Academic literature on the topic 'Cu-Zn-Pb ore deposits'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cu-Zn-Pb ore deposits":
1
Tao, Zhongping, Bingli Liu, Ke Guo, Na Guo, Cheng Li, Yao Xia, and Yaohua Luo. "3D Primary Geochemical Halo Modeling and Its Application to the Ore Prediction of the Jiama Polymetallic Deposit, Tibet, China." Geofluids 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6629187.
Abstract:
The identification of primary geochemical haloes can be used to predict mineral resources in deep-seated orebodies through the delineation of element distributions. The Jiama deposits a typical skarn–porphyry Cu–polymetallic deposit in the Gangdese metallogenic belt of Tibet. The Cu–polymetallic skarn, Cu–Mo hornfels, and Mo ± Cu porphyry mineralization there exhibit superimposed geochemical haloes at depth. Three-dimensional (3D) primary geochemical halo modeling was undertaken for the deposit with the aim of providing geochemical data to describe element distributions in 3D space. An overall geochemical zonation of Zn(Pb) → Au → Cu(Ag) → Mo gained from geochemical cross-sections, together with dip-direction skarn zonation Pb–Zn(Cu) → Cu(Au–Ag–Mo) → Mo(Cu) → Cu–Mo(Au–Ag) and vertical zonation Cu–(Pb–Zn) → Mo–(Cu) → Mo–Cu–(Ag–Au–Pb–Zn) → Mo in the #24 exploration profile, indicates potential mineralization at depth. Integrated geochemical anomalies were extracted by kernel principal component analysis, which has the advantage of accommodating nonlinear data. A maximum-entropy model was constructed for deep mineral resources of uncertainty prediction. Three potential deep mineral targets are proposed on the basis of the obtained geochemical information and background.
2
Mikulski, Stanisław Z., Sławomir Oszczepalski, Katarzyna Sadłowska, Andrzej Chmielewski, and Rafał Małek. "Trace Element Distributions in the Zn-Pb (Mississippi Valley-Type) and Cu-Ag (Kupferschiefer) Sediment-Hosted Deposits in Poland." Minerals 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010075.
Abstract:
We applied geochemical (ICP-MS, WD-XRF, GFAAS, and AMA 254) and mineralogical (EPMA) studies of 137 samples to ore mineralization from Middle-Triassic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb (Mississippi Valley-type MVT) and Lower Zechstein sediment-hosted stratiform (SSC) Cu-Ag (Kupferschiefer-type) deposits in Poland. They contain a number of trace elements which are not recovered during the ore processing. Only Cu, Ag, Pb, Ni, Re, Se, Au, and PGE are extracted from Cu-Ag deposits while Zn and Pb are the only elements produced from Zn-Pb deposits. Zn-Pb deposits contain Cd, Ag, Ga, and Ba in slightly elevated concentrations and have potential to be mineral resources. This applies to a lesser extent to other trace elements (Bi, As, Hf, Tl, Sb, Se, and Re). However, only Cd and Ag show high enrichment factors indicative of potential for recovery. The bulk-rock analyses reveal strong correlations between Zn and Cd and Se, As and Mo, and weaker correlations between Ag and Cd, as well as Ga and Zn. Electron microprobe analyses of sphalerite revealed high concentrations of Cd (≤2.6 wt%) and Ag (≤3300 ppm). Zn-Pb deposits have fairly significant estimated resources of Ga and Sc (>1000 tons) and Cd (>10,000 tons). The Cu-Ag deposits have element signatures characterized by high values of Co, V, Ni, and Mo and much lower of Bi, As, Cd, Hg, Mo, Sb, and Tl. Bulk-rock analyses show strong correlations between Se and V; As and Co; Bi and Re; and weaker correlations between, for example, Cu and Mo; V, Ni, Ag and Mo; and Ni, V, and Co and Ni. The EPMA determinations reveal strong enrichments of Ag in Cu sulfides (geerite ≤ 10.1 wt %, chalcocite ≤ 6.28 wt %, bornite ≤ 3.29 wt %, djurleite ≤ 9080 ppm, yarrowite ≤ 6614 ppm, and digenite ≤ 3545 ppm). Silver minerals and alloys, as well as the native Ag and Au, were recorded in the Cu-Ag ores. Large resources of Co, V, and Ni (>100,000 tons) and Sc and Mo (>10,000 tons) are notable in Cu-Ag deposits. A number of trace elements, classified as critical for the economy of the European Union, including Ga and Ba (to a lesser extent Hf, Nb, and Sc) in Zn-Pb deposits, and Co and V in the Cu-Ag deposits, may eventually be recovered in the future from the studied deposits if proper ore-processing circuits and increasing demand are favorable.
3
North, Jon, and D. H. C. Wilton. "Origins of stratiform and stratabound Fe–Cu–Zn horizons in the Lower Proterozoic Moran Lake Group, Labrador Central Mineral Belt." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 837–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-072.
Abstract:
Zn, Cu, and Fe are concentrated as stratiform and stratabound sulphide-rich beds in the Lower Proterozoic Warren Creek Formation, Moran Lake Group, central Labrador. Upper Member sedimentary rocks have a hydrothermal-like Fe enrichment but a dominantly hydrogenous signature as indicated by high Al2O3 relative to SiO2, and high Al and Fe relative to Mn. The Upper Member shales and sulphide-rich beds were deposited as Fe-rich pelagic sediments. The paucity of Mn and abundance of Fe in typical shale samples and lack of Cu, Pb, and Zn fractionation in stratiform massive sulphide beds that contain up to 4702 ppm Zn, 533 ppm Cu, and 15 ppm Pb suggest that deposition occurred in restricted brine pools (i.e., Cu and Zn were precipitated rapidly and were not fractionated). Stratabound sphalerite mineralization containing > 3.7% Zn and 121 ppm Cu (but no Pb) was deposited in a porous lithology at the top of the Warren Creek Formation and represents a unique style of metal concentration.The stratiform deposits probably formed by advection of low-temperature connate waters in a situation typical of sediment-hosted exhalative mineralization (SEDEX). The potential for ore-grade metal concentration is apparently low because metal associations (Fe,Cu,Pb,Zn,Ba) are unlike those of sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits, the sediments have a dominantly hydrogenous rather than hydrothermal signature, and the absolute grades of known occurrences are very low. The stratabound Zn deposit was probably formed by converting Zn-rich brines (≤ 200 °C) trapped during development of a hydrothermal convection system during a period of increased geothermal gradient. The potential for this type of occurrence in the Warren Creek area to reach economic grade is limited because the convection cells were shallow, ephemeral, and without the metal associations of sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits.
4
Li, Zhenli, Lin Ye, Yusi Hu, Chen Wei, Zhilong Huang, Yulong Yang, and Leonid Danyushevsky. "Trace elements in sulfides from the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan Province, China: Implications for trace-element incorporation mechanisms and ore genesis." American Mineralogist 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1734–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-6950.
Abstract:
Abstract The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic province (SYGMP) is an important region for Pb-Zn resources in China. However, considerable controversy remains as to whether the Pb-Zn deposits are Mississippi Valley Type (MVT). The Maozu deposit, a typical example of the carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in the SYGMP, occurs in the late Ediacaran Dengying Formation and its ore bodies are divided into three types: lower layer (LL), vein layer (VL), and upper layer (UL) ore bodies based on their spatial relationship. In this study, laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to systematically analyze the trace-element compositions of sphalerite and galena in these three ore bodies. The results show that sphalerite is characterized by Cd and Ge enrichment; Fe, Mn, and Co depletion; and local In and Sn enrichment. Most of these elements likely appear as solid solutions in sphalerite and show a wide compositional variation, which is probably related to the medium- and low-temperature mixing of the ore-forming fluids. The local enrichment of In and Sn is likely attributed to the long-distance migration of ore-forming fluids through In-Sn-bearing volcaniclastic rocks. In vs. Sn and (Cu + Sb) vs. (Ag + Ge) show strong correlations and similar element distribution in the mapped images, indicating that these elements may be incorporated into sphalerite via a coupled substitution for Zn as 2In3+ + Sn4+ + 2☐ ↔ 5Zn2+ (☐ = vacancies) and 4(Cu+ + Sb3+) + (Ge4+ + 2Ag+) + 2☐ ↔ 13Zn2+. Galena is enriched in Ag and Sb with minor Cd and Se and depleted in Bi, and most of the elements may occur as solid solutions. Ag vs. Sb in galena displays a strong positive correlation, implying the coupled substitution of Ag+ + Sb3+ ↔ 2Pb2+. Notably, the majority of the trace-element concentrations gradually decrease in the order LL → UL except Fe, Co, Cu, and Ge, while Fe, In, and Sn in sphalerite and Ag and Sb in galena have the highest concentration in the VL, indicating that the VL is a secondary migration channel for the ore-forming fluids. Furthermore, the trace-element compositions of the sulfides in the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit are consistent with the typical MVT deposit (hosted in the carbonate sequence) but are markedly different from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and skarn-type deposits. Based on these results, as well as the geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposit, the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit is an MVT deposit.
5
Cheng, Yan, Chunhai Yang, Mingguo Deng, Fuxiang Bai, and Fuchuan Chen. "Genesis of Caoziwa Pb–Zn Deposit in Tengchong Block, SW China: Constraints from Sulfur Isotopic and Trace Elemental Compositions of Sulfides." Minerals 14, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14010082.
Abstract:
The Caoziwa Pb–Zn deposit is one of the typical vein-type Pb–Zn deposits in the western part of the Tengchong block. Due to limited research, the genesis of these deposits is unknown. In this study, the sulfur isotopic and trace elemental compositions of sulfides from the Caoziwa Pb–Zn deposit were analyzed to trace the sources of ore-forming materials, and to reveal the genetic type of this deposit. The results show that abundant Co, Ni, As, and Se, and less Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Pb, and Bi could enter pyrite by isomorphic substitution. Elemental Mn, Fe, Cd, Co, and Ni could substitute Zn to enter sphalerite, while the contents of Ag, Sn, and Sb are mainly controlled by the Pb-rich inclusions in sphalerite. Elemental Bi, Sb, Cd, Sn, Ag, and Tl mainly enter the galena grains via an isomorphic substitution mechanism of (Bi, Sb)3+ + (Cd, Sn)2+ + (Ag, Tl)+ ↔ 2Pb2+. Both sulfur isotopic compositions and trace elemental compositions indicate that the ore-forming materials and fluids of the Caoziwa Pb–Zn deposit mainly originate from magmatic hydrothermal fluid related to Paleocene granitic magmatism. Combined with the geological facts that some skarnizations developed in the northern part of the ore field near the Paleocene granite, the Caoziwa Pb–Zn deposit is suggested to be a magmatic hydrothermal vein-type deposit that probably belongs to a distal part of a skarn mineralization system developed by the intrusion of Paleocene granitic magmatism in the western part of the Tengchong block.
