these questions, we focus on a particular site: Havana's private, home-based restaurants, known popularly as paladares in Cuba 1 . Paladares are the most widespread, dynamic, and profitable mode of entrepreneurship in today's Cuba and—we argue—the quintessential experimental space for the articulation of different, competing notions of entrepreneurship. In other words, how do private restaurateurs balance state supervision and regulation with their need for innovation and flexibility especially since the enactment of major entrepreneurial reforms in late-2010? Our focus on entrepreneurship acquires more urgency (and demands deeper analysis) in the rapidly changing context of U.S.-Cuba bilateral relations following the historic thaw initiated on December 17, 2014, culminating in the establishment of diplomatic relations and the opening of embassies on July 20, 2015. Indeed, President Barack Obama's new “empowerment through engagement” policy explicitly targets Cuba's emerging entrepreneurial class as agents of change following Raúl Castro's 2010 liberalizations. Thus, we conclude by addressing how new state policies on each side are impacting Cuban entrepreneurs and how entrepreneurs themselves are strategically taking advantage of their role as economic protagonists in a new Cuba. 1 Except in cases where we discuss paladares whose travails have been covered in the media— “El Hurón Azul” and “El Cabildo”—all other names have been altered. Translations from the Spanish are our own. Henken carried out ethnographic interviews with nearly two-dozen paladar proprietors on multiple visits to Cuba between July 2000 and April 2011. Henken's ethnographic work was augmented by that done between 2010 and 2014 by Vignoli.
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Bardhan, Pranab. "Economics of Market Socialism and the Issue of Public Enterprise Reform in Developing Countries (The Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4I (December 1, 1992): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4ipp.565-579.
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Historically state socialism has had dramatic initial success in creating a basic capital goods base in early stages of industrialisation and in its spectacular feats of mass literacy and public health campaigns made possible by mass-based organisations and forces of human mobilisation unleashed by socialist revolutions in poor countries like China, Vietnam or Cuba. But from the post-mortem reports of the collapse of the command economy in different parts of the world it is now clear that centralised state socialism is largely incapable of coping with the technological demands of the increasing sophistication in product quality and diversity and the needs of quick flexibility in decision-making and risk-taking in a whole range of economic activities spanning the technological spectrum from agriculture to semiconductors. There is no doubt that a more decentralised market-mediated allocation of resources and greater competition can correct much of the wastage and dynamic efficiency of the bureaucratic command system and introduce more agility and flexibility in economic decisions. But the big question is how effective the stimulus of competition and markets can be without large-scale private ownership.
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Gabriele, Alberto. "Cuba: From State Socialism to a New Form of Market Socialism?" Comparative Economic Studies 53, no. 4 (August 25, 2011): 647–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.2011.26.
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Bengelsdorf, Carollee, and Randy Martin. "Socialist Ensembles: Theater and State in Cuba and Nicaragua." Contemporary Sociology 25, no. 6 (November 1996): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077316.
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Michalowski, Raymond J. "Between Citizens and the Socialist State: The Negotiation of Legal Practice in Socialist Cuba." Law & Society Review 29, no. 1 (1995): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3054054.
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González-Corzo, Mario A. "Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies: Selected Characteristics and Relevant Lessons for Cuba." Journal of Enterprising Culture 23, no. 01 (March 2015): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495815500041.
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The experiences of the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union demonstrate that entrepreneurs can make important contributions in transition economies. The most notable include employment creation, the efficient utilization of human capital, and positive externalities resulting from the entrepreneurial drive to experiment, innovate, and adapt. In these countries, as well as in China and Vietnam, the transition from the classical socialist system facilitated the emergence of four types of entrepreneurs (agricultural entrepreneurs, informal sector operators, cadre entrepreneurs, and professional entrepreneurs), which mainly engaged in three principal entrepreneurial strategies: prospecting, networking, and boundary-blurring. The experiences of the former socialist countries offer valuable lessons for Cuba, as it continues to rely on the reduction of the State sector and the expansion of small-scale private entrepreneurial activities in the emerging non-State sector as one of the principal policy measures to gradually "update" its socialist economy.
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Gotkowitz, Laura, and Richard Turits. "Socialist morality: Sexual preference, family, and state intervention in Cuba." Socialism and Democracy 4, no. 1 (January 1988): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854309008427997.