6
Yu, Li, Wang, and Wang. "Fluid Evolution and Ore Genesis of the Qibaoshan Polymetallic Ore Field, Shandong Province, China: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H–O–S Isotopic Compositions." Minerals 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070394.
Abstract:
The Qibaoshan polymetallic ore field is located in the Wulian area, Shandong Province, China. Four ore deposits occur in this ore field: the Jinxiantou Au–Cu, Changgou Cu–Pb–Zn, Xingshanyu Pb–Zn, and Hongshigang Pb–Zn deposits. In the Jinxiantou deposit, three paragenetic stages were identified: quartz–pyrite–specularite–gold (Stage 1), quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite (Stage 2), and quartz–calcite–pyrite (Stage 3). Liquid-rich aqueous (LV type), vapor-rich aqueous (V type), and halite-bearing (S type) fluid inclusions (FIs) are present in the quartz from stages 1–3. Microthermometry indicates that the initial ore-forming fluids had temperatures of 351–397 °C and salinities of 42.9–45.8 mas. % NaCl equivalent. The measured hydrogen and calculated oxygen isotopic data for fluid inclusion water (δ18OFI = 11.1 to 12.3‰; δDFI = −106.3 to −88.6‰) indicates that the ore-forming fluids were derived from magmatic water; then, they were mixed with meteoric water. In the Changgou deposit, three paragenetic stages were identified: quartz–pyrite–specularite (Stage 1), quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite (Stage 2), and quartz–galena–sphalerite (Stage 3). LV, V, and S-type FIs are present in the quartz from stages 1–3. Microthermometry indicates that the initial ore-forming fluids had temperatures of 286–328 °C and salinities of 36.7–40.2 mas. % NaCl equivalent. The measured hydrogen and calculated oxygen isotopic data for fluid inclusion water (δDFI = −115.6 to −101.2‰; δ18OFI = 12.2 to 13.4‰) indicates that the ore-forming fluids were derived from magmatic water mixed with meteoric water. The characteristics of the Xingshanyu and Hongshigang deposits are similar. Two paragenetic stages were identified in these two deposits: quartz–galena–sphalerite (Stage 1) and quartz–calcite–poor sulfide (Stage 2). Only LV-type FIs are present in the quartz in stages 1–2. The ore-forming fluids had temperatures of 155–289 °C and salinities of 5.6–10.5 mas. % NaCl equivalent. The measured hydrogen and calculated oxygen isotopic data for fluid inclusion water (δDFI = −109.8 to −100.2‰; δ18OFI = 10.2 to 12.1‰) indicates that the ore-forming fluids were derived from circulating meteoric waters. The sulfur isotopes (δ34Ssulfide = 0.6 to 4.3‰) of the four deposits are similar, indicating a magmatic source for the sulfur with minor contributions from the wall rocks. The ore field underwent at least two phases of mineralization according to the chronology results of previous studies. Based on the mineral assemblage and fluid characteristics, we suggest that the late Pb–Zn mineralization was superimposed on the early Cu (–Au) mineralizaton in the Changgou deposit.
7
Radosavljevic, Slobodan, Jovica Stojanovic, Aleksandar Pacevski, Ana Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, and Vladan Kasic. "A review of Pb-Sb(As)-S, Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S, Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S and Pb-Bi-S(Te) sulfosalt systems from the Boranja orefield, West Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 77 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1677001r.
Abstract:
Recent mineralogical, chemical, physical, and crystallographic investigations of the Boranja orefield showed very complex mineral associations and assemblages where sulfosalts have significant role. The sulfosalts of the Boranja orefield can be divided in four main groups: (i) Pb-Sb(As)-S system with ?Fe and ?Cu; (ii) Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S system; (iii) Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S; (iv) and Pb-Bi-S(Te) system. Spatially, these sulfosalts are widely spread, however, they are the most abundant in the following polymetallic deposits and ore zones: Cu(Bi)-FeS Kram-Mlakva; Pb(Ag)-Zn-FeS2 Veliki Majdan (Kolarica-Centralni revir-Kojici); Sb-Zn-Pb-As Rujevac; and Pb-Zn-FeS2-BaSO4 Bobija. The multi stage formation of minerals, from skarnhydrothermal to complex hydrothermal with various stages and sub-stages has been determined. All hydrothermal stages and sub-stages of various polymetallic deposits and ore zones within the Boranja orefield are followed by a variety of sulfosalts.
8
Jia, Fuju, Ceting Yang, Guolong Zheng, Mingrong Xiang, Xuelong Liu, Wei Duan, Junshan Dao, and Zhihong Su. "Mineralization Regularities of the Bainiuchang Ag Polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province, China." Minerals 13, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13030418.
Abstract:
The Bainiuchang Ag polymetallic deposit is located at the junction between the Cathaysia, Yangtze, China and Indosinian blocks. It has experienced many geological events, and records excellent conditions for multiple mineralization. In this paper, elemental correlation analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, a semivariogram of Zn/Pb values, mineralization distribution and trend surface analysis have been carried out based on the prospecting database and ore body model. Our results show that Ag–Pb–Zn were mineralized at moderate temperatures. Tin was mineralized at high temperatures, and Sn and Zn/Pb values are well correlated. The Zn/Pb values can be used for tracing the ore-forming fluid. The semivariogram revealed that the Zn/Pb values are moderately spatially dependent, with good mineralization continuity in the 100° and 10° directions. The spatial pattern of the elemental grade correlates with mineralization enrichment. The trend surface analysis shows that the Ag, Pb, Zn, and Cu mineralization is weak in the south and strong in the north of the deposit, and the Sn grades and Zn/Pb values are high in the south and low in the north. High-temperature Sn, medium-temperature Cu, and medium-temperature Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization have occurred in a south-to-north trend. Therefore, the source of the ore-forming fluid was in the southern part of the mining area. During the migration of the ore-forming fluid from south to north, different minerals were precipitated due to changes in the physicochemical environment. The spatial patterns of mineralization may provide a basis for studying the formation of the ore deposit, and can guide ore exploration and mining in the mine area and similar ore deposits elsewhere.
9
Wei, Chen, Zhilong Huang, Zaifei Yan, Yusi Hu, and Lin Ye. "Trace Element Contents in Sphalerite from the Nayongzhi Zn-Pb Deposit, Northwestern Guizhou, China: Insights into Incorporation Mechanisms, Metallogenic Temperature and Ore Genesis." Minerals 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110490.
Abstract:
The Nayongzhi Zn-Pb deposit, located in the southeastern margin of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou (S-Y-G) Zn-Pb metallogenic province, China, has been recently discovered in this region and has an estimated resource of 1.52 Mt of metal at average grades of 4.82 wt % Zn and 0.57 wt % Pb. The ore bodies are hosted in the Lower Cambrian Qingxudong Formation dolostone and occur as stratiform, stratoid and steeply dipping veins. The predominant minerals are sphalerite, galena, dolomite, calcite with minor pyrite, and barite. In this paper, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique has been used to investigate the concentrations of Fe, Cd, Ge, Ga, Cu, Pb, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Co and Mn in bulk grain sphalerite from the Nayongzhi deposit, in an effort to provide significant insights into the element substitution mechanisms, ore-forming temperature and genesis of the deposit. This study shows that those trace elements (i.e., Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ag, and Co) are present in the form of isomorphism in sphalerite, and strong binary correlation among some elements suggests direct substitution as Zn2+↔Fe2+ and coupled substitutions as Zn2+↔Ga3+ + (Cu, Ag)+ and Zn2+↔In3+ + Sn3+ + □ (vacancy), despite there being no clear evidence for the presence of Sn3+. Sphalerite from the Nayongzhi deposit is enriched in Cd, Ge and Ga and depleted in Fe, Mn, In and Co, which is similar to that of the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit and significantly different from that of the Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit, Sedimentary-exhalative (Sedex) deposit, skarn, and epithermal hydrothermal deposit. Moreover, the ore-forming temperature is relatively low, ranging from 100.5 to 164.4 °C, as calculated by the GGIMFis geothermometer. Geological characteristics, mineralogy and trace element contents of sphalerite suggest that the Nayongzhi deposit is a MVT deposit. In addition, according to the geological characteristics, Ag content in sphalerite, and Pb isotope evidence, the Nayongzhi deposit is distinct from the deposits associated with the Indosinian Orogeny in S-Y-G Zn-Pb metallogenic province (e.g., Huize, Daliangzi, Tianbaoshan and Tianqiao deposits), thus, suggesting that multi-stage Zn-Pb mineralization may have occurred in this region.
10
Xie, Huan, Xiaowen Huang, Yumiao Meng, Houmingrui Tan, and Liang Qi. "Discrimination of Mineralization Types of Skarn Deposits by Magnetite Chemistry." Minerals 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050608.
Abstract:
There are different mineralization types for skarn deposits with various origins and ore-forming conditions. Magnetite is one of the main ore minerals in skarn deposits, but whether chemical compositions of magnetite can be used to discriminate different mineralization types remains unknown. This paper collects the published magnetite electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data of skarn deposits and investigates the relationship between magnetite geochemistry and mineralization types of skarn deposits using the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). For EPMA data, magnetite from Fe-Zn skarn deposits can be roughly separated from that of Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn, Fe, Fe-Co-Bi-Ag, Fe-Cu, and Fe-Zn-Pb skarn deposits due to the relative enrichment of Al and Mn for the former. For LA-ICP-MS data, magnetite from Fe-Sn, Fe-Zn, and W-Mo-Pb-Zn-Fe-Cu skarn deposits can be roughly separated from that of other skarn deposits due to positive correlation with Mn, Zn, and Sn and the negative correlation with V for the former. The relative depletion of V for these mineralization types likely reflects higher oxygen fugacity than the other types of skarn deposits. Magnetite from Fe-Au skarn deposits is separated due to the relatively high Cr and Ga contents, whereas magnetite from Fe-Cu skarn deposits can be discriminated because of the relative enrichment of Mg and Co. The discrimination between different types of skarn deposits in the plot of Mg + Mn vs. (Si + Al)/(Mg + Mn) indicates that the chemical composition of magnetite is significantly affected by the fluid–rock interaction, where magnetite from Fe-Au skarn deposit shows the lowest fluid–rock ratios. The PLS-DA discrimination based on LA-ICP-MS data is better than that of EPMA data, and the main discriminant elements for the different mineralization types are Mg, Al, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Zn, Ga, and Sn. Based on the discriminant elements, we propose a plot of Mg+Mn vs. Ga+Sn to discriminate different mineralization types of skarn deposits.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cu-Zn-Pb ore deposits":
1
Zehni, Addi. "Geologie, mineralogie et geochimie du gisement de pb(zn-cu) de beddiane (district de touissit-boubeker, maroc oriental)." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30145.
Abstract:
Le gisement de beddiane appartient au district de touissit-bou beker, "chaine des horsts", maroc oriental. Il est encaisse dans la serie alleno-bajocienne, discordante sur le socle paleozoique, et se caracterise, par rapport aux gisements voisins, par sa richesse exceptionnelle en plomb, des concentrations exploitables de cuivre et peu de zinc. L'analyse sedimentologique de la formation carbonatee encaissante a permis de mettre en evidence des sequences transgressives et regressives, traduisant un environnement geologique instable: subsidences saccadees et emersions temporaires, suivies de phenomenes de dissolution-karstification pendant et apres le depot de la formation. L'examen petrographique a permis de distinguer plusieurs types de dolomies et de mettre en evidence deux phases principales de dolomitisation: un diagenetique precoce et une autre epigenetique, tardive. La lithogeochimie, effectuee a partir des carottes de sondages, a montre que toutes les assises carbonatees, sont fortement anormales en pb, zn et cu et plus particulierement les facies micritiques. Trois phases de mineralisations zn, pb et cu ont ete distinguees. La zonalite verticale et horizontale des mineralisations au sein du gisement et la geometrie des karsts mineralises suggerent que les solutions salines hydrothermales (100**(o)c) aient circule d'ouest en est dans cette couverture carbonatee. La presence dans le socle sous-jacent de filons a pb-cu pourrait temoigner d'une origine plus profonde des fluides mineralisateurs
2
Lardeau, Maria. "Mineralogie et petrogenese du minerai sulfure du gisement volcano-sedimentaire a zn-cu-ba-(pb-ag) de chessy-les-mines (rhone) : application a l'etude des amas sulfures metamorphises." Orléans, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ORLE2053.
Abstract:
L'etude petrogenetique des minerais de chessy-les-mines a permis de preciser la nature de la mineralisation et l'etude des deformations, de retracer l'evolution geologique complexe. Il est apparu que les metamorphismes ont amene une homogeneisation et une purification chimique des mineraux du minerai alors que leur recristallisation lors de la mise en place du granite a entraine un rajeunissement chimique. Cette approche petrogenetique et geochimique renforce la parente genetique entre chessy-les-mines et saint bel
3
Kim, Yonghwi. "Near real-time reconciliation of geochemical data acquired with handheld spectroscopic devices : Application to volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit from the Iberian Pyrite Belt." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0027.
Abstract:
L'exploration minière axée sur des cibles cachées en profondeur nécessite (i) des techniques efficaces qui sont applicables sur le terrain pour identifier les systèmes de formation de minerai à grande échelle et (ii) des éclaireurs pour pouvoir localiser le minerai à plus petite échelle. Avec le développement rapide des équipements portables ces dernières années, l'importance de l'analyse en temps quasi réel sur le terrain a augmenté en aidant à la prise de décision rapide avant les demandes de laboratoire. Des équipements individuels ont été largement utilisés dans l'exploration des ressources minérales pour réaliser des analyses spectroscopiques. Cependant, les données obtenues par plusieurs techniques sont rarement appliquées pour caractériser les "vecteurs" qui peuvent fournir des informations intéressantes sur les variations dans la lithologie, la géochimie, la minéralogie et la chimie des minéraux. La combinaison des données spectrales obtenues à partir de divers instruments portables est encore plus rare. L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est de concilier les données géochimiques acquises à partir de différents appareils spectroscopiques portables afin de déterminer la meilleure information géochimique de chaque technique appliquée en combinant les informations minéralogiques et élémentaires. Dans cette étude, les données élémentaires et minéralogiques sont fournies par six techniques portables: (i) des analyses élémentaires telles que XRF et LIBS pour les éléments majeurs, les traces et les éléments légers, et (ii) des analyses minéralogiques telles que Raman, VNIR-SWIR, MIR et XRD pour contraindre les minéraux de formation de roche, de minerai et d'altération. L'objectif final de cette étude est d'identifier les vecteurs vers le minerai en appliquant les données multispectrales réconciliées, ceux qui sont obtenues à partir de l'échantillon "réel" dans le gisement de sulfure massif volcanogène (SMV) d'Elvira. Pour cela, des procédures étape par étape ont été réalisées : (i) comprendre la méthodologie de chaque technique, (ii) établir une base de données spectrales composée de minéraux naturellement monominéraux, (iii) concevoir d'un arbre de décision pour classer par minéral ou classes de minéraux en fonction des bandes diagnostiques, et identifier et quantifier des minéraux (iv) carbonate et (v) phyllosilicate (i.e., chlorites trioctaédriques et micas dioctaédriques), qui sont des indicateurs du gisement cible. Plusieurs limites de la spectroscopie portable ont été confirmées en fonction de l'appareil lui-même et de l'environnement géologique du gisement d'Elvira. Néanmoins, la spectroscopie portable est efficace pour identifier la présence et les changements de composition de divers minéraux dans des échantillons de roches hétérogènes. Par conséquent, l'analyse spectroscopique sur place peut être l'un des outils de vectorisation pour déterminer l'implication de la minéralisation dans les explorations de minerais cachésMineral exploration focused on deeply concealed targets at depth requires effective techniques applicable in the field in order to identify ore-forming systems on a large scale and pathfinders to locate ore on a smaller scale. According to the rapid development of portable equipment in recent years, the importance of near real-time analysis in the field has been increasing by helping fast decision-making support before laboratory requests.Spectroscopic analysis using individual equipment has been widely used in the exploration of mineral resources, but it is rare to apply integrated data from several techniques to characterize “vectors”, which provide variations in lithology, geochemistry, mineralogy, and mineral chemistry. In addition, it is even rarer if the combination of spectral data is obtained from various portable instruments. Therefore, this study aims at reconciling geochemical data acquired from portable spectroscopic devices in order to determine the best geochemical information from each technique applied by combining the mineralogical and elemental information. Elemental and mineralogical data are provided in this study by six portable techniques: (i) elemental analyses such as XRF and LIBS for major, trace, and light elements, and (ii) mineralogical analyses such as Raman, VNIR-SWIR, MIR, and XRD to constrain rock-forming, ore, and alteration minerals.The final objective of this study is to identify vectors to the ore by applying the reconciled multi-spectral data obtained from the “real” sample in the Elvira volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit. To achieve this, step-by-step procedures were carried out: (i) methodological understanding of each technique, (ii) establishment of a spectral database consisting of naturally monomineralic minerals, (iii) design of a decision tree to classify by mineral or mineral classes based on diagnostic bands, and mineral identification and quantification of (iv) carbonate and (v) phyllosilicate minerals (i.e., trioctahedral chlorites and dioctahedral micas), which are indicators of the target deposit.Several limitations of portable spectroscopy were confirmed based on the device itself and the geological environment in the Elvira deposit. Nevertheless, portable spectroscopy is effective in identifying the presence and compositional changes of various minerals from heterogeneous rock samples. Therefore, spectroscopic analysis on-site can be one of the vectoring tools to determine the implication for ore mineralization in hidden ore explorations
4
Bruchon, Isabelle. "Etude geologique, mineralogique et geochimique des mineralisations polymetalliques a sb-zn-w(pb, cu, ag, as. . . ) du secteur brassac-lacaune (tarn, montagne noire)." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30144.
Abstract:
Quatre parageneses successives decrivent la mise en place des mineralisations sulfurees de cambounes. Les 3 premieres sont dues a la remobilisation in situ d'une mineralisation stratiforme cambrienne lors de la deformation hercynienne majeure. La paragenese a antimoine, tardihercynienne est associee a des fluides hydrocarboniques et hypersalins. La paragenese a cu-pb est complexe et depend de la temperature de formation et de la proximite des mineralisations preexistantes
5
Gebert, James 1962. "The metallogeny of Cu-Ni and Zn-Cu-Pb deposits of the Frederickson Lake area, central Labrador Trough /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63942.
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Kampmann, Tobias Christoph. "3D structural framework and constraints on the timing of hydrothermal alteration and ore formation at the Falun Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26483.