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Bodie, George. "‘It is a Shame We Are Not Neighbours’: GDR Tourist Cruises to Cuba, 1961–89." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009419860898.
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The German Democratic Republic (GDR) is typically portrayed as only allowing its citizens to travel within the ‘Eastern bloc’. It has passed largely unremarked upon that from 1961 to 1989, however, tens of thousands of GDR citizens travelled to Cuba, with thousands of these journeys taking place on trade union-owned cruise ships. This article investigates the implications of this largely ignored phenomenon. Accompanying these cruises was wealth of symbolism, and the tensions within this symbolism allow us to explore the peculiar global vision constructed by GDR elites, which has hitherto been largely obscured by the depiction of the GDR as a parochial, autarchic state. Cuba was part of what was known as the “socialist world system”, the collection of socialist states across the world who shared the same, socialist, societal structures. Communist theorists supposed that these societies were on a path of objective convergence, and that tourism would further this process. At the same time, Cuba was exoticized as a site of radical, southern difference and consumerist pleasure. These conflicting visions were ever present in the literature surrounding cruises to Cuba, but as time went on, the latter vision gained prominence.
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Gordy, Katherine A. "People and State in Socialist Cuba: Ideas and Practices of Revolution." Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 23, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2018.1431010.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 72, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1998): 305–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002597.
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-Lennox Honychurch, Robert L. Paquette ,The lesser Antilles in the age of European expansion. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. xii + 383 pp., Stanley L. Engerman (eds)-Kevin A. Yelvington, Gert Oostindie, Ethnicity in the Caribbean: Essays in honor of Harry Hoetink. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1996. xvi + 239 pp.-Aisha Khan, David Dabydeen ,Across the dark waters: Ethnicity and Indian identity in the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1996. xi + 222 pp., Brinsley Samaroo (eds)-Tracey Skelton, Ralph R. Premdas, Ethnic conflict and development: The case of Guyana. Brookfield VT: Ashgate, 1995. xi + 205 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Basdeo Mangru, A history of East Indian resistance on the Guyana sugar estates, 1869-1948. Lewiston NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1996. xiv + 370 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Clem Seecharan, 'Tiger in the stars': The anatomy of Indian achievement in British Guiana 1919-29. London: Macmillan, 1997. xxviii + 401 pp.-Brian Stoddart, Frank Birbalsingh, The rise of Westindian cricket: From colony to nation. St. John's, Antigua: Hansib Publishing (Caribbean), 1996. 274 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Peter van Koningsbruggen, Trinidad Carnival: A quest for national identity. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1997. ix + 293 pp.-Peter van Koningsbruggen, John Cowley, Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. xv + 293 pp.-Olwyn M. Blouet, George Gmelch ,The Parish behind God's back : The changing culture of rural Barbados. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. xii + 240 pp., Sharon Bohn Gmelch (eds)-George Gmelch, Mary Chamberlain, Narratives of exile and return. London: Macmillan, 1997. xii + 236 pp.-Michèle Baj Strobel, Christiane Bougerol, Une ethnographie des conflits aux Antilles: Jalousie, commérages, sorcellerie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997. 161 pp.-Abdollah Dashti, Randy Martin, Socialist ensembles: Theater and state in Cuba and Nicaragua. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. xii + 261 pp.-Winthrop R. Wright, Jay Kinsbruner, Not of pure blood: The free people of color and racial prejudice in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1996. xiv + 176 pp.-Gage Averill, Deborah Pacini Hernandez, Bachata: A social history of a Dominican popular music. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 1995. xxiii + 267 pp.-Vera M. Kutzinski, Lorna Valerie Williams, The representation of slavery in Cuban fiction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994. viii + 220 pp.-Peter Mason, Elmer Kolfin, Van de slavenzweep en de muze: Twee eeuwen verbeelding van slavernij in Suriname. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1997. 184 pp.-J. Michael Dash, Jean-Pol Madou, Édouard Glissant: De mémoire d'arbes. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. 114 pp.-Ransford W. Palmer, Jay R. Mandle, Persistent underdevelopment: Change and economic modernization in the West Indies. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1996. xii + 190 pp.-Ramón Grossfoguel, Juan E. Hernández Cruz, Corrientes migratorias en Puerto Rico/Migratory trends in Puerto Rico. Edición Bilingüe/Bilingual Edition. San Germán: Caribbean Institute and Study Center for Latin America, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, 1994. 195 pp.-Gert Oostindie, René V. Rosalia, Tambú: De legale en kerkelijke repressie van Afro-Curacaose volksuitingen. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 1997. 338 pp.-John M. Lipski, Armin J. Schwegler, 'Chi ma nkongo': Lengua y rito ancestrales en El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Frankfurt: Vervuert, 1996. 2 vols., xxiv + 823 pp.-Umberto Ansaldo, Geneviève Escure, Creole and dialect continua: Standard acquisition processes in Belize and China (PRC). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997. ix + 307 pp.