Abstract:
The Falun pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, situated in the Palaeoproterozoic (1.9–1.8 Ga) Bergslagen lithotectonic unit in the south-western part of the Fennoscandian Shield, is one of the major base and minor precious metal sulphide deposits in Sweden. Host rocks to the deposit as well as the ores and altered rocks were metamorphosed and affected by heterogeneous ductile strain during the Svecokarelian orogeny the total duration of which was 2.0–1.8 Ga. These processes both reworked the mineral assemblages of the original hydrothermal alteration system and reshaped the structural geometry of the deposit, following formation of the ores and the associated hydrothermal alteration.In order to study primary geological and ore-forming processes at Falun, it is necessary firstly to investigate the nature of the tectonothermal modification. In this licentiate thesis, a three-dimensional modelling approach is used in order to evaluate geometric relationships between lithologies at the deposit. This study demonstrates the polyphase character (D1 and D2) of the strong ductile deformation at Falun. The major rock-forming minerals in the silicate alteration rocks are quartz, biotite/phlogopite, cordierite, anthophyllite, chlorite, and minor almandine and andalusite. On the basis of microstructural investigations, it is evident that these minerals grew during distinct periods in the course of the tectonic evolution, with major static grain growth between D1 and D2, and also after D2. Furthermore, the occurrence of F2 sheath folds along steeply south-south-east plunging axes is suggested as a key deformation mechanism, forming cylindrical, rod-shaped ore bodies which pinch out at depth. The sheath folding also accounts for the same stratigraphic level (footwall) on both the eastern and western sides of the massive sulphide ores. A major, sulphide-bearing high-strain zone defines a tectonic boundary at the deposit and bounds the massive sulphide ores to the north.The geological evolution in the Falun area involved emplacement of felsic sub-volcanic intrusive and volcanic rocks and some carbonate sedimentation; followed by hydrothermal alteration, ore formation and the intrusion of dykes and plutons of variable composition after burial of the supracrustal rocks. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb (zircon) geochronology of key lithologies in and around the Falun base metal sulphide deposit indicates a rapid sequence of development of different magmatic pulses with individual age determinations overlapping within their uncertainties. The intense igneous activity, as well as the feldspar-destructive hydrothermal alteration and ore formation are constrained by two 207Pb-206Pb weighted average (zircon) ages of 1894 ± 3 Ma for a sub-volcanic host rock not affected by this type of alteration and 1891 ± 3 Ma for a felsic dyke, which cross-cuts the hydrothermally altered zone and is also unaffected by this alteration. All other ages, including the granitic plutonic rocks, fall in the interval between these ages.The lithological, structural and geochronological observations have implications for the environment and the conditions of ore formation at the Falun deposit. Several aspects argue for an ore system resembling a classic volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) system in terms of type of alteration, metal zonation, the pyritic character of massive sulphides and an inferred vent-proximal location in relation to the convection-driving magmatic system. The bowl-shaped, sub-seafloor feeder part of such a system might have served as an initial inhomogeneity in the strata for the later development of strong stretching along steep axes and sheath fold formation during ductile strain. Possible discordant relationships along the margins of the massive sulphide ores, coupled with the syn-magmatic, pre-tectonic timing of ore formation are in accordance with a general VMS-type model for the Falun base metal sulphide deposit. These results provide a compromise solution to the previous debate around two opposing models of strictly syn-genetic vs. epigenetic, post-deformational carbonate-replacement processes for ore formation at the deposit.The Falun pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, situated in the Palaeoproterozoic (1.9–1.8 Ga) Bergslagen lithotectonic unit in the south-western part of the Fennoscandian Shield, is one of the major base and minor precious metal sulphide deposits in Sweden. Host rocks to the deposit as well as the ores and altered rocks were metamorphosed and affected by heterogeneous ductile strain during the Svecokarelian orogeny (2.0–1.8 Ga). These processes both reworked the mineral assemblages of the original hydrothermal alteration system and reshaped the structural geometry of the deposit, following formation of the ores and the associated hydrothermal alteration.In order to study primary geological and ore-forming processes at Falun, it is necessary firstly to investigate the nature of the strong tectonothermal modification. In this licentiate thesis, a three-dimensional modelling approach is used in order to evaluate geometric relationships between lithologies at the deposit. This study demonstrates the polyphase character (D1 and D2) of the ductile deformation at Falun. The major rock-forming minerals in the silicate alteration rocks are quartz, biotite/phlogopite, cordierite, anthophyllite, chlorite, and minor almandine and andalusite. On the basis of microstructural investigations, it is evident that these minerals grew during distinct periods in the course of the tectonic evolution, with major static grain growth between D1 and D2, and also after D2. Furthermore, the occurrence of F2 sheath folds along steeply south-south-east plunging axes is suggested as a key deformation mechanism, forming cylindrical, rod-shaped ore bodies which pinch out at depth. The sheath folding also accounts for the same stratigraphic level on both the eastern and western sides of the massive sulphide ores. A major, sulphide-bearing high-strain zone defines a tectonic boundary inside the deposit and bounds the massive sulphide ores to the north. A precursor to this zone can have played a central role as a metal-bearing fluid conduit during ore genesis, prior to reactivation of the zone in the ductile regime.The geological evolution in the Falun area involved emplacement of felsic volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks and some carbonate sedimentation, followed by ore formation and hydrothermal alteration as well as the intrusion of dykes and plutons of variable composition. U-Pb zircon geochronology of key lithologies in and around the Falun base metal sulphide deposit indicates a rapid sequence of development of different magmatic phases with individual age determinations overlapping within their uncertainties. The igneous activity is constrained between a zircon U-Pb concordia age of 1899 ± 7 Ma for a sub-volcanic host rock and a zircon 207Pb-206Pb weighted average age of 1891 ± 3 Ma for a felsic dyke, with all other reliable ages, including the quartz-rich plutonic rocks, falling in the interval between them. This interval also included the hydrothermal alteration and ore formation at Falun.It is suggested that the bowl-shaped, sub-seafloor feeder part of a high-sulphidation and Au-bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide ore system, with replacement of carbonates and (sub)-volcanic rocks, served as an initial inhomogeneity in the strata for the later development of strong stretching along steep axes and sheath fold formation during ductile strain. The observation of discordant relationships along the margins of the massive sulphide ores, coupled with the syn-magmatic, pre-tectonic timing of ore formation, corroborate this hypothesis, providing a compromise solution to the previous debate around two opposing models of strictly syn-genetic vs. epigenetic, post-deformational carbonate-replacement processes of ore formation at the Falun base metal sulphide deposit.
Godkänd; 2015; 20150212 (tobkam); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Tobias Christoph Kampmann Ämne: Malmgeologi/Ore Geology Uppsats: 3D Structural Framework and Constraints on the Timing of Hudrothermal Alteration and Ore Formation at the Falun Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) Sulphide Deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden Examinator: Professor Pär Weihed Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Avdelning Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Docent, adjungerad professor Pietari Skyttä, University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology, Turun Yliopisto, Finland Tid: Torsdag 23 april 2015 kl 10.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet
Structural evolution, hydrothermal alteration and tectonic setting of the Falun base metal and gold deposit, Bergslagen region, Sweden
Books on the topic "Cu-Zn-Pb ore deposits":
1
A, Dolgin E., and Stikhotvort͡s︡eva N. A, eds. Metallogenii͡a︡ (Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni) glavneĭshikh tektonicheskikh struktur Afrikano-Araviĭskoĭ platformy. Moskva: "Nedra", 1987.
2
Williams, Patrick J. Alteration in the Cloncurry District: Roles of recognition and interpretation in exploration for Cu-Au and Pb-Zn-Ag deposits. Townsville, Qld., Australia: Economic Geology Research Unit, Geology Dept., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1993.
3
Taillebois, E. Cadre géologique des indices sulfures à Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe du secteur de Gouézec-Saint-Thois: Dévono-Carbonifère du flanc sud du bassin de Châteaulin, Finistère. Rennes, France: Centre armoricain d'étude structurale des socles, LP CNRS no 4661, Université de Rennes I, 1987.
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Allen, Rodney L., Olof Martinsson, and Pär Weihed. Svecofennian Ore-Forming EnvironmentsVolcanic-Associated Zn-Cu-Au-Ag, Intrusion-Associated Cu-Au, Sediment-Hosted Pb-Zn, and Magnetite-Apatite Deposits in Northern Sweden of Northern Sweden. Society of Economic Geologists, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/gb.33.
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Kalinin, A. A., Ye E. Savchenko, and V. Yu Prokofiev. Mineralogy and genesis of the Oleninskoe gold deposit (Kola Peninsula). FRC KSC RAS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/978.5.91137.446.4.
Abstract:
Data on geology of the Oleninskoe deposit, and results of mineralogical and geochemical investigations of ores and altered rocks are presented. Mineralization is connected with granite porphyry sills, an end member of gabbrodiorite-diorite-granodiorite complex of minor intrusions. The main alteration processes are diopsidization and biotitization, formation of quartz-muscovite-albite, quartz-aresenopyrite-tourmaline, and quartz metasomatic rocks. More than 50 ore minerals (sulfides, sulfosalts, tellurides, and native metals) were identified in the ore, including 20 minerals of silver and gold. Mineral associations in the ore and sequence of mineral formation are defined. Five generations of gold-silver alloys are identified, its composition covers spectrum from native silver to high-grade gold. Mineralized fluids in the deposit are of high salinity (sodium and calcium chlorides), and rich in As, Sb, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ag. The Oleninskoe deposit is classified as an epithermal metamorphosed gold deposit.The book is of interest for specialists in economic geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of ore deposits.
Book chapters on the topic "Cu-Zn-Pb ore deposits":
1
Beuchat, S., R. Moritz, M. Sartori, M. Chiaradia, and U. Schaltegger. "High-precision geochronology and structural constraints on ore formation in the Zn-Pb-Ag-Cu Domo de Yauli district, central Peru." In Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, 381–84. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003077503-97.
2
Bouabdellah, Mohammed, and Gilles Levresse. "The Bou Madine Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco: Evolution from Massive Fe–As–Sn to Epithermal Au–Ag–Pb–Zn ± Cu Mineralization in a Neoproterozoic Resurgent Caldera Environment." In Mineral Deposits of North Africa, 133–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31733-5_4.
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Javid, F., and E. Çiftçi. "Ore Mineralogy of Kirazliyayla (Yenişehir-Bursa-Turkey) Mesothermal Zn-Pb-(±Cu) Deposit: Preliminary Results." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 84–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22974-0_19.
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Leach, David L., and Yucai Song. "Chapter 9 Sediment-Hosted Zinc-Lead and Copper Deposits in China." In Mineral Deposits of China, 325–409. Society of Economic Geologists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.22.09.
Abstract:
Abstract Sediment-hosted Zn-Pb and Cu deposits in China include Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, clastic-dominated (CD) deposits (also historically called sedimentary-exhalative [SEDEX] deposits by some workers), sandstone-hosted (SSH) Zn-Pb deposits, a few large magmatic-related carbonate-replacement deposits (CRD), and volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits that have been mistakenly classified as nonmagmatic-related MVT or CD deposits. There are also areas of China that contain important sediment-hosted copper (SHC) deposits. China is exceptionally endowed with MVT deposits with three of the five largest MVT deposits in the world (Huoshaoyun, Jinding, and Changba-Lijiagou). In contrast, China has one CD deposit (Dongshengmiao) in the top 30 CD deposits in the world. The few SHC deposits are small relative to world-class examples. The largest SHC deposits are located in the Yangtze and the North China cratons and hosted in Proterozoic rocks with indications of massive halokinetic features like those observed in the African copper belt. The MVT ores are most abundant in the Yangtze block, Qinling orogen, and the central and eastern Himalayan-Tibetean orogen. There are many other carbonate-hosted deposits in the North China craton and the Cathaysia block that have been widely classified as MVT or sedimentary-exhalative deposits. These are better classified as CRD or skarn deposits based on their proximity to intrusions, alteration assemblages, trace and minor element signatures, and, in some deposits, the presence of skarns minerals. Numerous sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits in China have been traditionally classified as SEDEX or syngenetic deposits based on laminated ore textures and stratiform ores that we interpret to reflect deformation and selective replacement processes rather than synsedimentary ore processes. Only two of these sediment-hosted deposits can be unequivocally classified as CD deposits: Dongshengmiao and Tanyaokou in the Langshan area of the North China craton. They are hosted in a siliciclastic-dominated sequence of a Proterozoic passive margin. The location and genesis of many MVT and SHC deposits in China are directly controlled by evaporites and evaporite facies. Evaporite and evaporite facies had an extremely important role in determining the location of the MVT deposits. The second largest sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposit in China and fifth largest in Asia, Jinding in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic belt, is hosted in a hydrocarbon-reduced sulfur reservoir that formed because of salt diapirism. Other large sediment-hosted Zn-Pb MVT deposits in China that are interpreted to be controlled by structures produced by evaporite diapirism are Daliangzi and Tianbaoshan in the western Yangtze block. The largest Zn-Pb deposit in China is the newly discovered oxidized Huoshaoyun Zn-Pb MVT deposit, also in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic belt that is hosted in an evaporite-bearing sequence. The third largest Zn-Pb resource in China is at the Changba-Lijiagou deposit and, together with numerous smaller deposits, define a belt of metaevaporites in a carbonate platform sequence of the northern Yangtze platform. Other evaporite-related MVT ores include the Huize deposits that are hosted in a former Carboniferous evaporite-bearing hydrocarbon reservoir and the extensive Sinian dolostone-hosted Zn-Pb deposits that reflect evaporite dissolution breccias in the Yangtze block. The Tarim craton in northwestern China contains the only significant SSH deposit at Uragen. The ore zone lies in the footwall of an evaporative unit that may have served as a hydrocarbon and reduced sulfur trap. Furthermore, the most significant SHC deposits are hosted in Proterozoic rocks in the North China craton and the Yangtze block that contain extensive halokinetic breccias and structures.
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Deng, Jun, Yusheng Zhai, Xuanxue Mo, and Qingfei Wang. "Chapter 4 Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Metallic Ore Deposits in China and Their Geodynamic Settings." In Mineral Deposits of China, 103–32. Society of Economic Geologists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.22.04.
Abstract:
Abstract The temporal-spatial distribution of metallic ore deposits in China, including magmatic Ni-Cu ± platinum group elements (PGE), porphyry, skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), epithermal, sedimentary rock-hosted Pb-Zn, Carlin-like Au, and orogenic Au deposits, reflects a diversity of tectonic settings. The ore deposits belong to 14 metallogenic provinces, contained within six age groups, which are classified based on geodynamic setting. Three of the provinces developed in the Precambrian (group I), nine developed in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic (groups II, III, IV, and V), and two developed in the Cenozoic (group VI). Except for the group I provinces, each of the other provinces is characterized by a major metallogenic age peak corresponding to a series of interrelated tectonic events or mantle plume activity. The Precambrian group can be subdivided into a Neoarchean metallogenic province in the North China craton that hosts several VMS deposits; a Proterozoic metallogenic province in the North China craton that hosts the 1505 Ma Bayan Obo carbonatite-related rare earth element (REE)-Nb-Fe deposit and the 832 Ma Jinchuan magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit, and a Proterozoic metallogenic province in the South China block that hosts several iron oxide copper-gold deposits. Many of the deposits in these metallogenic provinces are related to continental rifting. The second group of metallogenic provinces occurs in the Chinese part of the Central Asian orogenic belt. It includes a Cambrian-Ordovician metallogenic province that developed during subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic plate, a Carboniferous-Triassic metallogenic province (Tianshan-Altay) that developed during final closure of the ocean, and a Permian-Triassic metallogenic province (NE China) that developed after arc-continent collision. Important ore deposits in these metallogenic provinces are, respectively, the 485 Ma Duobaoshan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit the 445 Ma Bainaimiao porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit; the 363 Ma Axi epithermal Au deposit, the 322 Ma Tuwu-Yangdong porphyry Cu deposit, the 284 Ma Huangshanxi magmatic Ni-Cu deposit; the 245 Ma Chehugou porphyry Mo-Cu deposit, the 223 Ma Jinchangyu orogenic Au deposit, and 220 Ma Hongqiling magmatic Ni-Cu deposit. The third group of metallogenic provinces occurs in the Tethyan metallogenic domain and can be further divided into a Cambrian-Ordovician Qilian-Kunlun-Sanjiang province that developed during subduction and closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean; a Carboniferous-Triassic province that developed during birth, subduction, and consumption of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean; and a Jurassic-Cretaceous Tethys province that developed during subduction of the Meso-Tethys oceanic plate. Important ore deposits in these provinces include the 411 Ma Baiganhu W-Sn skarn deposit and the 412 Ma Xiarihamu magmatic Ni-Cu deposit that formed in a continental-arc setting; the Laochang Pb-Zn VMS deposit associated with ocean island basalt-like volcanism, the 220 Ma Pulang porphyry Cu deposit that formed in a continental-arc setting, and the 230 to 210 Ma Carlin-like Au deposits formed in a postcollisional environment in the western Qinling and the Youjiang basin; and the 119 Ma Tieyaoshan Sn skarn-greisen deposit, the 88 Ma Tongchanggou porphyry Mo deposit, and the 83 Ma Gejiu Sn skarn deposits. The fourth group of metallogenic provinces developed during subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate beneath southeastern China and comprises a Jurassic and a Cretaceous province. The former is represented by a cluster of ~160 Ma W-Sn skarn deposits in the Nanling region; the latter is known for many ~135 Ma skarn and porphyry Cu-Au deposits in the Tongling region and numerous ~125 Ma unusual orogenic Au deposits in the Jiaodong and Xiaoqinling regions. The fifth group is the Emeishan metallogenic province that is related to Permian mantle plume activity in southwestern China. Several world-class magmatic Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits, a few small magmatic Ni-Cu deposits, and a couple of small magmatic Pt-Pd deposits associated with mafic-ultramafic intrusions are present in this province. The sixth group of metallogenic provinces developed in the Cenozoic during continental collision in the Tibet and Sanjiang region. This group can be further divided into the Sanjiang province that is related to oblique collision, and the Tibet province that is related to orthogonal collision. Important ore deposits in these provinces are the ~41 Ma Yulong porphyry Cu-(Mo) deposit, the 37 Ma Beiya Au-Cu skarn deposit, the ~26 Ma Jinding sedimentary rock-hosted Zn-Pb deposit, the ~30 Ma Zhenyuan orogenic Au deposit, and the ~15 Ma Qulong and Jiama porphyry Cu deposits. The youngest metallogenic province in China occurs on the Taiwan Island. This province developed during the subduction of the Philippine Sea oceanic plate beneath the island in the Pliocene and the accretion of the Luzon volcanic arc to the island in the Pleistocene. This province contains numerous Pliocene orogenic gold deposits as well as the Pleistocene Chinkuashih epithermal gold deposit in northern Taiwan.
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Chang, Zhaoshan, Qihai Shu, and Lawrence D. Meinert. "Chapter 6 Skarn Deposits of China." In Mineral Deposits of China, 189–234. Society of Economic Geologists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.22.06.