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Rupiya, Martin. "South Africa-US Contest over Africa Policy Dominance: A Study with Emphasis on AFRICOM, BRICS and Libyan Issues." Journal of US-Africa Studies International Journal of US and African Studies 1, no. 1 (2019): 48–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21846251/joura2.
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Foreign policy is embodied in the pursuit of national interests by States in their interaction with other countries. The attainment of Nelson Mandela’s African National Congress (ANC) led majority rule statehood and its relationship with the midwife, the United States, provides us with one of the most complex case study examined between the late 1980s until the present. At the end of the Cold War, a period which coincided with the decolonisation of several countries in Southern Africa including Namibia and South Africa, following mediation by the US, Assistant Secretary of State for Africa Affairs, Chester Crocker United States, predicted on its new found relationship with the then United Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its presence in Angola, informed the decolonization of the sub-regional in which the US targeted South Africa’s apartheid regime towards abandoning its military destabilisation activities and providing security guarantees to the white minority community under the new African majority regime.The result was the withdrawal of Cuban forces in Angola, Namibia independence and finally, the ANC led by the long imprisoned Nelson Mandela at the head of the first coalition government. Consequently, this immediate post-independence arrangement constrained the freedom of action of the ANC during its first term in power. In the subsequent era, the evidence reveals tension and clashes of interests between Washington and Pretoria manifest in at least three areas: creating an African coalition during 2006 against US policy preferences such as the deployment of Africa Command (AFRICOM) on the continent; the 2010 entering into an international political economy of BRICS against Washington’s global dominance and finally, the 2011 coalition attempts under the auspices of the African Union (AU) challenge towards Western intervention in Libya and the deposition of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi on 23 October 2011.Based on secondary sources, newspaper, academic thesis and other official reports this article examines the tensions that developed between Washington and Tshwane/Pretoria over their intentions over Africa. This assesses three areas of foreign policy relationships depicting: contestation, belligerence and finally belated confrontation.These phases begin with the 2006 US intention to locate AFRICOM in Africa, a development openly opposed by President Thabo Mbeki through the AU. This is followed by South Africa joining the global economic competitors made up of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) at the invitation by China. This competitive relationship not only challenged the existing World Bank and IMF dominance but created an entry point for China in Africa. Finally, the article examines the US policy on Libya of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 after adopting UN Resolution 1973 in a subsequent development that went against the AU and South Africa, culminating in the capture and assassination of Gaddaffi on 23 October 2011. Conclusively, the US-South Africa relationship over Africa has been characterised by phases of belligerence, collegial neutrality and uncooperative behaviour.
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Fikhtner, E. N. "CHILE: A HISTORY OF UNBUILT SOCIALISM." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/https://doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-1-76-82.
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The relevance of this topic is an analysis of the attempt to build socialism in Chile and a modern assessment of this era. In the twentieth century, Latin America was at the center of the confrontation between two ideologies - Marxist and capitalist. In some countries (Cuba, Venezuela) the ideas of a communist society found fertile ground. The situation with Chile turned out to be different and the construction of a social state turned into the collapse and death of its ideologist. The article discusses the modern view of Chileans on the era of Allende and Pinochet. The answer is also given - why it was not possible to build Chilean socialism.
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Blum, Denise. "People and State in Socialist Cuba: Ideas and Practices of Revolution - by Gold, Marina." Bulletin of Latin American Research 37, no. 2 (April 2018): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/blar.12768.
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Holbraad, Martin. "The House of Spirits." Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 39, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cja.2021.390208.