Abstract:
Abstract Skarn deposits are one of the most common deposit types in China. The 386 skarns summarized in this review contain ~8.9 million tonnes (Mt) Sn (87% of China’s Sn resources), 6.6 Mt W (71%), 42 Mt Cu (32%), 81 Mt Zn-Pb (25%), 5.4 Mt Mo (17%), 1,871 tonnes (t) Au (11%), 42,212 t Ag (10%), and ~8,500 Mt Fe ore (~9%; major source of high-grade Fe ore). Some of the largest Sn, W, Mo, and Zn-Pb skarns are world-class. The abundance of skarns in China is related to a unique tectonic evolution that resulted in extensive hydrous magmas and widespread belts of carbonate country rocks. The landmass of China is composed of multiple blocks, some with Archean basements, and oceanic terranes that have amalgamated and rifted apart several times. Subduction and collisional events generated abundant hydrous fertile magmas. The events include subduction along the Rodinian margins, closures of the Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Asian, Paleo-Tethys, and Neo-Tethys Oceans, and subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. Extensive carbonate platforms developed on the passive margins of the cratonic blocks during multiple periods from Neoarchean to Holocene also facilitated skarn formation. There are 231 Ca skarns replacing limestone, 15 Ca skarns replacing igneous rocks, siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, or metamorphic silicate rocks, 113 Ca-Mg skarns replacing dolomitic limestone or interlayered dolomite and limestone, and 28 Mg skarns replacing dolomite in China. The Ca and Ca-Mg skarns host all types of metals, as do Mg skarns, except for major Cu and W mineralization. Boron mineralization only occurs in Mg skarns. The skarns typically include a high-temperature prograde stage, iron oxide-rich higher-temperature retrograde stage, sulfide-rich lower-temperature retrograde stage, and a latest barren carbonate stage. The zoning of garnet/pyroxene ratios depends on the redox state of both the causative magma and the wall rocks. In an oxidized magma-reduced wall-rock skarn system, such as is typical of Cu skarns in China, the garnet/pyroxene ratio decreases, and garnet color becomes lighter away from the intrusion. In a reduced intrusion-reduced wall-rock skarn system, such as a cassiterite- and sulfide-rich Sn skarn, the skarn is dominated by pyroxene with minor to no garnet. Manganese-rich skarn minerals may be abundant in distal skarns. Metal associations and endowment are largely controlled by the magma redox state and degree of fractionation and, in general, can be grouped into four categories. Within each category there is spatial zonation. The first category of deposits is associated with reduced and highly fractionated magma. They comprise (1) greisen with Sn ± W in intrusions, grading outward to (2) Sn ± Cu ± Fe at the contact zone, and farther out to (3) Sn (distal) and Zn-Pb (more distal) in veins, mantos, and chimneys. The second category is associated with oxidized and poorly to moderately fractionated magma. Ores include minor porphyry-style Mo and/or porphyry-style Cu mineralization ± Cu skarns replacing xenoliths or roof pendants inside intrusions, zoned outward to major zones of Cu and/or Fe ± Au ± Mo mineralization at the contact with and in adjacent country rocks, and farther out to local Cu (distal) + Zn-Pb (more distal) in veins, mantos, and chimneys. Oxidized and highly fractionated magma is associated with porphyry Mo or greisen W inside an intrusion, outward to Mo and/or W ± Fe ± Cu skarns at the contact zone, and farther to Mo or W ± Cu in distal veins, mantos, and chimneys. The final category is associated with reduced and poorly to moderately fractionated magma. No major skarns of this type have been recognized in China, but outside China there are many examples of such intrusions related to Au-only skarns at the contact zone. Reduced Zn-Au skarns in China are inferred to be distal parts of such systems. Tungsten and Sn do not occur together as commonly as was previously thought. The distal part of a skarn ore system may transition to carbonate replacement deposits. Distal stratabound mantos and crosscutting veins/chimneys may contain not only Zn-Pb but also major Sn, W, Cu, Mo, and Au mineralization. The Zn-Pb mineralization may be part of either an oxidized system (e.g., Cu, Mo, Fe) or a reduced system (e.g., Sn). In China, distal Zn-Pb is more commonly related to reduced magmas. Gold and W may also be related to both oxidized and reduced magmas, although in China they are more typically related to oxidized magma. There are numerous examples of distal mantos/chimneys that continuously transition to proximal skarns at intrusion-wall-rock contact zones, and this relationship strongly supports the magmatic affiliation of such deposits and suggests that distal skarns/carbonate replacement deposits systems should be explored to find more proximal mineralization. Carbonate xenoliths or roof pendants may host the majority of mineralization in some deposits. In contact zones, skarns are better developed where the intrusion shape is complicated. The above two skarn positions imply that there may be multiple skarn bodies below drill interceptions of intrusive rocks. Many of the largest skarns for all commodities in China are related to small or subsurface intrusions (except for Sn skarns), have multiple mineralization centers, are young (<~160 Ma), and have the full system from causative intrusion(s) to distal skarns or carbonate replacement extensions discovered. Chinese skarn deposits fall in several age groups: ~830, ~480 to 420, ~383 to 371, ~324 to 314, ~263 to 210, ~200 to 83, ~80 to 72, and ~65 to 15 Ma. They are typically associated with convergent plate boundaries, mostly in subduction settings but also in collisional settings. Seven major skarn metallogenic belts are recognized based on skarn geographic location and geodynamic background. In subduction settings, skarns may form in a belt up to 4,000 km long and 1,000 km inland, with skarns continuously forming for up to 120 m.y., e.g., the eastern China belt. In most other belts, skarns form in 5- to 20-m.y. episodes similar to the situation in South America. In collisional settings, skarns may form up to 50 m.y. after an ocean closure, and the distance to the collisional/accretionary boundary may extend to ~150 km inland. The size of collision-related skarns may be as large as the largest skarns related to oceanic crust subduction. Older suture zones may be favorable sites for younger mineralization, for example, the Triassic Paleo-Tethys suture between the North and South China blocks for the younger and largest skarn cluster of the Middle-Lower Yangtze belt in the eastern China belt, and the Triassic sutures in southwestern China for Cretaceous to Tertiary mineralization.
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Marsh, Erin E., Murray W. Hitzman, and David L. Leach. "Critical Elements in Sediment-Hosted Deposits (Clastic-Dominated Zn-Pb-Ag, Mississippi Valley-Type Zn-Pb, Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform Cu, and Carbonate-Hosted Polymetallic Deposits)A Review." In Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Ore Deposits. Society of Economic Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/rev.18.12.
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Overbay, William J., Tench C. Page, Dennis J. Krasowski, Mark H. Bailey, and Thomas C. Matthews. "Geology, Structural Setting, and Mineralization of the Dolores District, Chihuahua, Mexico." In Northern Sierra Madre Occidental Gold-Silver Mines, Mexico, 29–43. Society of Economic Geologists, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/gb.42.ch03.
Abstract:
Abstract The Dolores project is located in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range of northern Mexico, near the historic mining district of Dolores in the state of Chihuahua. Exploratory drilling by Minefinders Corporation, Ltd., began in 1996 and has resulted in the discovery of one of Mexico's largest undeveloped gold-silver deposits. The regional geologic history of the area is dominated by three phases of volcanism: (1) A period of intermediate composition volcanism that resulted in deposition of voluminous andesitic flows and volcaniclastics interlayered with lesser amounts of felsic ash (the Lower volcanic series). This occurred from ˜46 to 35 Ma, (2) The first phase was closely followed by eruption of dominantly felsic ash flow tuffs and flows of rhyolitic to latitic composition (the Upper volcanic series), which occurred between ˜35 and 27 Ma, (3) Finally, intermittent eruption of basaltic andesite in thin flows occurred from <27 to 3 Ma. Deposition of the Baucarit Formation, a conglomeratic basin-fill sedimentary unit with thin interlayers of basalt, also occurred in down-dropped basins during the Pliocene to Pleistocene, or approximately 5 to 1 m.y. ago. Definitive age dates for the mineralization at Dolores have yet to be established. Ages of vein-style Ag-Au mineralization throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental are reported to be between about 49 to 27 Ma (Clark et al., 1979). Geologic observations at Dolores suggest that mineralization occurred following the episode of voluminous andesitic volcanism and generally at the same time as deposition of the overlying latitic pyroclastic tuffs of the Lower volcanic series, because mineralization and alteration are generally confined to the andesites and the lowermost portion of the volcaniclastic rocks. It follows that the Dolores mineralization occurred prior to deposition of the Upper volcanic series and dates from about 38 to 35 Ma of age. Within the district, regional north-northwest-trending structures controlled emplacement of a series of porphyritic andesitic to latitic dikes and sills in conjunction with emplacement of several larger hypabyssal north-northwest-elongate, domal intrusive bodies that formed during deposition of the Lower volcanic series. Epithermal, low-sulfidation fluids, believed to be associated with the waning stages of the intrusive episode, deposited quartz-adularia and precious metals. Wider zones of mineralization formed within areas of higher permeability and where boiling and episodic hydrothermal brecciation were focused in areas of greater structural complexity. Consequently, the mineralization occurs both within high-level stockworks, breccias, and disseminations formed near the contact of the felsic volcaniclastic rocks with the underlying andesites and within more tightly confined north-northwest-trending feeders that continue to depth. Gold predominates in the higher levels of the system and can be found across widths of 100 m or more at an average grade of from 1 to up to 2 g/t. Mineralized feeders occur below these zones and can be from 2 to more than 20 m in width, with gold content of up to 10 to more than 200 g/t and silver content of 1 to more than 5 kg/t. In the studied resource area, Ag/Au ratios appear to be zoned about a central domal intrusive and vary from about 100:1 near the intrusive to less than 10:1 to the north and south. Trace element geochemistry includes variable Hg, As, and Sb in the higher elevations with increasing amounts of Pb, Zn, and minor Cu at depth. A combined program of reverse circulation and core drilling totaling 61,441 m in 291 holes has revealed mineralization that occurs within an area that is approximately 2,800 m long by more than 600 m across. Additional drill intercepts and surface geochemical assays outside of this area indicate the potential to increase the resource base throughout an overall area that is approximately 4,000 m by 1,200 m. A resource study within the most densely drilled 1,900 by 300 m area was completed in 2000. Economic analysis, based on work by a major international engineering firm, indicates that a bulk-minable resource of approximately 67 Mt, at a gold equivalent (Aueq) grade of 1.85 g/t, can be developed by open-pit mining methods. The total calculated resource within the study area is 100.1 Mt containing 2.45 Moz of gold and 129.7 Moz of silver, or 4.62 Moz of Aueq at a 60:1 ratio.
Conference papers on the topic "Cu-Zn-Pb ore deposits":
1
Khan-Mohammadi, Ghazaleh, Abdrorrahman Rajabi, Shojaedin Niroomand, Pouria Mahmoodi, Carles Canet, and Pura Alfonso. "Carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb-Cu-Ba (-Ag) mineralization in the Mehdiabad deposit, Iran: new insights, new discoveries." In Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits around the world. Irish Association for Economic Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61153/zzwj5211.
Abstract:
The Mehdiabad deposit in the Yazd-Anarak metallogenic belt (YAMB), central Iran, is the largest carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb-Ba-Cu (-Ag) deposit in the world, with a reserve of 630 Mt sulphide and non-sulphide ore. It was formed during the Early Cretaceous by the replacement of barite and hydrothermally dolomitized breccia bodies of the Taft and Abkuh formations. This deposit consists of different ore zones, including the feeder zone, massive ore (including sulphide-oxide parts), massive barite ore, and copper-rich sulphide-barite ore, formed in an extensional environment related to the Naein-Baft back-arc basin. The deposit is stratabound and comprises a wedge-shaped sulphide-barite orebody with complex replacement textures of sulphides and barite. The primary sulphide ore, including a copper-rich core (with a reserve of more than 50 Mt of copper ore), developed in a barite sheath and characterized by the replacement of barite and pyrite by an assemblage of chalcopyrite, bornite, sphalerite and galena. Several stages of barite and sulphide deposition in the Mehdiabad deposit are similar to those reported in other Irish-type and barite-replacement sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits worldwide (e.g., Red Dog deposit, Alaska, USA).
2
Wallace, Chaneil J., Daniel J. Kontak, and Elizabeth C. Turner. "Anomalous SedEx mineralization at the Walton Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu carbonate-hosted sulphide deposit (Nova Scotia, Canada): result of hydrocarbons?" In Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits around the world. Irish Association for Economic Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61153/nivf1636.
Abstract:
Walton is a past-producing Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu sulphide carbonate-hosted deposit (0.41 Mt; head grade of 350 g/t Ag, 4.28% Pb, 1.29% Zn, and 0.52% Cu) hosted primarily by sideritized Viséan Macumber Formation limestone and juxtaposed to and replacing a barite ore body (4.5 Mt of >90% barite). Previous work demonstrated that mineralization came from heated (~300°C), saline (20-28 wt. % equiv. NaCl) fluids. The present study uses optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, and major- and in situ LA-ICP-MS trace-element signatures of the host, gangue, and ore phases to refine our understanding of the mineralizing fluid system. Sideritization of the Macumber Formation occurred after dolomitization. Dolomite and siderite are generally LREE-depleted, with mostly negative Ce anomalies and prominent negative Y anomalies. Pyrite has As levels ranging from <1 ppm to 7.7 wt. % that correlate positively with Ag (values up to 2,400 ppm); the latter likely accounts for most of the Ag in the deposit. The LREE-depleted patterns of various carbonate phases indicate that the ore fluids did not equilibrate with a LREE-rich reservoir, whereas negative Ce anomalies suggest precipitation from an oxidised fluid. The positive correlation between Ag and As implies their coupling and thus a similar source and/or transport mechanism. The proposed source of metals is from hydrocarbons, now preserved as abundant petroleum inclusions, sourced in the underlying Horton Group that may have been enriched in Ag, As, and Cu. The derivation of metals from hydrocarbons could explain differences between mineralization at Walton and other carbonate-hosted sulphide deposits in Nova Scotia that do not contain significant petroleum or Ag, As, and Cu.
3
Santoro, Licia, Maria Boni, F. Putzolu, and N. Mondillo. "Base-metal sulphides and barite in the Palaeozoic of SW Sardinia: from tectonically deformed SedEx and Irish-type deposits to post-Variscan hydrothermal karst and vein ores." In Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits around the world. Irish Association for Economic Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61153/ucnc9869.
Abstract:
Stratabound Zn-Pb-Ba orebodies are hosted in the Lower Cambrian carbonates and Ordovician lithol-ogies of SW Sardinia (Italy). Two groups of genetically distinct ore types are known in the Cambrian: (1) synge-netic(?)-early diagenetic massive sulphides consisting of pyrite>>sphalerite>>galena and barite layers in tidal dolomites, interpreted so far as SedEx-type ores; (2) late-diagenetic replacement and breccia-hosted ore bodies in shallow water limestone with a higher Pb/Zn ratio and a sphalerite>galena>>pyrite association, which have been classically interpreted as MVT ores, but could be easily classified as Irish-type deposits. At the regional scale, most economically significant deposits in SW Sardinia were primarily located along long-living synsedimentary faults. Ordovician stratabound ores, consisting of barite>galena>>sphalerite, were economically less significant than the Cambrian mineralizations. The SW Sardinia ores, together with their host rocks, have been affected by Variscan tectonics, which produced two folding phases, characterized by sub-vertical axial planes-oriented E-W and N-S, and associated inverse faults. A pervasive cleavage, locally overprinting the sedimentary bedding, associated with the N-S-striking folds, strongly deformed the limestone-hosted mineralization, locally increasing the original thickness of the orebodies. During the emplacement of the Variscan granites, contact metamorphism and metasomatism modified both the original mineralogy and the chemical composition of the stratabound ores (e.g., adding Cu, F, As). The late-Variscan deposits consist of skarn bodies around the intrusions or along fault zones, and of high-temperature (HT) vein systems developed along regional tectonic lineaments. From Permian onwards, SW Sardinia experienced several hydrothermal phases, comparable with those occurring in other European terranes. The associated ores consist of low-temperature (LT) veins and palaeokarst breccia fillings in the Cambrian limestone, containing mainly Ag-galena and barite mineralization.
4
Ashton, John H., Colin J. Andrew, and Murray W. Hitzman. "Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits - What are they and can we find more?" In Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits around the world. Irish Association for Economic Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61153/dodr7609.
Abstract:
Seven carbonate hosted Zn-Pb (+/-Ag, Ba) or Cu deposits have been mined in Lower Carboniferous limestones in Ireland since 1960 - representing a resource base of ca. 22 Mt of metal (Tynagh, Gortdrum, Magcobar, Silvermines, Navan, Galmoy and Lisheen). The orebodies are amenable to modern mining and metallurgical processes and exploration for further deposits continues. Several significant prospects remain unexploited with numerous smaller prospects and mineralized localities attesting to the metal endowment of the country (Pallas Green, Stonepark, Ballinalack, Kilbricken and Keel). These deposits share sufficient characteristics to be termed Irish-type Base Metal Deposits and define a metallogenic province of worldwide significance known as the Central Irish Ore-field. Early discoveries resulted from shallow soil geochemistry, Induced Polarization surveys, and follow-up of legacy mining or mineralized outcrops. More expensive, deeper penetration methods including deep drilling, airborne geophysics and seismic methods have been utilized extensively in more recent years - but thus far with variable success. Large amounts of ground remain unexplored at depth, but further discovery is extremely challenging. Following over 60 years of discovery and mining this contribution summarizes our knowledge of Irish-type deposits and their exploration with a view to generating new ideas for future discovery. The Tynagh, Silvermines, Lisheen and Galmoy deposits, all hosted in the Waulsortian Limestone, occur in a distinct area in the SW of the Orefield. Silvermines, Lisheen and Galmoy are remarkably similar, comprising several, tabular, stratabound, lenses containing locally massive and high-grade sphalerite-galena with substantial pyrite +/- barite. These deposits are hosted in the first clean limestone above basement in Lower Carboniferous limestones and dolomites and exhibit fine grained, replacive sulphides with significant breccia and crosscutting mineralization. Structurally all these deposits abut major syn-sedimentary faults usually trending NE or ENE. The Navan deposit occurs on the NE side of the Orefield and is hosted in stratigraphically lower, Pale Bed limestones, that are roughly age equivalent to the Waulsortian Limestone in the SW of the Orefield. Navan is much larger and more complex than the deposits in the SW Orefield but shares several of their key characteristics. A review of the characteristics of Irish-type deposits and exploration results suggests some important areas for future exploration and research. For example, most observers relate the location of Irish-type deposits to the regional distribution of host rocks and structures of a certain age. It is suggested that the spatial location of these deposits is more fundamentally controlled by deep structural heterogeneities related to the collisional zone between basement rock terranes termed the Iapetus Suture. Understanding the timing of fault development is likely key to further discovery at depth as the mineralizing feeder structures are located on faults that did not necessarily extend through post-Waulsortian aged strata. Several promising fields for research and development to help enable further discovery are discussed.
5
Farago, Tomas, and Patrik Cermak. "APPLICATION OF STABILIZING AGENTS IN CONTAMINATED SOILS OF OLD MINING AREAS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.005.
Abstract:
Soil pollution by potentially toxic elements (As, Sb, Cu, Zn, Pb) near the mining areas has become a serious environmental problem. These risk elements can be released into the environment, causing a risk to human health. Stabilized pollution in various materials may constitute an additional risk in the long term. Organic acids play an important role in mobilizing contaminants. In the present work, various stabilizing agents (iron nanoparticles � nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), amorphous manganese oxide (AMO), biochar (BC), natural and synthetic zeolites) were investigated in terms of their stabilizing potential under simulated rhizosphere conditions and their consequences in the mineral composition of samples. One of the aims of this work was to understand the reactivity of potential sorbents in contaminated soils of the abandoned Sb-deposit and subsequent mobility of arsenic and antimony by one-step pot experiments using citric and acetic acid. Another goal of this work was to determine the effectiveness of Aspergillus niger and Neosartorya fischeri strains producing organic acids (citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid) in bioleaching and bioaccumulation of Cu, Zn and Pb from mining waste from tailings pond.
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Al-Naimi, Noora, Hamood Al-Saadi, Ahmed Abou Elezz, Maryam Al-Adba, and Hassan Hassan. "Preliminary Investigation of Heavy Metals in Deposited Dust on Roadside Sidr Leaves." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0032.
Abstract:
Urban pollution has different forms; one of them is air pollution by natural sources such as dust storms or by anthropogenic sources such as traffic, whereas both are considered among the most risky environmental problems especially when it reaches soil surface and is transported to plants and enters food chain. The current study aims to evaluate the heavy metals in dust, deposited on the leaves of the Sidr trees by roadsides as a first step in assessing the use of this plant as a bio-monitor of environmental pollution. The Sidr tree was chosen to evaluate the impact of pollution because it is very common in the region and among evergreen trees in the streets, gardens and residential areas of Doha. The study was carried out close to Qatar University campus in Doha city (traffic intersections and near construction activities) as well as from a farm (located far away from traffic) as a control sample. The concentrations of ten traffic-related metals namely iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), and mercury (Hg) were determined in the deposited dust on leaves using ICP-OES. In our preliminary findings, we found that the distribution of trace metals in leaf dust samples from our study is similar to those reported in an earlier study done in southwestern Iran.
7
Stepanova, Natalya, Emiliya Valeeva, Amr S. Elbahnasawy, Oxana Sinitsyna, Suryana Fomina, and Aizat Basyyrov. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CITY ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF THE SNOW COVER STUDY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s19.56.