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With reference to one man’s remarkable struggle to rebuild his home in Havana following its partial collapse, this article contributes to the emerging anthropological literature on care by thematising the role of the state as carer-in-chief. Experiences such as that of Lázaro, the protagonist of the article, demonstrate the central paradox of care as a state project—one that receives its most extreme expression in the totalising project of revolutionary state socialism—namely, the contradiction between the particularistic, affective, and aesthetic character of care and the generalising and neutralising rational order of the state mechanisms charged with delivering it. Drawing on the ritual and cosmological template of Afro-Cuban espiritismo, Lázaro effectively solves this paradox by supplementing his relationship with state structures with an intricate, ever-evolving, and deeply personal relationship with spirits. The upshot is Lázaro’s remarkable sense of inner conviction in the efficacy of state bureaucracy, underpinned by the aesthetics of care that spiritsit practice provides.
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Xianglin, Mao, Adrian H. Hearn, and Liu Weiguang. "China and Cuba." Latin American Perspectives 42, no. 6 (July 7, 2015): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x15594395.
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Sino-Cuban relations have deepened rapidly since the beginning of the twenty-first century, propelled by both political ideology and economic interests. A shared commitment to socialism with “local characteristics” has enabled the pursuit of an unusually broad range of cooperative initiatives. These include Chinese investment in the Cuban nickel and oil sectors, educational and medical exchange programs, the development of tourism, and engagement with the Chinese diaspora on the island. Data from Chinese sources on these spheres of engagement reflect an attempt to address contemporary needs with a blend of state and market forces. The intensification of Sino-Cuban relations over the past decade poses no challenge to the United States; on the contrary, it opens new opportunities for trilateral cooperation. Las relaciones sino-cubanos se han profundizado rápidamente desde comienzos del siglo XXI, impulsadas tanto por ideología política como por intereses económicos. Un compromiso compartido al socialismo con “características locales” ha permitido la consecución de una gama inusualmente amplia de iniciativas cooperativas. Éstas incluyen la inversión china en sectores cubanos de níquel y petróleo, programas de intercambio educacionales y médicos, el fomento de turismo, y la interacción con la diáspora china en la isla. Datos de fuentes chinas sobre estos ámbitos de interacción reflejan un intento de abordar necesidades contemporáneas con una mezcla de fuerzas estatales y del mercado. La profundización de relaciones sino-cubanas en recientes décadas no presenta ningún desafío a los Estados Unidos; al contrario, abre nuevas oportunidades de cooperación trilateral.
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Christiaens, Kim. "States Going Transnational. Transnational State Civilian Networks and Socialist Cuba and Sandinista Nicaragua Solidarity Movements in Belgium (1960s-1980s)." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 89, no. 3 (2011): 1277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2011.8357.
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Schelchkov, Andrey. "The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the “Chilean Way to Socialism”." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023408-7.
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This paper offers an analysis of the policy of the CPSU in relation to the government of Popular Unity in Chile (1970—1973) and in general to such a political phenomenon as the “Chilean path to socialism”. Based on the documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the archive of the RGANI, the author proposes to explore the view of the Chilean events from the offices of the highest Soviet authorities, the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. We are talking about the forms of political support for the government of Salvador Allende, for the line of the Communist Party of Chile, in the difficult internal and external conditions of the development of the Chilean revolution, including the ambiguous position of Cuba in the domestic policy of Chile. The USSR did its best in the political sphere to support its main ally in Chile, the Communist Party, although it made efforts to strengthen its position among the popular unity parties, primarily the Socialists. Economic assistance from the USSR was limited to the proposal of long-term development projects, while chileans needed concrete immediate financial support. Such a divergence of intentions between the parties has led to empty bureaucratic activity, declarations, exchanges of delegations that are not able to exert any influence on the dramatic state of the Chilean economy. The USSR did not fully believe in the success of the Chilean revolution, moreover, even otherwise it was extremely limited in its ability to help Chile, which was due to both the geographical factor and moscow's economic inability to provide the necessary funds, and not ideological differences about the ways of the revolution.
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Sehgal, M. L. "Marxism, Communism, Marxian Socio-political Economic Theory and the Socialist World." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 5 (May 10, 2020): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.75.8178.