Abstract:
Analysis of the air environment and atmospheric emissions is an efficient method for assessing the ecological situation in cities. Assessment of the chemical composition of deposit environments (soil, snow) shows long-term contamination. The snow cover (SC), being a natural accumulating plate, reflects environmental contamination with heavy metals (HM) caused by entry from various sources. The work aims to study the three-dimensional dynamics of large city contamination with HM. Sampling (in 2019 - 100, in 2020-100, in 2021 - 280) was performed in the first decade of March. The samples were analyzed for the HM content by atomic absorption method on apparatus AAS 3. Simultaneously, the content of Cd, Cu, Zn,/, Ni, and Mn in the solid residue (mg/kg of dust), along with the HM fallout density per unit area for dissolved and solid phases (mg/m2) during winter period were calculated. The average daily dust load on the city territory was confirmed by relatively weak temporal variation, the difference in dust release during the winter seasons of the years 2019-2021 did not increase by 20%. In 2019, the SC dust level was characterized mainly as low (85.5 kg/km2/day). High dust level was observed only at the sites adjacent to large industrial enterprises (816 kg/km2 -day). In 2020, the dust level of the city of SC was the lowest (40.8 kg/km2/day). Along with the decrease of the total dust weight, which entered the SC, a decrease of HM entry as part of dust was registered too. The element-by-element analysis showed that Fe (80-87%), Zn (5-6.8%), Mn (3.45-3.6%), and Cu (1.3-2.7%) made the highest proportion in the dust. Ranking in value of the concentration coefficient (C-) was as follows: Cd 327 > -u 51 > Zn 38 > / 18 > / 13 > Ni 11 > n 1.3. The spread of Cd data in selected measurement points in dust fallouts on SC was achieved 900 times. In urbanized systems, the Cd behavior is regulated by the transformation of hydrocarbons, which involves the structure of atmospheric emissions in the city of Kazan. Correlation between the HM content as part of liquid and solid phases of the city SC indicates a statistically significant relationship with their technogenic entry into the atmosphere from one or several sources, and the composition of HM geochemical association in SC depends largely on the set and relationship of elements in other components of the urban environment. The assumption of the integrity of -d, Pb, Cu, and Zn source of entry (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.55-0.92) was confirmed. Data on the SC contamination not only deepen our knowledge, reflecting peculiarities of the atmospheric pollution spread, but also allow preventing the contamination of water bodies and soils.
Reports on the topic "Cu-Zn-Pb ore deposits":
1
Paradis, S., S. E. Jackson, D. Petts, G. J. Simandl, R. J. D'Souza, and T S Hamilton. Distribution of trace elements in pyrite from carbonate-hosted sulfide deposits of southern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328002.
Abstract:
This paper combines petrography with in situ laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to document trace-element variations in pyrite (Py) from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits in the Kootenay Arc, British Columbia. Three generations of pyrite are Py 1, Py 2, and Py 3. Pyrite 1, the earliest (occurring in MVT deposits only), has higher Ag, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl, and V than adjacent Py 3. It has higher Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, and Tl than Py 2. Pyrite 2 occurs in MVT and FCR deposits. Relative to FCR Py 2, MVT Py 2 is enriched in Co, Ni, Mo, Ba, Tl, and Pb and depleted in other elements. The FCR Py 2 has growth-related compositional banding, which is absent in MVT Py 2. The FCR Py 2 has Ag, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, and Zn enriched cores, intermediate Au- and As-rich bands, and Co- and Ni-rich rims. Pyrite 3, the latest occurring pyrite, present in MVT and FCR deposits, is enriched in Co and Ni near overgrowths or infillings of sphalerite. Variations in composition of Py reflect mineralogy, characteristics of ore-forming fluids, and differences in physicochemical conditions between MVT and FCR deposits at the time of ore deposition.
2
Neyedley, K., J. J. Hanley, P. Mercier-Langevin, and M. Fayek. Ore mineralogy, pyrite chemistry, and S isotope systematics of magmatic-hydrothermal Au mineralization associated with the Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC), Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328985.
Abstract:
The Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC) is an Archean polyphase magmatic body located in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. The MIC is spatially associated with numerous gold (Au)-rich VMS, epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems, and shear zone-hosted (orogenic?) Au deposits. To elucidate genetic links between deposits and the MIC, mineralized samples from two of the epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems (Doyon and Grand Duc Au-Cu) have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. Preliminary results indicate gold (as electrum) from both deposits occurs relatively late in the systems as it is primarily observed along fractures in pyrite and gangue minerals. At Grand Duc gold appears to have formed syn- to post-crystallization relative to base metal sulphides (e.g. chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite), whereas base metal sulphides at Doyon are relatively rare. The accessory ore mineral assemblage at Doyon is relatively simple compared to Grand Duc, consisting of petzite (Ag3AuTe2), calaverite (AuTe2), and hessite (Ag2Te), while accessory ore minerals at Grand Duc are comprised of tellurobismuthite (Bi2Te3), volynskite (AgBiTe2), native Te, tsumoite (BiTe) or tetradymite (Bi2Te2S), altaite (PbTe), petzite, calaverite, and hessite. Pyrite trace element distribution maps from representative pyrite grains from Doyon and Grand Duc were collected and confirm petrographic observations that Au occurs relatively late. Pyrite from Doyon appears to have been initially trace-element poor, then became enriched in As, followed by the ore metal stage consisting of Au-Ag-Te-Bi-Pb-Cu enrichment and lastly a Co-Ni-Se(?) stage enrichment. Grand Duc pyrite is more complex with initial enrichments in Co-Se-As (Stage 1) followed by an increase in As-Co(?) concentrations (Stage 2). The ore metal stage (Stage 3) is indicated by another increase in As coupled with Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Sb-Pb-Ni-Cu-Zn-Sn-Cd-In enrichment. The final stage of pyrite growth (Stage 4) is represented by the same element assemblage as Stage 3 but at lower concentrations. Preliminary sulphur isotope data from Grand Duc indicates pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite all have similar delta-34S values (~1.5 � 1 permille) with no core-to-rim variations. Pyrite from Doyon has slightly higher delta-34S values (~2.5 � 1 permille) compared to Grand Duc but similarly does not show much core-to-rim variation. At Grand Duc, the occurrence of Au concentrating along the rim of pyrite grains and associated with an enrichment in As and other metals (Sb-Ag-Bi-Te) shares similarities with porphyry and epithermal deposits, and the overall metal association of Au with Te and Bi is a hallmark of other intrusion-related gold systems. The occurrence of the ore metal-rich rims on pyrite from Grand Duc could be related to fluid boiling which results in the destabilization of gold-bearing aqueous complexes. Pyrite from Doyon does not show this inferred boiling texture but shares characteristics of dissolution-reprecipitation processes, where metals in the pyrite lattice are dissolved and then reconcentrated into discrete mineral phases that commonly precipitate in voids and fractures created during pyrite dissolution.
3
Beckett-Brown, C. E., A. M. McDonald, and M. B. McClenaghan. Discovering a porphyry deposit using tourmaline: a case study from Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331349.
Abstract:
As the exploration for porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits has become increasingly challenging, the development of more effective techniques directed at detecting buried deposits has become critical. One methodology is to focus on key minerals, one of which is tourmaline, a robust, ubiquitous mineral in most mineralized porphyry systems. Overall, a combination of physical and chemical characteristics including 1) macro-color, 2) morphology, 3) inclusion populations, and 4) trace-element compositions are useful in discriminating between porphyry- versus non-porphyry-derived (or related) tourmaline in surficial sediments (Beckett-Brown 2022). These features are applied to tourmaline obtained from stream sediment samples (n = 22) from 16 streams derived from the unglaciated terrain proximal to the Casino calc-alkaline porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit (Yukon Territory, Canada). The obtained tourmaline occurs as two distinct morphologies: 1) individual blocky to prismatic sub- to euhedral grains (Type 1), 2) aggregates of radiating prismatic to acicular sub- to euhedral grains (Type 2). Type 1 grains display trace-element contents that reflect mixed origins including a mineralized porphyry origin as well metamorphic and pegmatitic (background) environments. Type 2 grains almost exclusively exhibit porphyry-derived trace-element chemistries (i.e., high Sr/Pb ~150 avg. and relatively low Zn/Cu ~2.5 avg. values). In Canadian Creek, that directly drains from the Casino deposit, samples closest to the deposit contain &gt;70% porphyry-derived tourmaline, while other streams in the region from unprospective drainage basins contain no porphyry-derived tourmaline. At the most distal sample site in Canadian Creek, ~20 km downstream from Casino, nearly 30% of the recovered tourmaline in the stream sediments is porphyry-related. This method has potential to be a strong indicator of prospectivity and applicable for exploration for porphyry Cu-Au-Mo systems in both unglaciated and glaciated terrains.
4
Knight, R. D., and B. A. Kjarsgaard. Comparative pXRF and Lab ICP-ES/MS methods for mineral resource assessment, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331239.
Abstract:
The Geological Survey of Canada undertook a mineral resource assessment for a proposed national park in northern Canada (~ 33,500 km2) spanning the transition from boreal forest to barren lands tundra. Bedrock geology of this region is complex and includes the Archean Slave Craton, the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Rae domain of the Churchill Province, the Paleoproterozoic Thelon and Taltson magmatic-tectonic zones, and the Paleoproterozoic East Arm sedimentary basin. The area has variable mineral potential for lode gold, kimberlite-hosted diamonds, VMS, vein uranium and copper, SEDEX, as well as other deposit types. A comparison of analytical methods was carried out after processing the field collected samples to acquire both the &lt; 2 mm and for the &lt; 0.063 mm size fractions for 241 surficial sediment (till) samples, collected using a 10 x 10 km grid. Analytical methods comprised: 1) aqua regia followed by ICP-MS analysis, 2) 4-acid hot dissolution followed by ICP-ES/MS analysis, 3) lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion methods followed by ICP-ES for major elements and ICP-MS for trace elements and, 4) portable XRF on dried, non-sieved sediment samples subjected to a granular segregation processing technique (to produce a clay-silt proxy) for seventeen elements (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn, and Zr) Results indicate that pXRF data do not replicate exactly the laboratory 4-acid and fusion data (in terms of precision and accuracy), but the relationship between the datasets is systematic as displayed in x-y scattergrams. Interpolated single element plots indicate that till samples with anomalies of high and low pXRF concentration levels are synonymous with high and low laboratory-based analytical concentration levels, respectively. The pXRF interpolations thus illustrate the regional geochemical trends, and most importantly, the significant geochemical anomalies in the surficial samples. These results indicate that pXRF spectrometry for a subset of elements is comparable to traditional laboratory methods. pXRF spectrometry also provides the benefit of rapid analysis and data acquisition that has a direct influence on real time sampling designs. This information facilitates efficient and cost-effective field projects (i.e. where used to identify regions of interest for high density sampling), and to prioritize samples to be analyzed using traditional geochemical methods. These tactics should increase the efficiency and success of a mineral exploration and/or environmental sampling programs.