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Marxian model of economic, as enunciated in "Das-Capital" disapproved of the two classical models of economics proposed by Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes though both had stood the test of the time. Marx’s Economic Theory encompassed the social, historical, and economic points of view based upon the thesis of Hegel's philosophy as well as its antithesis. Marx believed that the concept of relations of production as proposed by Capitalism was vague for the socio-cultural set up of a society. He said that Capitalism would not end up in a quiet death; rather it would have to be broken up with a 'Bang'; maybe by Violent Revolution. Rather than giving some weightage to machines, the paper, or the ’capital’, Marx would put all his eggs on the ‘Labor Class’ as he opined that the ‘Capitalist Class’ exploits the Labor Class. He would proclaim that the sole factor which decided the prices of the commodities was the value of the labor as determined by Labor Theory of Value (LTV) and not by the cost of machines and the capital put in for running the various operation of the establishment. There would be no Ownership of property; State becoming the sole proprietor as everything will be nationalized. Countries like the USSR and East Germany, after being separated from West Germany, because of the execution of treaties of WW-II (1945). North Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela also turned Socialists. Their economies (GDPs) will make a part of the present study. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungry, and China, which also followed the Socialistic pattern, are excluded.
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Rodríguez-Ojea, Arturo, Santa Jiménez, Antonio Berdasco, and Mercedes Esquivel. "The nutrition transition in Cuba in the nineties: an overview." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 1a (February 2002): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001284.
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AbstractObjective:To describe and analyse the changes in diet, physical activity and body composition of the Cuban population during the 1990s and the health implications of these changes.Design and setting: Data on national food balance and physical activity are from government agencies and the Ministry of Public Health; nation-wide and local representative surveys were used to analyse body composition and leisure activities. Data on morbidity and mortality arefrom the Ministry of Public Health.Results:The collapse of the European socialist countries and the Soviet Union, as well as the reinforced United States' blockade, provoked a sudden shortage of fuel, raw materials, imported foods and essential supplies. Per capita energy availability decreased, physical activity increased, and the prevalence of obesity decreased. Nutrition deficiencies were observed in the early 1990s, while the trend of morbidity from non-communicable disease continued to increase. The nutrition transition characteristics following the economic recovery in 1995–1996 resembled those of the 1980s because of the increased food availability, decreased physical activity and increased obesity prevalence.Conclusions:Programmes to deal with the complex situation generated a response in a remarkably short time. Undesirable changes in diet composition and the reduction of physical activity constitute a challenge in the current post-critical stage that must be prevented.
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Molyneux, John. "How Not To Write About Lenin." Historical Materialism 3, no. 1 (1998): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920698100414275.
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AbstractEighty one years on, the Russian Revolution remains an event of unique significance for socialists, Marxists and historical materialists. It is the only occasion to date of which it can plausibly be claimed that the working class itself overthrew the capitalist state, established its own power and maintained it on a national scale for a significant period of time. Discount the Russian Revolution and we are left only with heroic but local and short-lived attempts and near-misses such as the Paris Commune, the Hungarian Revolution of 1919, the Munich Soviet and Barcelona 1936, or the long list of seizures of power, usually by armed forces of one sort or another, in the name of the working class or Marxism (Eastern Europe 1945–47, China 1949, Cuba 1959, etc.).
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Mevius, Martin. "Reappraising Communism and Nationalism." Nationalities Papers 37, no. 4 (July 2009): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990902985637.
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There are two popular myths concerning the relationship between communism and nationalism. The first is that nationalism and communism are wholly antagonistic and mutually exclusive. The second is the assertion that in communist Eastern Europe nationalism was oppressed before 1989, to emerge triumphant after the Berlin Wall came down. Reality was different. Certainly from 1945 onwards, communist parties presented themselves as heirs to national traditions and guardians of national interests. The communist states of Central and Eastern Europe constructed “socialist patriotism,” a form of loyalty to their own state of workers and peasants. Up to 1989, communists in Eastern Europe sang the national anthem, and waved the national flag next to the red banner. The use of national images was not the exception, but the rule. From Cuba to Korea, all communist parties attempted to gain national legitimacy. This was not incidental or a deviation from Marxist orthodoxy, but ingrained in the theory and practice of the communist movement since its inception.